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1
Schmidt, Susan. "Child Maltreatment & Child Migration: Abuse Disclosures by Central American and Mexican Unaccompanied Migrant Children." Journal on Migration and Human Security 10, no. 1 (February 23, 2022): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23315024221078951.
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While gang violence, community violence, and domestic violence have been recognized as contributing factors to Central American migration, less is known about the intersection between child maltreatment and migration. This article uses secondary data from United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) interviews with unaccompanied minors from Central America and Mexico to examine child maltreatment. It provides information on the abused children, their abusers, and the questions that led to their disclosure of maltreatment. It finds that girls reported maltreatment at higher rates than boys; only girls in this sample reported sexual abuse and intimate partner violence; and boys experienced physical abuse more than any other form of maltreatment. Overall, girls experienced all forms of abuse at higher rate than boys. Fewer than half of this sample described maltreatment as an explicit reason for migration, even those who viewed it as a type of suffering, harm or danger. In addition, some disclosures suggest that childhood transitions, such as in housing, schooling, or work status, warrant further inquiry as a potential consequence of or contributor to maltreatment. The article recommends that professionals engaged with migrant children in social services, legal services, or migration protection and status adjudications should inquire about maltreatment, recognizing that children may reveal abuse in complex and indirect ways. Protection risks within the home or family environment may provide the grounds for US legal immigration protections, such as Special Immigrant Juvenile Status (SIJS) or asylum. Practitioners working with unaccompanied migrant children should use varied approaches to inquire about home country maltreatment experiences. Maltreatment may be part of the context of child migration, whether or not it is explicitly mentioned by children as a reason for migration. Policy Recommendations US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) should update SIJS regulations to reflect changes in the law, and modify application procedures to incorporate research knowledge on the impact of trauma on children. The US Departments of Homeland Security (DHS), Justice (DOJ), and Health and Human Services (HHS), should ensure that all children in immigration proceedings receive legal representation through public-private partnerships overseen by the HHS Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR). Passage of Senate Bill 3108, the Fair Day in Court for Kids Act of 2021, 1 would at least guarantee legal representation for unaccompanied minors. Codify legal standards (via USCIS regulation, or Congressional statute) for granting asylum based on gender and gender-based violence, and include standards for children and youth. Adjudicators from USCIS, Asylum Offices, and the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) should consider new information about painful, traumatic, or shame-inducing experiences—such as child maltreatment—as part of the gradual process of disclosure, rather than negatively reflecting on the credibility of the applicant. Federal agencies with immigration responsibilities such as USCIS, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and ORR, should be included in the federal government’s Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s (SAMHSA) Interagency Task Force for Trauma-Informed Care. These agencies should require new trainings for immigration adjudicators, including immigration judges, asylum officers, Border Patrol agents, and Customs and Border Patrol (CBP) officers, on interviewing and making decisions related to children. Legal service providers should adopt a holistic approach to service provision that includes social workers as part of the child’s legal team.
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Molina, Irma, Sarah Sanford, Raul Oyuela, Brenda Roche, and Frank Sirotich. "Assessing the impact of COVID-19 on Toronto's Spanish-speaking Latin American population: Qualitative study." International Health Trends and Perspectives 4, no. 1 (March 28, 2024): 14–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32920/ihtp.v4i1.1936.
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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has intensified pre-existing health, social, and economic disparities in Canada, particularly affecting racialized, immigrant, refugee, and newcomer communities. While existing research indicates that Latin Americans have been disproportionately impacted by the pandemic, questions remain about why this group faces greater risk and worse health and other outcomes compared with the rest of the population. Despite knowledge of inequities in Toronto and elsewhere, research remains limited on the perspectives and experiences of specific communities throughout the pandemic. Methods: This qualitative research focuses on the experiences of Spanish-speaking Latin Americans in Toronto who contracted COVID-19, had family members and friends who were sick from the virus, and/or provided services to Latin Americans in the city during the pandemic. Results: The study highlights challenges related to informal caregiving, language barriers in accessing healthcare, digital inequities, and difficulties faced by individuals with precarious immigration status. Conclusion: Understanding the experiences of Spanish-speaking Latin Americans in Toronto can help identify necessary support and services to address these inequities in a post-pandemic scenario.
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Tankwanchi, Akhenaten Siankam, Anelisa Jaca, Heidi J. Larson, Charles S. Wiysonge, and Sten H. Vermund. "Taking stock of vaccine hesitancy among migrants: a scoping review protocol." BMJ Open 10, no. 5 (May 2020): e035225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035225.
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IntroductionAt the 72nd World Health Assembly of May 2019, WHO member states prioritised a global action plan to promote migrant and refugee health. Five months earlier, WHO had declared vaccine hesitancy—the reluctance to vaccinate despite the availability of vaccination services—as one of the top 10 threats to global health. Although vaccination is often a requirement for immigration, repeated outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases within certain immigrant communities in some host nations suggest that vaccine hesitancy could be a factor in their susceptibility to vaccine-preventable diseases. Studies of the prevalence and determinants of vaccine hesitancy among migrants globally seem to be lacking. This scoping review will (1) identify articles on vaccine hesitancy among migrants; (2) examine the extent and nature of the extant evidence; and (3) determine the value of undertaking a full systematic review.Methods and analysisThe framework for the scoping review proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute will be used. The reporting will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews checklist. Studies published in English or French between January 1999 and December 2019 will be drawn from most or all of the following multidisciplinary databases: Africa-Wide Information, Allied and Complementary Medicine, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Embase, Index Medicus for the Eastern Mediterranean Region, International Bibliography of Social Sciences, Literature in the Health Sciences in Latin America and the Caribbean, Medline, Proquest Theses/Dissertations, PsycInfo and Web of Science. The search will include an extensive list of keywords to capture multiple dimensions of confidence and hesitancy vis-à-vis vaccines among migrants. Findings will be reported through summary narratives, tables, flowcharts and evidence maps.Ethics and disseminationThis review is exempted from ethical approval and will be published in a peer-reviewed open-access journal to ensure wide dissemination.
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Córdova Quero, Hugo, and Nilta Dias. "Riding the Wave: Daily Life and Religion among Brazilian Immigrants to Japan in the Age of COVID-19 Pandemic." Religions 12, no. 11 (October 29, 2021): 943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12110943.
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In March 2020, the world folded before an imminent pandemic. Community gatherings, events, and rituals quickly moved online. Jobs halted or were conducted remotely. The fear of the COVID-19 pandemic impacted different areas of daily life. In this article, we propose examining and analyzing the experiences and narratives of Brazilian migrants in Japan. With the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act amendment on 8 December 1989, thousands of Japanese descendants born and raised in the Americas migrated to Japan. They are the offspring of Japanese immigrants who established colonies in the Americas in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Over time, the community of Brazilian immigrants in Japan fluctuated from being a minority to become the fifth-largest ethnic group of immigrants. Our analysis focuses on two areas of concern in times of the COVID-19 pandemic: daily life—including gender, and religion. On the one hand, daily life became cumbersome due to issues related to language and the hardships of accessing health services in a foreign land. On the other hand, we state that in the process of adaptation to the new society, the role of faith communities has been notable in offering support to these immigrants. Religious institutions, in particular, confronted the fact of moving their support and activities online with the consequent difficulties for those who are not tech-savvy or lack reliable connectivity. Both situations impacted Brazilian immigrants in different ways during the COVID-19 pandemic and highlighted the agency they displayed in coping with its consequences.
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Gateri, Helen. "Calculated Kindness? The Voices of Women Refugee Claimants: Accessing Pre- and Postnatal Health Care Services in Toronto, Ontario." Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees 40, no. 1 (June 17, 2024): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.41186.
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In Canada, refugee claimants are given temporary immigration status, making access to health care services challenging. While the federal government determines the entitlements granted to refugee claimants, provinces are responsible for delivering health care services. This qualitative study conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with eight refugee claimants and six service providers in Toronto, Ontario. An intersectional theoretical framework was employed to examine the experiences of women refugee claimants and their complicated and often incomplete access to prenatal and postnatal health care services. Findings revealed that delivery of health care services in Ontario created barriers to access and under-utilization of services resulting from intersections of health coverage, immigration status, gender, class, and discrimination.
