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Academic literature on the topic 'Immobilisation of the catalyst'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Immobilisation of the catalyst"

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Sankarshana, T., J. Soujanya, and A. Anil Kumar. "Triphase Catalysis Using Silica Gel as Support." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 11, no. 1 (July 4, 2013): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2013-0007.

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Abstract The oxidation reaction of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol with potassium permanganate in the presence and absence of silica-gel-supported phase-transfer catalyst (PTC) in triphasic conditions was studied. In a batch reactor, the performance of the solid-supported catalysts was compared with unsupported catalyst and without the catalyst. The effect of speed of agitation, catalyst concentration, potassium permanganate concentration and temperature on reaction rate was studied. The reaction is found to be in the kinetic regime. The rate of reaction with the catalyst immobilised on the silica gel was less compared to the catalyst without immobilisation. Triphase catalysis with supported PTCs has potential applications in the continuous quest for greener industrial practices.
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Rogers, Owen, Samuel Pattisson, Joseph Macginley, Rebecca Engel, Keith Whiston, Stuart Taylor, and Graham Hutchings. "The Low Temperature Solvent-Free Aerobic Oxidation of Cyclohexene to Cyclohexane Diol over Highly Active Au/Graphite and Au/Graphene Catalysts." Catalysts 8, no. 8 (July 31, 2018): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8080311.

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The selectivity and activity of gold-catalysts supported on graphite and graphene have been compared in the oxidation of cyclohexene. These catalysts were prepared via impregnation and sol immobilisation methods, and tested using solventless and radical initiator-free reaction conditions. The selectivity of these catalysts has been directed towards cyclohexene epoxide using WO3 as a co-catalyst and further to cyclohexane diol by the addition of water, achieving a maximum selectivity of 17% to the diol. The sol immobilisation catalysts were more reproducible and far more active, however, selectivity towards the diol was lower than for the impregnation catalyst. The results suggest that formation of cyclohexane diol through solventless oxidation of cyclohexene is limited by a number of factors, such as the formation of an allylic hydroperoxyl species as well as the amount of in situ generated water.
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Chen, Juan. "Immobilisation of Iron-Containing Materials onto Supporting Materials in Heterogeneous Fenton System: A Review." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 569–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.569.

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The purpose of this review is to aim a summary of the development in the use of different supports for the immobilisation of a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst, which areiron-containing materials. Various anchors and immobilisation methods that are universally employed to the remediation of wastewater are considered. Commonly, the immobilisation of a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst onto supportive material has chiefly been approved through one of two major routes; chemical route physical route or physical route. The advantages and disadvantages of various immobilisation methods to obtain a gigantic surface area iron-containing materials support is considered too.
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Chisholm, Danielle M., and J. Scott McIndoe. "Charged ligands for catalyst immobilisation and analysis." Dalton Transactions, no. 30 (2008): 3933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b800371h.

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Rogan, Luke, N. Louise Hughes, Qun Cao, Laura M. Dornan, and Mark J. Muldoon. "Copper(i)/ketoABNO catalysed aerobic alcohol oxidation." Catal. Sci. Technol. 4, no. 6 (2014): 1720–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cy00219a.

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A copper(i)/ketoABNO aerobic catalyst system is highly effective for the oxidation of secondary alcohols, including unactivated aliphatic substrates. The effects of pressure and gas composition on catalyst performance are examined. The radical can be employed at low loadings and it is also amenable to immobilisation on to solid supports.
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Alshammari, Hamed M. "Synthesis of Palladium and Copper Nanoparticles Supported on TiO2 for Oxidation Solvent-Free Aerobic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol." Processes 9, no. 9 (September 5, 2021): 1590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091590.

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The use of metal oxides as supports for palladium and copper (Pd–Cu) nanoalloys constitutes a new horizon for improving new active catalysts in very important reactions. From the literatures, Pd-based bimetallic nanostructures have great properties and active catalytic performance. In this work, nanostructures of titanium dioxide (TiO2) were used as supports for Pd–Cu nanoparticles catalysts. Palladium and copper were deposited on these supports using the sol-immobilisation method. The composite nanoalloys were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The catalyst was evaluated for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol. The effect of the Cu–Pd ratio using sol-immobilization methods supported on TiO2 was investigated. The results show that monometallic Cu/TiO2 was observed to have a low activity. However, as soon as the catalyst contained any palladium, the activity increased with a significant increase in the selectivity towards isomerization products. The influence of support and temperature were investigated. Furthermore, the catalyst reusability was also tested for oxidation of benzyl alcohol reactions, by repeatedly performing the same reaction using the recovered catalyst. The Pd–Cu/TiO2 catalyst displayed better reusability even after several reactions
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Albilali, Reem, Mark Douthwaite, Qian He, and Stuart H. Taylor. "The selective hydrogenation of furfural over supported palladium nanoparticle catalysts prepared by sol-immobilisation: effect of catalyst support and reaction conditions." Catalysis Science & Technology 8, no. 1 (2018): 252–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cy02110k.

