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Journal articles on the topic 'Immigrants Mental health Australia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Philip, Bridgit, Lynn Kemp, Christine Taylor, and Virginia Schmied. "‘We Do Not Talk About It’ – Exploring Visual Approaches to Initiate Deeper Conversations About Perinatal Mental Health With Indian Immigrants." International Journal of Qualitative Methods 20 (January 2021): 160940692110580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16094069211058009.

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Exploring constructions of mental health in the perinatal period among Indian immigrants can be challenging. This article describes the use of visual methods, photo elicitation, free listing and pile sorting, as an adjunct to face-to-face interviews to understand the constructions of perinatal mental health among Indian immigrants in Australia. The benefits and challenges of using these methods and modifications made during the research are explained. The modifications resulted in a broader understanding of terminology used by the Indian community. Incorporating visual methods as an adjunct to interviews when discussing perinatal mental health with Indian immigrants is effective and using multiple methods enhances the richness of data.

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Leung, Cynthia. "Factors Related to the Mental Health of Elderly Chinese Immigrants in Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 8, no. 2 (2002): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py02026.

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The present study aimed to examine the factors related to the mental health of elderly Chinese-Australians. Using the framework of Berry (1997), the study examined how individual variables such as social support, length of time in Australia, English competency, self-efficacy and sense of personal control were related to the life satisfaction of elderly Chinese-Australians. The participants consisted of 157 elderly Chinese male and female immigrants (aged 50 or above) recruited through various community groups. Participants completed a questionnaire with several scales on the above issues, and a section on demographic information. The results indicated that life satisfaction was related to age, age at migration, English proficiency, locus of control, social support, and self-efficacy. Implications for service provision were also discussed.

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Lim, Grace YX, and Michael TH Wong. "Migration and psychosis in acute inpatient psychiatry." Australasian Psychiatry 24, no. 6 (July 10, 2016): 548–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856216649772.

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Objective: We investigated the role of biological and psychosocial risk factors in the development of psychotic disorders with regards to immigrant status. Our hypothesis was that biological risk factors are more predictive of psychosis in non-immigrants, whereas psychosocial risk factors play a bigger role in immigrants. Method: A retrospective audit of admissions between December 2013 and June 2014 in an Australian adult inpatient unit was conducted, focussing on patients with psychotic disorders. We analysed the association between immigrant status, and biological and psychosocial variables. Results: For biological risk factors, non-immigrants had significantly more family history of psychotic disorders ( p = 0.021), illicit drug use ( p = < 0.001) and alcohol use ( p = < 0.001). For psychosocial risk factors, immigrants were more likely to have experienced a traumatic event ( p = 0.022). With regards to age of index presentation, age at onset of psychotic disorder, proportion of males and dysfunctional family background, there was no significant difference. Conclusion: Retrospective data in this report suggests that the development of psychotic disorders in immigrants and non-immigrants may be different.

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Davies, Lisa C., and Robert S. McKelvey. "Emotional and Behavioural Problems and Competencies among Immigrant and Non-Immigrant Adolescents." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 5 (October 1998): 658–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679809113120.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to compare levels of emotional and behavioural problems and competencies among immigrant and non-immigrant adolescents, and to determine factors that may contribute to any differences reported. Method: Subjects were selected randomly from students aged 12-16 years attending a high school with a high proportion of immigrants in Perth, Western Australia. Parents completed the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL), and students completed the Youth Self-Report (YSR) and a Personal History Questionnaire. Results: On univariate analyses, non-immigrant adolescents had significantly higher CBCL and YSR scores than immigrant adolescents. Multivariate analyses suggested that CBCL scores were predicted by a number of variables other than immigration, including family intactness, socioeconomic status (SES) and gender. Higher YSR scores were predicted by non-intact families, school setting and non-immigrant status, and higher competencies scores were predicted by higher SES and parents not being immigrants. Conclusions: In assessing the effects of immigration on adolescent mental health, it is important to control for factors associated with adolescent behavioural and emotional problems and to use multiple informants. Overall, immigrant adolescents report fewer total and externalising problems and fewer competencies than native-born adolescents. This finding may reflect strict immigration policies or cultural differences in definitions of psychopathology and the social expectations for adolescents' behaviour.

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den Velde, W. Op, J. E. Hovens, I. Bramsen, A. C. McFarlane, P. G. H. Aarts, P. R. J. Falger, J. H. M. de Groen, and H. van Duijn. "A Cross-National Study of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Dutch-Australian Immigrants." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 6 (December 2000): 919–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000486700266.

