Journal articles on the topic 'Immigration returns'
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1
Calahorrano, Lena, and Oliver Lorz. "Aging, Factor Returns, and Immigration Policy." Scottish Journal of Political Economy 58, no. 5 (November 2011): 589–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.2011.00560.x.
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Bridges, F. Stephen, and Neil P. Coady. "Affiliation, Urban Size, Urgency, and Cost of Responses to Lost Letters." Psychological Reports 79, no. 3 (December 1996): 775–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.3.775.
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A study using 420 “lost letters” was designed to test the hypothesis that returned responses would be larger from small towns than from suburbs or cities unless the addressee was affiliated with a nonpolitical group. Percent returns to control, Pesticide Action Network, Immigration Law Enforcement Monitoring Project, Network for the Enforcement of Humane Immigrant and Refugee Rights, and the KlanWatch affiliates were 60.7%, 59.5%, 56.0%, 44.0%, and 36.9%, respectively. Responses from the city were generally fewer than those from suburbs except for Pesticide or Immigration Law affiliations. Urban responses were always fewer than those from small towns. Urgency and cost did not influence returns. The lost letter technique seems suitable as a research tool for inferring public opinion toward nonpolitical, emotionally subtle social issues.
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Wu, Po-Jui, and Athena Ying Chen. "THE MOTIVATIONS OF CHINESE INDIVIDUAL FOREIGN INVESTORS IN THE AUSTRALIAN RESIDENTIAL REAL ESTATE MARKET." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 26, no. 3 (July 13, 2022): 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2022.17154.
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There is an increasing number of Chinese individual foreign investors (IFIs) in Australian residential real estate markets, but few studies specifically focus on Chinese IFIs and comprehensively analyse these investors’ motivations in the Australian real estate market. This paper examines the motivations of IFIs in the Australian residential real estate markets. A qualitative historical research approach was employed to examine the topic. By using semi-structured interviews of Chinese individual investors (consisting of Chinese temporary residents and Chinese nonresidents) and Australian agents in Australian residential real estate from 2014 to 2015, the paper finds four common motivations (good living environment, stable political environment, cost efficiency and profit returns) and three distinct motivations (education, immigration and bandwagon effects) of Chinese IFIs. It was found that cost efficiency, profit returns, education investment and immigration tend to be articulated differently between Chinese temporary residents and Chinese nonresidents, although these four motivations were expressed by both. Chinese nonresidents consider cost efficiency and profit returns as their major motivations. In contrast to Chinese nonresidents, education, and immigration are the most important motivations instead of some traditional motivations such as profit returns or cost efficiency for Chinese temporary residents.
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Assari, Shervin. "Socioeconomic Status and Current Cigarette Smoking Status: Immigrants’ Diminished Returns." International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health 8, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijtmgh.2020.11.
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Introduction: Although socioeconomic status (SES) resources influence population and individual health behaviors, socially marginalized groups gain significantly less health from their SES indicators, such as education and income, compared to the socially privileged groups. This pattern is called marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs). However, most of the MDRs literature is derived from studies that have defined marginalization based on race and ethnicity. As a result, more research is needed on MDRs due to immigration. To extend what is known about MDRs due to immigration, the current study compared a national sample of immigrants and non-immigrants for the effects of education and income on current cigarette smoking of adults in the United States. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. The 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) enrolled 14,149 individuals who were either immigrants (n=1977; 14.0%) or non-immigrants (n=12,166; 86.0%). The independent variables (IV) were education and income that were treated as categorical variables. The dependent variable was current cigarette smoking. Age, gender, race, ethnicity, marital status, employment, and region were confounders. Immigration was the moderator. Logistic regression was used for data analysis. Results: High education and income were associated with lower odds of current cigarette smoking. However, immigration showed significant statistical interactions with both education and income. These interactions were suggestive of smaller protective effects of high education and income on current cigarette smoking for immigrant than non-immigrant adults. Conclusion: In line with the MDRs, the effects of education and income on tobacco use is weaker for immigrant than non-immigrant adults.
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Swan, Neil, and Don DeVoretz. "Diminishing Returns: The Economics of Canada's Recent Immigration Policy." Canadian Journal of Economics 28, no. 4b (November 1995): 1230. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/136146.
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McNicoll, Geoffrey, and Don J. DeVoretz. "Diminishing Returns: The Economics of Canada's Recent Immigration Policy." Population and Development Review 21, no. 4 (December 1995): 900. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2137786.
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Dirks, Gerald, and Don J. DeVoretz. "Diminishing Returns: The Economics of Canada's Recent Immigration Policy." Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 21, no. 4 (December 1995): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3551367.
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Barrett, Alan, John FitzGerald, and Brian Nolan. "Earnings inequality, returns to education and immigration into Ireland." Labour Economics 9, no. 5 (November 2002): 665–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-5371(02)00073-8.
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Raffaelli, Rosa. "Criminalizing Irregular Immigration and the Returns Directive: An Analysis of the El Dridi Case." European Journal of Migration and Law 13, no. 4 (2011): 467–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181611x605909.
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Abstract After its judgment in the Kadzoev case, the Court of Justice has been called again to interpret the Returns Directive and its scope of application in the El Dridi case: this new ruling put an end to the situation of judicial chaos and to the very intense debate which followed non-transposition of the directive in Italian legislation. The judgment in the El Dridi case clarifies the difference between criminal detention and pre-return detention, as well as the objectives of the Returns Directive and its scope of application. This ruling will have far-reaching consequences not only on the Italian criminal and expulsions system, but also on the national legislation of a number of Member States.
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Neumark, David, and Cortnie Shupe. "Declining teen employment: minimum wages, returns to schooling, and immigration." Labour Economics 59 (August 2019): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2019.03.008.
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Topel, Robert H. "Factor Proportions and Relative Wages: The Supply-Side Determinants of Wage Inequality." Journal of Economic Perspectives 11, no. 2 (May 1, 1997): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.11.2.55.