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Dossan, Zhanna. "Refugee Crisis in North America: Comparative Case Study of the United States and Canada." Journal of Politics and Law 14, no. 3 (March 29, 2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v14n3p59.
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The US continues to lean toward a traditional, negative approach (Gomez, 2018) and to encourage cultural diversity in Canada. In their initial immigration legislation, the Canada and US shared profound resemblances: both began with Euro- and Christian-centered laws in order to limit the influx of migrants from Southern/Eastern Europe and Asia. The researcher has taken an empirical approach to a comparative methodology, and performed a study of the immigration policies of each country empirically. Both qualitative and also quantitative data analysis approaches were used for the present research. The findings of the research suggest that the two countries share some of the foundational similarities concerning their initial immigration law. For instance, this includes the inception of their policies with the base as Euro and Christian policies, where both attempted to achieve restricted migration flow from the Asia as well as Southern/Eastern Europe. However, with time, the changes in the migration policies have occurred due to the diverging socio-cultural as well as geographical aspects.
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Wang, Hong. "Immigration in America: library services and information resources." Reference Services Review 40, no. 3 (August 10, 2012): 480–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00907321211254715.
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Widanti, Ni Putu Tirka, and Charles Fernandes. "Effectiveness of Foreign Refugee Handling Services by Kupang Regional Government with the International Organization for Migration (IOM)." JKAP (Jurnal Kebijakan dan Administrasi Publik) 26, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jkap.70215.
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This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the service for handling the refugee from abroad in Kupang by the Regional Government of Kupang in collaboration with IOM after the delivery from the Kupang Immigration Detention Center and to examine the factors that cause the ineffectiveness of the foreign refugee handling services. This study uses qualitative research approach that focuses on analyzing the services for handling refugees from abroad in Kupang based on the concept of good service characteristics. The study found that the implementation of services for handling refugees from abroad in Kupang has not been effective due to: lack of participation by the Kupang Regional Government, lack of maintenance in the facilities and infrastructure in the shelter, lack of human resources officers at the shelter, local government feels not responsible for handling refugees, health services are less responsive, language barriers, Kupang local government does not have a database of refugees from abroad, lack of knowledge on refugee status and human rights enforcement by immigration officers, the reactive attitude of the refugees that reduce the trust of the Kupang Rudenim. In conclusion, the effectiveness of refugees from abroad handling services in Kupang which is managed by the Kupang Regional Government in collaboration with International Organization for Migration (IOM) is still not optimal if judged based on good service indicators.
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Griego, Manuel García y. "International Migration Statistics in Mexico." International Migration Review 21, no. 4 (December 1987): 1245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838702100415.
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During the past decade Mexico has experienced both large-scale emigration, directed mostly to the United States, and the mass immigration of Central American refugees. The implementation of the United States Immigration and Control Act of 1986 and the possible escalation of armed conflicts in Central America may result in expanded inflows either of returning citizens or of new refugee waves. To develop appropriate policy responses, Mexico would need reliable information on international migration flows. This note reviews available sources of that information and evaluates their strengths and limitations.
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Atak, Idil, Graham Hudson, and Delphine Nakache. "Policing Canada’s Refugee System: A Critical Analysis of the Canada Border Services Agency." International Journal of Refugee Law 31, no. 4 (December 2019): 464–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eez040.
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Abstract The officers of the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) play pivotal roles at various stages in Canada’s refugee system, making decisions that are life-changing for asylum seekers. This article examines the evolving institutional setting and processes that define the CBSA’s enforcement policy and its consequences for asylum seekers in Canada. Drawing on the findings of field-research, conducted between October 2015 and May 2018 in three Canadian provinces (Ontario, British Columbia, and Quebec), it argues that the Agency operates in a specific social universe heavily shaped by the post-9/11 geopolitical context of the criminalization of migration. This situation has been exacerbated by the major overhaul of Canada’s refugee system, undertaken by the previous Conservative government in 2012. The article further contends that the way the CBSA has been involved in refugee status determination turns Canada’s refugee system into an adversarial and unfair process for some groups of asylum seekers. To that end, it highlights the CBSA’s policies in three areas: eligibility determination, front-end security screening of refugee claimants, and ministerial interventions at the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada.
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Tuters, Stephanie, and John Portelli. "Ontario school principals and diversity: are they prepared to lead for equity?" International Journal of Educational Management 31, no. 5 (June 12, 2017): 598–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijem-10-2016-0228.
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Purpose Ontario is the most ethnically diverse province in Canada. School educators cannot disregard the reality of diversity in all its senses. The question that directs the focus of this paper is: to what extent are leaders in Ontario formally prepared to lead schools that support the students of today? The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach This paper results from a document analysis of publicly available documents to investigate the current context in Ontario, Canada regarding the educational and social situation of new immigrants, immigration, refugees, and ethno-culturally diverse students. It includes an exploration of the training and information available for principals and vice principals in Ontario to support them in leading schools which serve increasingly diverse student bodies. This paper is also informed by interviews with 59 educational leaders from Ontario and the USA. Interviews centred around their experiences engaging in practices to support their diverse student populations. Findings Results of the data analysis regarding the supports and training available to assist educational leaders in supporting the learning needs of diverse student populations demonstrate a serious lack of support. Very few actual resources exist for leaders, and most of those that do exist are connected to agencies outside of the education system, such as Settlement services. Research limitations/implications Recent research investigating the relationship between identities and educational experience and teaching points to the importance of in-depth and targeted approaches to teacher preparation, and leadership preparation to help provide teachers and leaders with the knowledge, dispositions, and skills required to support all students in their academic and social development (Cochran Smith et al., 2009). This study confirms such findings. Given the current situation in Ontario and much of North America, there is a great need for leadership preparation programming, and school-level resources that provide educational leaders with the knowledge and skills to support all students in their academic and social development, but also in helping educational leaders to understand and address the systemic nature and forms of discrimination which their students face daily. Practical implications With very few school boards requiring leaders to have a Masters’ degree in Education, and none having stipulations regarding course content. This leaves educational leaders unprepared to deal with the reality of their situations, leading to the perpetuation of inequities in Ontario schools. Originality/value Although sparse, previous research into the state of support and preparation for administrators and educators with regard to diverse student populations in Ontario revealed that little to no preparation or support exists (see e.g. Price, 2002). This study helps to fill that gap in existing research.
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Erguner-Tekinalp, Bengu, Vessela Ilieva, and Katheryn Williams. "Refugee Students in Public Schools: Guidelines for Developing Inclusive School Counseling Programs." Journal of Counseling Research and Practice 2, no. 1 (August 1, 2011): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.56702/uckx8598/jcrp0201.6.
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This paper identifies key experiences of refugee students and reviews how these children integrate into the formal schooling system in America. Refugee children face specific challenges, and counseling services are critical for the students’ success. Guidelines on counseling refugee students are limited. The purpose of this article is to provide guiding suggestions for school counselors to effectively help refugee students by identifying roles, responsibilities, and functions of school counselors using the ASCA National Model.
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Erguner-Tekinalp, Bengu, Vessela Ilieva, and Katheryn Williams. "Refugee Students in Public Schools: Guidelines for Developing Inclusive School Counseling Programs." Journal of Counseling Research and Practice 2, no. 1 (August 1, 2011): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.56702/ljce1662.
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This paper identifies key experiences of refugee students and reviews how these children integrate into the formal schooling system in America. Refugee children face specific challenges, and counseling services are critical for the students’ success. Guidelines on counseling refugee students are limited. The purpose of this article is to provide guiding suggestions for school counselors to effectively help refugee students by identifying roles, responsibilities, and functions of school counselors using the ASCA National Model.
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Claudio, Fernanda. "The Ambiguous Migrant. A Profile of African Refugee Resettlement and Personal Experiences in Southeast Queensland, Australia." Diversité urbaine 14, no. 1 (December 16, 2014): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1027817ar.