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Pd-TiO2 nanoparticles prepared by sol-immobilisation are very active for selective hydrogenation of furfural under mild conditions, and addition of Pt enhances performance to achieve a 95% yield of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol.
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Collins, Gillian, Kamil Rahme, John O'Connell, and Justin D. Holmes. "Embedding colloidal nanoparticles inside mesoporous silica using gas expanded liquids for high loading recyclable catalysts." Catalysis Science & Technology 6, no. 19 (2016): 7212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cy00584e.

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Size and composition controlled alloy nanoparticles can be easily incorporated into porous SiO2 supports using carbon dioxide expanded hexane. Embedding NPs into porous networks increase catalyst stability and recyclability compared to immobilisation on non-porous SiO2 supports.
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Song, Choong Eui. "5 Immobilisation of chiral catalysts: easy recycling of catalyst and improvement of catalytic efficiencies." Annual Reports Section "C" (Physical Chemistry) 101 (2005): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b408828j.

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Markad, Uddhav S., Devidas B. Naik, Krishan Kant Singh, Manmohan Kumar, and Geeta K. Sharma. "Immobilisation of palladium nanostructures in polyethersulfone beads: recyclable catalyst for chromium(VI) remediation." Environmental Chemistry 16, no. 8 (2019): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en19035.

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Environmental contextChromium, a carcinogenic metal present in the wastewater of several industries, is currently removed by treatment with large amounts of chemicals and expensive nano-catalysts. We have immobilised a nano-catalyst in tiny polymeric balls that are highly efficient at capturing chromium, and are easy to isolate for multiple reuse. Using our methodology, consumption of chemicals for removing chromium from wastewater is reduced by 97%. AbstractWe have synthesised and immobilised palladium nanostructures in porous polyethersulfone beads for the first time and demonstrated their catalytic application for the reductive transformation of toxic CrVI to nontoxic CrIII by formic acid at 25°C. The reduction of CrVI using palladium-polyethersulfone composite beads (Pd-PES), with a minimal Pd loading of 0.4 wt%, is found to be 98% with excellent operational stability retained up to 100 consecutive reaction cycles. Pseudo-first-order rate constant kapp for the 1st and 100th catalytic cycles is 0.167 and 0.158min−1 respectively. Pd-PES beads having a diameter of 2mm are easy to isolate post reduction by simple mesh filtration and can be re-used consecutively without any treatment. Owing to the high catalytic stability of the Pd nanostructures inside the beads, and the good mechanical and thermal stability of polyethersulfone, these beads can withstand rigorous treatment like mechanical stirring and elevated temperature, which renders them as highly reusable and as promising metal-polymer composite for practical application in CrVI remediation. For large scale application of this catalyst, we have demonstrated a methodology which reduces the consumption of formic acid by 98% in chromium remediation technology.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Immobilisation of the catalyst"

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Scruton, S. L. "Ionic immobilisation of an anionic carbonylation catalyst." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380592.

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Goldys, Anna M. "Immobilisation and application of bifunctional iminophosphorane organocatalysts." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f4f28a47-0373-4b66-8537-d4e7028d4d63.

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Bifunctional iminophosphoranes, containing a triaryl-substituted iminophosphorane and bis(3,5- trifluoromethyl)phenyl thiourea on a single enantiomer scaffold are novel asymmetric superbase organocatalysts reported by the Dixon group in 2014. This thesis describes our efforts to expand their scope and utility in a variety of challenging chemical transformations. Chapter 2 describes the development and application of immobilised bifunctional iminophosphorane organocatalysts. We have successfully immobilised bifunctional iminophosphoranes on a crosslinked polystyrene support and applied this sold-supported catalyst to three challenging asymmetric reactions; namely the nitro-Mannich reaction of phosphinoyl ketimines and the conjugate addition of alkylmalonates and N,N-dimethyl β-keto amides to nitrostyrene. Very good yields, enantio- and diasteroselectivities were obtained in all cases. We have also demonstrated their use in a range of conjugate additions of cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds to nitroalkenes, which suffered from very slow reaction rates under tertiary amine-based bifunctional catalysis. In all cases, the immobilised bifunctional iminophosphoranes performed very well in comparison to their homogeneous counterparts. We have also demonstrated catalyst recycling over 10 cycles and application in a continuous flow system with a productivity of 7.20 mmol producth-1gcatalyst-1. to the ring-opening polymerisation (ROP) of cyclic esters. We have demonstrated the performance of bifunctional iminophosphorane organocatalysts in the ROP of L-lactide (LA), δ-valerolactone (VL) and ε-caprolactone (CL). The polymerisation of LA and VL proceeded rapidly and was well controlled, while only short lengths (> 100 DP) of poly(CL) could be prepared in a controlled fashion due to hypothesised competing initiation from the catalyst. We have shown that the polymerisation of LA using our catalyst may be considered a living polymerisation. Di-block co-polymers could also be successfully prepared via sequential monomer addition or through the use of macroinitiators. We then investigated the roles of the iminophosphorane and the thiourea component of the catalyst.
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Zhang, Liping. "Immobilisation de catalyseurs moléculaires de polymérisation d’oléfines sur nanomatériaux." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0013/document.