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Supply-side factors may contribute to rising wage inequality. First, certain changes in the supply of skills allegedly exacerbate wage inequality. Women's increased labor force participation and increased immigration are the leading candidates; both allegedly reduce the wages of less-skilled men. However, immigration's impact on wage inequality has been minor and the effects of women's participation is inconclusive. Second, in evaluating the likelihood that human capital investment will mitigate future inequality, evidence suggests that rising returns to education have increased the proportion of young people attending college, limiting the growth of inequality among high-wage workers.
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Daneshvary, N. "Earnings Differentials between Natives and Immigrants with College Degree." American Economist 37, no. 2 (October 1993): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/056943459303700208.
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Recent immigration law is intended to direct the U.S. legal immigration flow somewhat more toward professionals and skilled labor. Historically, labor provisions of immigration laws have been based on occupational (skill) needs of the labor market, while protecting the employment opportunities and wages of “similar” domestic workers. This paper examines the relative earnings of college educated immigrants. The regression results indicate lack of difference in returns to education and U.S. labor market experience between natives and immigrants. The endowment effect and the residual difference are 3 percent in favor of immigrants and 7 percent in favor of natives, respectively.
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Assari, Shervin, Maryver U. Perez, Nay’Air Johnson, Nikesha R. Williams, Esmeralda Carrillo, Leslye Garcia, and Xiaxiang T. Hollis. "Education Level and Self-rated Health in the United States: Immigrants’ Diminished Returns." International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health 8, no. 3 (July 29, 2020): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijtmgh.2020.20.
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Introduction: Although education is among the major socioeconomic status (SES) resources that influence populations’ and individuals’ health, social marginalization may reduce the health gain that follows access to SES indicators such as education, a pattern called marginalization-related diminished return (MDR). The literature on MDRs, however, has been mainly derived from studies that have defined marginalization based on race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. Thus, more research is needed on MDRs that may follow as a result of immigration. To extend what is known on immigration status related MDRs, this study compared a national sample of immigrants and non-immigrants for the effect of education on the poor self-rated health (SRH) of adults in the United States. Methods: With a cross-sectional design, this study employed data from the 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a survey that had enrolled 33,654 adults who were either immigrants (n=6225; 18.5%) or non-immigrants (n=27429; 81.5%). The independent variable was education level, treated as a categorical variable. The dependent variable was SRH treated as a dichotomous variable. Race, ethnicity, age, gender, marital status, and region were the confounders. Immigration (nativity) was the moderator. Logistic regression was used for data analysis. Results: Higher education credentials were associated with better SRH in the pooled sample; however, immigration showed a significant statistical interaction with education level (college graduation) on the outcome. This interaction was indicative of a smaller protective effect of college graduation on poor SRH among immigrants than non-immigrant adults. Conclusion: In line with the MDRs framework, the effect of education on SRH is weaker for immigrants than for non-immigrant adults. There is a need to help highly educated immigrants to mobilize their human capital to secure their best health outcomes, similar to non-immigrants. Such strategies may require bold and innovative policy solutions to reduce discrimination against immigrants, so they can more effectively translate their education and human capital into tangible outcomes such as health.
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Nowicka, Ewa. "Forced emigration and desired return: the social and psychological consequences of the wartime evacuation of Greeks." Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia 24 (March 20, 2018): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bp.2017.24.6.
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The subject of this article is the fate of the Greek political refugees – specifically personsforcibly resettled in Poland and other countries of the Soviet Bloc, evacuated from territoriesengrossed in the Civil War of 1946-1949. After a long period in exile, some returned to theirhome country and began a new life, struggling with economic, familial, social, linguistic and cultural problems. The history of the Greek refugees and their re-immigration illustrates the irreversibility and irreparability of the social and psychological damage done by forcedmigration. Returns to the homeland did not reinstate balance, and did not ease the dilemmasinitiated by the first resettlement. History is stuck in the memories as well as the everyday lives of the return migrants and their social milieus; this creates divides, mutual strangeness, and social tensions. Compulsory movement of populations – leading to the severance of connections with one’s fatherland, hometown, mother tongue, and home culture – causes subsequent conflicts and identity problems which continue to haunt those who returned to their birthplace.
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Portes, Alejandro, and Adrienne Celaya. "Modernization for Emigration: Determinants & Consequences of the Brain Drain." Daedalus 142, no. 3 (July 2013): 170–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00226.
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This essay reviews existing theories of professional emigration as background to examine the present situation. Classical theories of the brain drain neglected the possibility that immigrant professionals would return to their home countries and make significant investments and economic contributions there. They do, in fact, with beneficial consequences for the development of these countries. The advent of the transnational perspective in the field of immigration has helped clarify these dynamics, while identifying the conditions under which professional cyclical returns and knowledge transfers can take place. Implications for the future attraction of foreign professionals by the United States and other advanced countries are discussed.
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Hardoy, Inés, and Pål Schøne. "Returns to pre-immigration education for non-western immigrants: why so low?" Education Economics 22, no. 1 (April 26, 2011): 48–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2010.511846.
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Eichengreen, Barry, and Henry A. Gemery. "The Earnings of Skilled and Unskilled Immigrants at the End of the Nineteenth Century." Journal of Economic History 46, no. 2 (June 1986): 441–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700046246.
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Most historical studies of immigration in nineteenth-century America have failed to distinguish among the labor-market experiences of different immigrant groups. Using a sample of some 4000 wage earners from turn-of-the-century Iowa, we examine the relative earnings of skilled and unskilled immigrants and suggest the factors which contributed to their very different post-immigration experiences. The results indicate that prior knowledge of a trade conferred upon immigrants an initial earnings advantage, but that unskilled immigrants managed subsequently to close some but not all of the gap by reaping greater returns to experience on the job.
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Carillo, Maria, and Concetto Vinci. "Social Increasing Returns and the Effects of Immigration on the Host Country Economy." Labour 13, no. 3 (September 1999): 623–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9914.00109.
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de Arce, Rafael, and Ramon Mahia. "Have Migrants Bought a "Round Trip Ticket"? Determinants in Probability of Immigrants' Return in Spain." Global Economy Journal 12, no. 2 (April 25, 2012): 1850258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/1524-5861.1831.