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Australian history is marked by immigration control and attempts to exclude foreigners. Exclusionary strategies toward foreigners are expressed in policies that limit numbers and types of migrants and foster exclusionist attitudes amongst the population. Successive Australian prime ministers have won elections based on policies of immigration and border control. Fear and rejection of foreigners characterize current policies toward asylum seekers and refugees; importantly, this stance also affects the allocation of resources to support refugee resettlement. I examine the implications of underfunding health and social support services for African refugees in Brisbane. A profile of this population is provided along with a discussion of resettlement services. Abdominal pain and inadequate responses by the health system serve to exemplify the complex experiences of newcomers who have not yet found their place in Australia.
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Willers, Susanne. "Changing mobility regimes and care: Central American women confronting processes of entrapment in southern Mexico." Journal of Family Research 32, no. 3 (March 2, 2020): 455–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-361.
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The humanitarian crisis of Central American minor migrants in 2014 and the massive migration enforcement in Mexico during its aftermath altered the mobility of people flee-ing violence in Central America. Anti-immigration measures particularly affect women with children. Due to violence along migration routes and the lack of financial resources to migrate north, many of them must settle in southern Mexico. In this situation, access-ing formal rights through refugee protection status in Mexico becomes an important sur-vival strategy. However, this process of legalizing their immigration status requires time, knowledge, and the provision of care by other family members. This paper focuses on the experiences of refugee claimants in the southern Mexican town of Tapachula. Based on fieldwork conducted there in 2018 and drawing on earlier research from 2013 and 2014, this paper aims to analyse women’s experiences and strategies and the role of care provi-sion during this process. Findings highlight processes of re-victimization due to segment-ed labour markets and other aspects of structural and gender-based violence that impact women’s agency during this process.
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Rosinbum, John. "“We Are in the Middle of Two Great Powers”: Refugees, Activists, and Government during the Plattsburgh Border Crisis of 1987." Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees 31, no. 2 (December 2, 2015): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40319.
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In early 1987 the Canadian government closed its border to hundreds of would-be refugees streaming north from the United States. Forced to flee the newly passed Immigration Reform and Control Act, refugees from Central America, Southeast Asia, and eastern Africa found themselves trapped between the two countries. This article examines the reasons for the Canadian government’s policy shift, the temporary refugee camp it created in upstate New York, and the camp’s effect on the border town of Plattsburgh, NY.
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Miyamoto, Erika. "Crisis of Human Rights of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Japan." Acta Humana 12, no. 2 (June 27, 2024): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32566/ah.2024.2.2.
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The year 2022 marks the 40th anniversary of the start of Japan’s refugee recognition system. Despite being a prosperous democracy and a staunch supporter of the international system, Japan has consistently admitted only a small number of refugees. According to the Immigration Services Agency of Japan, the number of people recognised as refugees in 2022 reached a record high of 202, while those not recognised exceeded 10,000. Furthermore, the legislative bill to revise the Immigration Control Law, passed by the House of Councillors Judicial Committee on June 8, 2023, limits applications for refugee recognition to twice in principle. From the third application onwards, there is a possibility for forced deportation to the applicants’ home countries. This legislative bill can be seen as violating the human rights of refugees and asylum-seekers, contravening international human rights law, and the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. Therefore, this article specifically explores Japan’s stronger stance on control over protection, whether its low recognition rate indicates non-compliance with international refugee protection criteria, and the reasons behind this. These aspects will be methodically examined, employing rationalist, normative, and domestic institutional theories of international conformity. Finally, the article will suggest measures to improve Japan’s refugee recognition rate and enhance the protection of the human rights of refugees and asylum seekers.
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McCloskey, Laura Ann, and Karen Southwick. "Psychosocial Problems in Refugee Children Exposed to War." Pediatrics 97, no. 3 (March 1, 1996): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.97.3.394.
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At any one time there are about two dozen armed conflicts throughout the world. It has been estimated that during 1993 alone violent upheavals generated about 16 million refugees worldwide. The United States has received a significant refugee population from war zones. The two largest groups of refugees entering the country since 1975 were from Southeast Asia (about 820 000) and Central America (between 800 000 and 1 900 000). Although exact statistics are unavailable, it appears that as many as half of the Central American immigrants were children. Various studies have documented common physical health problems in refugee children entering North America. Inactive tuberculosis and hepatitis are prevalent health risks for Southeast Asian youth; intestinal parasites and respiratory tract infections (eg, otitis media) are widespread in both Southeast Asian and Latin American refugee children. Histories of malnutrition and incomplete immunizations are common. Although physicians are well-equipped to treat the range of physical ailments of refugee children, some of the most serious symptoms are likely to be psychological. Recovery from physical deprivation appears to be more rapid and complete than recovery from emotional trauma and loss. The symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), described below (Table 1), can be disabling and persistent and are often undetected by adult caretakers. Other psychological problems resulting from war-induced trauma and displacement, as well as immigration and chronic poverty, place refugee children at heightened risk. Pediatricians are typically the first and often the only contact these mothers and children have with any form of health care or social service.
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Rodgers, Selena T. "Exposing the Hushed Latina Immigration Experience: The Global Reality of Refugee-like Situations in America." Global Studies Journal 4, no. 1 (2012): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1835-4432/cgp/v04i01/40743.
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Nardini, Alia K. "Trump and U.S. Immigration Policies. Lessons from the Eisenhower Administration." Economics, Law and Policy 1, no. 1 (May 21, 2018): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elp.v1n1p105.
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<em>While U.S. immigration entry policies after 1953 became a hallmark of ideological openness, designating the United States as the unquestioned leader of a freer and more just world order, Donald Trump’s current immigration strategies isolate America, damage her economy, and fuel divisive feelings among citizens. This paper hopes to persuade the Republican Party not to revert to its pre-1953 restrictionist and nativist stance, thereby undoing the crucial work undertaken by the Eisenhower Administration. The author argues that a sound grasp of the debate that led to the approval of the Refugee Relief Act in 1953 can lead to better informed political decision-making, tracing a new phase of America’s active presence on the world stage, in line with the country’s national interest and Cold war tradition.</em>
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Donneur, André. "La pénétration économique en Amérique latine." Études internationales 14, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701468ar.
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In 1970, Canada decided to develop its relations with Latin America, especially in the economic sector. Adhesion to the Interamerican Bank of Development and the status of observator in the Organisation of American States was a good institutional basis for increasing these relations. However, the absence of objectives on refugee and immigration questions prevented adoption of a clear policy towards Chilian and Haitian refugees. Generally Canada had met the 1970 objectives. Trade increased substantially, partly as a result of Canadian policies, but also because of the development of the main countries: Brazil, Mexico and Venezuela and the increase in oil prices. It could be more important if vigourous policies were implemented. Canada has important investments in Latin America, especially in Brazil. In percentage of total Canadian aid, aid to Latin America declined from 1970. Relations with Latin America will increase during the 1980's, but they would be more important if Canada adopted a more coherent policy.
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Nazish, Olga Petrovskaya, and Bukola Salami. "The mental health of immigrant and refugee children in Canada: A scoping review." International Health Trends and Perspectives 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 418–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32920/ihtp.v1i3.1467.
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Introduction: First- and second-generation immigrant children under 15 years of age make up 37.5% of the total population of children in Canada. Immigrant children aged 10-19, irrespective of their immigration status, face more ethnic victimization at school and in their neighborhoods. By 2036, the number of immigrant children in Canada is predicted to increase by 49%.
Method: A well-established Arksey and O’Malley’s five-stage methodological framework was applied to conduct this scoping review. This project reviewed the existing research literature on factors affecting immigrant and refugee children's mental health in Canada.
Results: The mental health of immigrant and refugee children can be viewed as a combined product of personal, social, cultural, economic, and pre- and post-migratory factors. Immigrant and refugee children’s experiences of migration can be stressful and destabilizing. Service providers are not well trained and often cannot grasp the circumstances of immigrant and refugee children and families, which consequently disengages them from required treatment services and follow-up care.
