Academic literature on the topic 'Immigrants – Italy – Social conditions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Immigrants – Italy – Social conditions"
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D'Arca, Renato. "Social, Cultural and Material Conditions of Students from Developing Countries in Italy." International Migration Review 28, no. 2 (June 1994): 355–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839402800207.
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Recent immigration to Italy features certain traits, one of which is the high rate of educational attainment by immigrants. According to various evaluations (ISPES, 1990), 59 percent of the immigrant population obtained a high school diploma, while 13.5 percent possessed a university degree. For approximately five years, the CE.R.FE. (Research and Documentation Center) has conducted research on the social, cultural and material conditions of immigrant university students, highlighting the ambiguity of their condition (in addition to their perceptions of themselves) oscillating continuously between the status of student and immigrant. In particular, sample research was conducted 2 on non-EC university students present in Milan, Perugia, Rome, and Bari. The study was able to compare data collected at different times to information in a first study conducted in 1986, 3 and a second completed in 1990. It is interesting to note that these different research periods coincided with intensive legislative action by the government promulgated two laws regulating non-EC immigration, Law No. 943/86 and Law No. 39/90. Increased interest on the part of the government as well as of the public and press toward the immigration problem influenced – even though marginally – the development of the students’ non-EC immigrant perceptions of themselves and their roles.
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Candela, Silvia, and Patrizia Carletti. "La misura delle differenze etniche nella salute." SALUTE E SOCIETÀ, no. 1 (March 2009): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ses2009-001010.
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- During the last ten years the number of immigrants has rapidly risen in Italy, reaching almost the 6% of the total population. Immigrants come from more than 190 different countries and their health is a crucial capital to enter the labour market, where they play an important role, even if the achievement of social integration is still a challenge. As the monitoring of immigrants health status is an important mean to plan the actions to tackle health inequalities and to improve their health conditions, it is necessary that the National Health System develops a common methodology and produces some shared indicators to perform it. To achieve this aim a national board on the project Promoting immigrants health in Italy has been established and it is now working to find the sources of data and a reduced number of useful health indicators, measurable all around the Country. This paper presents a summary of the main informations provided by the board up to now. Keywords: immigrants, health, socio-economic status, pregnancy, indicators, epidemiology. Parole chiave: immigrati, salute, condizione socio-economica, gravidanza, indicatori, epidemiologia.
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Berti, Fabio, Antonella D’Agostino, Achille Lemmi, and Laura Neri. "Poverty and deprivation of immigrants vs. natives in Italy." International Journal of Social Economics 41, no. 8 (August 5, 2014): 630–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-12-2012-0240.
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Purpose – Italy has become a migrant receiving country and it has to face with the problem of social inclusion of immigrants. The purpose of this paper is to measure the gap on poverty and deprivation between immigrants and natives since manifest conditions of both of them are an important signal, although not exclusively, of social exclusion. Design/methodology/approach – Poverty analysis typically relies on a single monetary variable such as income and it is characterized by a simple dichotomization of the population into poor and non-poor. In this paper the authors stress the importance of using a multidimensional and fuzzy approach in order to study disparities between immigrants and natives. The authors cover several of the multifaceted aspects of resources necessary to maintain adequate living standards in a developed country. With the fuzzy methodology, the authors also overcome any limitation of the conventional approach based on the simple dichotomization of the phenomenon. Findings – The empirical analysis is based on data from two official surveys. The authors find that between Italian and immigrant households there are significant differences in poverty and deprivation levels, with a strong disadvantage for the latter. The authors argue that any serious attempt to reduce poverty and deprivation must now include comprehensive reforms in the nation's immigration policies if they are to be taken seriously. Originality/value – The paper makes an original contribution to the understanding of inequality between immigrants and natives, by studying a complex phenomena such as poverty and deprivation in a multidimensional perspective using a fuzzy approach.
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Forte, Fabiana, Claudia De Biase, and Pierfrancesco De Paola. "The multicultural territory of domitian coast: housing condition and real estate market [Il territorio multiculturale del litorale domizio: condizione abitativa e mercato immobiliare]." Valori e Valutazioni 28 (July 2021): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.48264/vvsiev-20212808.