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Le présent travail de thèse décrit le développement de systèmes actifs de polymérisation d’oléfines basés sur des métaux de fin de transition (nickel et fer) supportés sur des nanomatériaux. Le chapitre I décrit l’état de l’art des systèmes catalytiques supportés ou non pour la polymérisation d’oléfines. Dans le chapitre II, nous décrivons la polymérisation de l’éthylène en utilisant des catalyseurs de nickel contenant un groupement –NH2 pour leur immobilisation covalente sur nanotubes de carbone ; montrant l’influence positive de l’immobilisation : les catalyseurs ainsi supportés sont en effet à la fois plus actifs et conduisant à des polymères de plus haut poids moléculaire. Dans le chapitre III, des complexes de fer contenant un groupement pyrène sont décrits et immobilisés sur nanotubes de carbone par interaction non covalente π-π. Dans ce cas, à la fois les systèmes homogènes et leurs analogues supportés catalysent la réaction de polymérisation de l’éthylène avec des activités particulièrement élevées. Il a également pu être mis en évidence l’importante influence du support carboné sur les performances du système catalytique ainsi que sur la structure des polymères obtenus. Différents types de complexes de nickel contenant un ligand imino-pyridine et différents groupes polyaromatiques ont été synthétisés et leur utilisation en polymérisation de l’éthylène est décrite dans le chapitre IV. L’influence de l’addition de faibles quantités de matériaux nanocarbonés (nanotubes de carbone ou graphène) au milieu réactionnel a ainsi été étudiée. Le graphène s’est dans ce cas révélé particulièrement bénéfique sur les performances du catalyseur. Enfin, le chapitre V décrit la polymérisation de l’isoprène à l’aide de catalyseurs de fer contenant des groupements polyaromatiques permettant leur immobilisation à la surface de nanoparticules de fer. Ces systèmes ont ensuite pu être confinés dans des nanotubes de carbone. Les systèmes catalytiques décrits sont particulièrement actifs produisant des polyisoprènes à température de transition vitreuse élevée et avec une haute sélectivité trans-1,4-polyisoprène
This present thesis deals with the development of active olefin polymerization catalysts based on late transition metal (nickel and iron) imino-pyridine complexes supported on nanomaterial. Chapter I gives a comprehensive literature review of unsupported and supported ethylene polymerization catalyst. In Chapter II we report the ethylene polymerization studies using nickel complexes containing an –NH2 group for covalent immobilization on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) of the corresponding precatalysts. Comparison of the homogeneous catalysts with their supported counterparts evidenced higher catalytic activity and higher molecular weights for the polymers produced. In Chapter III, iron complexes containing a pyrene group have been synthesized and immobilized on MWCNTs through non-covalent π-π interactions between pyrene group and surface of MWCNTs. Activated by MMAO, both the iron complexes and immobilized catalysts show high activities for ethylene polymerization. It was possible to evidence that MWCNTs have a great influence on the catalytic activity and on the structure of the resulting polyethylenes. Imino-pyridine nickel complexes containing various kinds of aromatic groups have been synthesized in Chapter IV and polymerization conditions in the presence and in the absence of nanocarbon materials, such as MWCNTs or few layer graphene (FLG), are discussed. For those nickel catalysts bearing 1-aryliminoethylpyridine ligands, the presence of MWCNTs in the catalytic mixture allows the formation of waxes of lower molecular weight and polydispersity, whereas the presence of FLG proved to be beneficial for the catalytic activity. In Chapter V, isoprene polymerization catalyzed by iron complexes containing polyaromatic groups and non-covalently supported on nanoparticles and confined into the inner cavity of MWCNTs (Cat@NPs and Cat@NPs@MWCNTs) are investigated. Iron complexes show excellent activity for the isoprene polymerization and produced high glass temperature polyisoprene with a high trans-1,4-polyisoprene selectivity. Polymer nanocomposites are produced by supported catalysts and, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) evidenced efficient coating of the resulting polyisoprene around the oxygen sensitive iron nanoparticles
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Ben, Osman Chirine. "Synthèse et utilisation de nouveaux matériaux hybrides pour la catalyse en ATRP supportée du méthacrylate de méthyle." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066564/document.