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Understanding the extent to which immigration is a predominantly permanent or transitory phenomenon is essential for host countries insofar as it affects the strategic design of their admission, reception, and integration policies. Beyond the determination of the volume of returns, it is crucial to also determine which covariates connect better with a greater or lesser propensity of return. An adequate approach to the dynamics of the return requires considering this decision conditioned by the time elapsed since the arrival of the immigrant. From this perspective, the variable of interest would not be the intention of return, but the elapsed time between the arrival of the immigrant and the moment that return is considered as an option, as well as what are the factors affecting a greater or lesser duration of the stay. In this context, the article explores the relative importance of various personal and migration characteristics in the intention of return of immigrants conditional at the time of residence through the application of a Cox model of duration.
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Siddiq, Hafifa, and Babak Najand. "Immigration Status, Socioeconomic Status, and Self-Rated Health in Europe." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (November 25, 2022): 15657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315657.
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The literature has established a protective effect of socioeconomic status (SES) indicators on health. However, at least in the US, these SES indicators tend to generate fewer health gains for marginalized groups including immigrants. As this literature mainly originated in the US, it is necessary to study whether these indicators similarly correlate with the health of foreign-born and native-born individuals in Europe. The current study was based on the Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory and compared the effects of three SES indicators, namely parental education, own education and income, on self-rated health (SRH) of immigrant and native-born individuals. We used data from the European Social Survey 2020 (ESS 2020). Participants included 14,213 individuals who identified as either native-born (n = 9052) or foreign-born (n = 508). Education, income, and parental education were the independent variables. Self-rated health (SRH) was the outcome. Age and sex were covariates. Linear regression and logistic regression were used for data analysis. Overall, high education, income, and parental education were associated with lower odds of poor SRH. We documented a statistical interaction between immigration status and parental education, indicating a weaker inverse association between parental education and poor SRH for foreign-born than native-born individuals. The links between some but not all SES indicators vary across foreign-born and native-born individuals in Europe. Host countries seem to undervalue the parental educational attainment of foreign-born families. Future research should explore the role of time, period, cohort and country of origin as well as host country and associated policies in equalizing returns of SES indicators on the health of population subgroups. The results are important given that most studies on MDRs are developed in the US, and less is known about Europe. The results are also very important given the growing anti-immigrant sentiment and nationalist movements in Europe and the rest of the world.
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Pittman, Patricia, Carolina Herrera, Joanne Spetz, and Catherine R. Davis. "Immigration and Contract Problems Experienced by Foreign-Educated Nurses." Medical Care Research and Review 69, no. 3 (February 6, 2012): 351–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077558711432890.
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More than 8% of employed RNs licensed since 2004 in the United States were educated overseas, yet little is known about the conditions of their recruitment or the impact of that experience on health care practice. This study assessed whether the labor rights of foreign-educated nurses were at risk during the latest period of high international recruitment: 2003 to 2007. Using consensus-based standards contained in the Voluntary Code of Ethical Conduct for the Recruitment of Foreign-Educated Health Professionals to the United States, this study found 50% of actively recruited foreign-educated nurses experienced a negative recruitment practice. The study also found that nurses educated in low-income countries and nurses with high contract breach fees, were significantly more likely to report such problems. If, as experts believe may occur, the nursing shortage in the United States returns around 2014, oversight of international recruitment will become critically important to delivering high-quality health care to Americans.
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Stageman, Daniel L. "The punishment marketplace: Competing for capitalized power in locally controlled immigration enforcement." Theoretical Criminology 23, no. 3 (October 12, 2017): 394–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362480617733729.
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Neoliberal economics play a significant role in US social organization, imposing market logics on public services and driving the cultural valorization of free market ideology. The neoliberal ‘project of inequality’ is upheld by an authoritarian system of punishment built around the social control of the underclass—among them unauthorized immigrants. This work lays out the theory of the punishment marketplace: a conceptualization of how US systems of punishment both enable the neoliberal project of inequality, and are themselves subject to market colonization. The theory describes the rescaling of federal authority to local centers of political power. Criminal justice policy activism by local governments is punishment entrepreneurship: an accumulative approach to securing fiscal gain, political hegemony, security, and capitalized power. Local immigration enforcement entrepreneurship targets unauthorized and other deportable immigrants. This punitive immigration control reinforces racially structured social relations by obscuring the diminishing returns neoliberal globalization provides working class whites.
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Parrado, Emilio A., and Chenoa A. Flippen. "The Departed." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 666, no. 1 (June 14, 2016): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716216646563.
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This article explores the impact of the 2007 recession and immigration enforcement policies on Latin American immigrants’ out-migration from the Durham, North Carolina, area—a new immigrant destination. Drawing on an original ethnosurvey collected in 2011, the analysis assesses the extent of out-migration over time, what precipitated the move, and whether individuals returned to their country of origin or migrated within the United States. We find that out-migration more than doubled after the 2007 recession and that migrants overwhelmingly returned to their home countries. While family considerations and accidents accounted for most of the departures before the recession, economic considerations became the dominant drivers of out-migration after 2007. Deportations also grew in number but accounted for a negligible share of all out-migration. Departures were more prevalent among immigrants from Mexico and those with lower educational attainment. Latin American migration, especially from Mexico, continues to be circular, and deportation is a relatively ineffective strategy for immigrant population control when compared to voluntary returns.
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Qadim, Nora El. "Postcolonial challenges to migration control: French–Moroccan cooperation practices on forced returns." Security Dialogue 45, no. 3 (June 2014): 242–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010614533139.
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Analyses that develop a postcolonial critique of international relations and security studies have outlined the project of ‘decolonizing’ these disciplines and have underlined the importance of taking into account actors from the South. I seek to do so here through the study of migration policies, in particular by looking for the agency of state actors in so-called countries of origin. This article shows that the study of practices of cooperation is a good strategy for decolonizing the study of international relations. Based upon the example of mid-level cooperation on deportation between France and Morocco, this article focuses on two devices and the practices used for international cooperation on migration controls: the posting of immigration liaison officers and the statistical evaluation of cooperation. This case study shows that such practices open brokering spaces in the transnational security field and allow state actors from the South to challenge the dominance of the North.