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In Italy, which has traditionally been a country of emigration since the unification of Italy, in the last thirty years there has been an intense increase in the flow of immigrants, resulting in economic, social and spatial problems. If the housing conditions represents one of the main indicators to measure the degree of social integration, in Italy a particularly weak segment in the housing demand is represented precisely by immigrants to whom the most degraded and inadequate sector of the housing stock is often destined. A phenomenon of particular note is represented by the settlement choices in the hinterland of large urban areas where there is a high percentage of foreign population (both official and unofficial). This is what happened in the Campania region, in the territory that starts from Caserta to get to Salerno, passing through the metropolitan city of Naples. In Italia, tradizionalmente paese d’emigrazione dall’unità in poi, negli ultimi trenta anni, si è assistito ad un intenso incremento del flusso di immigrati, con conseguenti impatti di carattere economico, sociale e spaziale. Se la condizione abitativa rappresenta uno dei principali indicatori per misurare il grado di integrazione sociale, un segmento particolarmente debole della domanda abitativa in Italia è rappresentato proprio dagli immigrati, cui spesso risulta destinato il settore più degradato e inadeguato del patrimonio abitativo. Un fenomeno di particolare rilievo è rappresentato dalle scelte insediative nell’hinterland delle grandi aree urbane, dove si registra un alta concentrazione di popolazione straniera (sia ufficiale che ufficiosa). Ed è quanto è successo in regione Campania, nell’area che parte da Caserta per arrivare a Salerno, passando per la città metropolitana di Napoli.
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Fullin, Giovanna. "Unemployment trap or high job turnover? Ethnic penalties and labour market transitions in Italy." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 52, no. 4 (July 28, 2011): 284–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715211412111.
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This article aims at analysing the trajectories of immigrants in the Italian labour market, focusing on yearly transitions from unemployment to employment and vice versa. Regression models show that, controlling for age, educational attainment and region, immigrant workers lose their jobs more often than natives but, once being unemployed they have more probabilities of finding a job than natives. As the probabilities of both transitions can be affected by characteristics of the initial status as well, the two transitions have been analysed separately. For the risk of losing a job, the segregation of immigrants in the secondary labour market seems to be the main reason of their penalization, but also the main reason of their advantage in job seeking, since their unemployment spells are shorter than those of natives, although at the cost of accepting worse working conditions. Analyses are based on the yearly transition matrices of Italian Labour Force Surveys, from 2005 to 2008.
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Minello, Alessandra, and Nicola Barban. "The Educational Expectations of Children of Immigrants in Italy." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 643, no. 1 (July 12, 2012): 78–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716212442666.
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In this article, the authors investigate the short-run educational expectations and long-term educational aspirations of the children of immigrants living in Italy and attending eighth grade. The authors look at educational ambition, both as a predictor of educational choice and as a measure of social integration. They consider both secondary-school track and university goals. Data come from the ITAGEN2 survey (2005–2006). First, the authors analyze the relationship of short-run expectations and long-term aspirations to structural (e.g., migration status and country of origin) and social (e.g., family socioeconomic status and friendship ties) conditions. The latter seem to be determinants of both expectations and aspirations, but long-term educational aspirations are not associated with migration status. Second, the authors investigate the relevance of context in delineating educational attitudes. The authors performed a multilevel analysis including both individual- and school-level variables. Their results show that attending a school where most of the Italian pupils have high educational expectations may lead children of immigrants to enhance their own aspirations.
