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Journal articles on the topic 'Immobilisation of the catalyst'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Sankarshana, T., J. Soujanya, and A. Anil Kumar. "Triphase Catalysis Using Silica Gel as Support." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 11, no. 1 (July 4, 2013): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2013-0007.

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Abstract The oxidation reaction of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol with potassium permanganate in the presence and absence of silica-gel-supported phase-transfer catalyst (PTC) in triphasic conditions was studied. In a batch reactor, the performance of the solid-supported catalysts was compared with unsupported catalyst and without the catalyst. The effect of speed of agitation, catalyst concentration, potassium permanganate concentration and temperature on reaction rate was studied. The reaction is found to be in the kinetic regime. The rate of reaction with the catalyst immobilised on the silica gel was less compared to the catalyst without immobilisation. Triphase catalysis with supported PTCs has potential applications in the continuous quest for greener industrial practices.

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2

Rogers, Owen, Samuel Pattisson, Joseph Macginley, Rebecca Engel, Keith Whiston, Stuart Taylor, and Graham Hutchings. "The Low Temperature Solvent-Free Aerobic Oxidation of Cyclohexene to Cyclohexane Diol over Highly Active Au/Graphite and Au/Graphene Catalysts." Catalysts 8, no. 8 (July 31, 2018): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8080311.

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The selectivity and activity of gold-catalysts supported on graphite and graphene have been compared in the oxidation of cyclohexene. These catalysts were prepared via impregnation and sol immobilisation methods, and tested using solventless and radical initiator-free reaction conditions. The selectivity of these catalysts has been directed towards cyclohexene epoxide using WO3 as a co-catalyst and further to cyclohexane diol by the addition of water, achieving a maximum selectivity of 17% to the diol. The sol immobilisation catalysts were more reproducible and far more active, however, selectivity towards the diol was lower than for the impregnation catalyst. The results suggest that formation of cyclohexane diol through solventless oxidation of cyclohexene is limited by a number of factors, such as the formation of an allylic hydroperoxyl species as well as the amount of in situ generated water.

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3

Chen, Juan. "Immobilisation of Iron-Containing Materials onto Supporting Materials in Heterogeneous Fenton System: A Review." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 569–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.569.

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The purpose of this review is to aim a summary of the development in the use of different supports for the immobilisation of a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst, which areiron-containing materials. Various anchors and immobilisation methods that are universally employed to the remediation of wastewater are considered. Commonly, the immobilisation of a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst onto supportive material has chiefly been approved through one of two major routes; chemical route physical route or physical route. The advantages and disadvantages of various immobilisation methods to obtain a gigantic surface area iron-containing materials support is considered too.

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4

Chisholm, Danielle M., and J. Scott McIndoe. "Charged ligands for catalyst immobilisation and analysis." Dalton Transactions, no. 30 (2008): 3933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b800371h.

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5

Rogan, Luke, N. Louise Hughes, Qun Cao, Laura M. Dornan, and Mark J. Muldoon. "Copper(i)/ketoABNO catalysed aerobic alcohol oxidation." Catal. Sci. Technol. 4, no. 6 (2014): 1720–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cy00219a.

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A copper(i)/ketoABNO aerobic catalyst system is highly effective for the oxidation of secondary alcohols, including unactivated aliphatic substrates. The effects of pressure and gas composition on catalyst performance are examined. The radical can be employed at low loadings and it is also amenable to immobilisation on to solid supports.

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6

Alshammari, Hamed M. "Synthesis of Palladium and Copper Nanoparticles Supported on TiO2 for Oxidation Solvent-Free Aerobic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol." Processes 9, no. 9 (September 5, 2021): 1590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091590.