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Objective: Studying the rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in people who experienced World War II, but who have subsequently lived in different environments is a way of looking at the impact of recovery environment on PTSD. Immigrants had less support in terms of the social cohesion in their home country, but were not subjected to the same triggers of war-related intrusions. Method: Posttraumatic stress disorder was investigated in citizens from the Netherlands who emigrated to Australia in the post-World War II years (n = 251). Immigrants born between 1920 and 1930 (n = 171) were compared with a same-aged group living in Holland (n = 1461) for stressful war experiences and the extent of PTSD. Results: Those who had been exposed to the most severe war stress were over-represented in the immigrant group. Immigrants with current PTSD more often stated that motives for migration were threat of a third world war, disappointment with Dutch society and personal problems. We were unable to demonstrate specific effects of emigration on the prevalence of current PTSD. Conclusions: This study suggests that exposure to severe war stress promoted the need to emigrate. The comparable PTSD scores of the groups of war victims living in Australia and the Netherlands support the notion that extreme war stress may be considered the primary determining factor in the development of PTSD, and that actual post-war living circumstances are, in the long term, of subordinate importance.

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Steel, Zachary, Derrick Silove, Nguyen Mong Giao, Thuy Thi Bich Phan, Tien Chey, Anna Whelan, Adrian Bauman, and Richard A. Bryant. "International and indigenous diagnoses of mental disorder among Vietnamese living in Vietnam and Australia." British Journal of Psychiatry 194, no. 4 (April 2009): 326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.050906.

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BackgroundWhether the prevalence rates of common mental disorders can be compared across countries depends on the cultural validity of the diagnostic measures used.AimsTo investigate the prevalence of Western and indigenously defined mental disorders among Vietnamese living in Vietnam and in Australia, comparing the data with an Australian-born sample.MethodComparative analysis of three multistage population surveys, including samples drawn from a community living in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam (n=3039), Vietnamese immigrants residing in New South Wales, Australia (n=1161), and an Australian-born population (n=7961). Western-defined mental disorders were assessed by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) 2.0 and included DSM–IV anxiety, mood and substance use disorders as well as the ICD–10 category of neurasthenia. The Vietnamese surveys also applied the indigenously based Phan Vietnamese Psychiatric Scale (PVPS). Functional impairment and service use were assessed.ResultsThe prevalence of CIDI mental disorders for Mekong Delta Vietnamese was 1.8% compared with 6.1% for Australian Vietnamese and 16.7% for Australians. Inclusion of PVPS mental disorders increased the prevalence rates to 8.8% for Mekong Delta Vietnamese and 11.7% for Australian Vietnamese. Concordance was moderate to good between the CIDI and the PVPS for Australian Vietnamese (area under the curve (AUC)=0.77) but low for Mekong Vietnamese (AUC=0.59). PVPS- and CIDI-defined mental disorders were associated with similar levels of functional impairment.ConclusionsCultural factors in the expression of mental distress may influence the prevalence rates of mental disorders reported across countries. The findings have implications for assessing mental health needs at an international level.

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Lin, Xiaoping, Christina Bryant, Jennifer Boldero, and Briony Dow. "Psychological well-being of older Chinese immigrants living in Australia: a comparison with older Caucasians." International Psychogeriatrics 28, no. 10 (July 8, 2016): 1671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610216001010.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Few current studies explore psychological well-being among older Chinese immigrants in Australia. The study addressed this gap and provided preliminary data on psychological well-being among this group. Four indicators, namely depression, anxiety, loneliness, and quality of life, were used to present a comprehensive picture of psychological well-being.Methods:Participants were two groups of community-dwelling older people, specifically 59 Chinese immigrants and 60 Australian-born people (median age=77 and 73, respectively). Data were collected through standardized interviews. The Geriatric Depression Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale and the WHO Quality of Life questionnaire were used to measure depression, anxiety, loneliness, and quality of life, respectively.Results:Chinese participants’ median quality of life score was higher than the scale mid-point, indicating relatively high levels of quality of life. However, 10% exhibited symptoms of depression, 6% had symptoms of anxiety, and 49% felt lonely. Compared to Australian participants, Chinese participants reported poorer quality of life and higher levels of loneliness. Importantly, the difference in quality of life remained when the impact of socio-demographic factors was controlled for.Conclusions:This study was the first to use multiple indicators to explore psychological well-being among older Chinese immigrants in Australia. Its results suggest that their psychological well-being might be worse than that of Australian-born people when using loneliness and quality of life as indicators. In particular, loneliness is a common psychological problem among this group, and there is a need for public awareness of this problem.

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Ide, Naoko, Kairi Kõlves, Maria Cassaniti, and Diego De Leo. "Suicide of first-generation immigrants in Australia, 1974–2006." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 47, no. 12 (April 3, 2012): 1917–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-012-0499-4.