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Quintano, Claudio, Paolo Mazzocchi, and Antonella Rocca. "Immigrants in the EU5 labour markets: what happened during the economic crisis?" International Journal of Manpower 41, no. 1 (September 11, 2019): 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-07-2017-0161.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand: whether the changes that have occurred in migrants’ conditions over time are smaller than the differences in their conditions existing across countries; and whether the comparison between immigrants and native-born conditions allows the verification of the levels of disparities between them and, therefore, the relative disadvantage suffered by migrant. After a general overview of the 28 European Union countries, this paper analyses the changes that have occurred from 2006 to 2017 in the conditions of migrants in the labour market in the big five European countries (Italy, Spain, France, Germany and the UK). Design/methodology/approach Various statistical methodologies were used. First, to gain an overall picture, taking into account both the spatial and the temporal dimensions, dynamic factor analysis (DFA) was applied. Second, time-dependent and cross-sectional time-series models were estimated to better understand the DFA results. Findings The results highlight very different scenarios in terms of labour market vulnerabilities, both affecting immigrants and native-born workers. The results also highlight the existence of a very complex framework, due to the high heterogeneity of immigrants’ characteristics and labour market capacities to integrate migrants and also to promote good conditions for the native-born population. Originality/value The picture emerging from this study and the evaluation of the policies and legislation in force to cope with migration and to promote integration suggests some reflections on the most efficacious actions to take in order to improve migrants’ integration, counteracting social exclusion and promoting economic growth.
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Facchini, Carla. "Caring for non-self-sufficient older people in Italy: from a familistic system to the immigrant live-in careworker model." Ciências e Políticas Públicas / Public Sciences & Policies 6, no. 2 (December 2020): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33167/2184-0644.cpp2020.vvin2/pp.149-168.
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The aim of the article is to describe the specificities of the aging phenomenon in Italy and the social policies for non/self-sufficient elderly people, highlighting both the change from a model that relied heavily on a family system to a model based on co-resident immigrant workers to care for the elderly, and the contradictions of this new model. While in Italy the percentage of older people and very older is the highest in Europe, social policies for them involve a limited offer of home and residential services and widespread allowances. At the same time, in Italy, the rise of the aging population has been intertwined with the transformation of family structures, the increase of female employment, the lower capacity of families to take care of their non-self-sufficient relatives, and the improvement of older people’s economic conditions. Due to these changes, a new care model has been established in the past two decades, based on the employment of live-in caregivers, usually immigrant women, so-called ‘badanti’, who are hired and paid by the caretakers and their family. This model has led both caregivers and caretakers to experience a double dependency and a double solitude, which question its sustainability and the familistic nature of the system. This paper presents both demographic and economic data from institutional sources, and the regulatory framework on social policies, and, finally, the data that emerge from various research on immigration.
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Guarnizo, Luis Eduardo, Ali R. Chaudhary, and Ninna Nyberg Sørensen. "Migrants’ transnational political engagement in Spain and Italy." Migration Studies 7, no. 3 (October 31, 2017): 281–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnx061.
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AbstractInternational migrants’ cross-border political activities challenge singular notions of national citizenship and political belonging. Yet most sociological studies of migrants’ transnational political engagement are based on single national groups in the USA, and limit themselves to examining how assimilation and contexts of reception determine migrants’ propensity to engage with homeland politics—thereby under theorizing the influence of origin countries. This study moves beyond this approach by recognizing the multi-directionality of migration, and testing the applicability of existing theoretical approaches across two different origins and receiving contexts. We compare a sample of Colombian and Dominican migrants in Spain and Italy, analyzing how contexts in countries of origin, as well as migrants’ social networks across borders, interact with assimilation and contexts of reception to determine migrants’ political transnational engagement. Findings reveal migrants’ transnational political engagement in Spain and Italy appears to be a highly selective process dominated by a small minority of well-educated males from high social status in origin. Findings also suggest immigrant incorporation and transnational political engagement form a dialectical relationship operating at different scales that is simultaneously complementary and contradictory. Contextual conditions in origin countries explain observed much of variation in Colombian and Dominican migrants’ transnational political engagement.
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Vezzali, Loris, Gian Antonio Di Bernardo, Michèle D. Birtel, Sofia Stathi, and Marco Brambilla. "Outgroup morality perceptions mediate secondary transfer effects from direct and extended contact: Evidence from majority and minority group members." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 23, no. 7 (November 1, 2019): 1066–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430219879223.