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L’objectif était de développer et d’utiliser des nanoparticules hybrides de type«coeur-écorce» composées d’un coeur de silice dense entouré par des chaînes polymères fonctionnalisées par des ligands d’ATRP comme support catalytique pour la polymérisation du MMA par ATRP. Deux stratégies de synthèse de nanoparticules hybrides ont été élaborées. La première a consisté à immobiliser sur un support de silice, d’une manière covalente, des chaînes fonctionnelles synthétisées par NMP comportant des ligands capables de complexer le bromure de cuivre. Des nanoparticules de SiO2@polymère fonctionnel ayant de faibles densités de greffage en polymère ont été ciblées afin d’éviter leur recouvrement sur la surface. Cependant, les polymérisations n’étaient pas contrôlées probablement à cause d’un manque d’accessibilité de l’amorceur et des radicaux propageants aux complexes decuivre. Afin de rendre les catalyseurs supportés plus accessibles en solution, nous avons élaboré une seconde stratégie basée sur un système catalytique hybride réversible. Il consiste à immobiliser des chaînes α-fonctionnalisées par un motif donneur-accepteur de proton(DAD) via des liaisons hydrogène sur des particules de silice modifiées par un motif complémentaire (ADA). Des PMMA de masses molaires contrôlées ont été synthétisés avec des dispersités plus faibles que celles obtenues en ATRP homogène (en présence des chaînes libres). Après séparation du catalyseur du milieu réactionnel par centrifugation, nous avons montré qu’avec un excès du motif ADA, 96% du cuivre initialement introduit ont été récupérés
The aim of this project is to develop hybrid nanoparticles bearing well definedpolymer arms as supported catalyst for the atom transfer radical polymerization of methylmethacrylate. This new generation of “semi heterogeneous" catalysts was prepared by twostrategies. The first consisted of immobilizing the polymer arms bearing the ligands enablingcoordination of copper bromide onto silica particles by covalent bonds. Hybrid nanoparticleswith low polymer grafting density were targeted to prevent the overlapping of chains on thesurface. Unfortunately, the polymerizations were not controlled probably due to a lack ofaccessibility of the initiator and propagating radicals to the copper complexes. To improve theaccessibility, a reversibly supported catalyst was developed via self-assembly using hydrogenbonding between chains α-functionalized by a proton donor-acceptor unit (DAD) and acomplementary unit (ADA) anchored on silica particles. These new hybrid materials wereefficient in the controlled radical polymerization of MMA, yielding polymers with controlledmolecular weights and dispersities narrower than those obtained for homogeneous ATRP.Moreover, after catalyst separation from the reaction medium by centrifugation, more than96% of the originally used copper was recovered
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Smith, Graham Michael. "Enzyme immobilisation and catalysis in ordered mesoporous silica /." St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/573.

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Smith, Graham Murray. "Enzyme immobilisation and catalysis in ordered mesoporous silica." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/573.

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A range of mesoporous materials based on SBA-15 have been prepared and characterised. The materials were templated by neutral block copolymer P123, and typically have a hexagonal (p6mm) pore structure, with high surface areas and narrow pore size distributions. The removal of the surfactant template by calcination and solvent extraction has been investigated. The aqueous stability of this material, and the hydrolysis of the surface was studied. Organic functional groups were incorporated into the silica surface by co-condensation, or by post synthesis grafting. A range of functional groups were incorporated, including amine, carboxy, allyl and thiol groups. The pore size of the materials was controlled by the addition of trimethoxybenzene during synthesis, which significantly increased the pore size and uptake capacity of the materials. The adsorption of CALB by SBA-15 was investigated, with support materials extracted by calcination or solvent extraction. Rapid uptake at high loading was observed, with a maximum loading of 450 mg g-1 measured. The leaching of the enzyme from the support was investigated, and found to be high with unfunctionalised supports. The leaching from functionalised supports incorporating sulfur groups was significantly reduced. The activity of the immobilised CALB was measured by tributyrin hydrolysis in aqueous media, and by enantioselective transesterification of (R)-1-phenylethanol in organic media. The effect of surface functionalisation for reusability and thermal stability in aqueous systems was investigated. Preliminary studies of supported CALB for dynamic kinetic resolution were carried out, with an investigation of acidic zeolites and a mesoporous supported catalyst for 1-phenylethanol racemisation. The encapsulation of immobilised CALB was investigated, and the activity and reusability of these systems studied.
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Launez, Rémy. "Immobilisation d'organocatalyseurs sur supports inorganiques et évaluation de leur activité en condition de flux continu." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS212/document.