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Dustmann, Christian, Uta Schönberg, and Jan Stuhler. "The Impact of Immigration: Why Do Studies Reach Such Different Results?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 30, no. 4 (November 1, 2016): 31–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.4.31.
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We classify the empirical literature on the wage impact of immigration into three groups, where studies in the first two groups estimate different relative effects, and studies in the third group estimate the total effect of immigration on wages. We interpret the estimates obtained from the different approaches through the lens of the canonical model to demonstrate that they are not comparable. We then relax two key assumptions in this literature, allowing for inelastic and heterogeneous labor supply elasticities of natives and the "downgrading" of immigrants. “Downgrading” occurs when the position of immigrants in the labor market is systematically lower than the position of natives with the same observed education and experience levels. Downgrading means that immigrants receive lower returns to the same measured skills than natives when these skills are acquired in their country of origin. We show that heterogeneous labor supply elasticities, if ignored, may complicate the interpretation of wage estimates, and particularly the interpretation of relative wage effects. Moreover, downgrading may lead to biased estimates in those approaches that estimate relative effects of immigration, but not in approaches that estimate total effects. We conclude that empirical models that estimate total effects not only answer important policy questions, but are also more robust to alternative assumptions than models that estimate relative effects.
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Parello, Carmelo Pierpaolo. "Free labor mobility and indeterminacy in models of neoclassical growth." Journal of Economics 133, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00712-020-00728-2.
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AbstractThis paper establishes the conditions under which indeterminacy can occur in a Neoclassical growth model with international labor mobility. In the model, workers are supposed to move freely across countries without restrictions, and according to a Harris–Todaro mechanism that makes migration flows sensitive to differences among labor markets conditions. The paper shows that indeterminacy requires the marginal returns to immigrant labor to be diminishing, and no need for productivity externalities at a social level. It also shows that immigration quotas can serve it well to eliminate indeterminacy and stabilize final output.
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Assari, Shervin. "Income and Mental Well-Being of Middle-Aged and Older Americans: Immigrants’ Diminished Returns." International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health 8, no. 1 (March 9, 2020): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijtmgh.2020.06.
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Introduction: Although income is among the major social determinants of mental health of middle-aged and older individuals, socially marginalized groups gain less health from their income and other socioeconomic status (SES) resources compared to socially privileged groups. This pattern is called marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs). Most of the existing knowledge on MDRs, however, has been derived from studies that have defined marginalization based on race, ethnicity, or sexual orientation. As a result, very limited information exists on whether similar MDRs can be observed for middle-aged and older immigrants or not. Building on the MDRs framework, this study compared a national sample of immigrants and non-immigrants for the effects of income on the mental well-being of middle-aged and older adults in the United States. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. The 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) enrolled 14149 middle-aged and older individuals who were either immigrants (n=1977; 14.0%) or non-immigrants (n=12166; 86.0%). The independent variable (IV) was income that was treated as a continuous variable. The dependent variable was mental well-being, also treated as a continuous variable. Age, gender, race, ethnicity, education, marital status, employment, self-rated health, obesity, and region were confounders. Immigration (nativity status) was the moderator. Logistic regression was applied for data analysis. Results: High income was associated with higher odds of good mental well-being in middle-aged and older adults. However, immigration showed a significant statistical interaction with income, which was suggestive of a smaller protective effect of high income on mental well-being for immigrant than non-immigrant middle-aged and older adults. Conclusion: In line with MDRs, the association between income and mental well-being is weaker for immigrant than non-immigrant middle-aged and older adults. There is a need to help high income immigrants secure health outcomes similar to those of non-immigrants. Such changes may require bold and innovative economic, public, and social policies that help immigrants more effectively translate their income and socioeconomic resources into tangible outcomes such as mental well-being.
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Ripoll Servent, Ariadna. "Co-decision in the European Parliament: Comparing Rationalist and Constructivist Explanations of the Returns Directive." Journal of Contemporary European Research 7, no. 1 (February 23, 2011): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v7i1.298.
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This study uses rationalist and constructivist explanations of co-decision in the European Parliament (EP). It seeks to understand the change in the policy preferences of the EP during negotiations on the ‘Returns’ directive – dealing with the voluntary or compulsory return of irregular immigrants. This article shows that the introduction of co-decision contributed considerably to the EP’s change of stance on immigration policies. A long-standing advocate of civil liberties in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ), the EP was expected to raise the standards of protection for third-country nationals. In view of the inability of the EP to construct a more liberal policy, the study uses two institutionalist approaches to understand why the EP was unsuccessful in raising the standards. Therefore, the approaches aim at identifying the logics and layers of change. The empirical application of the models highlights the necessity to integrate rationalist and constructivist understandings of co-decision in order to understand motivations for policy change. Synergies in the direction of change also point to the importance of institutional motivations, in order to understand major changes in the policy preferences of the EP.
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Gill, Fahad, and Waseem Ahmad. "The Earnings Disadvantage of 21st Century Immigrants in the United States." American Economist 64, no. 1 (August 10, 2018): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0569434518793367.
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This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the earnings disadvantage of 21st century immigrants in the United States. The study is the first to decompose the earnings disadvantage faced by recent immigrants to present the channels through which immigrants lag behind their native counterparts. The decomposition of the earnings disadvantage reveals that the time spent in the United States is the key determinant of the earnings disadvantage. Other important sources of the earnings disadvantage of immigrants are the levels of English-language proficiency and educational attainment. The decomposition analysis also suggests that low levels of human capital cause an even larger disadvantage for immigrants in the years following the 2008-2009 recession as compared with the corresponding relative returns of the prerecession period. The decomposition analysis and trends in returns to human capital variables highlight the merits of a selective immigration system that favors young, English-speaking, and highly educated individuals. JEL Classifications: J1, J3, J6
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Li, Qi Min. "The Cascaded Utilization of Geothermal Resources." Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (May 2012): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.131.