Conclusion: Reflection of diversity and inclusivity in mental health policies can influence actions in a primary care setting and reduce accessibility gaps and barriers that affect immigrant and refugee children in Canada.
Keywords: child; Canada; immigrant; mental health; refugee
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Bista, Krishna. "(Re)Examining the Research on International Students: Where Are We Today?" Journal of International Students 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): I—X. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jis.v6i2.360.
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A working definition of an international student, as Shapiro, Farrelly and Tomas (2014) acknowledged, is “a student who moves to another country (the host country) for the purpose of pursuing tertiary or higher education e.g., college or university” (p.2). The United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) defines an international student as: “Anyone who is enrolled at an institution of higher education in the United States who is not a U.S. citizen, an immigrant (permanent resident) or a refugee” (2015, para 2).
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Kennedy, Jonathan Donald, Serena Moran, Sue Garrett, James Stanley, Jenny Visser, and Eileen McKinlay. "Refugee-like migrants have similar health needs to refugees: a New Zealand post-settlement cohort study." BJGP Open 4, no. 1 (February 18, 2020): bjgpopen20X101013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgpopen20x101013.
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BackgroundRefugees and asylum seekers have specific health and social care needs on arrival in a resettlement country. A third group — migrants with a refugee-like background (refugee-like migrants) — are less well defined or understood.AimUsing routinely collected data, this study compared demographics, interpreter need, and healthcare utilisation for cohorts of refugee-like migrants and refugees.Design & settingA retrospective cohort study was undertaken in Wellington, New Zealand.MethodData were obtained for refugee-like migrants and refugees accepted under the national quota system (quota refugees), who enrolled in a New Zealand primary care practice between 2011 and 2015. Data from the primary care practice and nationally held hospital and outpatient service databases, were analysed. Age and sex standardisation adjusted for possible differences in cohort demographic profiles.ResultsThe cohorts were similar in age, sex, deprivation, and interpreter need. Refugee-like migrants were found to have similar, but not identical, health and social care utilisation to quota refugees. Primary care nurse utilisation was higher for refugee-like migrants. Clinical entries in the primary care patient record were similar in rate for the cohorts. Emergency department utilisation and hospital admissions were similar. Hospital outpatient utilisation was lower for refugee-like migrants.ConclusionThis research suggests that health, social care, and other resettlement services should be aligned for refugee-like migrants and quota refugees. This would mean that countries accepting quota refugees should plan for health and social care needs of subsequent refugee-like migrant family migration. Further research should investigate matched larger-scale national health and immigration datasets, and qualitatively explore factors influencing health-seeking behaviour of refugee-like migrants.
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Adams, Sheri Dawson. "Book Review: Re-Creating America: The Ethics of U.S. Immigration & Refugee Policy in a Christian Perspective." Review & Expositor 94, no. 3 (August 1997): 476–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003463739709400331.
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Hormenu, Thomas, Elyssa M. Shoup, Nana H. Osei-Tutu, Arsene F. Hobabagabo, Christopher W. DuBose, Lilian S. Mabundo, Stephanie T. Chung, Margrethe F. Horlyck-Romanovsky, and Anne E. Sumner. "Stress Measured by Allostatic Load Varies by Reason for Immigration, Age at Immigration, and Number of Children: The Africans in America Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 24, 2020): 4533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124533.
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Stress leads to physiologic dysfunction and cardiometabolic disease. Allostatic load score (ALS) measures stress-induced cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory biomarkers. We estimated the odds of high ALS by reason for and age at immigration, duration of American residence, number of children, and socioeconomic status in 193 African immigrants (male: 65%, age 41 ± 10 y (mean ± Standard Deviation (SD)), range 22–65 y). ALS was calculated with High-ALS defined as ALS ≥ 3.0 and Low-ALS defined as ALS < 3.0. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed, the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk estimated, and TNF-α, an inflammatory cytokine, measured. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds of High-ALS. In the High- and Low-ALS groups, ALS were 4.0 ± 1.2 vs. 1.3 ± 0.7, diabetes prevalence: 14% vs. 4%, CVD risk: 23% vs. 8%, TNF-α levels: 15 ± 9 vs. 11 ± 6 pg/mL, respectively (all p ≤ 0.01). Immigrants were more likely to be in the High-ALS group if their reason for immigration was work or asylum/refugee (OR 2.18, p = 0.013), their age at immigration was ≥30 y (OR 3.28, p < 0.001), their duration of residence in United States was ≥10 y (OR 3.16, p = 0.001), or their number of children was ≥3 (OR 2.67, p = 0.019). Education, income, health insurance, marital status, and gender did not affect High-ALS odds. Factors adversely influencing allostatic load and cardiometabolic health in African immigrants were age at and reason for immigration, duration of residence in America, and number of children.
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Duche-Pérez, Aleixandre Brian, Yessica Raquel Ruiz-Fernández, and Víctor Daniel Mateo Peralta-Valencia. "Venezuelan Immigration and Social Stigmatization in Peru." TECHNO REVIEW. International Technology, Science and Society Review /Revista Internacional de Tecnología, Ciencia y Sociedad 15, no. 1 (August 7, 2023): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37467/revtechno.v15.5050.
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The political and humanitarian crisis in Venezuela has led to a forced exodus of approximately 4 million people, generating a significant impact in Latin America. Peru is one of the countries that has received a large number of Venezuelan migrants. This study focuses on the individual and social perceptions of Peruvians regarding the stigma towards Venezuelan immigrants in Peru. Factors of stigmatization such as labor competition, crime, and strain on public services are identified. Through a mixed-method approach of questionnaires and interviews, 180 Peruvian residents were surveyed.
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Alzouabi, Lina Taysir, and Ayat Jebril Nashwan. "The Living Conditions of Syrian Asylum Seekers in Jordan's Governorates Outside Camps and the Motives to Immigrate to Europe." Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies 3, no. 11 (November 25, 2021): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2021.3.11.7.
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Since the Syrian crisis began ten years ago, 5.6 million Syrians have been forced to flee to neighboring countries. Jordan is not a member of the 1951 Geneva Refugee convention, so Syrians are treated as asylum seekers rather than refugees. This study explores Syrian asylum seekers’ experiences and challenges in Jordan, including the sectors of housing, education, healthcare services, and employment to understand why they are motivated to seek asylum in Europe. Through semi-structured interviews with 30 Syrian asylum seekers living in four Jordanian governorates outside camps, the goal is to elucidate the drivers that motivate them to seek asylum in Europe. The findings emphasize the importance of education and work permits both of which are considered major push factors or drivers for immigration. The narratives provide a contextual understanding of the immigration crisis from the voices of the refugees themselves, which in turn will contribute to the knowledge base of immigration literature and enhance the support for the Syrian asylum seekers in the host community of Jordan.
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Mwendwa, Purity, and Tala Al-Rousan. "An exploration of the social determinants of the health and well-being among older African immigrants living in San Diego. A socio-ecological approach." HRB Open Research 7 (April 24, 2024): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.13820.1.
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Background As immigration continues to be a global phenomenon, the number of aging immigrants will increase. There is a knowledge gap in the United States on the social determinants of health among older immigrants, especially the older refugee population. We aimed to explore the social determinants of health among older African immigrants living in San Diego, California, and to suggest strategies that can inform the design of health-promoting interventions. Methods We employed a qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews with 11 participants (nine females and two males). We used deductive thematic analysis to explore and analyse the factors that influence their health and well-being based on the five levels of the socio-ecological model (individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy). Results Participants were aged between 62 and 90 years; eight participants had arrived as refugees. Thematic analysis resulted in the following themes within the five levels: individual (pre-migration and migration experiences and impact on health, aging-related health decline, sedentary lifestyle, side effects of medications,language barrier); interpersonal (social support and social participation); organizational (access to healthcare and support services, transportation, - disruption to services due to COVID-19, perception of healthcare and support services); community (social, emotional and practical support, connecting older adults to services) and public policy (financial barriers, immigration policies and legal status). Conclusions Given the distinct linguistic and cultural backgrounds coupled with the unique health needs of our study participants, there is a need for diverse and complementary interventions that seek to build a sense of community and social support for older adults. Such interventions ought to be co-developed with immigrant communities and local organizations to ensure cultural acceptability and effectiveness. Crucially needed are immigration policies that consider the unique situation of older immigrants from low-income backgrounds to ensure equitable access to health and social care services.
