Journal articles: 'Immigrants Services for Australia'

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Tran, Uyen N. T. L. "Vietnamese Immigrants in Brisbane, Australia: Perception of Parenting Roles, Child Development, Child Health, Illness, and Disability, and Health Service Utilisation." International Journal of Population Research 2012 (January 23, 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/932364.

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The limited research into Vietnamese immigrants suggests that this group may have different perceptions relating to parenting roles, child development, child health, illness, and disability, and differing patterns of health service utilisation. The author conducted a pilot study exploring how Vietnamese immigrants differ from Anglo-Australian in relation to these issues. The pilot, utilising a mixed quantitative and qualitative method, was conducted in Brisbane, Australia, with subjects being existing clients of a health centre. Two focus group discussions were conducted and a structured questionnaire developed from the discussions. Vietnamese immigrants in contrast to Australian-born Caucasians regard the general practitioner as the main health care provider and were less satisfied with English-speaking health services. This study highlights potentially important health-related issues for children of Vietnamese immigrants living in Brisbane, the importance of further research in this area, and the methodological challenges faced when conducting research into Vietnamese immigrants.

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Alzahrani, Mohammad Rajab Hasan. "Immigrants Services in Auburn :Local Government Area in Australia." مجلة بحوث کلیة الآداب . جامعة المنوفیة 29, no. 113 (April 1, 2018): 3537–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/sjam.2018.144473.

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Hingorani, Anurag G., Lynne Freeman, and Michelle Agudera. "Impact of Immigration on Native and Ethnic Consumer Identity via Body Image." International Journal of Marketing Studies 9, no. 1 (January 16, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v9n1p27.

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This research focuses on consumer identity of two under-researched but growing immigrant communities in Australia via the lens of the body image construct. Consistent with an emerging stream of research, body image is viewed as a part of identity. Given the variety of goods and services that have an impact on consumers’ perceptions of their body, and because consumers use products to create and convey desired identities, body image is also viewed as a part of consumer identity. Considering literature on identity, body image, and acculturation, exploratory research was undertaken to determine the impact of immigration on the identities of both immigrants and natives. Specifically, focus groups were conducted on two generations of Filipino- and Indian-Australian women as well as Anglo-Australian women. It was found that second generation immigrants have dual consumer identities where they balance the values, attitudes and lifestyles of both their home (i.e., native or heritage) and host cultures whereas first generation immigrants tend to retain their native consumer identity even if they appear to adopt values, attitudes, and lifestyles of the host culture. The impact of immigrants on consumer identities of native residents who are typically in the majority (i.e., the Anglo group) was not evident. Theoretical and practical implications including recommendations for marketing practitioners are then discussed followed by suggestions for future research.

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Kelaher, Margaret, and Lenore Manderson. "Migration and mainstreaming: matching health services to immigrants’ needs in Australia." Health Policy 54, no. 1 (November 2000): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8510(00)00098-1.

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Young, C. "Health and welfare of immigrants and access to services in Australia." Scandinavian Journal of Social Welfare 3, no. 3 (July 1994): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2397.1994.tb00070.x.

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Mariño, Rodrigo, Victor Minichiello, Margot Schofield, and Clive Wright. "Oral Health through the Life Experiences of Older Greek and Italian Adults." Australian Journal of Primary Health 8, no. 3 (2002): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py02040.

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Little is known about the oral health of immigrant groups in Australia, particularly older immigrants, or about their individual life experience with oral health care services. This study was concerned with understanding the social meaning of the oral health experience of older adults from Greek and Italian backgrounds living in Melbourne, Australia. A qualitative approach was selected to allow participants to describe their lived experiences and perceptions regarding oral health. Seventeen focus group interviews were conducted between June and July 2000, with 172 participants recruited from Italian and Greek senior clubs in Melbourne. All of the participants were born overseas. Transcripts were analysed using key words and concepts. The results indicate that the participants' experiences as immigrants, and of growing up within a set of stories about oral health and interactions with dentistry, is critical to shaping their views about oral health. The various meanings surrounding their oral health experiences are partly shaped within the context of pre- and post-migration, socio-cultural environments, and historical changes in oral health treatment philosophies and approaches. The data shows that early experiences of oral health and dentistry services are highly salient in the form of memories, shared stories and folk beliefs, and may serve to influence current oral health practices even today. The study suggests that if oral health professionals are able to identify and understand specific social traditions and life experiences with dentistry, this knowledge could more successfully engage older immigrant groups with oral health promotion activities and treatments, and he useful for designing and evaluating culturally appropriate oral health interventions for older migrant groups.

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Ashing, Kimlin Tam, Lenna Dawkins-Moultin, Marshalee George, Gerard M. Antoine, Marcella Nunez-Smith, and Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable. "Across borders: thoughts and considerations about cultural preservation among immigrant clinicians." International Journal for Quality in Health Care 31, no. 8 (January 11, 2019): G103—G105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzy256.

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Abstract Immigrant clinicians make up 20–28% of the health workforce in many high-income countries, including Australia, Britain, Canada and the USA. Yet, the preserved culture of immigrant clinicians remains largely invisible in the medical literature and discourse. Research on immigrant clinicians primarily attends to medical professional requirements for the adopted country (medical board examination eligibility, fellowship training and licensing). Cultural preservation among immigrant clinicians has not been adequately considered or studied. This paper highlights this notable gap in healthcare delivery and health services research relevant to immigrant clinicians. We propose it is worthwhile to explore possible relationships between immigrant clinicians’ preserved culture and clinical practices and outcomes since immigrant clinicians cross borders with their academic training as well as their culture. The sparse literature regarding immigrant clinicians suggests culture influences health beliefs, attitudes about the meaning of illness and clinical practice decisions. Additionally, immigrant clinicians are more likely to serve rural, low-income populations; communities with high density of ethnic minorities and immigrants; and areas with primary care shortage. Therefore, cultural preservation among immigrant clinicians may have important implications for public health and health disparities. This area of inquiry is important, if not urgent, in health services research.