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Le but de notre projet était de mettre au point un procédé éco-compatible d’organocatalyse asymétrique hétérogène en flux continu. Pour réaliser ce procédé, nous avons choisi d’utiliser la cupréine, un alcaloïde dérivé de la quinine comme organocatalyseur bifonctionnel. La silice (un matériau inorganique mésoporeux) a été choisie comme support pour l’hétérogénéisation du catalyseur. La cupréine immobilisée sur silice a ensuite été testée comme organocatalyseur de la réaction d’addition de Michael asymétrique entre le trans-β-nitrostyrène (accepteur de Michael) et le diméthyl malonate (donneur de Michael) en condition de flux continu.Nous avons tout d’abord immobilisé la cupréine sur deux types de silice selon trois stratégies différentes. Chaque stratégie nous a permis d’obtenir le support greffé avec des quantités de cupréine allant de 0,2 à 0,4 mmol par gramme de silice, ainsi que des silices greffées possédant des caractéristiques différentes selon les stratégies envisagées.L’évaluation de l’activité catalytique de la cupréine greffée sur silice a ensuite été réalisée en milieu hétérogène en batch. Différents solvants biosourcés ont alors été testés comme solvants alternatifs pour la réaction d’addition de Michael. Le 2-MeTHF s’est révélé être un bon solvant et a été choisi pour les expériences de catalyse en flux continu. Les résultats obtenus en catalyse avec la cupréine greffée sur silice sont comparables à ceux en milieu homogène (excès énantiomériques supérieur ou égale à 85 % et conversion supérieure à 96 %) exceptés pour la fréquence de rotation (TOF, mol de substrat converti/mol de catalyseur/durée de réaction) qui est trois fois plus faible en milieu hétérogène (0,2 h-1 pour 0,6 h-1 en milieu homogène).Enfin, cette réaction d’addition de Michael a été réalisée en flux continu avec les différentes silices greffées. La fréquence de rotation de la cupréine a été multipliée par deux (0,4 h-1) et le nombre de rotation (TON, mol de substrat converti/mol de catalyseur) a lui aussi été augmenté, passant de 16 en milieu hétérogène en batch à 63 en condition de flux continu. Finalement, différents dérivés du trans-β-nitrostyrène (Chloré, phénolique et méthoxy en position 4) ont été testés avec succès.Ainsi, à notre connaissance, nous avons réalisé la première réaction d’addition de Michael entre le trans-β-nitrostyrène et le diméthyl malonate, organocatalysée en milieu hétérogène en batch et en flux continu par la cupréine immobilisée sur silice, en utilisant un solvant biosourcé. Nous avons réussi à mettre au point le procédé de catalyse hétérogène en flux continu permettant de recycler facilement le catalyseur et aussi d’augmenter la productivité de la cupréine immobilisée par rapport au milieu hétérogène en batch, tout en conservant une conversion et une énantiosélectivité équivalente à celles en milieu homogène
The aim of our project was to develop an eco-friendly process based on heterogeneous asymmetric organocataysis in continuous flow conditions. To succeed in this development, we chose to use a quinine-derived bifunctional organocatalyst: cupreine. Silica, a mesoporous inorganic material, was chosen as the support to immobilize this organocatalyst. The grafted cupreine was then tested as catalyst for the asymmetric Michael addition between the trans-β-nitrostyrene (Michael acceptor) and the dimethyl malonate (Michael donor) in continuous flow condition.First, we immobilized the catalyst on two types of silica, following three different strategies. The various cupreine-grafted silicas we obtained were functionnalized with 0.2 to 0.4 mmol of cuprein per gram of silica. Each one of them possessed specific characteristics depending of the followed strategy.The assessment of the catalytic activity of immobilized silica was then performed in batch condition. Different bio-based solvents were used for the Michael addition. 2-MeTHF was chosen as the best solvent among those tested and used in continuous flow. Immobilized cupreine proved to be as efficient in heterogenous condition as in homogenous (enantiomeric excess was superior or equal to 85 % and conversion better than 96 %), except for turn over frequency (TOF, mol of converted substrate/mol of catalyst/reaction time) which is three times lower in hetereogeneous condition (0.2h-1 to 0.6 h-1 in homogenous condition).Michael addition of trans-β-nitrostyrene to dimethyl malonate was then realized in continuous flow condition, using the various silica-supported catalysts. Turn over frequency of cupreine was doubled (0.4 h-1) and the turn over number (mol of converted substrate/mol of catalyst) increased from 16 to 63 in continuous flow condition. Derivatives of trans-β-nitrostyrene (chlorinated, phenolic and methoxylated in position 4) were successfully tested in continuous flow.To the best of our knowledge, we realized the first asymmetric Michael addition between trans-β-nitrostyrene and the dimethyl malonate, catalysed by silica-supported cupreine in batch and in continuous flow, using a bio-based solvent.We successfully developed an eco-friendly process based on heterogeneous organocatalysis in continuous flow. This process favorited an efficient recycling of the supported catalyst, and increased the productivity of grafted cupreine compare to the heterogeneous condition in batch. The enantioselectivity of the cupreine for this reaction was similar in both homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions
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Parnham, Benjamin L. "Modification of bis(ditertiarybutylphosphinomethyl)benzene for improved catalyst separation and stability." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/325.