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Kahn, Marvin W., and Cliff Fua. "Children of South Sea Island Immigrants to Australia: Factors Associated with Adjustment Problems." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 41, no. 1 (March 1995): 55–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002076409504100106.

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Kim, Jihyeon, and Anne Buist. "Postnatal Depression: A Korean Perspective." Australasian Psychiatry 13, no. 1 (March 2005): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1665.2004.02153.x.

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Objective: To provide insight into the cultural influences on postnatal depression (PND) in women from Korean backgrounds. Conclusions: Lack of support has been seen to be a key risk factor in postnatal depression. In Korean society, little research has been done on this disorder, but it is likely that traditional support might have a protective role. Erosion of this with westernization of Korea, or isolation in Korean immigrants to Australia, is likely to be significant for new mothers from this cultural background.

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Corscadden, L., E. J. Callander, and S. M. Topp. "Disparities in access to health care in Australia for people with mental health conditions." Australian Health Review 43, no. 6 (2019): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah17259.

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Objective One aim of Australia’s Equally Well National Consensus Statement is to improve monitoring of the physical health of people with mental health conditions, which includes measures of accessibility and people’s experiences of physical health care services. The present analysis contributes to this aim by using population survey data to evaluate whether, and in what domains, Australians with a mental health condition experience barriers in accessing care when compared with Australians without a mental health condition. Methods The 2016 Commonwealth Fund International Health Policy Survey includes a sample of 5248 Australian adults. Access to care was measured using 39 survey questions from before to after reaching services. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify disparities in barriers to access, comparing experiences of people with and without a self-reported mental health condition, adjusting for age, sex, immigrant status, income and self-rated health. Results Australians with mental health conditions were more likely to experience barriers for 29 of 39 access measures (odds ratio (OR) >1.55; P<0.05). On average, the prevalence of barriers was 10 percentage points higher for those with a condition. When measured as ratios, the largest barriers for people with mental health conditions were for affordability. When measured as percentage point differences, the largest disparities were observed for experiences of not being treated with respect in hospital. Disparities remained after adjusting for income, rurality, education, immigrant status and self-rated health for 25 of 39 measures. Conclusion Compared with the rest of the community, Australians with mental health conditions have additional challenges negotiating the health system, and are more likely to experience barriers to access to care across a wide range of measures. Understanding the extent to which people with mental health conditions experience barriers throughout the pathway to accessing care is crucial to inform care planning and delivery for this vulnerable group. Results may inform improvements in regular performance monitoring of disparities in access for people with mental health conditions. What is known about this topic? A stated national aim of the Equally Well National Consensus Statement is to improve monitoring of the physical health and well-being of people with mental health conditions through measures of service accessibility and people’s experiences of physical healthcare services. What does this paper add? This paper highlights areas in which health services are not providing equal access to overall care for people with mental health conditions. The analysis offers quantitative evidence of ‘red flag areas’ where people with mental health conditions are significantly more likely to experience barriers to access to care. What are the implications for practitioners? Systematic attention across the health system to making care more approachable and accessible for people with mental health conditions is needed. Practitioners may be engaged to discuss possible interventions to improve access disparities for people with mental health conditions.

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McDonald, Robert, Carmen Vechi, Jenny Bowman, and Robert Sanson-Fisher. "Mental Health Status of a Latin American Community in New South Wales." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 30, no. 4 (August 1996): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679609065017.

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Objective: To determine the levels and predictors of psychological distress within a Latin American community in the Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia. Method: Participants (n=184) were interviewed in their homes by a bilingual interviewer using a specially prepared questionnaire and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Results: Of the 13 independent variables examined, two demographic and two immigrant-related variables were significantly associated with an above-threshold score: marital status, employment status, perceived discrimination, and dissatisfaction with life in Australia. Conclusions: Compared to results from other community surveys, the levels of psychological distress within this Latin American community appear to be relatively high.

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Hosseini, Ashraf, Ritsuko Kakuma, Mehdi Ghazinour, Melanie Davern, William P. Evans, and Harry Minas. "Migration experience, resilience and depression: a study of Iranian immigrants living in Australia." International Journal of Culture and Mental Health 10, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 108–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17542863.2016.1270977.

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Reid, Janice, Derrick Silove, and Ruth Tarn. "The Development of the New South Wales Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors (Startts): The First Year." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 24, no. 4 (December 1990): 486–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679009062904.

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Many immigrants to Australia are refugees, some of whom have experienced acute stress and trauma, including torture, prior to or during their escape from their home countries. In response to a growing recognition that the health care services may not be meeting the needs of these people the NSW Department of Health funded the establishment of a community-based rehabilitation service for traumatised refugees. This paper provides an overview of the recent history of the service, some of the organisational and staffing issues faced during its first year, some characteristics of the first 200 clients, principles of treatment, clinical, nosological and therapeutic issues and relationships with other agencies.