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Liamputtong Rice, Pranee. "Childhood Health and Illness: Cultural Beliefs and Practices among the Hmong in Victoria." Australian Journal of Primary Health 4, no. 4 (1998): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py98060.

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This paper examines the cultural construction of childhood illness among Hmong refugees from Laos who are living in Australia. It focuses on traditional patterns of beliefs and practices related to health and illness of newborn infants and young children. The Hmong treat childhood health and illness seriously, and for them there are several causes of childhood illness, including nature, souls, supernatural beings and human aggression. The roles of traditional healers who play an important part in childhood health and illness are also discussed. Lastly, the paper attempts to make clear some implications for child health services for immigrants such as the Hmong in Australia and elsewhere. The paper intends to contribute an anthropological perspective on child health which is particularly important in a multicultural society. A clear understanding by health professionals of cultural beliefs and expectations is essential if misunderstanding is to be avoided, and culturally appropriate and sensitive health care for immigrant children, such as the Hmong to be available.

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Sayyad Abdi, Elham, Helen Partridge, Christine Bruce, and Jason Watson. "Skilled immigrants: a resettlement information literacy framework." Journal of Documentation 75, no. 4 (July 8, 2019): 892–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jd-02-2019-0034.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an understanding of skilled immigrants’ lived experience of using information to learn about their new setting. Design/methodology/approach Thematic analysis was conducted on a qualitative data set collected through 16 semi-structured interviews with newly arrived skilled immigrants in Australia. Findings The study uncovered six different themes of experiencing using information to learn among skilled immigrants. The themes, presented as a framework, explain skilled immigrants learn about their new life through: attending to shared stories by others; getting engaged; researching; comparing and contrasting past and present; being reflective; and being directly educated. Research limitations/implications The study presents the theory-to-practice translation approach of “information experience design” that enables the enactment of theoretical understanding of information research. Originality/value The study invites, encourages and enables information professionals to take part in interdisciplinary conversations about integration of skilled immigrants in their host countries. Using the presented framework in the study, information professionals will be able to explain skilled immigrants’ learning about their new setting from an information lens. This provides information professionals an opportunity to work with immigration service stakeholders to help them incorporate the presented framework in their real-world practice and service. Such practice and services are of potential to support newly arrived skilled immigrants to become more information literate citizens of the host society who can participate more fully in their host society.

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Johnstone, Megan-Jane, Helen Rawson, Alison Margaret Hutchinson, and Bernice Redley. "Fostering trusting relationships with older immigrants hospitalised for end-of-life care." Nursing Ethics 25, no. 6 (September 21, 2016): 760–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733016664978.

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Background: Trust has been identified as a vital value in the nurse–patient relationship. Although increasingly the subject of empirical inquiries, the specific processes used by nurses to foster trust in nurse–patient relationships with older immigrants of non-English speaking backgrounds hospitalised for end-of-life care have not been investigated. Aims: To explore and describe the specific processes that nurses use to foster trust and overcome possible cultural mistrust when caring for older immigrants of non-English speaking backgrounds hospitalised for end-of-life care. Research design: A qualitative descriptive approach was used. Twenty-two registered nurses were recruited from four metropolitan health services in Melbourne, Australia. Ethical considerations: Research approval was granted by the Human Research Ethics Committees of the host institution and four participating health services. Findings: Thematic analysis revealed that fostering trust encompassed the following three commensurate stages: establishing trust, strengthening trust and sustaining trust. Underpinning the successful achievement of these stages was the nurses’ moral commitment (reflected in their intentional, conscious and conscientious approach) to fostering trust as an essential ingredient of quality end-of-life care. Discussion: This study has shown that while professional competencies are important to providing quality end-of-life care to older immigrant patients of non-English speaking backgrounds, it is a nurse’s moral commitment to fostering trust that may ultimately lay the foundations for a trusting quality care relationship to be established and sustained. Conclusion: This study has captured the processes used by nurses to foster trust as an essential element of quality end-of-life care in older immigrants. The characteristics of trust and the different factors influencing its expression in diverse cultural contexts are, however, under-researched. Accordingly, gaps remain in the knowledge and understanding of the specific cultural nuances and manifestations of trust across and within different cultures. This is an area that is germane to further cross-cultural and international collaborative scholarly inquiry and research.

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Minas, I. H., G. W. Stuart, and S. Klimidis. "Language, Culture and Psychiatric Services: A Survey of Victorian Clinical Staff." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 28, no. 2 (June 1994): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048679409075636.

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In planning psychiatric services for non-English speaking immigrant communities it is essential to know what resources are available for the implementation of service plans. A survey of 991 professionals from a variety of disciplines working in Victorian state operated inpatient and community psychiatric services demonstrates that, although there is a substantial number of bilingual clinicians working in the system, there is a poor match between languages spoken by patient groups and clinicians, infrequent contact between bilingual clinicians and patients speaking the same language, and inadequate availability of interpreting services. Clinicians' knowledge of cultural issues relevant to assessment and treatment is inadequate, and there is some enthusiasm among clinical staff for remedying this deficiency. Clinicians express the opinions that services to non-English speaking patients are inferior, and clinical outcome is worse than for the Australian-born. There appears to be general support for changes which would seek to more adequately meet the psychiatric service needs of immigrants.

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Reid, Janice, Derrick Silove, and Ruth Tarn. "The Development of the New South Wales Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors (Startts): The First Year." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 24, no. 4 (December 1990): 486–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679009062904.

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Many immigrants to Australia are refugees, some of whom have experienced acute stress and trauma, including torture, prior to or during their escape from their home countries. In response to a growing recognition that the health care services may not be meeting the needs of these people the NSW Department of Health funded the establishment of a community-based rehabilitation service for traumatised refugees. This paper provides an overview of the recent history of the service, some of the organisational and staffing issues faced during its first year, some characteristics of the first 200 clients, principles of treatment, clinical, nosological and therapeutic issues and relationships with other agencies.