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The use of metal oxides as supports for palladium and copper (Pd–Cu) nanoalloys constitutes a new horizon for improving new active catalysts in very important reactions. From the literatures, Pd-based bimetallic nanostructures have great properties and active catalytic performance. In this work, nanostructures of titanium dioxide (TiO2) were used as supports for Pd–Cu nanoparticles catalysts. Palladium and copper were deposited on these supports using the sol-immobilisation method. The composite nanoalloys were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The catalyst was evaluated for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol. The effect of the Cu–Pd ratio using sol-immobilization methods supported on TiO2 was investigated. The results show that monometallic Cu/TiO2 was observed to have a low activity. However, as soon as the catalyst contained any palladium, the activity increased with a significant increase in the selectivity towards isomerization products. The influence of support and temperature were investigated. Furthermore, the catalyst reusability was also tested for oxidation of benzyl alcohol reactions, by repeatedly performing the same reaction using the recovered catalyst. The Pd–Cu/TiO2 catalyst displayed better reusability even after several reactions

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7

Albilali, Reem, Mark Douthwaite, Qian He, and Stuart H. Taylor. "The selective hydrogenation of furfural over supported palladium nanoparticle catalysts prepared by sol-immobilisation: effect of catalyst support and reaction conditions." Catalysis Science & Technology 8, no. 1 (2018): 252–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cy02110k.

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Pd-TiO₂ nanoparticles prepared by sol-immobilisation are very active for selective hydrogenation of furfural under mild conditions, and addition of Pt enhances performance to achieve a 95% yield of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol.

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8

Collins, Gillian, Kamil Rahme, John O'Connell, and Justin D. Holmes. "Embedding colloidal nanoparticles inside mesoporous silica using gas expanded liquids for high loading recyclable catalysts." Catalysis Science & Technology 6, no. 19 (2016): 7212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cy00584e.

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Size and composition controlled alloy nanoparticles can be easily incorporated into porous SiO₂ supports using carbon dioxide expanded hexane. Embedding NPs into porous networks increase catalyst stability and recyclability compared to immobilisation on non-porous SiO₂ supports.

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9

Song, Choong Eui. "5 Immobilisation of chiral catalysts: easy recycling of catalyst and improvement of catalytic efficiencies." Annual Reports Section "C" (Physical Chemistry) 101 (2005): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b408828j.

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10

Markad, Uddhav S., Devidas B. Naik, Krishan Kant Singh, Manmohan Kumar, and Geeta K. Sharma. "Immobilisation of palladium nanostructures in polyethersulfone beads: recyclable catalyst for chromium(VI) remediation." Environmental Chemistry 16, no. 8 (2019): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en19035.

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Environmental contextChromium, a carcinogenic metal present in the wastewater of several industries, is currently removed by treatment with large amounts of chemicals and expensive nano-catalysts. We have immobilised a nano-catalyst in tiny polymeric balls that are highly efficient at capturing chromium, and are easy to isolate for multiple reuse. Using our methodology, consumption of chemicals for removing chromium from wastewater is reduced by 97%. AbstractWe have synthesised and immobilised palladium nanostructures in porous polyethersulfone beads for the first time and demonstrated their catalytic application for the reductive transformation of toxic CrVI to nontoxic CrIII by formic acid at 25°C. The reduction of CrVI using palladium-polyethersulfone composite beads (Pd-PES), with a minimal Pd loading of 0.4 wt%, is found to be 98% with excellent operational stability retained up to 100 consecutive reaction cycles. Pseudo-first-order rate constant kapp for the 1st and 100th catalytic cycles is 0.167 and 0.158min−1 respectively. Pd-PES beads having a diameter of 2mm are easy to isolate post reduction by simple mesh filtration and can be re-used consecutively without any treatment. Owing to the high catalytic stability of the Pd nanostructures inside the beads, and the good mechanical and thermal stability of polyethersulfone, these beads can withstand rigorous treatment like mechanical stirring and elevated temperature, which renders them as highly reusable and as promising metal-polymer composite for practical application in CrVI remediation. For large scale application of this catalyst, we have demonstrated a methodology which reduces the consumption of formic acid by 98% in chromium remediation technology.