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Blignault, Ilse, Hend Saab, Lisa Woodland, Klara Giourgas, and Heba Baddah. "Promoting Mental Health and Wellbeing in Multicultural Australia: A Collaborative Regional Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5 (February 26, 2022): 2723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052723.

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Migrant communities are often under-served by mental health services. Lack of community engagement results in missed opportunities for mental health promotion and early intervention, delayed care, and high rates of untreated psychological distress. Bilingual clinicians and others who work with these communities lack linguistically and culturally appropriate resources. This article reports on the implementation and evaluation of a community-based group mindfulness program delivered to Arabic and Bangla-speaking communities in Sydney, Australia, including modifications made to the content and format in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The program was positioned within a stepped-care model for primary mental health care and adopted a collaborative regional approach. In addition to improved mental health outcomes for face-to-face and online program participants, we have documented numerous referrals to specialist services and extensive diffusion of mindfulness skills, mostly to family members, within each community. Community partnerships were critical to community engagement. Training workshops to build the skills of the bilingual health and community workforce increased the program’s reach. In immigrant nations such as Australia, mainstream mental health promotion must be complemented by activities that target specific population groups. Scaled up, and with appropriate adaptation, the group mindfulness program offers a low-intensity in-language intervention for under-served communities.

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Finnane, Mark. "Book Review: Catharine Coleborne, Insanity, Identity and Empire: Immigrants and Institutional Confinement in Australia and New Zealand, 1873–1910." History of Psychiatry 27, no. 4 (November 11, 2016): 504–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957154x16662548.

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Dow, Briony, Xiaoping Lin, Nancy A. Pachana, Christina Bryant, Dina LoGiudice, Anita M.Y. Goh, and Betty Haralambous. "Reliability, concurrent validity, and cultural adaptation of the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory for detecting depression and anxiety symptoms among older Chinese immigrants: an Australian study." International Psychogeriatrics 30, no. 5 (November 8, 2017): 735–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217002332.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Older Chinese people are one of the largest and fastest growing immigrant groups in Western countries. The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) are screening tools that have been specifically designed for older people. This study explored their validity, concurrent reliability, and cultural appropriateness for detecting depression and anxiety symptoms among older Chinese immigrants living in Melbourne, Australia.Methods:A total of 87 Chinese people were recruited from Chinese senior groups. Five screening tools were used, including the GDS, the GAI, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Kessler 10 (K10), and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Data were collected through standardized interviews.Results:The GDS and the GAI were found to be reliable and valid tools for detecting depression and anxiety in this sample. Based on the results of the five screening tools, approximately 20% of participants exhibited clinically significant symptoms of depression and 8% of anxiety. Unexpectedly, there was a higher rate of depression and anxiety symptoms among Mandarin speaking people compared with Cantonese speaking people.Conclusion:This study adds to the evidence that older Chinese immigrants are at greater risk of depression than the general older population. It suggests that primary care and mental health services should be aware of and responsive to the increased risk of depression among this group and that further studies are needed to investigate what is contributing to this increased risk.

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Castroman, J. Lopez. "A Review of Advances in Social Sciences and their Application for Research in Suicidal Behavior." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.210.

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Suicidal behavior and its prevention constitute a major public health issue, and the moderating effect of sociodemographic factors has been studied for more than a century. In the last years it has become evident that the relationship between social factors and suicidal behavior is complex and highly dependent on the context. For instance, minorities suffering marginalization, such as the Inuit in Canada or the aborigines in Australia, present high rates of suicide. However, other minorities, such as immigrants arriving to tightened communities, can be protected from suicide compared to the social majority. Other contradictory effects have been reported concerning income per capita and the evolution of the economy. Unfortunately, the interplay of social factors in suicidal behavior and the social consequences of suicide attempts are rarely represented in theoretical models of suicidal behavior, despite their importance to adapt suicide prevention policies to social groups at risk. In this presentation, recent advances and new and integrative avenues for future research in the social aspects of suicidal behavior will be summarized.Disclosure of interestThe author declares that he has no competing interest.

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Minas, I. H., G. W. Stuart, and S. Klimidis. "Language, Culture and Psychiatric Services: A Survey of Victorian Clinical Staff." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 28, no. 2 (June 1994): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048679409075636.