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White, Lesley, and Christiane Klinner. "Medicine use of elderly Chinese and Vietnamese immigrants and attitudes to home medicines review." Australian Journal of Primary Health 18, no. 1 (2012): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py10099.

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There is a paucity of research into the perceptions of elderly Australian ethnic minorities towards public health services related to quality use of medicines. Among the six fastest growing ethnic groups in Australia, the Mandarin-speaking Chinese and Vietnamese constitute the largest elderly populations with poor English skills. This paper investigates the relationships of elderly Chinese and Vietnamese migrants with medicines, general practitioners and pharmacists, and how these relationships influence their awareness and attitudes of the home medicines review (HMR) program. Two semi-structured focus groups were held with a total of 17 HMR-eligible patients who have never received a HMR, one with Chinese and one with Vietnamese respondents, each in the respective community language. Confusion about medications and an intention to have a HMR were pronounced among all participants although none of them had heard of the program before participating in the focus groups. Respondents reported difficulties locating a pharmacist who spoke their native language, which contributed to an increased unmet need for medicine information. The Chinese group additionally complained about a lack of support from their general practitioners in relation to their medicine concerns and was adamant that they would prefer to have a HMR without the involvement of their general practitioner. Our results indicate a distinct HMR need but not use among elderly Chinese and Vietnamese eligible patients with poor English skills. Home medicines review service use and perceived medication problems are likely to improve with an increasing availability of bilingual and culturally sensitive health care providers.

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Kavian, Foorough, Kaye Mehta, Eileen Willis, Lillian Mwanri, Paul Ward, and Sue Booth. "Migration, Stress and the Challenges of Accessing Food: An Exploratory Study of the Experience of Recent Afghan Women Refugees in Adelaide, Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 21, 2020): 1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041379.

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This study explored the migration and food experiences of Afghani women refugees residing in Adelaide, South Australia for 2 years or less. In-depth semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 10 women between May and September 2017. The data were thematically analysed, and the Social Determinants of Health Framework was used to discuss the findings. Five key themes emerged from the data. In the transition country (Iran/Pakistan), respondents experienced (i) trauma, discrimination and exclusion and (ii) familiar food culture, but food stress. In the destination country (Adelaide, Australia) respondents experienced (iii) a sense of precariousness, (iv) unfamiliar food culture and (v) challenges in accessing halal food. Afghani refugees experienced considerable stressors both in the transition and the final destination country but for different reasons. In the transition country, stresses related to the lack of social services and support, discrimination, racism and poverty seemed to have affected their ability to afford food. In Australia stressors pertaining to socioeconomic, housing and employment precariousness, as well as difficulties in accessing halal foods were identified as challenges. Furthermore, food stress in Australia was associated with the cultural appropriateness of food, the complexity of the food system, and the women’s lack of skills and experiences in navigating the food system. With increasing refugee and immigration flows globally, it is necessary to acknowledge how food and social determinants intersect for refugee immigrants to ensure positive health outcomes.

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Dow, Briony, Xiaoping Lin, Nancy A. Pachana, Christina Bryant, Dina LoGiudice, Anita M.Y. Goh, and Betty Haralambous. "Reliability, concurrent validity, and cultural adaptation of the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory for detecting depression and anxiety symptoms among older Chinese immigrants: an Australian study." International Psychogeriatrics 30, no. 5 (November 8, 2017): 735–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217002332.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Older Chinese people are one of the largest and fastest growing immigrant groups in Western countries. The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) are screening tools that have been specifically designed for older people. This study explored their validity, concurrent reliability, and cultural appropriateness for detecting depression and anxiety symptoms among older Chinese immigrants living in Melbourne, Australia.Methods:A total of 87 Chinese people were recruited from Chinese senior groups. Five screening tools were used, including the GDS, the GAI, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Kessler 10 (K10), and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Data were collected through standardized interviews.Results:The GDS and the GAI were found to be reliable and valid tools for detecting depression and anxiety in this sample. Based on the results of the five screening tools, approximately 20% of participants exhibited clinically significant symptoms of depression and 8% of anxiety. Unexpectedly, there was a higher rate of depression and anxiety symptoms among Mandarin speaking people compared with Cantonese speaking people.Conclusion:This study adds to the evidence that older Chinese immigrants are at greater risk of depression than the general older population. It suggests that primary care and mental health services should be aware of and responsive to the increased risk of depression among this group and that further studies are needed to investigate what is contributing to this increased risk.

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Murray, Sally B., and Sue A. Skull. "Hurdles to health: immigrant and refugee health care in Australia." Australian Health Review 29, no. 1 (2005): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah050025.

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Refugees and asylum seekers face a number of barriers to accessing health care and improved health status. These include language difficulties, financial need and unemployment, cultural differences, legal barriers and a health workforce with generally low awareness of issues specific to refugees. Importantly, current Australian government migration and settlement policy also impacts on access to health and health status. An adequate understanding of these ?hurdles to health? is a prerequisite for health providers and health service managers if they are to tailor health care and services appropriately. We include tables of available resources and entitlements to health care according to visa category to assist providers and managers.

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Suha, Mariyam, Linda Murray, Deborah Warr, Jasmin Chen, Karen Block, Adele Murdolo, Regina Quiazon, Erin Davis, and Cathy Vaughan. "Reproductive coercion as a form of family violence against immigrant and refugee women in Australia." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 3, 2022): e0275809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275809.