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Hoffman, Lisa, Shifa Podikunju-Hussain, and Melissa Fry. "Seeing “RED” to Serve Students: An Example of Advocacy for Counseling Services for Refugee and Immigrant Adolescents." Journal for Social Action in Counseling & Psychology 10, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 38–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/jsacp.10.1.38-61.
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The purpose of this study was to examine to what extent a U.S. newcomer school for adolescent English language learners lacked adequate mental health services for immigrant students. School counseling professionals at this school sought data to advocate for additional mental health professionals without asking inappropriately invasive questions about family legal immigration status. Leveraging the expertise of school administrators, refugee resettlement experts, and university researchers yielded a creative method for collecting student demographic information without violating student privacy. Looking specifically at refugee students from high-conflict backgrounds (the “refugees likely to have experienced distress” or “RED” variable) allowed researchers to pinpoint psychosocial acculturation differences in comparison with other immigrant students. A survey of students revealed differences in reported attitudes toward school and perceptions of discrimination among refugees from high-conflict backgrounds compared to other immigrants and refugees from lower-conflict backgrounds. Findings also supported the notion that immigrant students were likely to have experienced trauma prior to enrolling in this school. Results of this engaged scholarship allowed the resident school counselor to advocate effectively for a full-time mental health counselor position for newly arrived secondary students.
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Ndou, Nthomeni Dora, Azwihangwisi Helen Mavhandu-Mudzusi, Mesgane Girmai Asgedom, and Rafiat Anokwuru. "Healthcare Services Utilisation by Eritrean Immigrants in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 27, no. 1 (December 16, 2020): 194–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02701005.
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Abstract Immigrants in the United States of America (usa) face challenges regarding the utilisation of healthcare services. Issues include difficulty to access healthcare services. Qualitative descriptive phenomenological design was used in the analysis. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview format with eight conveniently selected Eritrean immigrants living in Indianapolis. Data were analysed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis Framework for data analysis. The findings indicate that the cultural beliefs, socioeconomic status, immigration status of Eritrean emigrants and the policies related to financing healthcare services for migrants in Indianapolis have a huge impact on determining the utilisation of healthcare services by Eritrean immigrants in Indianapolis. It is concluded that there is limited access by Eritrean immigrants in Indianapolis to healthcare services. There is a need for policy revision regarding the financing of healthcare services for immigrants and the provision of services to improve access and accommodate cultural diversity.
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Johnson, Shanthi, Juanita Bacsu, Tom McIntosh, Bonnie Jeffery, and Nuelle Novik. "Competing challenges for immigrant seniors: Social isolation and the pandemic." Healthcare Management Forum 34, no. 5 (May 13, 2021): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08404704211009233.
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The pandemic has exposed and amplified complex and complicated health and societal challenges while offering immense opportunities to transform societies to improve health for all. Social isolation is a challenging and persistent issue experienced by many older adults, especially among immigrant and refugee seniors. Unique risk factors such as racism, discrimination, language barriers, weak social networks, and separation from friends and family predispose immigrant and refugee seniors to a higher risk of social isolation. The pandemic has magnified the unique risks and has highlighted the differential health and economic impacts. This article examines social isolation among immigrant and refugee seniors in Canada by focusing on the policy context, available programs and services to reduce social isolation, and the conceptualization and measurement considerations for advancing research to address social isolation among this growing population. Drawing on specific examples, we discuss immigration, aging, and social isolation within the context of Canada. While our article focuses on Canada as a case study, our discussion has relevancy and implications for other high-income countries with aging immigrant and refugee populations. In moving forward, we argue that a more complete and targeted understanding of social isolation is essential to informing program and policy development to support immigrant and refugee seniors in Canada and beyond. The transformation needed in our societies to create health for all requires strong equity and determinants of health perspective and a systems approach beyond health to ensure lasting change.
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Baird, Kyle, Mario Lintz, Daniella Schlander, Joel Yager, and Daniel Savin. "Caring for Refugees with Mental Health Problems: Difficulties Encountered by Providers Requesting Exemptions from United States Citizenship Examinations." Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 34, no. 4 (November 2023): 1466–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2023.a912730.
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Abstract: Mental health providers caring for refugees should be aware that obtaining citizenship is critical to stability and safety for their patients. In the United States (U.S.), obtaining citizenship requires applicants to pass an examination exhibiting working knowledge of English and foundational knowledge of U.S. civics. For refugees with mental health disorders that impair cognition, this may present insurmountable barriers. The United States Customs and Immigration Services (USCIS) offers form N-648 to request exemption from these requirements. However, the form can be difficult to complete in a manner acceptable to USCIS. In this paper, the authors present preliminary data on citizenship-related mental health evaluations and subsequent applications for 40 patients seen in a university-based refugee mental health clinic. We simplify the process into three phases, and present three cases highlighting specific complexities involved. Our experiences and recommendations may help other mental health providers prepare to advocate for their refugee patients.
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Acer, Eleanor, and Olga Byrne. "How the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 Has Undermined US Refugee Protection Obligations and Wasted Government Resources." Journal on Migration and Human Security 5, no. 2 (June 2017): 356–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/233150241700500207.
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Seeking asylum is a human right, enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (“Refugee Convention”) and its 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees (“1967 Protocol”) prohibit the United States from returning refugees to persecution, and the 1980 Refugee Act set up a formal process for applying for asylum in the United States. However, the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) created a barrage of new barriers to asylum. These impediments have blocked many refugees from accessing asylum in the United States and inserted additional layers of technicalities, screening, and processing, undermining the effectiveness of the US asylum system. The barriers imposed by IIRIRA are significant. They include a filing deadline on asylum applications, which prevents genuine refugees from receiving asylum if they cannot prove they have filed the application within one year of arriving in the United States. IIRIRA also established summary deportation procedures, including “expedited removal” and “reinstatement of removal,” which block asylum seekers from even applying for asylum or accessing an immigration court removal hearing, unless they first pass through a screening process. Finally, IIRIRA imposed “mandatory detention” on certain immigrants, including asylum seekers who are placed in expedited removal proceedings upon their arrival at a US port of entry. Each of these provisions imposed new processes and procedures that have contributed to an increasingly ineffective immigration system. The current backlog in the immigration courts has reached a record high, surpassing half a million cases, while the backlog of affirmative asylum cases before the Asylum Division of US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) has increased by a factor of six in just three years. Backlogs, which lead to long delays in adjudication, undermine system integrity as bona fide asylum seekers wait for years in legal limbo — some with families waiting abroad in dangerous and life-threatening situations — and individuals without meritorious claims may be encouraged to file applications to receive a work permit during the lengthy waiting period. Twenty years later, as the world faces the largest global refugee crisis since World War II, the asylum barriers injected into the US system under IIRIRA have proven harmful to refugees, and detrimental to the US asylum system. This paper highlights recent research, litigation, and advocacy efforts that have further brought to light the rights violations and systemic inefficiencies generated by IIRIRA. It concludes with a series of recommendations, calling on the US government to eliminate these counterproductive barriers and to take steps to assure access to asylum.
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Buff, Rachel Ida. "Sanctuary Everywhere." Radical History Review 2019, no. 135 (October 1, 2019): 14–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01636545-7607809.
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Abstract This essay considers the historical roots of contemporary sanctuary practices. It traces these roots in the protocols adopted by the 1951 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Convention, tracing the contradictory implementation of these protocols in US policy and practice. It argues that the UNHCR Convention created a distinction between refugees and migrants that met challenges from sanctuary activists responding to the depredations of the US-backed “dirty wars” in Central America during the 1980s. The sanctuary movement contested this distinction, as did the subsequent evolution of immigration and refugee policy. In the current period, the erosion of this distinction by ascendant xenophobia also creates space for the emergence of new definitions and practices of the right to sanctuary and freedom of movement.