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The geothermal resource is a clean complex resource, which can be changed into sustainable energy guided by the science theories. Demonstrating the heating engineering of a immigration village in Tianjin, the intention of this paper is to survey the sustainable utilization of geothermal resource meeting basic heating load, containing: (1) the dynamic prediction technologies of the production–reinjection of geothermal wells; (2) the design of inclined geothermal well; (3) the technologies of cascaded utilization of geothermal resource; and (4) the project appraisal. The results show geothermal resource is sustainable, and yield good economic returns and social benefits.
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Gómez Schlaikier, Sigrid. "¿Los nuevos cooperantes? relación entre migración, remesas y el potencial de los migrantes." Cuadernos de difusión 13, no. 24 (June 30, 2008): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46631/jefas.2008.v13n24.02.
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The target of a 38,5% of immigrants in the world is one of the APEC economies. This signifi cant fi gure should be deeply examined to fi nd out why these destinations are chosen, how immigrants contribute to these economies, how they are benefi ted when they migrate and how they contribute to their country of origin, such as Peru. This research was conducted on the basis of diverse data about emigration, immigration, remittances and, urban and rural population of the APEC member countries. The international data basically relies on the World Bank reports, while the Peruvian data is based on the information released by the Peruvian National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI). The study seeks to provide new perspectives and to fi ll out gaps regarding migration and remittances. It also proposes diverse options such as immigration quotas and working visa lotteries in a decentralized manner among APEC economies, and defi nes the concept of migrant not only as a remittance sender, but also as a potential new aid worker when he returns to his country of origin.
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Light, Ivan, and Angel A. Sanchez. "Immigrant Entrepreneurs in 272 SMSAs." Sociological Perspectives 30, no. 4 (October 1987): 373–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389210.
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Utilizing data collected from the 1980 public-use sample of the U.S. Census, we examine the effect of percentage foreign born in the labor force upon aggregate self-employment rate in 272 SMSAs. Because mean self-employment among the foreign born was higher than among the native born, an increased percentage in the foreign born in a SMSA labor force caused increased aggregate self-employment. Also, as a result of renewed immigration during the 1970s, and the resulting increase in the foreign-born component of the civilian labor force, nonfarm self-employment in the United States increased about 3% above what would have been expected from a comparable “influx” of native-born workers. Depending on which method of estimation one selects, this immigration-prompted increase explains from 16% to 52% of the decade's total increase in nonfarm self-employment, a surprising reversal of nearly 10 decades of uninterrupted decrease. Rate of self-employment among immigrants had no effect upon the rate of or returns to self-employment of native-born workers in general or native blacks in particular.
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Trindade, A. Alexandre, Abootaleb Shirvani, and Xiaohan Ma. "A Socioeconomic Well-Being Index." Applied Economics and Finance 7, no. 4 (May 15, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/aef.v7i4.4855.
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An annual well-being index constructed from thirteen socioeconomic factors is proposed in order to dynamically measure the mood of the US citizenry. Econometric models are fitted to the log-returns of the index in order to quantify its tail risk and perform option pricing and risk budgeting. By providing a statistically sound assessment of socioeconomic contentment, the index is consistent with rational finance theory, enabling the construction and valuation of insurance-type financial instruments to serve as contracts written against it. Endogenously, the VXO volatility measure of the stock market appears to be the greatest contributor to tail risk. Exogenously, “stress-testing” the index against the politically important factors of trade imbalance and legal immigration, quantify the systemic risk. For probability levels in the range of 5% to 10%, values of trade below these thresholds are associated with larger downward movements of the index than for immigration at the same level. The main intent of the index is to serve as an early-warning mechanism for negative changes in the mood of citizens, thus alerting policy makers and private agents to potential future market downturns.
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Acosta, Diego. "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly in EU Migration Law: Is the European Parliament Becoming Bad and Ugly? (The Adoption of Directive 2008/15: The Returns Directive)." European Journal of Migration and Law 11, no. 1 (March 20, 2009): 19–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181609x410575.
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Historically, the European Union has had a dichotomy between the liberal view in immigration management represented by the Parliament (‘the good’) and the Commission (‘the ugly’), and the conservative approach embodied by the Council (‘the bad’). This article deals with the first important immigration instrument adopted under co-decision: Directive 2008/115 (the so-called ‘Returns Directive’). This Directive has received a great deal of criticism addressed to the European Parliament in its approval of the text negotiated with the Council in the first reading, without introducing a single amendment. This behaviour has cast doubts as to whether the future involvement of this institution will result in a more migrant-friendly approach in the European Union. The reasons why the European Parliament voted in favour of the Directive will be analysed in the following pages. But first, a question arises: Is the European Parliament becoming ‘bad’ and ‘ugly’ or has its involvement improved the Council’s position in a way which would not have been possible without its participation? This is the main issue that this article, in the following pages, will try to answer by analysing the different steps in the adoption of the Directive from the Commission proposal until its official publication.
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Vidal, Jean-Pierre. "Government Spending on Education and Labour Mobility." Recherches économiques de Louvain 66, no. 4 (2000): 373–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800008356.
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SummaryThis paper sets up a simple two-country overlapping generations model to explore the interplay between education, taxation, and labour mobility and to assess the impact of education policies on human capital formation and long-run welfare in both the sending and the receiving country. It emphasises the role of diminishing returns with respect to public spending on education in the welfare consequences of labour mobility. Emigration can improve the long-run welfare of the sending country when the elasticity of the education technology is low. Immigration augments the long-run level of human capital in the receiving country but can result in a level of long-run welfare lower than autarky.
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Phillips, Kerk L. "Heterogeneous utility from a representative agent model: immigrants vs non-immigrants." Journal of Economic Studies 46, no. 7 (November 11, 2019): 1309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-04-2018-0144.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to infer the welfare of heterogeneous agents using a representative agent model. Design/methodology/approach It does so by partitioning the household into subunits and allocating consumption to each subunit proportionally to the income the subunit generates through wages and capital returns. Findings The author shows that for a simple dynamic general equilibrium model with immigration, the steady state utilities of these subunits correspond very closely to the utilities for an equivalent heterogeneous agent model. This is particularly true when labor–leisure decisions are made using slightly modified Euler equations. Originality/value More complicated models can be solved and simulated using fewer computational resources using this technique.