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Reproductive coercion (RC), generally considered a form of intimate partner violence (IPV), refers to perpetrator behaviours and actions that are intended to interfere with and control the autonomous decision-making of a person regarding their reproductive health. To date there are few studies that document RC as experienced by immigrant and refugee women. In this article, we explore cases of RC as described by women who were part of a larger qualitative study investigating violence against immigrant and refugee women in southern Australia. The study aimed to identify the types of RC detailed in immigrant and refugee women’s narratives, and to illustrate the contexts in which these experiences occurred. Analysis followed Baxter and Jack’s (2008) case study methodology; whereby particular “cases” are used to describe a phenomenon in context. Thirteen women from seven countries described experiences that fit definitions of RC. The cases describe various types of RC including violence during pregnancy with the intent of causing miscarriage, forced abortion, contraception sabotage and forced pregnancy. As well as intimate partners, some women described multiple perpetrators being complicit in their experience of RC, especially in regard to controlling women’s access to, and interactions with health services. More information is needed about immigrant and refugee women’s experiences of RC, and how vulnerability to multi-perpetrator violence affects health service access. In particular knowledge about how multi-perpetrator RC can affect consent processes for women who already face barriers to health care requires attention. Further research is required to address knowledge gaps about appropriate prevention and advocacy work about RC in refugee and migrant communities, and what training is needed for professionals in the family violence sector, women’s health services, women’s organisations, multicultural and ethno-specific services.

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Cooke, Regina, Sally Murray, Jonathan Carapetis, James Rice, Nigisti Mulholland, and Susan Skull. "Demographics and utilisation of health services by paediatric refugees from East Africa: implications for service planning and provision." Australian Health Review 27, no. 2 (2004): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah042720040.

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Regina Cooke is a Clinical Fellow at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne. Sally Murray is an Honorary Fellow of the University of Melbourne and former Program Coordinator of the Victorian Immigrant Health Program, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne. Jonathan Carapetis is an Infectious Diseases Physician, Royal Children's Hospital, Senior Lecturer, Department of Paediatrics,University of Melbourne and Research Fellow, Murdoch Children's Research Institute. James Rice is a Clinical Fellow at University of British Columbia, Canada and formerly of Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne. Nigisti Mulholland is a Social Scientist, formerly of Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne.Susan Skull is Deputy Director of the Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Royal Children's Hospital, and Senior Lecturer, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne.Little is known of difficulties in accessing health care for recently arrived paediatric refugees in Australia. We reviewedroutinely collected data for all 199 East African children attending a hospital Immigrant Health Clinic for the first time over a 16 month period. Although 63% of parents reported medical consultations since arrival, 77% of this group reported outstanding, unaddressed health problems. Availability of interpreters and information on health services were the main factors hindering access to care. These data have informed future service planning at the Clinic.Ongoing data collection is key to maintaining a responsive, targeted service for a continually changing population.

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Hébert, Gérard. "La législation sur les relations du travail au Canada et le C.P. 1003." Articles 50, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 85–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/050993ar.

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Au cours du vingtième siècle, les syndicats ont joué un rôle majeur dans le système australien des relations industrielles. Ce rôle a été confié au mouvement syndical par la Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Act de 1904. Cette loi, la base du système d'arbitrage australien, encourageait fortement l'adhésion syndicale et consacrait effectivement les syndicats comme unique voix des travailleurs. Les immigrants en Australie y trouvent alors un mouvement syndical fort et bien organisé pouvant les accueillir. Plusieurs immigrants n'ont eu d'autre choix que de devenir syndiqués. Un bon nombre d'ateliers fermés de facto existaient, plus particulièrement pour les travailleurs manuels dans les secteurs manufacturiers, du transport et de la construction, tous employeurs importants de main-d'œuvre immigrante en provenance de milieux non anglophones (IMNA). En conséquence, les taux de densité syndicale pour les IMNA ont toujours été plus élevés que ceux des australiens d'origine et des immigrants anglophones. Cet article s'intéresse à la façon dont les syndicats ont relevé les défis posés par un groupe d'immigrants membres, les femmes IMNA. Nous examinons le niveau de service offerts à celles-ci par les syndicats, l'étendue de la participation de ces syndicalistes dans leurs syndicats et les priorités qu'elles représentent pour ceux-ci. La documentation existante sur ce sujet souligne le manque de services spéciaux pour satisfaire aux besoins des IMNA syndiqués féminins. On y indique également que ces membres ont un bas niveau de participation dans les activités syndicales telles les votes et la présence aux assemblées, qu'elles sont grandement sous-représentées dans les postes d'officiers et que les syndicats ne s'attardent pas aux préoccupations importantes pour les immigrantes. On conclut en outre que ces facteurs amènent les IMNA femmes syndiquées à être aliénées envers les syndicats et à percevoir ceux-ci de façon négative. Ces prétentions sont cependant sujettes à débat sur au moins deux volets. D'abord, ces études ont été menées durant les années 1970 ou au début des années 1980 et leurs conclusions peuvent ne pas tenir pour les années 1990. Ensuite, ces prétentions pourraient aussi bien s'appliquer aux membres féminins de langue anglaise. Notre recherche vise alors à vérifier si les conclusions tirées dans le passé valent encore et à déterminer s'il y a des différences entre les membres féminins anglophones et les IMNA vis-à-vis leurs syndicats. Cette étude s'appuie sur des données provenant de trois sources : une enquête par questionnaire auprès de tous les syndicats de l'État de Victoria avec un taux de réponse de 55% (N=128), des études de cas de six syndicats en procédant à des entrevues et à des analyses des dossiers, ainsi qu'une enquête par questionnaire auprès d'un échantillon des membres de ces syndicats. Ce dernier questionnaire a été traduit dans dix langues et a connu un taux de réponse de 56% (N=1730). Notre étude démontre que même si une variété de services aux IMNA ont connu une expansion dans les années 1980 et au début des années 1990, un seul service, un cours de formation, visait spécifiquement les IMNA féminins syndiqués et tel service n'était offert que par cinq syndicats. Nous expliquons ce manque de service par trois facteurs interreliés : les ressources syndicales limitées, le statut minoritaire des IMNA féminins dans la plupart des syndicats et les attitudes des dirigeants syndicaux à plein temps. Comparé à leur proportion du nombre total de membres, les IMNA féminins, en dépit d'améliorations durant les années 1980, demeurent sous-représentées de façon significative parmi les dirigeants syndicaux à plein temps, plus particulièrement au niveau supérieur. Cependant, nous avons observé des taux de participation similaires des IMNA et des membres féminins anglophones dans la plupart des activités syndicales visant les membres. Finalement, les priorités industrielles majeures de ces deux groupes de membres sont similaires. Les deux groupes veulent voir leurs syndicats se concentrer sur les préoccupations traditionnelles, telles la sécurité d'emploi et les conditions de travail. Cependant, les IMNA syndiqués féminins accordent beaucoup plus d'importance aux sujets reliés aux immigrants que leurs collègues anglophones.