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Palladium complexes of bis(di-tert-butylphosphinomethyl)benzene (DTBPMB) show remarkably high activity as alkene methoxycarbonylation catalysts, in addition to numerous other catalytic conversions, and are currently being commercialised by Lucite in ethene methoxycarbonylation to methyl propanoate. Any large-scale exploitation of this catalyst system for heavier products, however, is likely to be hindered by catalyst-product separation problems common to homogeneous catalysts; hence modification of this catalyst system to allow facile product separation was investigated. Tethering of DTBPMB residues onto polystyrene via Suzuki-type coupling of suitable precursors onto bromopolystyrene and boronic acid functionalised polystyrene resins was investigated and the phosphine was successfully immobilised. Phosphination of the resins was not complete however and as such there is concern that other phosphine residues may be present which do not exhibit a bidentate binding motif. The synthesis of a potassium sulfonate derivative of DTBPMB (KBPMBS) was successful and immobilisation of this onto ion exchange resins was also investigated. Some preliminary results from studies into 1-octene methoxycarbonylation using palladium complexes of these resins were obtained. Supporting of this diphosphine onto silica via a sol-gel co-condensation methodology was also investigated; the synthesis of a suitably functionalised precursor containing a sulfonamide linkage was successful via protection of the diphosphine using borane. Although formation of the silica support was successful, attempts to deprotect the phosphine-borane resulted in cleavage of the ligand from the support. An alternative route to this supported ligand was attempted and others discussed. Synthesis of a suitable sol-gel precursor via alkene hydrosilation was also attempted and is discussed. Supporting of the sulfonated phosphine, KBPMBS onto silica functionalised with imidazolium tethered residues was also investigated, although complete leaching of the phosphine from the support by methanol washing was observed. Immobilisation of the synthesised KBPMBS ligand in an ionic liquid (IL) phase was investigated. Complex formation and catalytic activity were demonstrated and a positive effect on conversion was observed upon addition of carbon dioxide to the system; possibly due to the increased CO solubility within the IL phase. Efficient product separation from the IL-immobilised catalyst system was demonstrated, both by organic extraction and using supercritical carbon dioxide flow. However, poor catalyst stability under these conditions appears to present a barrier to recycling this system, with loss of conversion observed on catalyst recycling. Other attempts to immobilise the DTBPMB ligand are discussed and reduction of the sulfide derivative of DTBPMB was demonstrated using hexachlorodisilane, which could be used as a general synthetic strategy for protecting highly electron rich phosphines. It is possible that increasing the bulk of the DTBPMB ligand may increase catalyst stability and result in catalyst systems with higher turnover numbers. Therefore syntheses of bulky ligands based on the DTBPMB backbone were investigated. 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(di(tert-butyl)phosphinomethyl)benzene was successfully synthesised although palladium complexes of this showed no activity in catalytic methoxycarbonylation. Attempts to synthesise a related biphenyl-based tetraphosphine is also discussed, although isolation of this in a pure form was not achieved. Routes toward tetraphenyl and dimethyl-diphenyl functionalised derivatives of DTBPMB have also been explored, although only a monophosphine was isolated due to difficulties in obtaining an intermediate di(chloromethyl) precursor in both synthetic pathways, although this now appears to have been overcome.
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Nieczypor, Piotr. "Immobilisation of Ru-based metathesis catalysts and related aspects of olefin metathesis." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2004. http://dare.uva.nl/document/74260.

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Souron, Elodie. "Immobilisation de liquides ioniques au sein de matrices polymères et applications." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN2051.

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Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’élaboration de nouvelles techniques d’immobilisation de liquides ioniques au sein de matrices polymères. Trois techniques d’immobilisation ont été testées, la première par encapsulation du liquide ionique au sein de microcapsules polyélectrolytes, la deuxième par combinaison des émulsions de Pickering à la technique de dépôt couche par couche de polyélectrolytes et la troisième par confinement du liquide ionique au sein d’une matrice biopolymère. Pour la première technique, l’étude de la stabilité des microcapsules polyélectrolytes en milieu liquide ionique a montré qu’une étape de réticulation est nécessaire à l’obtention de capsules stables dans ces milieux. Les microcapsules réticulées ont alors été utilisées comme microréacteurs pour la synthèse d’un polymère hydrophobe, le PMMA, en milieu liquide ionique. Par la suite, l’immobilisation de liquides ioniques au sein des microcapsules a été réalisée et les capsules résultantes ont été testées en dépollution de solutions métalliques. La deuxième technique envisagée, combinant les émulsions de Pickering et la technique de dépôt couche par couche de polyélectrolytes, s’est révélée inadaptée aux émulsions de type « liquide ionique dans eau » et n’a pas permis d’immobiliser le liquide ionique. Pour la troisième technique, l’immobilisation de liquides ioniques a été réalisée par confinement au sein de billes d’alginate ou de chitosane. La solubilisation préalable d’un catalyseur organométallique dans le liquide ionique a permis de préparer des matériaux catalytiques qui ont ensuite été testés sur la réaction pallado-catalysée de Tsuji-Trost
This work deals with the development of new ways of immobilization of ionic liquids in polymer matrices. Three ways of immobilization were tested. In the first one, the ionic liquid was encapsulated in polyelectrolyte microcapsules. In the second one, the combination of Pickering emulsion and layer by layer techniques were tested to immobilize ionic liquid. Finally, in the third one, the ionic liquid was entrapped in biopolymer matrices. For the first way, the study of the stability of polyelectrolyte microcapsules in ionic liquid showed that a cross-linking step was necessary to get stable microcapsules in this ionic media. The cross-linked microcapsules were used as microreactors for the synthesis of PMMA, a hydrophobic polymer, in ionic liquid media. Then, microcapsules containing ionic liquid were prepared and applied to metallic depollution. The second way based on the combination of Pickering emulsion and the layer by layer techniques was unsuccessfully applied to the emulsion “ionic liquid in water” and did not allow the immobilization of the ionic liquid phase. In the third way, ionic liquid immobilization proceeded by confinement of an ionic liquid phase in chitosan or alginate beads. The prior solubilisation of an organometallic catalyst in the ionic liquid phase led to catalytic materials which were tested with the Tsuji-Trost reaction
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Books on the topic "Immobilisation of the catalyst"

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Benoit, M. D. Catalyst. Austin, TX: Zumaya Otherworlds, 2010.