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11

Muanruksa, Papasanee, Praepilas Dujjanutat, and Pakawadee Kaewkannetra. "Entrapping Immobilisation of Lipase on Biocomposite Hydrogels toward for Biodiesel Production from Waste Frying Acid Oil." Catalysts 10, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10080834.

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A new application of biocomposite hydrogels named gelatin-alginate (GA) and pectin alginate (PA) enables the use of the hydrogels as carriers for lipase entrapment during biodiesel production. Waste frying acid oil (WFAO), a raw material, was converted to biodiesel via an esterification reaction catalysed by two different immobilised biocatalysts: gelatin-alginate lipase (GAL) and pectin-alginate lipase (PAL). The highest immobilisation yield of GAL and PAL beads was achieved at 97.61% and 98.30%, respectively. Both of them gave biodiesel yields in the range of 75–78.33%. Furthermore, capability and reusability of biocatalysts were improved such that they could be reused up to 7 cycles. Moreover, the predicted biodiesel properties met the European biodiesel standard (EN14214). Interestingly, entrapped lipase on composite hydrogels can be used as an alternative catalyst choice for replacing the chemical catalyst during the biodiesel production.

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12

Neri, Gaia, James J. Walsh, Calum Wilson, Anna Reynal, Jason Y. C. Lim, Xiaoe Li, Andrew J. P. White, Nicholas J. Long, James R. Durrant, and Alexander J. Cowan. "A functionalised nickel cyclam catalyst for CO2 reduction: electrocatalysis, semiconductor surface immobilisation and light-driven electron transfer." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 3 (2015): 1562–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp04871g.

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13

Skowerski, Krzysztof, Jacek Białecki, Stefan J. Czarnocki, Karolina Żukowska, and Karol Grela. "Effective immobilisation of a metathesis catalyst bearing an ammonium-tagged NHC ligand on various solid supports." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 12 (January 5, 2016): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.12.2.

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An ammonium-tagged ruthenium complex, 8, was deposited on several widely available commercial solid materials such as silica gel, alumina, cotton, filter paper, iron powder or palladium on carbon. The resulting catalysts were tested in toluene or ethyl acetate, and found to afford metathesis products in high yield and with extremely low ruthenium contamination. Depending on the support used, immobilised catalyst 8 shows also additional traits, such as the possibility of being magnetically separated or the use for metathesis and subsequent reduction of the obtained double bond in one pot.

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14

Kirschning, Andreas, Klaas Mennecke, Karol Grela, and Ulrich Kunz. "Immobilisation of the Grubbs III Olefin Metathesis Catalyst with Polyvinyl Pyridine (PVP)." Synlett 2005, no. 19 (October 27, 2005): 2948–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-918958.

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15

Langanke, Jens, and Walter Leitner. "ChemInform Abstract: Regulated Systems for Catalyst Immobilisation Based on Supercritical Carbon Dioxide." ChemInform 42, no. 17 (March 31, 2011): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201117253.

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16

Jonstrup, M., M. Wärjerstam, M. Murto, and B. Mattiasson. "Immobilisation of TiO2 for combined photocatalytic-biological azo dye degradation." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 3 (August 1, 2010): 525–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.331.

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The biodegradability of the azo dye Remazol Red RR (100 mg/l) was evaluated using unadapted activated sludge and the experiment confirmed the recalcitrance of the dye. Using a combination of photocatalysis and an aerobic biological step, the biodegradability was improved significantly and complete removal of both colour and COD were achieved. Furthermore, TiO2 was successfully immobilised on borosilicate glass slides by calcination, which facilitates reuse of the catalyst. The catalytic activity of the immobilised TiO2 was close to that of suspended TiO2. A reduced activity was however observed when the TiO2 slides were used repeatedly. When comparing NaOH, calcination and UV irradiation for regeneration of the TiO2 slides, immersion in NaOH was shown to be the most efficient method.