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Liamputtong, Pranee, and Charin Naksook. "Infant Feeding Practices: The Case of Thai Immigrant Women in Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 7, no. 1 (2001): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py01007.

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This paper examines the perceptions and experiences of infant feeding among 30 Thai women in Australia. Ethnographic interviews and participant observation were used to elicit information in the study. Most Thai mothers breastfed their infants, but there were some women who chose bottlefeeding or mixfeeding. Their main reasons were the health and wellbeing of their infants as well as their own needs and illnesses. Nearly all mothers offered water after each feed in order to prevent jaundice and dehydration in their infants. Mothers who breastfed also offered early supplementary foods but continued to breastfeed past one year. The introduction of solid food was in accordance with recommendations of health care providers but some mothers commenced it earlier. The paper argues that infant feeding practices must be considered within the context of Thai culture and women's social situations. This will prevent misunderstanding and only then can health services and care be made more meaningful to the many women who want to implement best feeding practices for their children in their new homeland.

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Shafiei, Touran, Rhonda Small, and Helen McLachlan. "Immigrant Afghan women׳s emotional well-being after birth and use of health services in Melbourne, Australia." Midwifery 31, no. 7 (July 2015): 671–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2015.03.011.

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Kwok, Harley H. Y., Joesph Low, Delan Devakumar, and Bridget Candy. "Experience and perspectives on palliative or end-of-life care of Chinese people and their families as immigrants to high-income countries: a systematic review and thematic synthesis." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 12 (December 2020): e003232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003232.

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BackgroundA sizeable cohort of Chinese migrants in high-income non-Asian countries is reaching old age and many will develop life-limiting illnesses. They may benefit from palliative care, which is integrated into universal health coverage in many of these countries, but the uptake of this care among migrant communities remains low. Cultural differences between the Chinese and the host community, and poor language skills may be barriers to access, yet understanding the reasons hindering uptake are obscure.AimsTo understand the cultural perspective of how first generation Chinese migrants and their families perceive the provision of palliative care, to identify what exists which may limit their access in high-income non-Asian countries.DesignA systematic review and three-stage thematic synthesis of qualitative studies. Citations and full texts were reviewed against predefined inclusion criteria. All included studies were appraised for quality.Data sourceMEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL and PubMed were searched to July 2019.ResultsSeven qualitative studies were identified (from USA, UK, Canada and Australia). Across the studies analytical themes that impacted on the use of palliative care services were identified: (1) migrants’ intrinsic perceptions of cultural practices, (2) their expectations of and preparation for care at the end of life, (3) perspectives and influences of family and (4) knowledge and communication with palliative care providers in the host country. Key elements found that challenge access to palliative care services in the host countries were: Chinese culture is rooted in the core values of the family as opposed to the individual; migrants’ limited experience in their place of origin in accessing healthcare; and practical issues including a lack of language skills of their host country.ConclusionsPalliative care services do not always match the needs of Chinese migrants in non-Asian high-income countries. Engagement and education on multiethnic cultural awareness in both the host non-migrant and the migrant communities is needed.

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Blignault, Ilse, Hend Saab, Lisa Woodland, Klara Giourgas, and Heba Baddah. "Promoting Mental Health and Wellbeing in Multicultural Australia: A Collaborative Regional Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5 (February 26, 2022): 2723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052723.

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Migrant communities are often under-served by mental health services. Lack of community engagement results in missed opportunities for mental health promotion and early intervention, delayed care, and high rates of untreated psychological distress. Bilingual clinicians and others who work with these communities lack linguistically and culturally appropriate resources. This article reports on the implementation and evaluation of a community-based group mindfulness program delivered to Arabic and Bangla-speaking communities in Sydney, Australia, including modifications made to the content and format in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The program was positioned within a stepped-care model for primary mental health care and adopted a collaborative regional approach. In addition to improved mental health outcomes for face-to-face and online program participants, we have documented numerous referrals to specialist services and extensive diffusion of mindfulness skills, mostly to family members, within each community. Community partnerships were critical to community engagement. Training workshops to build the skills of the bilingual health and community workforce increased the program’s reach. In immigrant nations such as Australia, mainstream mental health promotion must be complemented by activities that target specific population groups. Scaled up, and with appropriate adaptation, the group mindfulness program offers a low-intensity in-language intervention for under-served communities.

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Wohler, Yvonne, and Jaya AR Dantas. "Barriers Accessing Mental Health Services Among Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) Immigrant Women in Australia: Policy Implications." Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 19, no. 3 (March 22, 2016): 697–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10903-016-0402-6.

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Corscadden, L., E. J. Callander, and S. M. Topp. "Disparities in access to health care in Australia for people with mental health conditions." Australian Health Review 43, no. 6 (2019): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah17259.