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Bierbach, Jeremy B. "European Citizens' Third-Country Family Members and Community Law." European Constitutional Law Review 4, no. 2 (June 2008): 344–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019608003441.
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Read carefully: A Community national leaves his or her home state (the ‘first country’) to work in a host member state (the ‘second country’). While in the second country, he or she exercises the right to family reunification with a spouse, partner or dependent who is not a national of any EU or EEA member state (a ‘third-country’ national). When the Community national returns to the first country together with the family member, what determines the family member's right of residence in the first country? Community law – in which case the Community national would continue to enjoy the right of family reunification as before? Or the national immigration law of the first country, which could potentially dictate more restrictive conditions for family reunification?
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Bailey, Warren, and Lan Truong. "Opium and Empire: Some Evidence from Colonial-Era Asian Stock and Commodity Markets." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 32, no. 2 (June 2001): 173–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002246340100008x.
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On the basis of a new database of stock and commodity prices, along with measures of government revenues, commodity exports and immigration, the article assesses the impact of the opium trade on the economies of colonial Malaya, the Netherlands Indies and China from 1873 to 1911. Stock returns for a few Malayan industries related to international trade are significantly correlated with opium price changes, as are prices for labour-intensive, Chinese-dominated export commodities such as tin and gambier. However, opium price changes explain, at most, only a small fraction of the behaviour of stock and commodity prices. On balance, stock and commodity markets ascribed only secondary importance to ups and downs in the opium trade as measured by the price of the drug.
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Vicol, Dora-Olivia. "Into and Out of Citizenship, through Personal Tax Payments." Social Analysis 64, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/sa.2020.640206.
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This article builds on observations of self-employed Romanian migrants and their encounters with UK fiscal obligations to position tax as a distinct node in the worker-citizen nexus. Speaking to anthropological critiques of neoliberalism, I argue that economic activity is not merely the ethical imperative of a political order premised on self-reliance. It is also a practical test of migrants’ abilities to translate the moral capital of ‘hard work’ into the categories and bureaucracy of fiscal contribution. Analyzing migrants’ compliance with immigration controls and fiscal regimes, seen as a duty to ‘account for oneself’ in moral and financial terms, this article theorizes tax returns as a key junction in the worker-citizen nexus—one that can allow migrants into, but also confine them to the margins of, European citizenship.
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Alarian, Hannah M. "Cause or Consequence?" German Politics and Society 38, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 59–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2020.380203.
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Does a far-right electoral victory change mainstream support for migration policy? Although we know how migration can shape support for the far-right, we know little about the inverse. This article addresses this question, exploring whether an Alternative for Germany (AfD) candidate’s election changes non-far-right voter attitudes toward migration policies. In combining the German Longitudinal Election Study Short-Term Campaign panel with federal electoral returns, I find the AfD’s 2017 success significantly altered migration attitudes. Specifically, policy support for immigration and asylum declined precipitously where an AfD candidate won the plurality of first votes. Yet these voters were also more likely to support multicultural policies for current immigrants. Successful AfD candidates therefore appear to enable both an endorsement of xenophobic rhetoric and a rejection of cultural assimilation.
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Dávila, Alberto, José A. Pagán, and Montserrat Viladrich Grau. "The Impact of IRCA on the Job Opportunities and Earnings of Mexican-American and Hispanic-American Workers." International Migration Review 32, no. 1 (March 1998): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839803200104.
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This article studies the earnings gap between Mexican, Hispanic and non-Hispanic white male workers resulting from changes in both the wage structure and immigration laws that occurred during the 1980s. Our results suggest that Mexican and Hispanic workers were adversely affected by these two changes. Using data from the 1980 and 1990 One Percent Public Use Microdata Samples, we show that these “at-risk” workers minimized the negative impact of the increases in the returns to skill by gaining in the non-Hispanic white residual wage distribution. We conclude that at-risk workers increased their work effort to lessen the effects of Act-induced employment losses. Using 1983–1992 data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and EEOC data for this period, we provide support for this contention.
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Assari, Shervin, Mehdi Farokhnia, and Ritesh Mistry. "Education Attainment and Alcohol Binge Drinking: Diminished Returns of Hispanics in Los Angeles." Behavioral Sciences 9, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs9010009.
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According to the minorities’ diminished returns (MDR) theory, socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as education attainment have smaller protective effects on health risk behaviors for racial and ethnic minority groups in comparison to the ‘dominant’ social group. However, most studies of MDR theory have been on comparison of Blacks versus Whites. Much less is known about diminished returns of SES in ethnic subpopulations (i.e., Hispanics versus non-Hispanic Whites). To test whether MDR also holds for the social patterning of problematic alcohol use among Hispanic and non-Hispanic Whites, this study investigated ethnic variations in the association between education attainment and alcohol binge drinking frequency in a population-based sample of adults. Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey, 2001, included 907 non-Hispanic White and 2117 Hispanic White adults (≥18 years old). Hispanic ethnicity (moderator), education attainment (independent variable), alcohol binge drinking frequency (dependent variable), and gender, age, immigration status, employment status, self-rated health, and history of depression (confounders) were included in four linear regressions. In the overall sample that included both non-Hispanic and Hispanic Whites, higher education attainment was correlated with lower alcohol binge drinking frequency (b = −0.05, 95% CI = −0.09 - −0.02), net of covariates. A significant interaction was found between ethnicity and education attainment (b = 0.09; 95% CI = 0.00–0.17), indicating a stronger protective effect of high education attainment against alcohol binge drinking frequency for non-Hispanic than Hispanic Whites. In ethnic-stratified models, higher level of education attainment was associated with lower binge drinking frequency among non-Hispanic Whites (b = −0.11, 95% CI = −0.19 - −0.03), but not among Hispanic Whites (b = −0.01, 95% CI = −0.04 - 0.03). While, overall, higher education attainment is associated with lower frequency of alcohol binge drinking, this protective effect of education attainment seems to be weaker among Hispanic Whites compared to non-Hispanic Whites, a phenomenon consistent with the MDR theory.