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The secondary transfer effect (STE), defined as contact with a primary outgroup improving attitudes towards a secondary outgroup uninvolved in contact, has mainly been studied with reference to direct contact and considering attitude generalization as the main mediating mechanism. Using a majority (422 Italians) and minority (130 immigrants) adolescent sample from high schools in Italy, we examined outgroup morality perceptions as a new mediating mechanism, and tested for the first time whether the STE emerges for extended contact. Results revealed that the STE emerged for direct contact among the majority group and for extended contact among the minority group, and it was sequentially mediated by perceptions of morality towards the primary outgroup, and by attitudes towards the primary outgroup and perceptions of morality towards the secondary outgroup. The STE also emerged for direct contact among the minority group, with morality perceptions towards the secondary outgroup and attitudes towards the primary outgroup being parallel mediators. We discuss the theoretical implications of the findings, arguing that it is important to identify the conditions and underlying processes of the STE in order to reduce prejudice in the case of both majority and minority groups.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Immigrants – Italy – Social conditions"
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Piredda, Angela. "Regroupées mais employées : L'accès au travail des femmes marocaines en Sardaigne et en Toscane." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE2005/document.
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Cette thèse se propose d’explorer un argument peu connu dans la littérature sociologique italienne, c’est-à-dire le travail des femmes Marocaines en Italie, en particulier en Sardaigne et en Toscane.Ces femmes sont aux marges de l’intérêt scientifique qui est concentré sur les étrangères « primomigrantes » arrivées pour travailler, parce que l'emploi est vu comme un indicateur d’intégration et d’émancipation féminin. Au contraire, la condition de femmes regroupées des Marocaines porte à accentuer l’image de femmes au foyer pour culture et tradition, donc soumises à l'homme et peu intégrées dans la société locale. Mais, si d’un côté est vrai que ces femmes sont arrivées en Italie surtout pour regroupement familial et qu’elles sont peu présentes dans le marché de l’emploi italien, d’un autre côté leur plus grande participation au travail dans d’autres nations met en doute que la situation en Italie soit due à des facteurs exclusivement culturels. Il est donc possible donner une image plus large de celle de « femme au foyer » comme une femme passive. Dans ce travail on explore, ainsi, le rapport entre les Marocaines et le travail, quels sont les effets et l’interprétation de l’emploi féminin dans la relation avec l’homme et dans la construction même de l’identité de la femme. On verra donc si le travail pour les Marocaines en Italie est un moyen pour modifier le modèle traditionnel familial et le rôle à l’intérieur du coupleThis work aims to get deeper into a topic not so well known in the Italian Sociology, in other words it aims to get an insight into the Moroccan Women's Job market strictly related to both Sardinia and Tuscany regions. Since a long time scientific studies neglected women focusing only on foreigner breadwinners who move looking for work. This because work has always been considered such as both an indicator for integration and women emancipation. On the contrary , the condition of Moroccan women tends to enhance the image of housewives tipically showed by culture and traditions, thus it shows women subdued to men and poorly integrated into local society. But if one side is true that these women arrived in Italy especially for family reunification and just few of them are active part of the Italian Job market, on the other hand their greater participation in the international job market doubts that the situation in Italy is due to purely cultural factors. Thus, it is possible to give a wider image than a poor label such as "Housewife" given to these women. Furthermore, this work explores the link between women and the Job Market and effects it can produce, but also the interpretation of women's work related both men and the construction of woman's identity itself. It will show finally if the work for Moroccan women in Italy is the best model in order to change the familiar traditional one and the role inside a couple
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Edelsward, L. M. 1958. "Highland visions : recreating rural Sardinia." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28565.