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In planning psychiatric services for non-English speaking immigrant communities it is essential to know what resources are available for the implementation of service plans. A survey of 991 professionals from a variety of disciplines working in Victorian state operated inpatient and community psychiatric services demonstrates that, although there is a substantial number of bilingual clinicians working in the system, there is a poor match between languages spoken by patient groups and clinicians, infrequent contact between bilingual clinicians and patients speaking the same language, and inadequate availability of interpreting services. Clinicians' knowledge of cultural issues relevant to assessment and treatment is inadequate, and there is some enthusiasm among clinical staff for remedying this deficiency. Clinicians express the opinions that services to non-English speaking patients are inferior, and clinical outcome is worse than for the Australian-born. There appears to be general support for changes which would seek to more adequately meet the psychiatric service needs of immigrants.

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Kiropoulos, Litza, and Isabelle Bauer. "Explanatory models of depression in Greek-born and Italian-born immigrants living in Australia: Implications for service delivery and clinical practice." Asia-Pacific Psychiatry 3, no. 1 (March 2011): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-5872.2011.00108.x.

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Stuart, G. W., S. Klimidis, and I. H. Minas. "The Treated Prevalence of Mental Disorder Amongst Immigrants and the Australian-Born: Community and Primary-Care Rates." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 44, no. 1 (March 1998): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002076409804400103.

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Wohler, Yvonne, and Jaya AR Dantas. "Barriers Accessing Mental Health Services Among Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) Immigrant Women in Australia: Policy Implications." Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 19, no. 3 (March 22, 2016): 697–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10903-016-0402-6.

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Liddell, Belinda J., Angela Nickerson, Lauren Sartor, Lorraine Ivancic, and Richard A. Bryant. "Corrigendum to “The generational gap: Mental disorder prevalence and disability amongst first and second generation immigrants in Australia” [J. Psychiatr Res. 83 (2016):103–111]." Journal of Psychiatric Research 118 (November 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.08.006.

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Roy, D. "EPA-0272 - An oriental culture bound syndrome ('dhat' syndrome) in an adolescent 2nd generation immigrant male in australia." European Psychiatry 29 (2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(14)77719-3.

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Stevens, Christine A. "The Illusion of Social Inclusion: Cambodian Youth in South Australia." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 4, no. 1 (March 1995): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.4.1.59.

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As a result of the turmoil in Cambodia during the 1970s, traditional Cambodian society was fundamentally altered: Cambodians were uprooted, and after the Vietnamese invasion in 1978, thousands fled to camps on the Thai-Cambodian border, where many sought and were selected for resettlement in other countries. Approximately 12,000 Cambodians were accepted for resettlement in Australia as refugees in the period 1975-85, with approximately 2,500 settling in South Australia. The emigrants to South Australia were youthful, with 51% of all arrivals in the period 1979-85 aged 19 years or less (Stevens). Since this period when refugees first arrived in Australia from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, the social adaptation of refugee youth has been little researched. Generally, young people have been but one of the age groups included in large-scale surveys or in-depth studies, such as those by Wendy Poussard, Nancy Viviani, and others, that focused on the early stages of resettlement. The research that has focused on refugee youth has concentrated on educational achievement (Spearritt and Colman; Kelly and Bennoun; Chan; Mundy) or mental health status and adjustment (Krupinski and Burrows). At a time of ongoing debate about the size and nature of the immigrant intake, and concern that the resulting cultural diversity may foster ethnic conflicts and endanger social cohesion, this lack of research on the social aspects of the settlement process young refugees from Southeast Asia undertake is a significant omission.

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SHAH, AJIT. "The influence of exclusion criteria on the relationship between suicide rates and age in cross-national studies." International Psychogeriatrics 19, no. 5 (June 13, 2007): 989–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610207005613.

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Traditionally, suicide rates increase with aging in many countries (Shah and De, 1998). However, exceptions to this observation are emerging. Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1995 revealed that female suicide rates did not increase with age in Mauritius, Colombia, Albania and Finland (Shah and De, 1998). Suicide rates increased with age in Switzerland (Ajdacic-Gross et al., 2006), Brazil (Mello-Santos et al., 2005) and China (Yip et al., 2000), but there were smaller peaks in the younger age-bands. Suicide rates among Australian, New Zealand and white American males increased with age, but suicide rates for females initially increased with age, peaking at menopause, and declining thereafter (Skegg and Cox, 1991; Woodbury et al., 1988; Snowdon and Snowdon, 1995). Suicide rates among non-white Americans (Seiden, 1981; Woodbury et al., 1988), Indians (Adityanjee, 1986; Bhatia et al., 1987), Jordanians (Daradekh, 1989), Indian immigrants to the U.K. (Raleigh et al., 1990; Needleman et al., 1997) and some east European countries (Sartorius, 1995) declined with increasing age.

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Lee, Rennie. "Does the healthy immigrant effect apply to mental health? Examining the effects of immigrant generation and racial and ethnic background among Australian adults." SSM - Population Health 7 (April 2019): 100311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.10.011.