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Tran, Don Quang, Andrew G. Ryder, and G. Eric Jarvis. "Reported immigration and medical coercion among immigrants referred to a cultural consultation service." Transcultural Psychiatry 56, no. 5 (June 6, 2019): 807–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363461519847811.
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Members of visible minorities are commonly targets of social coercion related to immigration and medical measures. Social coercion is associated with poor mental health outcomes and mistrust of medical services. This study will determine if Afro-Canadian immigrants referred to a Cultural Consultation Service (CCS) in Montreal report more or less medical and immigration coercion compared with other ethnic minorities. We reviewed the charts of 729 referrals to the CCS and gathered data on the 401 patients included in the study. Chi-square statistics examined the relation between minority group and self-reported coercion. Binary logistic regression models controlled for standard sociodemographic variables in addition to ethnicity, language barrier, length of stay in Canada since immigration, refugee claimant status, referral source, presence of psychosis in the main diagnosis, and presence of legal history. Patients were diverse and included 105 Afro-Canadians, 40 Latin Americans, 73 Arab and West Asians, 149 South Asians, and 34 East and Southeast Asians. Being Afro-Canadian was significantly and positively associated with medical coercion (p = .02, 95% CI = 1.15-4.57), while being South Asian was negatively and significantly associated with immigration coercion (p = .03, 95% CI = .29–.93). Members of visible minority communities are not equal in their reported experience of social coercion after arriving to Canada. Future research clarifying pathways to mental health care for immigrants and the experience of new Canadians in immigration and health care settings would give needed context to the findings of this study.
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Senthanar, Sonja, Mieke Koehoorn, Lillian Tamburic, Stephanie Premji, Ute Bültmann, and Christopher B. McLeod. "Differences in Work Disability Duration for Immigrants and Canadian-Born Workers in British Columbia, Canada." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22 (November 10, 2021): 11794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211794.
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This study aimed to investigate differences in work disability duration among immigrants (categorized as economic, family member or refugee/other classification upon arrival to Canada) compared to Canadian-born workers with a work-related injury in British Columbia. Immigrants and Canadian-born workers were identified from linked immigration records with workers’ compensation claims for work-related back strain, connective tissue, concussion and fracture injuries requiring at least one paid day of work disability benefits between 2009 to 2015. Quantile regression investigated the relationship between immigration classification and predicted work disability days (defined from injury date to end of compensation claim, up to 365 days) and modeled at the 25th, 50th and 75th percentile of the distribution of the disability days. With a few exceptions, immigrants experienced greater predicted disability days compared to Canadian-born workers within the same injury cohort. The largest differences were observed for family and refugee/other immigrant classification workers, and, in particular, for women within these classifications, compared to Canadian-born workers. For example, at the 50th percentile of the distribution of disability days, we observed a difference of 34.1 days longer for refugee/other women in the concussion cohort and a difference of 27.5 days longer for family classification women in the fracture cohort. Economic immigrants had comparable disability days with Canadian-born workers, especially at the 25th and 50th percentiles of the distribution. Immigrant workers’ longer disability durations may be a result of more severe injuries or challenges navigating the workers’ compensation system with delays in seeking disability benefits and rehabilitation services. Differences by immigrant classification speak to vulnerabilities or inequities upon arrival in Canada that persist after entry to the workforce and warrant further investigation for early mitigation strategies.
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Remoue Gonzales, Sophie, and Jeanne Higgs. "Perspectives on Integrated Behavioral Health in pediatric care with immigrant children and adolescents in a Federally Qualified Health Center in Texas." Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 25, no. 3 (April 10, 2020): 625–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359104520914724.
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The world’s displaced population has reached a record high. Immigration is under the global lens and part of the public debate more than ever. The existing data on mental health disorders among displaced youth are alarming, and children and adolescents are disproportionately impacted by forces outside their control. In the United States, the recent border crisis has exponentially increased the needs for accessible mental health services for immigrant children, adolescents, and their families. As a result, implementation of integrated solutions for primary and behavioral health care has grown. In this article, we explore the application of an integrated model, the Primary Care Behavioral Health Consultation Model (PCBH) with Hispanic and Latino immigrant children and adolescents and their families in a Federally Qualified Health Center in Houston, Texas. PCBH holds great promise for increasing access to mental health services for immigrant and refugee populations.
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Hagues, Rachel J., David Cecil, and Ken Stoltzfus. "The experiences of German social workers working with refugees." Journal of Social Work 21, no. 1 (July 11, 2019): 46–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468017319860305.
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Summary This study examines the experiences of German social workers who provided services to refugees during the refugee crisis of 2014–2016. Interviews were conducted in 2016 in two regions of Germany, Berlin/Brandenburg ( n = 18) and Würzburg (Bavaria; n = 16). Researchers used a semi-structured interview guide complemented by a five-item Likert-type instrument. Questions explored Social Service Provider’s Background and Training, Refugees’ Needs, Role of Faith in Coping, and Recommendations for Universities and Churches and measure Effectiveness of Services, Adequacy of Resources, Benefits to Refugees, and Extent of Work-Related Stress. Findings A thematic analysis indicates social workers feel Germany has effectively responded to paramount refugee needs. Social workers emphasize the importance of learning to see people “eye-to-eye,” cultivating empathy, cross-cultural competence, overcoming personal biases, and self-reflection. Applications Findings suggest social workers who practice with refugees should devote attention to the development of personal attributes to facilitate effective service delivery (e.g. learning to respond empathetically, practicing self-reflection, and treating refugees as equals) and refining practical skills (e.g. study of refugee and immigration law nationally and internationally and development of cross-cultural knowledge and understanding). Suggestions include learning a greeting in another language or understanding gender roles in different cultures. The usefulness of cultural immersion gained by spending time abroad was highlighted; such experiences allow one to cultivate the ability to be open-minded, encourage the development of a capacity to empathize with members of under-represented groups, and prevent the tendency of seeing refugees or migrants as “the Other” ( Said, 1978 ).
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MITTON, LAVINIA. "The Newly-Recognised Refugees Most at Risk of Homelessness in England." Journal of Social Policy 50, no. 1 (May 19, 2020): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004727941900093x.
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AbstractThe contribution of this paper is to analyse statistical data to assess whether homelessness among people who have recently been granted refugee status in England is concentrated amongst particular groups of these refugees. The methodology was quantitative analysis using logistic regression of the Home Office’s Survey of New Refugees (SNR), which they carried out in 2005-7. We tested the relative role played by pre-migration demographic factors, post-migration life experience factors, and government immigration policy in accounting for patterns found, and drew on literature to interpret the meaning of our statistical results. Our analysis clearly suggests that refugee and asylum policy contribute to homelessness among newly-recognised refugees. This interpretation is supported by the qualitative evidence from services providing assistance to refugees, and evidence put to the All Party Parliamentary Group on Refugees (2017). Action to address the housing problems of refugees moving on from accommodation provided for asylum seekers should be considered a high policy priority, albeit that associations between homelessness, household size, and age also present intervention opportunities.
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Chipalo, Edson. "Predictors of Chronic Debilitating Conditions Among Refugees Resettled in the United States." Texila International Journal of Public Health 11, no. 4 (December 29, 2023): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.11.04.art026.