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Objective One aim of Australia’s Equally Well National Consensus Statement is to improve monitoring of the physical health of people with mental health conditions, which includes measures of accessibility and people’s experiences of physical health care services. The present analysis contributes to this aim by using population survey data to evaluate whether, and in what domains, Australians with a mental health condition experience barriers in accessing care when compared with Australians without a mental health condition. Methods The 2016 Commonwealth Fund International Health Policy Survey includes a sample of 5248 Australian adults. Access to care was measured using 39 survey questions from before to after reaching services. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify disparities in barriers to access, comparing experiences of people with and without a self-reported mental health condition, adjusting for age, sex, immigrant status, income and self-rated health. Results Australians with mental health conditions were more likely to experience barriers for 29 of 39 access measures (odds ratio (OR) >1.55; P<0.05). On average, the prevalence of barriers was 10 percentage points higher for those with a condition. When measured as ratios, the largest barriers for people with mental health conditions were for affordability. When measured as percentage point differences, the largest disparities were observed for experiences of not being treated with respect in hospital. Disparities remained after adjusting for income, rurality, education, immigrant status and self-rated health for 25 of 39 measures. Conclusion Compared with the rest of the community, Australians with mental health conditions have additional challenges negotiating the health system, and are more likely to experience barriers to access to care across a wide range of measures. Understanding the extent to which people with mental health conditions experience barriers throughout the pathway to accessing care is crucial to inform care planning and delivery for this vulnerable group. Results may inform improvements in regular performance monitoring of disparities in access for people with mental health conditions. What is known about this topic? A stated national aim of the Equally Well National Consensus Statement is to improve monitoring of the physical health and well-being of people with mental health conditions through measures of service accessibility and people’s experiences of physical healthcare services. What does this paper add? This paper highlights areas in which health services are not providing equal access to overall care for people with mental health conditions. The analysis offers quantitative evidence of ‘red flag areas’ where people with mental health conditions are significantly more likely to experience barriers to access to care. What are the implications for practitioners? Systematic attention across the health system to making care more approachable and accessible for people with mental health conditions is needed. Practitioners may be engaged to discuss possible interventions to improve access disparities for people with mental health conditions.

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Renzaho, André. "Ischaemic Heart Disease and Australian Immigrants: The Influence of Birthplace and Language Skills on Treatment and Use of Health Services." Health Information Management Journal 36, no. 2 (July 2007): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/183335830703600206.

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Admission rates for ischaemic heart disease (IHD), and the use of invasive cardiovascular procedures, separation mode and length of stay (LOS) were compared between Australians from non-English speaking background (NESB; n=8627) and English speaking background (ESB; n=13162) aged 20 years and over admitted to Victorian urban public hospitals. The study covered the period from 1993 to 1998. It was found that, compared with their ESB counterparts, the incidence of admission for acute myocardial infarction was significantly higher for NESB men and women before and after controlling for confounding factors. The age-adjusted ratios for NESB women compared with their ESB counterparts ranged from 1.23 to 1.89 for cardiac catheterisation, from 0.23 to 0.27 for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), and from 1.04 to 1.80 for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Procedure rates were comparable in men for cardiac catheterisation and CABG but higher for PTA rates in NESB men (OR: 1.29, 95%CI: 1.11–1.50) than their ESB counterparts. Both NESB men (β=0.04, 95%CI:0.01–0.07) and women (β=0.03, 95%CI: 0.02–0.08) experienced significantly longer hospital stays than their ESB counterparts. These findings indicate there may be systematic differences in patients' treatment and service utilisation in Victorian public hospitals. The extent to which physicians' bias and patients' choice could explain these differences requires further investigation.

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Kiropoulos, Litza, and Isabelle Bauer. "Explanatory models of depression in Greek-born and Italian-born immigrants living in Australia: Implications for service delivery and clinical practice." Asia-Pacific Psychiatry 3, no. 1 (March 2011): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-5872.2011.00108.x.

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Harris, Trevor. "British Informal Empire during the Great War. Welsh Identity and Loyalty in Argentina." Itinerario 38, no. 3 (December 2014): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115314000552.

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In Latin America, where British imperial expansion had left little administrative trace, Argentina was nonetheless profoundly affected by British investment and imported British technical expertise. Among the more modest examples of British expansionism in Argentina was the arrival, from 1865 onwards, of Welsh immigrants eager to establish a colony in Patagonia isolated from the seemingly unstoppable progress of Anglicisation by an overwhelmingly hegemonic Victorian England. By the time of the First World War, however, the Celtic character of the colony could no longer be taken for granted: Argentine government pressures had already meant that the Welsh-speaking colony was now more firmly integrated into the nation-building process. Friction which then developed between the Welsh community and the Argentine government acted as one of the push factors which sent Welsh Patagonians back to Wales and on to Australia, for example…To this process of integration the Great War added new pressures in the form of the question of loyalty to Britain during the conflict. Those who stayed in Patagonia during the war often expressed views which were pro-British and the Argentine province became a source of recruitment for the British armed services…Using a range of sources, this paper attempts to show that the Welshness of the Patagonian colonists had not destroyed their British patriotism: the latter survived and even came to the fore during the conflict of 1914-18.

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Fuller, Jeff. "Community Expectations of Ethnic Health Workers: Implications for Best Practice." Australian Journal of Primary Health 2, no. 1 (1996): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py96008.

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The manner in which people from non-English speaking background (NESB) communities seek health services in Australia is not well understood. Hence, best practices in immigrant health service delivery are not well articulated. This paper is a report of a study that explored what members of ethnic communities want from ethnic health workers. Interviews and focus group discussions were held with key informants and members of the Cambodian, Greek, Italian, Vietnamese and Chinese communities in Adelaide. The main themes identified from the research data were: the understanding of the role of the ethnic health worker; important attributes of an ethnic health worker; and the length of time an ethnic health worker is needed in a community. Participants reported that ethnic health workers were expected to help out with a broad range of problems, but were needed principally to mediate between clients and the bureaucracy for health and other matters. A client's ability to communicate with the ethnic health worker and to develop a trusting relationship determined how the ethnic health worker was used. Practical matters related to settlement in Australia set the priority for assistance in the early stages of residence. although ongoing language differences created a demand for special assistance even after 20-40 years. Implications for best practice are discussed, and the paper concludes with suggestions for changes to improve how health services are provided.

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Blakemore, Ken. "Don Rowland, Pioneers Again: Immigrants and Ageing in Australia, Bureau of Immigration Research, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1991, 109 pp., no price, ISBN 0 644 13816 5." Ageing and Society 12, no. 4 (December 1992): 532–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x0000533x.