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Davidson, Sandra, Greg Wadley, Nicola Reavley, Jane Gunn, and Susan Fletcher. "Psychological distress and unmet mental health needs among urban taxi drivers: A cross-sectional survey." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 52, no. 5 (November 29, 2017): 473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867417741556.

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Objectives: The taxi industry relies on a male-dominated, predominately immigrant workforce who face multiple risk factors for poor mental health including shift work, low pay and threats of violence. Despite these risk factors, no previous study has documented the prevalence of psychological distress in the taxi industry. We investigated psychological distress among urban taxi drivers and explored the factors associated with high levels of distress. Method: A total of 380 taxi drivers were surveyed at the Melbourne Airport holding yard between September 2016 and March 2017. Psychological distress was measured using the K10. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between high levels of psychological distress and migration, work patterns, potentially traumatic events, health care use and social connectedness. Results: A third (33%) of drivers had very high (K10 ⩾ 30) levels of distress and 28% had high (K10 = 22–29) levels of distress. Trauma was significantly associated with high levels of psychological distress, and rates of trauma were much higher among drivers than among the Australian population. Despite high levels of distress, drivers were no more likely than other Australian men to visit a health professional. Conclusion: Urban taxi drivers are at very high risk for mental health problems, yet the mental health needs of this largely immigrant workforce has gone largely unnoticed. Interventions tailored to the unique characteristics of the job and the demographic composition of the workforce are urgently needed.

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O’Connor, Manjula, and Samir Ibrahim. "Suicidality and family violence in Australian immigrant women presenting to out-patient mental health settings." Australasian Psychiatry 26, no. 2 (April 2018): 224–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856217737884.

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Dassanayake, Jayantha, Shyamali C. Dharmage, Lyle Gurrin, Vijaya Sundararajan, and Warren R. Payne. "Are immigrants at risk of heart disease in Australia? A systematic review." Australian Health Review 33, no. 3 (2009): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah090479.

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We systematically reviewed the peer-reviewed literature to establish the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among immigrants in Australia and whether being an immigrant is a CVD risk factor. Of 23 studies identified, 12 were included. Higher prevalence of CVD was found among Middle Eastern, South Asian and some European immigrants. Higher prevalence of CVD risk factors was found among Middle Eastern and Southern European immigrants. Higher alcohol consumption was found among immigrants from New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Ireland. Smoking and physical inactivity were highly prevalent among most immigrants.

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Gonzalez, Manny J. "Mental Health Intervention with Hispanic Immigrants." Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Services 1, no. 1 (April 9, 2002): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j191v01n01_07.

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HURH, WON MOO, and KWANG CHUNG KIM. "Correlates of Korean Immigrants?? Mental Health." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 178, no. 11 (November 1990): 703–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199011000-00006.

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Gailly, A. "Providing mental health care for immigrants." European Psychiatry 11 (January 1996): 171s—172s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-9338(96)88468-9.

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Venters, Homer, Olayinka Adekugbe, Jacob Massaquoi, Cheryl Nadeau, Jack Saul, and Francesca Gany. "Mental Health Concerns Among African Immigrants." Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 13, no. 4 (June 13, 2010): 795–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10903-010-9357-1.

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Sullivan, Margaret M., and Roberta Rehm. "Mental Health of Undocumented Mexican Immigrants." Advances in Nursing Science 28, no. 3 (July 2005): 240–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00012272-200507000-00006.

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Pumariega, Andrés J., Eugenio Rothe, and JoAnne B. Pumariega. "Mental Health of Immigrants and Refugees." Community Mental Health Journal 41, no. 5 (October 2005): 581–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10597-005-6363-1.

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Beiser, Morton, and R. Gary Edwards. "Mental health of immigrants and refugees." New Directions for Mental Health Services 1994, no. 61 (1994): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yd.23319946110.

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Takeuchi, David T., and Gil Soo Han. "Health and Medicine under Capitalism: Korean Immigrants in Australia." Contemporary Sociology 30, no. 4 (July 2001): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3089797.

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Gökten, Cemil, and Ilkay Südas. "The Image of Australia: A Case Study on the Mental Maps of Turkish Immigrants in Sydney." Journal of Geography and Geology 6, no. 2 (May 3, 2014): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v6n2p82.

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In this study, mental representations of Australia were examined through mental maps in case of Turkish immigrants living in Sydney. The survey is based on 53 mental maps of Australia drawn by Turkish immigrants who reside in Sydney. The participants were asked to list the connotations about Australia, draw a sketch map of the continent and finally fill in an outline Australian map. A prominent difference between these two types of mental maps was in the number and in the categories (place names, natural-geographic elements and symbols) of the components that were displayed by the participants. On the other hand, a comparison of our study with similar academic works conducted from a European example shows that connotations on Australia are predominantly referred to the natural characteristics of the continent. This could be related to the physical isolation Australia as a continent and also to the political indifference tendencies of the urbanized part of the society because of a high living standard.