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17

Liu, Dayi, Pingping Wang, Jingting Ai, and Mingzhong Cai. "MCM-41-Immobilised Nitrogen and Sulfur Mixed Tridentate Palladium(0) Complex: A Highly Efficient and Recyclable Catalyst for the Suzuki Reaction of Aryl Bromides in Air." Journal of Chemical Research 41, no. 3 (March 2017): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/174751917x14878812592698.

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The novel MCM-41-immobilised nitrogen and sulfur mixed tridentate palladium(0) complex [MCM-41-2N,S-Pd(0)] was prepared from 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane by immobilisation on MCM-41, followed by reaction with thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde and PdCl2 and then reduction with hydrazine hydrate. This phosphine-free heterogeneous palladium(0) complex was a highly active catalyst for the Suzuki reaction of aryl bromides in air and could be recycled at least 8 times without significant loss of activity.

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18

Song, Choong Eui, Jin Seok Lim, Su Chang Kim, Kee-Jung Lee, and Dae Yoon Chi. "Immobilisation of ketone catalyst: a method to prevent ketone catalyst from decomposing during dioxirane-mediated epoxidation of alkenes." Chemical Communications, no. 24 (2000): 2415–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b005604i.

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19

Prati, L., A. Villa, A. Jouve, A. Beck, C. Evangelisti, and A. Savara. "Gold as a modifier of metal nanoparticles: effect on structure and catalysis." Faraday Discussions 208 (2018): 395–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7fd00223h.

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20

Hemming, Ellen B., Anthony F. Masters, and Thomas Maschmeyer. "Immobilisation of Homogeneous Pd Catalysts within a Type I Porous Liquid." Australian Journal of Chemistry 73, no. 12 (2020): 1296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch20256.

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An N-heterocyclic carbene-based palladium complex was successfully immobilised on the inner surfaces of hollow silica nanospheres. The external surfaces of these spheres were functionalised with a corona-canopy to produce a Type I porous liquid. To confirm the successful immobilisation of the catalytic precursor, the porous liquid system was explored using the Heck reaction as a model reaction. This work demonstrated that homogeneous catalysts can be successfully immobilised within porous liquids in principle and that the approach used could be readily adapted for the immobilisation of other systems.

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21

Leung, Jane J., Julien Warnan, Dong Heon Nam, Jenny Z. Zhang, Janina Willkomm, and Erwin Reisner. "Photoelectrocatalytic H2 evolution in water with molecular catalysts immobilised on p-Si via a stabilising mesoporous TiO2 interlayer." Chemical Science 8, no. 7 (2017): 5172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sc01277b.

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22

Tashiro, Shohei, Hirotaka Yonezawa, Ryou Kubota, Tsutomu Umeki, and Mitsuhiko Shionoya. "Non-covalent immobilisation of p-toluenesulfonic acid in a porous molecular crystal for size-specific acid-catalysed reactions." Chemical Communications 52, no. 49 (2016): 7657–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc02621d.

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23

Ndlovu, Thandanani, Sidy Ba, and Soraya P. Malinga. "Overview of Recent Advances in Immobilisation Techniques for Phenol Oxidases in Solution." Catalysts 10, no. 5 (April 25, 2020): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10050467.

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Over the past two decades, phenol oxidases, particularly laccases and tyrosinases, have been extensively used for the removal of numerous pollutants in wastewaters due to their broad substrate specificity and their ability to use readily accessible molecular oxygen as the essential cofactor. As for other enzymes, immobilisation of laccases and tyrosinases has been shown to improve the performance and efficiency of the biocatalysts in solution. Several reviews have addressed the enzyme immobilisation techniques and the application of phenol oxidases to decontaminate wastewaters. This paper offers an overview of the recent publications, mainly from 2012 onwards, on the various immobilisation techniques applied to laccases and tyrosinases to induce and/or increase the performance of the biocatalysts. In this paper, the emphasis is on the efficiencies achieved, in terms of structural modifications, stability and resistance to extreme conditions (pH, temperature, inhibitors, etc.), reactivity, reusability, and broad substrate specificity, particularly for application in bioremediation processes. The advantages and disadvantages of several enzyme immobilisation techniques are also discussed. The relevance and effectiveness of the immobilisation techniques with respect to wastewater decontamination are critically assessed. A perspective on the future directions for large-scale application of the phenol oxidases in immobilised forms is provided.