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Refugees who have resettled in the United States encounter numerous challenges, including poor health conditions. However, knowledge of risk factors contributing to chronic debilitating conditions among refugees is scarce. Therefore, this study examined the prevalence and potential factors associated with chronic debilitating conditions within the U.S. refugee population. This study utilized secondary data from the 2019 Annual Survey of Refugees (ASR) involving 1007 refugees aged 16 years or older resettled in the U.S. between 2014 and 2018. The prevalence estimates were obtained using chi-square tests, and multiple logistic regression was used to determine the significant association between predictor variables and chronic debilitating conditions for refugees in the United States. About 25.5% of the refugees reported having chronic debilitating conditions. Regression results showed that being an older refugee and having adjusted immigration status to become a permanent resident was associated with higher odds of reporting chronic debilitating conditions. However, refugees who were currently working, married, and with good English language proficiency were associated with a lower likelihood of reporting chronic debilitating conditions. Gender and education levels of refugees were not significantly associated with chronic debilitating conditions after covariates adjustments. Interventions should focus on increasing access to education, employment opportunities to enhance health literacy, and financial resources to access healthcare crucial for mitigating chronic debilitating conditions. In addition, addressing the language barriers through language and interpretation services in clinical settings can also improve healthcare access, thus reducing the risk of chronic debilitating conditions among refugees resettled in the United States. Keywords: Chronic debilitating conditions, English proficiency, Immigration, Refugees, United States.
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Kerwin, Donald, and Daniela Alulema. "The CRISIS Survey: The Catholic Church's Work with Immigrants in a Period of Crisis." Journal on Migration and Human Security 9, no. 4 (October 5, 2021): 271–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23315024211035726.
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Over the last five years, the Center for Migration Studies of New York (CMS) has conducted four surveys of Catholic immigrant-serving institutions, programs, and ministries in the United States. These surveys identify the multi-faceted needs of immigrants and refugees, and examine the successes and challenges of Catholic institutions in responding to them. CMS administered its most recent survey, the Catholic Refugee and Immigrant Service Integration Survey (the “CRISIS Survey”) from December 14, 2020 through February 5, 2021. This survey explored the work of Catholic institutions during the Trump administration and the COVID-19 pandemic. The CRISIS Survey documents the reach, diversity, and productivity of Catholic institutions that worked with immigrants and refugees during a pandemic that particularly devastated their communities and an administration whose policies and rhetoric made their work far more difficult. At a time of rampant “Catholic decline” narratives, the survey also documents the reach, vitality, and relevance of Catholic immigrant-serving institutions. It identifies the obstacles encountered by immigrants in accessing Catholic programs and ministries — both organizational (funding, staffing, and siting) and exogenous (federal policies, the pandemic, and community opposition). It underscores the threat posed by US immigration policies to immigrants and to the work of Catholic institutions. Survey respondents reported that they offered new services during this period, such as: Financial assistance for families, particularly those at risk of losing housing or utilities. COVID-19 testing, education, contact tracing, and quarantine services. Mental health services. Grief support and assistance with funeral expenses. Delivery of food and sanitation supplies for infected and other homebound persons. Voter registration and Census promotion activities. Virtually all respondents provided services remotely during the pandemic. Many reported on difficulties faced by immigrants in accessing their services, due to poor internet connections, limited computer access, and lack of communications technology and training. Respondents identified several factors that negatively affected immigrants’ access to their services pre-pandemic. As in previous CMS surveys, these factors included lack of immigration status, negative community attitudes toward immigrants, fear of apprehension (particularly after traffic stops) and deportation, public transportation deficiencies, stigma over receipt of mental health services, and identification requirements to access public benefits. Respondents also reported on obstacles in working with immigrants during the pandemic. These included the pandemic itself, limited funding, demand that outpaced resources, government restrictions on relief and benefit eligibility, and (particularly for students) living arrangements, work, and family caretaking responsibilities. Respondents overwhelmingly believed that immigration enforcement, tied to fear of deportation, very negatively or somewhat negatively affected participation in their services and programs. In Catholic terms, they reported that nativist immigration policies, rhetoric, and media sources interfered with their practice of discipleship. One respondent stated, “Fear of ICE and round-ups, locally in our state and nationally, along with negative immigration rhetoric from the out-going president have made our clients very fearful to access services they rightly qualify for.” A healthcare provider reported that immigrants were “avoiding or delaying seeking treatment for COVID-19 for fear of apprehension and/or deportation.” Many said that enforcement partnerships between Immigration and Customs Enforcement and states and localities made immigrants fearful of reporting crimes or accessing government facilities. One said that potential sponsors feared coming forward to reunify with children. Respondents also cited as problems delays in family reunification, barriers to asylum-seekers entering the United States, decreased refugee admissions, and the Trump administration's rule on the public charge ground of inadmissibility. The report recommends that Catholic institutions take stock of the creative new programs, skills and capacities that they have developed during the pandemic and build on them. It also recommends that scholars and researchers prioritize independent, person-centered research that critically analyzes the work of Catholic immigrant-serving institutions. Such research would ask whether these institutions, in the words of Pope Francis, are putting “the person at the center, in his or her many aspects” and honoring the “fundamental equality” of every person. It would draw on the perspectives of immigrants served by Catholic institutions to examine the degree to which these institutions advance the rights, participation, and wellbeing of immigrants and their families in US society. Finally, it would analyze how Catholic institutions work with each other — within Arch/dioceses, regionally, nationally, and across these realms — in response to the cross-cutting needs of immigrants. The report recommends that Catholic institutions develop programmatic plans to ensure that immigrants can return to or can continue to access their programs and ministries as the pandemic subsides. These plans will need to combine communication strategies, financial support, and services such as transportation and childcare. In addition, Catholic institutions should make it a high priority to ensure that immigrants can access the infrastructure, platforms, and training that will allow them to access virtual services. They should also develop strategies to engage Catholics who do not understand, who ignore, or who work at cross-purposes to Catholic teaching and policy positions in this area. Finally, they should redouble their work with the administration and Congress to reform US immigration laws, and with states and localities to promote welcoming and inclusive communities.
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Kerwin, Donald, and Mike Nicholson. "The Effects of Immigration Enforcement on Faith-Based Organizations: An Analysis of the FEER Survey." Journal on Migration and Human Security 7, no. 2 (June 2019): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331502419854103.
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Executive Summary The effects of US immigration enforcement policies on immigrants, US families, and communities have been well documented. Less attention, however, has been paid to their impact on faith-based organizations (FBOs). Faith communities provide a spiritual home, and extensive legal, resettlement, social, health, and educational services, for refugees and immigrants. This report presents the findings of the FEER (Federal Enforcement Effect Research) Survey, which explored the effects of US immigration enforcement policies on immigrant-serving Catholic institutions.1 Many of these institutions arose in response to the needs of previous generations of immigrants and their children (Kerwin and George 2014, 14, 74–75). Most strongly identify with immigrants and have long served as crucial intermediaries between immigrant communities and the broader society (Campos 2014, 149–51).2 During its first two years, the Trump administration has consistently characterized immigrants as criminals, security risks, and an economic burden. Among its policy initiatives, the administration has supported major cuts in family-based immigration, attempted to terminate the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, reduced refugee admissions to historic lows, instituted admission bars on Muslim-majority countries, attempted to strip Temporary Protection Status (TPS) from all but a fraction of its beneficiaries, erected major new barriers to asylum, and proposed new rules regarding the public charge grounds of inadmissibility that would make it more difficult for poor and working-class persons to obtain permanent residence. US immigration enforcement policies have separated children from their parents, criminally prosecuted asylum seekers, expanded detention, increased arrests of noncitizens without criminal records, and militarized the US–Mexico border. These policies have failed to stem the flow of migrants and asylum seekers: instead, these flows have increased dramatically in recent months. These policies have succeeded, however, in devastating children, instilling fear in immigrant communities, blocking access to the US asylum system, and undermining immigrant integration (Kerwin 2018).3 The Federal Enforcement Effect Research (FEER) Survey points to a paradox. On one hand, US enforcement policies have increased the demand for services such as legal screening, representation, naturalization, assistance to unaccompanied minors, and support to the US families of detainees and deportees. Many Catholic institutions have expanded their services to accommodate the increased demand for their services. On the other hand, their work with immigrants has been impeded by federal immigration policies that effectively prevent immigrants from driving, attending gatherings, applying for benefits, and accessing services due to fear that these activities might lead to their deportation or the deportation of a family member. Among other top-line findings, 59 percent of 133 FEER respondents reported that “fear of apprehension or deportation” negatively affected immigrants’ access to their services, and 57 percent of 127 respondents reported that immigrant enforcement very negatively or negatively affected the participation of immigrants in their programs and ministries.