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Pelling, Nadine. "Mental Health in Australia." International Journal of Mental Health 44, no. 1-2 (January 2, 2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207411.2015.1009741.

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Rucci, P., A. Piazza, E. Perrone, I. Tarricone, R. Maisto, I. Donegani, V. Spigonardo, D. Berardi, M. P. Fantini, and A. Fioritti. "Disparities in mental health care provision to immigrants with severe mental illness in Italy." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 24, no. 4 (April 30, 2014): 342–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796014000250.

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Aim.To determine whether disparities exist in mental health care provision to immigrants and Italian citizens with severe mental illness in Bologna, Italy.Methods.Records of prevalent cases on 31/12/2010 with severe mental illness and ≥1 contact with Community Mental Health Centers in 2011 were extracted from the mental health information system. Logistic and Poisson regressions were carried out to estimate the probability of receiving rehabilitation, residential or inpatient care, the intensity of outpatient treatments and the duration of hospitalisations and residential care for immigrant patients compared to Italians, adjusting for demographic and clinical covariates.Results.The study population included 8602 Italian and 388 immigrant patients. Immigrants were significantly younger, more likely to be married and living with people other than their original family and had a shorter duration of contact with mental health services. The percentages of patients receiving psychosocial rehabilitation, admitted to hospital wards or to residential facilities were similar between Italians and immigrants. The number of interventions was higher for Italians. Admissions to acute wards or residential facilities were significantly longer for Italians. Moreover, immigrants received significantly more group rehabilitation interventions, while more social support individual interventions were provided to Italians.Conclusions.The probability of receiving any mental health intervention is similar between immigrants and Italians, but the number of interventions and the duration of admissions are lower for immigrants. Data from mental health information system should be integrated with qualitative data on unmet needs from the immigrants' perspective to inform mental health care programmes and policies.

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Tran, Uyen N. T. L. "Vietnamese Immigrants in Brisbane, Australia: Perception of Parenting Roles, Child Development, Child Health, Illness, and Disability, and Health Service Utilisation." International Journal of Population Research 2012 (January 23, 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/932364.

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The limited research into Vietnamese immigrants suggests that this group may have different perceptions relating to parenting roles, child development, child health, illness, and disability, and differing patterns of health service utilisation. The author conducted a pilot study exploring how Vietnamese immigrants differ from Anglo-Australian in relation to these issues. The pilot, utilising a mixed quantitative and qualitative method, was conducted in Brisbane, Australia, with subjects being existing clients of a health centre. Two focus group discussions were conducted and a structured questionnaire developed from the discussions. Vietnamese immigrants in contrast to Australian-born Caucasians regard the general practitioner as the main health care provider and were less satisfied with English-speaking health services. This study highlights potentially important health-related issues for children of Vietnamese immigrants living in Brisbane, the importance of further research in this area, and the methodological challenges faced when conducting research into Vietnamese immigrants.

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Shaw, Marc T. M., and Peter A. Leggat. "Medical screening and the health of illegal immigrants in Australia." Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 4, no. 5 (September 2006): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2005.06.013.

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Giacco, Domenico, Aleksandra Matanov, and Stefan Priebe. "Providing mental healthcare to immigrants." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 27, no. 4 (July 2014): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/yco.0000000000000065.

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Taylor, Laura E., Sharon Taylor-Henley, and Lan Doan. "Older Immigrants: Language Competencies and Mental Health." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 24, no. 2 (September 2005): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-2005-0012.

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Varkula, Mackenzie, Ambreen Ghori, and Carlos E. Molina. "Mental Health Impact on Immigrants and Refugees." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 55, no. 10 (October 2016): S356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.07.109.

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Nisar, Mehwish, Tracy L. Kolbe-Alexander, Nicola W. Burton, and Asaduzzaman Khan. "A Longitudinal Assessment of Risk Factors and Chronic Diseases among Immigrant and Non-Immigrant Adults in Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 15, 2021): 8621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168621.

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This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and trajectories of chronic diseases and risk behaviors in immigrants from high-income countries (HIC), low–middle-income countries (LMIC), to Australian-born people. Data were used from five waves of the HABITAT (2007–2016) study—11,035 adults living in Brisbane, Australia. Chronic diseases included cancer, diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Risk factors assessed were body mass index (BMI), insufficient physical activity, and cigarette smoking. Diabetes mellitus increased in all groups, with the highest increase of 33% in LMIC immigrants. The prevalence of cancers increased 19.6% in the Australian-born, 16.6% in HIC immigrants, and 5.1% in LMIC immigrants. The prevalence of asthma increased in HIC immigrants while decreased in the other two groups. Poisson regression showed that LMIC immigrants had 1.12 times higher rates of insufficient physical activity, 0.75 times lower rates of smoking, and 0.77 times lower rates of being overweight than the Australian-born population. HIC immigrants had 0.96 times lower rates of insufficient physical activity and 0.93 times lower rates of overweight than Australian-born. The findings of this study can inform better strategies to reduce health disparities by targeting high-risk cohorts.