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24

Xu, Chunli, Zhen Wang, Xiuting Huangfu, and Hanfei Wang. "On the study of the relationship between the thermal stability of Au catalysts and the basic nature of their supports for aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol." RSC Adv. 4, no. 52 (2014): 27337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra03492a.

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25

Cattaneo, Stefano, Simon J. Freakley, David J. Morgan, Meenakshisundaram Sankar, Nikolaos Dimitratos, and Graham J. Hutchings. "Cinnamaldehyde hydrogenation using Au–Pd catalysts prepared by sol immobilisation." Catalysis Science & Technology 8, no. 6 (2018): 1677–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cy02556d.

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26

Dioos, Bart M. L., Ivo F. J. Vankelecom, and Pierre A Jacobs. "Aspects of Immobilisation of Catalysts on Polymeric Supports." Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis 348, no. 12-13 (August 2006): 1413–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adsc.200606202.

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27

Wang, Sheng, Richard J. Lewis, Dmitry E. Doronkin, David J. Morgan, Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt, Graham J. Hutchings, and Silke Behrens. "The direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from H2 and O2 using Pd–Ga and Pd–In catalysts." Catalysis Science & Technology 10, no. 6 (2020): 1925–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cy02210d.

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The direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide is investigated using PdGa/TiO₂ and PdIn/TiO₂ catalysts prepared by an acid-washed sol-immobilisation procedure, which allows for enhanced catalytic selectivity.

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28

Abis, Laura, Nikolaos Dimitritatos, Meenakshisundaram Sankar, Simon J. Freakley, and Graham J. Hutchings. "Plasmonic oxidation of glycerol using AuPd/TiO2 catalysts." Catalysis Science & Technology 9, no. 20 (2019): 5686–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cy01409h.

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AuPd nanoparticles supported on P25 TiO₂ (AuPd/TiO₂) were prepared by a facile sol-immobilisation method and investigated for surface plasmon-assisted glycerol oxidation under base-free conditions.

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29

McMorn, Paul, and Graham J. Hutchings. "Heterogeneous enantioselective catalysts: strategies for the immobilisation of homogeneous catalysts." Chemical Society Reviews 33, no. 2 (2004): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b200387m.

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30

Kaposi, Marlene, Mirza Cokoja, Christine H. Hutterer, Simone A. Hauser, Tobias Kaposi, Florian Klappenberger, Alexander Pöthig, Johannes V. Barth, Wolfgang A. Herrmann, and Fritz E. Kühn. "Immobilisation of a molecular epoxidation catalyst on UiO-66 and -67: the effect of pore size on catalyst activity and recycling." Dalton Transactions 44, no. 36 (2015): 15976–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5dt01340b.

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31

Buffet, Jean-Charles, Coral F. H. Byles, Ryan Felton, Chunping Chen, and Dermot O'Hare. "Metallocene supported core@LDH catalysts for slurry phase ethylene polymerisation." Chemical Communications 52, no. 21 (2016): 4076–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc00280c.

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Immobilisation of rac-(EBI)ZrCl₂ on the hybrid catalysts, core@AMO-LDH, demonstrate synergistic effects in which the polymerisation activity is up to three times higher than rac-(EBI)ZrCl₂ supported on analogous single phase supports.

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32

KARTAL TEMEL, Nuket, and Esra BAĞDA. "Decolourization of Methylene Blue in Aqueous Solution by Photocatalytic Oxidation, Fenton Oxidation and Biosorption." Cumhuriyet Science Journal 43, no. 4 (December 27, 2022): 638–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17776/csj.1116265.