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González García, Inmaculada. "THE SPANISH-MOROCCAN COOPERATION ON IMMIGRATION: THE SUMMARY RETURNS CASES OF ISLA DE TIERRA-ALHUCEMAS (2012) AND CEUTA AND MELILLA (2014)." Spanish Yearbook of International Law 19 (December 31, 2015): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17103/sybil.19.25.
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Livingston, Michael, Jorge Fernandez-Cornejo, and George B. Frisvold. "Economic Returns to Herbicide Resistance Management in the Short and Long Run: The Role of Neighbor Effects." Weed Science 64, SP1 (September 2016): 595–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-15-00047.1.
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A bioeconomic model is used to estimate how managing glyphosate resistance to horseweed affects short- and long-run profits in corn, soybean, and corn-soybean rotation systems. Model results found that resistance management reduces profits in the first year of implementation, but increases profits in the second and subsequent 18 yr. In all three systems, long run gains begin to outweigh short-run costs (and resistance management “pays for itself”) by the second year. Over a 20-yr horizon, the estimated annual average profit advantage from managing resistance exceeded $158 ha–1($64/acre) for corn, $137 ha–1($55/acre) for corn-soybean, and $55 ha–1($22/acre) for soybean. Seed immigration from a neighbor's field can reduce these gains, but this reduction is negligible if the neighbor also practices resistance management. If the neighbor did not manage resistance, however, the grower's estimated annual profit advantage fell to roughly $123 ha–1($50/acre) for corn, $60 ha–1($24/acre) for the corn-soybean rotation, and virtually zero for soybean. Methods applied in this study identify corn and corn-soybean rotations as cases where resistance management “pays for itself' quickly and significantly, even if the neighbor does not manage resistance. Continuous soybean presents a more challenging case that may require additional programs and incentives to encourage collective resistance management among growers. Even for continuous soybean, however, joint grower–neighbor resistance management can pay for itself within 2 yr.
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Rutledge, Elizabeth. "Immigration and population growth in early fourteenth-century Norwich: evidence from the tithing roll." Urban History 15 (May 1988): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800013894.
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Estimates of urban population before the Black Death have been hampered by a lack of suitable data. Although it is common knowledge that many towns reached a physical size in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries that was not exceeded until the early-modern period, little definite is known about the gross urban population at this date. Where attempts have been made to estimate urban populations these have traditionally depended on multiplying from one arbitrary sector of the community, such as property owners, taxpayers or freemen, or on back projections from the late-fourteenth-century poll tax returns. The problem with such an approach is not only that there is little independent basis for the multipliers used, but also that the relationship between any such arbitrary sector and the urban population as a whole may alter from town to town as well as from time to time within the same community. An exception to this approach has been the recent work of Derek Keene, who has used other indicators of population size and pressure, namely land values, the extent of the built-up area and density of settlement, to estimate the early-fourteenth-century populations of Winchester and London. It may be significant that this method has produced considerably higher population figures than had been reached by the more traditional approach. In this uncertainty, any source that purports to record the whole of a demographically defined section of the population is of considerable interest. Norwich is fortunate in the survival of such a source in an early-fourteenth-century tithing roll for the leet of Nedham and Mancroft (hereafter Mancroft), one of the four leets of the city.
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Ripoll Servent, Ariadna. "Setting Priorities: Functional and Substantive Dimensions of Irregular Immigration and Data Protection Under Co-decision." Journal of Contemporary European Research 5, no. 2 (August 19, 2009): 225–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v5i2.177.
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During the months leading to the end of the transitional period (January 2005), most academics and actors involved in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (ASFJ) expected the introduction of co-decision as the normal decision-making procedure in this area to change the balance between security and liberty. The involvement of the European Parliament as a co-legislator was thought to be a positive aspect, since this institution had persistently adopted a pro-civil liberties stance. Since then, this question has not been systematically tackled in the literature and consequently the impact of co-decision on the AFSJ remains unclear. However, in 2007, Maurer and Parkes looked at the securitised policy-image governing European asylum policy in order to understand why the European Parliament had been unable to redress the balance and establish civil liberties as a priority. Following their line of reasoning, this paper develops the functional and substantive dimensions introduced by these scholars, in order to explain why the European Parliament, and especially the LIBE committee, has been equally unable to change priorities in the fields of irregular immigration and data protection. I argue that the persistent weakness of the European Parliament in the functional dimension, i.e. the need to legitimise its presence in negotiations dealt with under co-decision, has made changes in the substantive dimension difficult to attain. In those areas were the substantive dimension is weak, as was the case in the Returns directive, the need to legitimise the presence of the EP creates more polarisation among the members of the LIBE committee. In those cases where there is a strong substantive alternative in the LIBE committee, as was the case in the Data retention directive, change is hindered by the Plenary, which establishes the strengthening of the functional dimension as a priority for the institution. In both cases the introduction of co-decision led to the persistence of a securitised policy-image and the impossibility of engaging in conflict expansion.
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Kazlou, Aliaksei, and Martin Klinthall. "Entrepreneurial response to changing opportunity structures." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 25, no. 5 (August 13, 2019): 859–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-02-2018-0090.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse how the introduction of a liberalised regime for labour immigration in Sweden affected the self-selection of new immigrant entrepreneurs and to what extent the changes in entrepreneurial income among new immigrants was due to self-selection or to a changing business environment. Design/methodology/approach Based on rich microdata from Swedish administrative registers, this paper investigates how incomes changed during the years before and after the migration policy reform. By decomposing the income differential of new immigrant entrepreneurs arriving before and after the reform, this study estimates the contribution of a changed composition of migrants to the changing entrepreneurial income. Findings Entrepreneurial income among self-employed new immigrants improved after the reform, narrowing the immigrant–native income gap, while among employees, the income gap remained during the whole period of the study. Out of the total 10.9 per cent increase in log income, the authors find that 2.7 per cent was due to selectivity, i.e., changing characteristics of new immigrant entrepreneurs. The remaining 8.2 per cent was due to increased returns to characteristics, i.e., the characteristics of new immigrant entrepreneurs were better rewarded in the markets in the latter period. Hence, increases in entrepreneurial income among new immigrants were due both to self-selection and changes in the business environment. Practical implications The authors find that the migration policy reform had the effect of attracting successful immigrant entrepreneurs. Hence, the findings have implications for migration policy as well as for growth and employment policy. Originality/value This paper reveals a positive trend regarding income from the entrepreneurship of new immigrants after the liberalisation of labour immigration policy in Sweden. Theoretically and methodologically, the authors combine self-selection theory and the mixed-embeddedness perspective in a novel way, using rich data and a quantitative approach.