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Kreutler, Marcus, Susanne Fengler, Nastaran Asadi, Svetlana Bodrunova, Halyna Budivska, Layire Diop, Georgia Ertz, et al. "Migration Coverage in Europe, Russia and the United States." Central European Journal of Communication 15, no. 2(31) (September 22, 2022): 202–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51480/1899-5101.15.2(31).2.
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Six years after the so-called ‘refugee crisis’ in 2015, the European Union remains divided on questions of migration and asylum policy. The issue also remains high on the agendas of the USA and Russia, two other key destination countries with immigration from Latin America and the Post-Soviet space. This article presents results from a comparative study of news coverage in 17 countries, focusing on 10 EU member states in Western and Central Eastern Europe (CEE), the USA and Russia. The intensity of coverage was remarkably different, with Hungary’s and Germany’s media standing out while Russian media displayed relatively low levels of coverage. Individual migrants and refugees were most visible in the two outlets from the USA. Media in CEE countries tended towards a more critical approach than media in Western Europe. However, differences between most countries’ pairs of analyzed media outlets indicate a more pluralistic debate than frequently assumed.
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Amato, Amalia Agata Maria, and Fabrizio Gallai. "Asylum hearings in Italy: Who mediates between cultures?" Just. Journal of Language Rights & Minorities, Revista de Drets Lingüístics i Minories 3, no. 1 (April 16, 2024): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/just.3.28272.
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According to several legal scholars and practitioners, the most crucial factor for refugee status determination (RSD) is whether or not asylum seekers can provide credible evidence of a “well-founded fear” of persecution. However, this adjudication process is extremely complex as psychological, linguistic, and general cultural factors have a substantial impact on credibility. Through examining interpreter-mediated asylum hearings in Italy, our aim is to bring to the fore the interconnections between asylum interpreting practices and (inter)cultural factors. More specifically, emphasis will be put on the roles of communication and culture to elucidate how interpreting enables and restrains asylum seekers in their efforts to establish themselves as deserving of protection. We argue that culturally-bound norms negatively and unevenly influence the outcomes of some asylum cases and support this claim with evidence from interpreter-mediated hearings with asylum seekers and immigration officers in central Italy. In order to analyse this data, we adopt an interaction- and discourse-centred approach. Training for interpreters working in this environment and improving the quality of asylum interpretation services will ultimately lead to fairer refugee status determination procedures and better professional ethics for interpreters.
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CHATTARJI, SUBARNO. "“The New Americans”: The Creation of a Typology of Vietnamese-American Identity in Children's Literature." Journal of American Studies 44, no. 2 (January 20, 2010): 409–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875809991411.
Full textAbstract:
The influx of Vietnamese refugees, “boat people,” and immigrants into the United States after April 1975 has led to the establishment of a significant Vietnamese-American community. There is a body of literature written for children and young adults that creates and delineates this new community within the topography of a welcoming and immigrant-friendly USA. This paper will examine the meanings and implications of the appellation “Vietnamese-American” as defined within a body of nonfiction children's literature. It will highlight how these texts negotiate questions related to refugee status, immigration, identity and belonging, contributing in many instances to a bland re-creation of a formerly oppressed but now coherent and increasingly prosperous and Americanized people. The children's literature plays an important role in defining the relatively new community to itself and to mainstream America. In its dissemination of truisms about Confucian heritages and stereotypes of “model minorities” the literature reveals as much about American ideological desires as it does about “the new Americans.”
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Quissa, Antonia Stefania. "The Separation Between Refugees – Immigrants and their Children During Transportation." Rocznik Administracji Publicznej 8 (December 30, 2022): 206–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/24497800rap.22.011.16787.
Full textAbstract:
The family separation between immigrant – refugee parents and their children is a global phenomenon. This research is focused on the dissociation that is taking place during transportation from the countries of origin to receiving countries. Every year United States accept thousands of immigrants from Central America who are segregated under ‘zero-tolerance’ immigration policy (ZTP). However, the same issue afllicts refugees who are trying to cross the Central Mediterranean Sea to enter Europe. But then, United States and European Union established legislations and bills to prevent that kind of parting and to promote the family’s reconnection. The key strength is the impact of separation, as a toxic experience during childhood, is intolerable for all the members of family. Children experience trauma, which affects their mental and physical health. Additionally, parents develop depression, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and become victims of suicide. Finally, family unity protects children’s lives and supports family’s integration in the host countries.
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Fearon, Margaret A., Vito Scalia, Mary Huang, Irene Dines, Momar Ndao, and Philippe Lagacé-Wiens. "A Case of Vertical Transmission of Chagas Disease Contracted via Blood Transfusion in Canada." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 24, no. 1 (2013): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/406402.
Full textAbstract:
Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan parasiteTrypanosoma cruziand is endemic in many countries in Latin America, where infected bugs of theTriatomineasubfamily carry the parasite in the gut and transmit it to humans through fecal contamination of a bite. However, vertical transmission and transmission through blood transfusion and organ transplantation is well documented. Increasing immigration from endemic countries to North America has prompted blood operators, including Canadian Blood Services and Hema Quebec, to initiate blood donor testing for Chagas antibody. In the present report, an unusual case of vertical transmission from a mother, most likely infected through blood transfusion, and detected as part of a concurrent seroprevalence study in blood donors is described.
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Davis, Martha F. "The Limits of Local Sanctuary Initiatives for Immigrants." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 690, no. 1 (July 2020): 100–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716220931423.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, many local governments in the United States have declared themselves to be sanctuaries, welcoming jurisdictions, safe cities, or cities of refuge for immigrants. At the same time, federal rhetoric and associated national laws—which have legal precedence over local immigration policies—have shifted in anti-immigrant directions. These developments raise questions about whether and how local sanctuary policies affect immigrants’ lives, including their feelings of fear, their access to local services, and their interactions with law enforcement. This article draws on existing studies and new interview data from a pilot study of two sanctuary cities, Boston and Seattle, to evaluate the impacts of municipal sanctuary policies for immigrants, including their potential influences on immigrant and refugee integration. I also explore policy approaches that might enhance these policies’ effectiveness in achieving their supporters’ stated goals.
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Schweda Nicholson, Nancy. "Language Policy Development for Interpreter Services at the Executive Office for Immigration Review." Language Problems and Language Planning 23, no. 1 (July 23, 1999): 37–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.23.1.03lan.
Full textAbstract:
RESUMEN Planification del uso del lenguaje en la Oficina Ejecutiva de Inmigración Debido al râpido creciemento de la poblaciôn de imigrantes legales e ilegales, las agencias del gobierno de los Estados Unidos de America necesitan con frecuencia los servicios de intérpretes. Una de estas agencias es la Oficina Ejecutiva de Asuntos de Inmigraciôn (EOIR), rama del Departamento de Justicia donde se ventilan casos de deportation, exclusion y asilo politico. Este artículo presenta una perspectiva histôrica de la planificaciôn del uso del lenguaje y el desarrollo de la política para los servicios de interpretaciôn de la Oficina Ejecutiva de Inmigraciôn durante la ultima década. RESUMO Evoluigo de lingvopolitiko por interpreta] servoj ce la Usona Plenumoficejo por Enmigrada Kontrolo Rapide kreskas la nombro de laûlegaj kaj kontraŭlegaj enmigrantoj en Usono, kaj sekve la registaraj instancoj ofte bezonas interpretajn servojn. Unu tia instanco estas la Plenumoficejo por Enmigrada Kontrolo (EOIR), branco de la Usona Fako pri Justico, kiu traktas kazojn pri deporto, ekskludo kaj politika azilo. La nuna artikolo donas dekjaran historian superrigardon pri lingvoplanaj klopodoj kaj lingopolitika evoluigo sur la tereno de interpretaj servoj ce EOIR.