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The aim of the study was to investigate decolourization of Methylene Blue (MB) in aqueous solution using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and biosorption comparatively. Photocatalytic decolourization of MB was studied using TiO2 as catalyst. The photocatalytic decolourization of MB by direct UV irradiation alone, only TiO2 and TiO2/UV processes was investigated. It was found that decolourization by photocatalytic process of MB increased with decreasing pH, and decolourization rate also increased in the presence of TiO2/UV when compared to UV irradiation alone. Decolourization of MB was also studied with using the Fenton process (Fe(II)/H2O2). Concentrations of Fe(II) and H2O2 on decolourization ratio were investigated. The optimum catalyst to H2O2 ratio was found 1:3 at pH 4.0. In the second part of the study, the biosorption process was conducted with using plant gall immobilised alumina. The removal percentages were calculated with both plant gall immobilised alumina and alumina alone. The immobilisation of plant gall increased the removal percentages from 60-70% to 90-95%. The proposed methods (AOPs and biosorption) have both advantages and disadvantages compared to each other.

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33

Windle, Christopher D., Ernest Pastor, Anna Reynal, Adrian C. Whitwood, Yana Vaynzof, James R. Durrant, Robin N. Perutz, and Erwin Reisner. "Improving the Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2to CO through Immobilisation of a Molecular Re Catalyst on TiO2." Chemistry - A European Journal 21, no. 9 (January 29, 2015): 3746–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201405041.

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34

Keim, W. "Perfluorinated polyethers for the immobilisation of homogeneous nickel catalysts." Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 139, no. 2-3 (March 5, 1999): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1381-1169(98)00199-x.

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35

Rózga-Wijas, K., J. Chojnowski, W. Fortuniak, M. Ścibiorek, Z. Michalska, and Ł. Rogalski. "Branched functionalised polysiloxane–silica hybrids for immobilisation of catalysts." J. Mater. Chem. 13, no. 9 (2003): 2301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b304134d.

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36

Spekreijse, Jurjen, Lars Öhrström, Johan P. M. Sanders, Johannes H. Bitter, and Elinor L. Scott. "Mechanochemical Immobilisation of Metathesis Catalysts in a Metal-Organic Framework." Chemistry - A European Journal 22, no. 43 (September 6, 2016): 15437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201602331.

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37

Bu, Yifan, Tao Zhang, Bo Jiang, and Jingjing Chen. "Improved Performance of D-Psicose 3-Epimerase by Immobilisation on Amino-Epoxide Support with Intense Multipoint Attachment." Foods 10, no. 4 (April 11, 2021): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10040831.

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D-allulose is an epimer of D-fructose at the C-3 position. With similar sweetness to sucrose and a low-calorie profile, D-allulose has been considered a promising functional sweetener. D-psicose 3-epimerase (DPEase; EC 5.1.3.30) catalyses the synthesis of D-allulose from D-fructose. Immobilised enzymes are becoming increasingly popular because of their better stability and reusability. However, immobilised DPEase generally exhibits less activity or poses difficulty in separation. This study aimed to obtain immobilised DPEase with high catalytic activity, stability, and ease of separation from the reaction solution. In this study, DPEase was immobilised on an amino-epoxide support, ReliZyme HFA403/M (HFA), in four steps (ion exchange, covalent binding, glutaraldehyde crosslinking, and blocking). Glycine-blocked (four-step immobilisation) and unblocked (three-step immobilisation) immobilised DPEase exhibited activities of 103.5 and 138.8 U/g support, respectively, but contained equal amounts of protein. After incubation at 60 °C for 2 h, the residual activity of free enzyme decreased to 12.5%, but the activities of unblocked and blocked DPEase remained at 40.9% and 52.3%, respectively. Immobilisation also altered the substrate specificity of the enzyme, catalysing L-sorbose to L-tagatose and D-tagatose to D-sorbose. Overall, the immobilised DPEase with intense multipoint attachment, especially glycine-blocked DPEase, showed better properties than the free form, providing a superior potential for D-allulose biosynthesis.