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Carol, Chapman, ed. Catalyst. Oxford: Heinemann Educational, 2004.

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Chapman, Carol. Catalyst. Oxford: Heinemann Educational, 2003.

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Catalyst. London: Hot Key Books, 2014.

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Cornford, Philip. Catalyst. New York: Bantam Books, 1991.

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Catalyst. New York, N.Y., U.S.A: Speak, 2003.

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Chapman, Carol. Catalyst. Oxford: Heinemann Educational, 2003.

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Catalyst. New York: Bantam Books, 1992.

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Chapman, Carol. Catalyst. Oxford: Heinemann Educational, 2003.

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Anderson, Laurie Halse. Catalyst. New York: Viking, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Immobilisation of the catalyst"

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Langanke, Jens, and Walter Leitner. "Regulated Systems for Catalyst Immobilisation Based on Supercritical Carbon Dioxide." In Regulated Systems for Multiphase Catalysis, 91–108. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3418_2008_069.

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Haag, Rainer, and Sebastian Roller. "Polymeric Supports for the Immobilisation of Catalysts." In Immobilized Catalysts, 1–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b96865.

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Webb, Paul B., and David J. Cole Hamilton. "The Design of Ligand Systems for Immobilisation in Novel Reaction Media." In Phosphorus(III) Ligands in Homogeneous Catalysis: Design and Synthesis, 497–532. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118299715.ch18.

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Hölderich, Wolfgang F., and Hans H. Wagner. "Immobilisation of Chiral Homogeneous Catalysts and Their Use for Oxidation and Hydrogenation Reactions." In Catalysis by Unique Metal Ion Structures in Solid Matrices, 279–93. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0782-5_18.

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Schleikis, Adolf. "Immobilisation." In Gips und synthetischer Stützverband, 4–6. Heidelberg: Steinkopff, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-11883-2_3.

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Wilson, Natalie G., and Tom McCreedy. "Microporous Silica Structures for the Immobilisation of Catalysts and Enhancement of Electroosmotic Flow (EOF) in Micro-Reactors." In Microreaction Technology: Industrial Prospects, 346–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59738-1_36.

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Schumacher, Jens T., Gaber AM Mersal, and Ursula Bilitewski. "Immobilisation of Enzymes." In Enzyme Technology, 549–77. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35141-4_28.

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Saxena, Sanjai. "Immobilisation and Biosensors." In Applied Microbiology, 179–90. New Delhi: Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2259-0_12.

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Missbach, Antje. "Externalised immobilisation strategies." In Refugee Externalisation Policies, 157–68. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003167273-13.

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Wilchek, M., and E. A. Bayer. "Avidin-Biotin Immobilisation Systems." In Immobilised Macromolecules: Application Potentials, 51–60. London: Springer London, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3479-4_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Immobilisation of the catalyst"

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Yadav, Anil Kumar, Malleboina Purushotham, Nikita Indrapalsingh Gour, Gaurav Gulab Gurnule, Vikas C. Choudhary, and Karm Raj Yadav. "Brief Review on Nanotechnology as an Effective Tool for Production of Biofuels." In International Conference on Recent Advancements in Biomedical Engineering. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-bdzjch.

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Bio-fuel is world's best substitutes to petroleum fuels, particularly in developing countries, especially in present situation, in which fossil fuels are rapidly decreasing. By emitting greenhouse gases when fossil-based fuels are burned, they pose a serious danger to the environment and human health. Bio-fuel production on a large scale requires longer time and activity due to many constraints in currently available technology and supplementary increased costs. Furthermore, depending on the techniques and materials used, the procedures used to convert diverse feed stocks to the intended output are varied. Nanoparticles (NPs) are one of the most versatile materials in terms of time management, energy efficiency, and selectivity. It is the best way to address the issues of biomass usage. Lots of technology has implemented based on nanoparticles includes metal oxide and magnetic oxides, are engaged to progress bio-fuel production. NPs are useful biofuel additives because of their stability, higher surface area, reusability and catalytic activity. Furthermore, nanomaterials include carbon nanofibers, nanosheets and carbon nanotubes have been discovered to be a stable catalyst for enzyme immobilisation, resulting in improved bio-fuel production. The current research provides a thorough examination of the utilisation of different nanocomposites for bio-fuel production, as well as the significant hurdles and potential prospects.
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Ojovan, Michael I., Olga K. Karlina, George A. Petrov, Igor A. Sobolev, Sergey A. Dmitriev, and William E. Lee. "Self-Sustaining Immobilisation Processes." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4543.

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As overview of self-sustaining immobilisation processes is given which describes also new thermochemical and radiogenic heat immobilising schemes based on utilization of both exothermal chemical reactions and radioactive decay energy.
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Durouxab, M., E. Skovsenab, M. T. Neves-Petersenab, L. Durouxab, and S. B. Petersen. "Photonics and immobilisation of biomolecules." In 2007 Asia Optical Fiber Communication and Optoelectronics Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aoe.2007.4410783.