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Wang, Julia Shu-Huah, and Neeraj Kaushal. "Health and Mental Health Effects of Local Immigration Enforcement." International Migration Review 53, no. 4 (October 5, 2018): 970–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918318791978.

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We study the effect of two local immigration enforcement policies — Section 287(g) of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act and the Secure Communities Program (SC) — on the health and mental health outcomes of Latino immigrants living in the United States. We use the restricted-use National Health Interview Survey for 2000–2012 and adopt a difference-in-difference research design. Estimates suggest that SC increased the proportion of Latino immigrants with mental health distress by 2.2 percentage points (14.7%), Task Force Enforcement under Section 287(g) worsened their mental health distress scores by 15 percent (0.08 standard deviation), and Jail Enforcement under Section 287(g) increased the proportion of Latino immigrants reporting fair or poor health by 1 percentage point (11.1%) and lowered the proportion reporting very good or excellent health by 4.8 to 7.0 percentage points (7.8% to 10.9%). These findings are robust to various sensitivity checks and have long-term implications for population health, public health expenditure, and immigrant integration.

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Pasupuleti, Samba Siva Rao, Santosh Jatrana, and Ken Richardson. "EFFECT OF NATIVITY AND DURATION OF RESIDENCE ON CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS AMONG ASIAN IMMIGRANTS IN AUSTRALIA: A LONGITUDINAL INVESTIGATION." Journal of Biosocial Science 48, no. 3 (July 3, 2015): 322–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932015000206.

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SummaryThis study examined the effect of Asian nativity and duration of residence in Australia on the odds of reporting a chronic health condition (cancer, respiratory problems, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus). Data were from waves 3, 7 and 9 of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) longitudinal survey, and multi-level group-mean-centred logistic regression models were used for the analysis. After covariate adjustment, Asian immigrants were less likely to report cancer and respiratory problem compared with native-born Australians. While there was no significant difference in reporting CVD, they were more likely to report diabetes than native-born people. Asian immigrants maintained their health advantage with respect to cancer regardless of duration of residence. However, after 20 years of stay, Asian immigrants lost their earlier advantage and were not significantly different from native-born people in terms of reporting a respiratory problem. In contrast, Asian immigrants were not measurably different from native-born Australians in reporting diabetes if their length of stay in Australia was less than 20 years, but became disadvantaged after staying for 20 years or longer. There was no measurable difference in the odds of reporting CVD between Asian immigrants and native-born Australians for any duration of residence. On the whole this study found that health advantage, existence of healthy immigrant effect and subsequent erosion of it with increasing duration of residence among Asian immigrants depends upon the chronic health condition.

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Cerin, Ester, Shiyuan Yin, Wing Ka Choi, Winsfred Ngan, Rachel Tham, and Anthony Barnett. "Development of Measures of Perceived Neighborhood Environmental Attributes Influencing, and Perceived Barriers to Engagement in, Healthy Behaviors for Older Chinese Immigrants to Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9 (April 24, 2021): 4531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094531.

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Environmental correlates, barriers, and facilitators of physical activity, healthy eating, and socializing are understudied in older immigrants to developed countries. This study developed/adapted and validated measures of perceived barriers and neighborhood environmental characteristics related to these health-enhancing behaviors appropriate for older Chinese immigrants to Australia and similar Western countries. Older Chinese immigrants living in Melbourne (Australia) were recruited from neighborhoods varying in walkability and percentage of Chinese residents. Versions of the Neighborhood Environment for Healthy Aging–Chinese Immigrants to Australia (NEHA-CIA) questionnaire (20 subscales) and the Perceived Barriers to Health-Enhancing Behaviors questionnaire (four subscales) were developed from extant validated scales and information collected in formative qualitative research. Thirty-one participants took part in cognitive interviews aimed to pilot-test and refine the questionnaires. The modified questionnaires were administered to 52 participants twice, two weeks apart. Test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients), internal consistency (Cronbach’s α), and construct validity (associations with theoretically-relevant constructs) were examined. Most items and subscales of both questionnaires had good test-retest reliability and internal consistency, while the NEHA-CIA also showed good construct validity. Future studies need to further examine the construct validity of the questionnaire of perceived barriers and determine the factorial validity of both measures on large representative samples.

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