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38

El-Sherif, H., P. L. Martelli, R. Casadio, M. Portaccio, U. Bencivenga, and D. G. Mita. "Urease immobilisation on chemically grafted nylon membranes." Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic 14, no. 1-3 (June 2001): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1381-1177(00)00237-x.

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39

Mouele, Emile Salomon Massima, Siphelo Ngqoloda, Sara Pescetelli, Aldo Di Carlo, Mihaela Dinu, Alina Vladescu, Anca Constantina Parau, et al. "Spin Coating Immobilisation of C-N-TiO2 Co-Doped Nano Catalyst on Glass and Application for Photocatalysis or as Electron Transporting Layer for Perovskite Solar Cells." Coatings 10, no. 11 (October 26, 2020): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10111029.

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Producing active thin films coated on supports resolves many issues of powder-based photo catalysis and energy harvesting. In this study, thin films of C-N-TiO2 were prepared by dynamic spin coating of C-N-TiO2 sol-gel on glass support. The effect of spin speed and sol gel precursor to solvent volume ratio on the film thickness was investigated. The C-N-TiO2-coated glass was annealed at 350 °C at a ramping rate of 10 °C/min with a holding time of 2 hours under a continuous flow of dry N2. The C-N-TiO2 films were characterised by profilometry analysis, light microscopy (LM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The outcomes of this study proved that a spin coating technique followed by an annealing process to stabilise the layer could be used for immobilisation of the photo catalyst on glass. The exposure of C-N-TiO2 films to UV radiation induced photocatalytic decolouration of orange II (O.II) dye. The prepared C-N-TiO2 films showed a reasonable power conversion efficiency average (PCE of 9%) with respect to the reference device (15%). The study offers a feasible route for the engineering of C-N-TiO2 films applicable to wastewater remediation processes and energy harvesting in solar cell technologies.

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Severn, John R., and John C. Chadwick. "Immobilisation of homogeneous olefin polymerisation catalysts. Factors influencing activity and stability." Dalton Transactions 42, no. 25 (2013): 8979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3dt33098b.

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SIMONS, C., U. HANEFELD, I. ARENDS, T. MASCHMEYER, and R. SHELDON. "Comparison of supports for the electrostatic immobilisation of asymmetric homogeneous catalysts." Journal of Catalysis 239, no. 1 (April 1, 2006): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2006.01.027.

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42

Jayaprakash, Doss, Shinobu Takizawa, Takayoshi Arai, and Hiroaki Sasai. "Development of efficient methods for the immobilisation of multicomponent asymmetric catalysts." Journal of Experimental Nanoscience 1, no. 4 (December 2006): 477–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17458080601067690.

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43

Wlizło, Kamila, Jolanta Polak, Justyna Kapral-Piotrowska, Marcin Grąz, Roman Paduch, and Anna Jarosz-Wilkołazka. "Influence of Carrier Structure and Physicochemical Factors on Immobilisation of Fungal Laccase in Terms of Bisphenol A Removal." Catalysts 10, no. 9 (August 20, 2020): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10090951.

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Laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus was immobilised on porous Purolite® carriers and amino-functionalised ultrafiltration membranes. The results indicated a correlation between the carrier structure and the activity of laccase immobilised thereon. The highest activity was obtained for carriers characterised by a small particle size and a larger pore diameter (the porous carriers with an additional spacer (C2 and C6) and octadecyl methacrylate beads with immobilised laccase activity of 5.34 U/g, 2.12 U/g and 7.43 U/g, respectively. The conditions of immobilisation and storage of immobilised laccase were modified to improve laccase activity in terms of bisphenol A transformation. The highest laccase immobilisation activity was obtained on small bead carriers with a large diameter of pores incubated in 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7 and for immobilisation time of 3 h at 22 °C. The immobilised LAC was stable for four weeks maintaining 80–90% of its initial activity in the case of the best C2, C6, and C18 carriers. The immobilised laccase transformed 10 mg/L of BPA in 45% efficiency and decreased its toxicity 3-fold in the Microtox tests. The effectiveness of BPA transformation, and the legitimacy of conducting this process due to the reduction of the toxicity of the resulting reaction products have been demonstrated. Reusability of immobilised LAC has been proven during BPA removal in 10 subsequent batches.