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Greeshma, Nuthalapati, Anna Godhe, Anders Blomberg, and Per Johander. "Orientation and Immobilisation of Diatoms." In 8th International Conference on Multi-Material Micro Manufacture. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-0319-6_255.

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"Immobilisation of metals in the absorption process." In Chemical technology and engineering. Lviv Polytechnic National University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/cte2021.01.208.

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Burakov, B., V. Gribova, A. Kitsay, M. Ojovan, N. C. Hyatt, and M. C. Stennett. "Synthesis of Crystalline Ceramics for Actinide Immobilisation." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7047.

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Methods for the synthesis of ceramic wasteforms for the immobilization of actinides are common to those for non-radioactive ceramics: hot uniaxial pressing (HUP); hot isostatic pressing (HIP); cold pressing followed by sintering; melting (for some specific ceramics, such as garnet/perovskite composites). Synthesis of ceramics doped with radionuclides is characterized with some important considerations: all the radionuclides should be incorporated into crystalline structure of durable host-phases in the form of solid solutions and no separate phases of radionuclides should be present in the matrix of final ceramic wasteform; all procedures of starting precursor preparation and ceramic synthesis should follow safety requirements of nuclear industry. Synthesis methods that avoid the use of very high temperatures and pressures and are easily accomplished within the environment of a glove-box or hot cell are preferable. Knowledge transfer between the V. G. Khlopin Radium Institute (KRI, Russia) and Immobilisation Science Laboratory (ISL, UK) was facilitated in the framework of a joint project supported by UK Royal Society. In order to introduce methods of precursor preparation and ceramic synthesis we selected well-known procedures readily deployable in radiochemical processing plants. We accounted that training should include main types of ceramic wasteforms which are currently discussed for industrial applications.
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Stennett, Martin Christopher, and Neil Christian Hyatt. "Microwave Processing of Glasses for Waste Immobilisation." In 2008 MRS Fall Meetin. Materials Research Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-1124-q03-05.

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Ojovan, Michael I., and Olga G. Batyukhnova. "Tribochemical Treatment for Immobilisation of Radioactive Wastes." In 2008 MRS Fall Meetin. Materials Research Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-1124-q07-20.

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Hoa, X. D., M. Martin, A. Jimenez, J. Beauvais, P. Charette, M. Tabrizian, and A. G. Kirk. "Patterned Immobilisation of Quantum Dots for Enhanced SPR." In LEOS 2007 - IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/leos.2007.4382548.

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Blagojevic, Ned, Lou Vance, Laurie Aldridge, and Syed A. Malik. "Immobilisation of Contaminated DEHPA Waste in Portland Cement." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4771.

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The immobilisation of organic liquids in cement products can often be difficult when attempts are made to achieve high waste loading. In this work, diethylhexyl phosphoric acid (DEHPA) contaminated with minor amounts of U (1400 ppm), Th (100 ppm) and rare earth elements (17,900 ppm) arising from solvent extraction technology for rare earth extraction from monazite shows promise of immobilisation in ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Waste loadings of up to 50% (v/v) have been achieved at the laboratory scale. The product was allowed to set overnight and had reasonable resistance to leaching after exposure to deionised water (DIW) at 25°C. Centimetre-sized samples released <0.1% of the rare earth and U inventories after exposure to 100 ml of DIW for 7 days. Releases of Ca, Al and Si were comparable with those from DEHPA free OPC. Samples were examined by SEM to determine elemental distribution and assess the porosity. Compressive strengths and detailed leaching behaviour of sample bodies over the temperature range between 25 °C and 50 °C will be presented. Preliminary attempts with geopolymeric materials were less successful than those using cement. The relative merits of immobilisation in cement compared with other possible means of dealing with the contaminated DEHPA are discussed.
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Reports on the topic "Immobilisation of the catalyst"

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Watkins, Thomas R., Michael J. Lance, Lawrence Frederick Allard, Jr, Krishna Kamasamudram, and Aleksey Yezerets. Catalyst Characterization. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1157139.

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Davis, A., H. H. Schobert, G. D. Mitchell, and L. Artok. Catalyst dispersion and activity under conditions of temperature- staged liquefaction. [Catalyst precursors for molybdenum-based catalyst and iron-based catalyst]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7233290.

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Munoz, V. A. Catalyst characterization: part i. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/305312.

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Ian P Rothwell and David R McMillin. [Catalyst research]. Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/837679.

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Jackson, N. B. Catalyst technology roadmap report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/544046.

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Hart, K., G. Lumpkin, Y. Zhang, E. Loi, and S. Leung. Durability and natural mineral studies carried out to support development of waste forms for immobilisation of plutonium interim report: April 30, 1999. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15007249.

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Joel B. Christian and Sean P. E. Smith. Tungsten Cathode Catalyst for PEMFC. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/891991.

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Bolling, Stacey D. Effluent Treatment Facility Catalyst Testing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1482798.

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Ikura, M. Comparison of coprocessing catalyst precursors. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/304581.

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Barnes, M. J. Small Tank Tetraphenylborate Catalyst Studies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/781726.

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