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Gestri, Marco. "THE SHALABAYEVA CASE: ISSUES OF INTERNATIONAL AND EU LAW." Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 23, no. 1 (November 17, 2014): 243–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116133-90230046.
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The article discusses some issues of international and European Union (EU) law raised by the expulsion from Italy, and repatriation to Kazakhstan, of Alma Shalabayeva and her daughter, a minor. The expulsion has been described as constituting an act of “extraordinary rendition” by three UN Special Rapporteurs and is said to have manifestly violated the rights of the interested individuals to receive asylum, or other international protection, as well as the principle of non-refoulement. Italy’s conduct has also been castigated from an EU law perspective, notably for alleged violations of the Schengen acquis and of the EU’s Returns Directive. The author assesses these allegations in the light of the documentation currently available and of the Italian legal framework on migration, arguing that some of the accusations against Italy were proffered without thorough and objective analysis of the factual and legal background. As to the alleged violation of the non-refoulement principle, a diversified picture emerges, with regard to expulsions to Kazakhstan, both from European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) case law and from recent decisions of national courts on similar cases. Besides, it is not clear whether the failure to consider some crucial elements, in the course of the repatriation procedure, resulted from wilful or negligent conduct on the part of the Italian authorities, or from the reluctance of the individual concerned to produce certain information. At the same time, the author points out that the expulsion procedure carried out in respect of Shalabayeva and her daughter raises a number of legal questions, notably as to the respect of some obligations stemming from Italian immigration law and from the EU Returns Directive.
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Duca, John V. "Making sense of increased synchronization in global house prices." Journal of European Real Estate Research 13, no. 1 (April 13, 2020): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-11-2019-0044.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide perspective on whether and why global metro house prices have become more synchronized, and perspective on the limited implications of this for investing in international real estate. Design/methodology/approach This paper reviews main findings from the literature on house price determination, reviews the emerging literature on global synchronization, and provides graphs to illustrate main points and trends. Findings House prices have become somewhat more synchronized likely reflecting greater correlation in long-term interest rates and macroeconomic cycles related to trends in globalization and international portfolio diversification. Nevertheless, this trend has not been continuous, reflecting that house prices depend on other fundamentals, which are not uniform across areas. Theory and evidence indicate that the more common are fundamentals, the more synchronized are house price cycles and the more substitution effects may matter. Also, real estate markets that are open to immigration and foreign investment have become more sensitive to shifts in the international demand for property by migrants or investors. Research limitations/implications Changes in international house price synchronization stem from variation in two categories of key drivers of house prices. The first are traditional supply and demand fundamentals. The second include international capital flows and immigration. Both sets of factors are sensitive to the economic environment and public policy. Increased synchronization of business cycles, the Euro currency union, and more common monetary policy strategies and tactics have fostered greater correlation of real interest rates across countries, which tend to increase house price synchronization. These effects can be amplified by the tendency for property owners to use extrapolative expectations of future house prices. Practical implications Shifts in prospective returns and the synchronization of international property returns not only on arbitrage of general property price differentials but also on underlying factors driving those differentials. Investors need to be mindful of the risks that metro prices sometimes reflect bubble-builder dynamics that can give rise to over-shooting of house prices. Observing simple correlations and changes in those correlations does not do away with the need for careful analysis of property investment, and if anything, warrant analysis of both how and why one may observe changes in the extent to which international house prices is synchronized. Social implications Despite the rise of globalization and of new technologies, the author has seen substantial divergences in house prices emerge across gateway cities and metros in less vibrant areas within countries. These reflect not only the impact of stronger income and population in more tech, educated and global oriented cities but also changes in the demand for amenities toward more culturally appealing cities, often – but not exclusively in – warmer or coastal areas where the supply elasticity of housing is often limited. Further complicating investment decisions are potential shifts in housing or immigration policy that can notably affect the demand for housing. Originality/value The paper provides practical perspective on why different groups of international cities have seen their house prices become more sychronized. Nevertheless, increased synchronization has occurred within an elite set of major cities, but in an environment house prices have diverged across gateway cities and metros in less vibrant areas within countries. The paper helps investors make sense of some recent patterns and recent prospects for investing in international real estate.
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Mohammed, Shanaaz. "Reimagining the Aapravasi Ghat: Khal Torabully's poetry and the indentured diaspora." Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies 4, no. 2 (April 14, 2021): 118–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26443/jiows.v4i2.80.
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National narratives in Mauritius often affiliate the Indian diaspora with the experience of indentureship and the Aapravasi Ghat, a nineteenth century immigration depot classified in 2006 as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This affiliation inevitably disregards the African, Malagasy, and Chinese laborers who also worked under the system of indenture in Mauritius during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In his 2013 collection of poetry, Voices from the Aapravasi Ghat: Indentured Imaginaries, Khal Torabully returns to the Aapravasi Ghat to recast the history of indentureship and highlight the various ethnicities of the indentured diaspora, their shared trauma, and displacement. This study contends that Torabully’s poetic engagement with the Aapravasi Ghat, as an historical site of indentureship and its overlooked diversity, challenges the perception of the Ghat as a representation of Indian indentured memory. It uses Torabully’s Coolitude poetics as a conceptual frame to consider the Aapravasi Ghat as an inaugural space that facilitated the creation of a complex, open-ended identity that aspires to promote a culture of diversity but not without its limitations and contradictions. Despite efforts to disrupt ethnic distinctiveness, Torabully reproduces Indo-centric perspectives expressed through the concept of kala pani and the fakir figure.