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44

Lundy, Ross, Emily R. Draper, and James J. Walsh. "Amino acid appended perylene bisimides: self-assembly, immobilization on nanocrystalline TiO2, and electrochromic properties." New Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 23 (2018): 19020–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj04214d.

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Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticle films have been used as a conducting support for the immobilisation of alanine-appended perylene bisimides (PBI-A) via dip-coating and carboxylate chemisorption.

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Lim, L. L. P., R. J. Lynch, and S. I. In. "Comparison of simple and economical photocatalyst immobilisation procedures." Applied Catalysis A: General 365, no. 2 (August 2009): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2009.06.015.

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Phan, Nam T. S., David H. Brown, and Peter Styring. "A facile method for catalyst immobilisation on silica: nickel-catalysed Kumada reactions in mini-continuous flow and batch reactors." Green Chemistry 6, no. 10 (2004): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b405203j.

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47

Porcar, Raúl, Daniel Nuevo, Eduardo García-Verdugo, Pedro Lozano, José Sanchez-Marcano, M. Isabel Burguete, and Santiago V. Luis. "New porous monolithic membranes based on supported ionic liquid-like phases for oil/water separation and homogenous catalyst immobilisation." Chemical Communications 54, no. 19 (2018): 2385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc00371h.

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Flynn, Gabriella E., Jamie M. Withers, Gerard Macias, Justin R. Sperling, Sarah L. Henry, Jonathan M. Cooper, Glenn A. Burley, and Alasdair W. Clark. "Reversible DNA micro-patterning using the fluorous effect." Chemical Communications 53, no. 21 (2017): 3094–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc00288b.

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Agustian, Joni, and Lilis Hermida. "The Optimised Statistical Model for Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Tapioca by Glucoamylase Immobilised on Mesostructured Cellular Foam Silica." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 14, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.14.2.3078.380-390.

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Enzymatic hydrolysis of starches using free glucoamylase to reducing sugars have difficulties in recovering and recycling of the enzyme, hence immobilisation on inert supports were widely studied. However, effectiveness of the immobilised glucoamylase were merely observed only on soluble starches. It was considered a valuable thing to know performance of glucoamylase on Mesostructured Cellular Foam (MCF) silica in hydrolysing of tapioca. An optimised study on enzymatic hydrolysis of tapioca using glucoamylase on MCF silica (9.2T-3D) and its kinetics were described including justification of the predicted model as it was required to develop in large scale operations. Central Composite Design was used to model the process by studying effects of three factors on DE values after enzyme immobilisation. Immobilisation of glucoamylase on this support gave up to 82% efficiency with the specific activity of 1,856.78 U.g-1. Its used to hydrolysis of tapioca resulted DE values of 1.740-76.303% (w/w) where the highest DE was obtained at pH of 4.1, temperature of 70 ℃ and agitation speed of 140 rpm. The optimisation produced a polynomial quadratic model having insignificant lack-of-fit and low standard deviation, so that it was applicable and reliable in simulating the DE with only 0.80% of data were not described. Temperature affected the process highly, but the buffer pH, agitation speed and factorial interactions were considered not important. KM value for immobilised enzyme was better than the free glucoamylase, however, its reaction rate was slower than the free glucoamylase catalysis. Copyright © 2019 BCREC Group. All rights reserved

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Oloye, Olawale, Joseph F. S. Fernando, Eric R. Waclawik, Dmitri Golberg, and Anthony P. O’Mullane. "Galvanic replacement of liquid metal Galinstan with copper for the formation of photocatalytically active nanomaterials." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 35 (2020): 14979–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj02652b.

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Galvanic replacement of liquid metal Galinstan under mechanical agitation with copper creates a multi-elemental system that is photocatalytically active for the degradation of organic dyes where reuseability is achieved via immobilisation on a solid support.

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