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Blignault, Ilse, and Abbas Haghshenas. "Identification of Australians from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds in national healthdata collections." Australian Health Review 29, no. 4 (2005): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah050455.

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In multicultural Australia, comprehensive and upto- date information on ethnicity and health is essential to guide policy and service development in the health sector. Data collected for purposes other than research are a potentially important source of information. This study explored the extent to which indicators of cultural and linguistic diversity are currently included in national health and welfare service data collections, and the data standards employed. We identified and reviewed 44 relevant bodies of work: 7 national data dictionaries, 15 national data sets, 10 national health data collections and 12 national surveys. Each of the large data dictionaries (health, community services and housing assistance) contained several ethnicity-related variables. Immigrant Australians were identified (usually by country of birth, sometimes by language, and occasionally by period of residence or year of arrival) in all the major national health and community data sets, health data collections and surveys. Australian Bureau of Statistics standards and classifications relating to cultural and linguistic diversity were widely used. Researchers, health policy makers and planners should fully exploit these secondary data sources, as well as undertaking or commissioning primary research.

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Hoang, Khanh. "Distance is no hurdle: Reforming the family violence exception to better protect immigrant women in rural, regional and remote communities." International Journal of Rural Law and Policy, no. 2 (April 4, 2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ijrlp.i2.2015.4622.

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After careful consideration consistent with COPE guidelines, the editorial staff has concluded that there is no case of plagiarism associated with this article. (10th August, 2016)The editors have received allegations that the paper references arguments and evidence without attribution to pre-existing literature, and that it exhibits stylistic similarities to other sources on the same topic. The editors are currently conducting an investigation under the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines to confirm or refute the allegations. (29th June, 2016)This article considers the impact of migration laws on immigrant women in rural, regional and remote communities (RRR communities) who are victims of family violence. The Migration Regulations 1994 (Cth) (‘the Regulations’) includes a ‘family violence exception’ that allows for the grant of permanent residency to women who hold a temporary partner visa in circumstances where the relationship with the Australian sponsor has broken down due to family violence. However, the Regulations impose strict procedural and evidentiary requirements for making a family violence claim. These laws disproportionately impact those in RRR communities by failing to account for their isolation, lack of access to services and particular vulnerabilities. As a result, immigrant women in RRR communities are restricted in their ability to access the family violence exception.This article calls for reform of the Regulations to address the locational disadvantages faced by immigrant women in RRR communities. Building on the work of the Australian Law Reform Commission, it argues for the repeal of the provisions governing evidentiary requirements for ‘non-judicially determined’ claims of family violence. In its place, it is suggested that there should be no restrictions on the types of evidence that can be provided. In addition, all non-judicially determined family violence claims would be referred to an ‘independent expert panel’ for assessment. The independent expert panel should include, at a minimum, a number of community legal centres (CLCs) and family violence centres (FVCs) around Australia. CLCs and FVCs are leveraging technology — such as Skype and teleconferencing — and integrated service responses to provide access to justice to those in RRR communities.

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Zubrzycki, J. "GREEK IMMIGRANTS IN AUSTRALIA." Migracion 1, no. 2 (July 30, 2009): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1961.tb00004.x.

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Klimidis, S., D. P. McKenzie, J. Lewis, and I. H. Minas. "Continuity of contact with psychiatric services: immigrant and Australian-born patients." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 35, no. 12 (December 2000): 554–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001270050279.

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Khan, Mushira Mohsin, and Karen Kobayashi. "Optimizing health promotion among ethnocultural minority older adults (EMOA)." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 11, no. 4 (December 14, 2015): 268–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-12-2014-0047.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the salient barriers in the uptake and effective utilization of health promotion interventions among ethnocultural minority older adults (EMOA). Design/methodology/approach – The paper opted for a literature review of 25 sources (peer-reviewed articles as well as documents from the grey literature). The search was primarily conducted in a database developed during a scoping review on the health and health care access and utilization of EMOA. Emphasis was placed on older ethnocultural minorities in Canada; however examples from the UK (which has a comparable health care system) and the USA and Australia (which have large, ethnically diverse populations) were also selected. The Candidacy framework was used as an analytical lens in the review. Findings – Findings indicate that health promotion needs to be understood as comprehensive care, involving not only the provision of health care services, but also knowledge dissemination and the facilitation of access to these services. Limited health literacy, low levels of self-efficacy and autonomy, and diverse life course experiences, particularly in the case of immigrant older adults, give rise to issues around the identification of need and system navigation. Cultural beliefs on health and illness, particularly around diet and exercise, and a lack of trust in formal systems of health care, are barriers to the uptake of interventions. Similarly, service permeability is low when cultural competency is lacking. Practical implications – The recommendations include the need for collaborative engagement with stakeholders, including family, peers, community partners and health practitioners, and the development of concise, culturally, and linguistically appropriate tools of health promotion that are targeted toward the intersecting needs of individuals in this diverse population of older adults. Originality/value – Given the increasingly diverse nature of the older adult population in Canada over the past four decades, this paper makes an important contribution toward understanding the social, cultural, structural, biographical, and geographical factors that may optimize the effective dissemination and uptake of health promotion interventions among EMOA.

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Lester, David. "Suicide rates in immigrants to Australia." Medical Journal of Australia 144, no. 5 (March 1986): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1986.tb115909.x.

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Pariyar, Mitra. "Travelling castes: Nepalese immigrants in Australia." South Asian Diaspora 11, no. 1 (September 19, 2018): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19438192.2018.1523091.

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White, Peter B. "Immigrants and the Telephone in Australia." Media Information Australia 54, no. 1 (November 1989): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x8905400117.

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Zang, Xiaowei, and Riaz Hassan. "Residential Choices of Immigrants in Australia." International Migration 34, no. 4 (October 1996): 567–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1996.tb00545.x.

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Wilson, Fernando A., Yang Wang, and Jim P. Stimpson. "Do Immigrants Underutilize Optometry Services?" Optometry and Vision Science 92, no. 11 (November 2015): 1113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/opx.0000000000000710.

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Ye, Jiali, Ruth Shim, Tim Lukaszewski, Karen Yun, Soo Hyun Kim, and George Rust. "Telepsychiatry Services for Korean Immigrants." Telemedicine and e-Health 18, no. 10 (December 2012): 797–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2012.0041.

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Tran, Van C., Fei Guo, and Tiffany J. Huang. "The Integration Paradox: Asian Immigrants in Australia and the United States." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 690, no. 1 (July 2020): 36–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716220926974.

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Whereas Australia has pursued a skills-based migration policy, the United States has privileged family-based migration. The key contrast between these migration regimes provides a rare test of how national immigration policy shapes immigrant selection and integration. Does a skills-based immigration regime result in a more select group of Asian immigrants in Australia compared to their counterparts in the United States? Are Asian immigrants more integrated into their host society in Australia compared to the United States? Focusing on four groups of Asian immigrants in both countries (Chinese, Indians, Filipinos, and Vietnamese), this article addresses these questions using a transpacific comparison. Despite Australia’s skills-based immigration policy, we find that Asian immigrants in Australia are less hyper-selected than their counterparts in the United States. Asian immigrants in Australia also report worse labor market outcomes than those in the United States, with the exception of Vietnamese—a refugee group. Altogether, these findings challenge the conventional wisdom that skills-based immigration policy not only results in more selected immigrants, but also positively influences their integration into the host society.

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Ip, David, Chung‐tong Wu, and Christine Inglis. "Settlement experiences of Taiwanese immigrants in Australia." Asian Studies Review 22, no. 1 (March 1998): 79–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357829808713188.

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Zang, Xiaowei. "Ecological Succession and Asian Immigrants in Australia." International Migration 38, no. 1 (March 2000): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00101.

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Cobb-Clark, Deborah. "The Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Australia." Australian Economic Review 34, no. 4 (December 2001): 467–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.00216.

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Sornarajah, M. "Deportation of Aliens and Immigrants from Australia." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 34, no. 3 (July 1985): 498–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/34.3.498.

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Bilodeau, Antoine, Ian McAllister, and Mebs Kanji. "Adaptation to Democracy among Immigrants in Australia." International Political Science Review 31, no. 2 (March 2010): 141–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192512110364737.

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Cai, Lixin, and Amy Y. C. Liu. "Wage differentials between immigrants and the native-born in Australia." International Journal of Manpower 36, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 374–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-04-2014-0104.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the wage differentials along the entire distribution between immigrants and the Australian-born. Design/methodology/approach – Using the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey, the authors apply a semi-parametric method (DiNardo et al., 1996) to decompose the distributional wage gap between immigrants and native-born Australians into composition effect and wage structure effect. The authors further apply the unconditional quantile regression (UQR) method (Firpo et al., 2007) to decompose the overall wage structure effect into contributions from individual wage covariates. Findings – Relative to the native-born, both effects favour immigrants from English-speaking countries. For male immigrants from non-English-speaking countries (NESC) the favourable composition effect is offset by disadvantage in the wage structure effect, leaving little overall wage difference. Female immigrants from NESC are disadvantaged at the lower part of the wage distribution. Practical implications – The increasingly skill-based immigration policy in Australia has increased skill levels of immigrants relative to the Australian-born. However, the playing field may yet to be equal for the recent NESC immigrants due to unfavourable rewards to their productivity factors. Also, immigrants are not homogeneous. Countries of origin and gender matter in affecting wage outcomes. Originality/value – The unique wage-setting system and the increasingly skill-based immigration policy have made Australia an interesting case. The authors examine the entire wage distribution between migrants and native-born rather than focus on the mean. The authors differentiate immigrants by their country of origin and gender; and apply the UQR decomposition to identify the contributions from individual wage covariates.

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Cohan Shovkovyy, Oleg. "Perceptions of Russian-Speaking Immigrants: A Case Study in Australia." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 6 (June 22, 2020): 148–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.76.8377.

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This research was conducted in response to one of the most pressing and challenging questions on the agenda of many government offices around the world - “What can be done to better integrate and assimilate immigrants into host communities?” The qualitative study employed ethnographic methods of gathering data, where 170 Russian-speaking immigrants were observed by the insider in their natural settings, for eight months, and at different locations in Brisbane region of Australia; informal, unstructured interviews were conducted with 27 individuals. During observations, it was noticed that many immigrants had experienced one or another sort of difficulties that prevent them from smooth integration into the host society. The further analysis of data derived from immigrants narratives revealed emerging themes, which allowed identifying five factors that, perceived by immigrants as obstacles to integration: (1) employment, (2) education, (3) healthcare, (4) government assistance, and (5) discrimination. Following the logic of inductive reasoning and assumptions of grounded theory, that is seen as a research method in which the theory is developed from the data, the researcher uses research findings to build behavioral Model of Assimilation/ Integration of immigrants. Developed model not only accurately explains why immigrants resist integration but also offers the pathway to further quantification for the measurement of assimilation.

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Le, Anh T. "The Determinants of Immigrant Self-Employment in Australia." International Migration Review 34, no. 1 (March 2000): 183–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791830003400108.

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This article applies both single cross-section and dual cross-section approaches to modeling the propensity to be self-employed among the foreign born in the Australian labor market. The results from a single cross-section regression indicate that educational attainment, Australian labor market experience, the availability of capital, marital status and job related characteristics are important influences on self-employment outcomes. The propensity to be self-employed among immigrants is shown to be enhanced by the existence of enclave markets. Ethnic enclaves created via a common language provide more relevant prospects for self-employment than does the concentration of immigrants by birthplace. However, enclave markets do not have a significant impact on the self-employment outcomes of the Australian-born children of immigrants. The dual cross-section approach shows that the cross-section self-employment growth among immigrants is predominantly an adjustment effect rather than a cohort effect.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Immigrants Services for Australia'

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