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The village of Villagrande Strisaili, situated in central highlands of the island of Sardinia, Italy, is the subject of this ethnographic study of economic and cultural change. In Part I, a brief historical overview reveals that the pre-war society was largely subsistence based, with shepherding providing milk and cheese to sell on the market for cash. A strict division of labour and responsibilities by sex required mutual dependency of the male and female heads of a household, and supported local notions of gender equality. Part II examines the economic basis of and the restructuring of occupational opportunities in Villagrande today. Although shepherding and subsistence production continue to be important local activities, they are no longer the dominant forms of economic production and secure positions in government offices and institutions are now the preferred occupations. The profound cultural changes of recent decades is the focus of Part III. The notion of local culture, and of a distinctive local identity, is disappearing as cosmopolitan culture becomes localized through local acceptance. Contemporary villagers now create their sense of identity in terms of a wider reality, as defined by the powerful messages of the cosmopolitan system which are efficiently disseminated to villagers through the state educational system and the ubiquitous mass media. These cultural changes have unexpected consequences on the local culture and its reproduction to future generations.
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Sojka, Bozena. "Othering the other : immigrant experiences of new racism in the Republic of Cyprus." Thesis, Swansea University, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678382.
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This thesis explores the ways in which the local socio-political and historical context shapes immigrants lives with particular attention to the role of the state, local culture and region in their new racialisation.
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Mejia, Angie Pamela. "Las Pioneras : New Immigrant Destinations and the Gendered Experiences of Latina Immigrants." PDXScholar, 2009. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1910.
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Are experiences with migration affecting culturally specific gendered practices, roles, attitudes, and ideologies of Mexican women and men? Which experiences reinforce patriarchy? Which experiences transform patriarchy? This thesis proposes that Mexican immigrant women will subscribe to and enact different gendered behaviors depending upon their perception of gendered gains. Various factors, such as time of arrival, previous experiences with negative machismos, and workforce participation affect how they construct gendered identities. The context where bargaining occurs-whether itwas the home, the community, or the workplace - inform women of what strategies they need implement in order to negotiate with patriarchy. This study employs two models, Deniz Kandiyoti's concept of the patriarchal bargain and Sylvya Walby' s theoretical position of patriarchy fomenting unique gender inequalities within different contexts, to process the different ways Mexican immigrant women perceive and perform gender.
The author analyzed data collected from participant observation activities, focus groups, and interviews with women of Mexican descent living in new immigrant destinations. Mexican immigrant women's narratives of negotiations and transformations with male partners indicated equal adherence of traditional and nontraditional gendered behaviors in order to build satisfactory patriarchal bargains. In addition, data suggested that identity formation was the outcome of migratory influences; it also indicated that progressive ideas about gender were salient before migrating to the U.S .. Findings also suggested that reassured masculine identities, due to the stable work options open to Mexican immigrant males in this area, became a factor in the emergence and adherence of distinct gendered attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions by women in this study.
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Mc, Galey William. "Changing Attitudes Towards Immigrants in Light of Worsening Economic Conditions in Portugal." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-128461.
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Portugal has experienced various structural changes in recent history which have greatly contributed to the country having a sizeable and varied immigrant population at present. The Global Economic Crisis of 2008 has severely impacted numerous countries in the European Union including Portugal. Conditions in Portugal had been gradually worsening, largely as a result of a stagnating national economy, where unemployment steadily increased in the years leading up to 2008. In the wake of the crisis, Portugal has experienced dramatic reductions in GDP, soaring unemployment rates and in particular regarding youth unemployment, social unrest and political instability. Further, the most vulnerable socioeconomic groups in Portugal have been worst affected, where social inequality, poverty and a whole array of other social issues have been exacerbated by the crisis and the austerity policies that were implemented in the wake of the economic crash. This thesis attempted to discover if attitudes towards immigrants have changed in light of worsening economic conditions in Portugal during three different time periods 2002-2006-2012, with a primary focus on the most recent period where conditions were most austere. Moreover, this research also sought to establish the determinants which influence attitudes towards immigrants over the same time period. Data was used from three rounds of the European Social Survey and in particular, round 1 (2002/2003), round 3 (2006/2007) and round 6 (2012/2013). Descriptive statistics and ordered logistic regressions were used in order to answer the research questions and realistic group conflict theory was utilised as a theoretical framework when analysing and explaining the findings. It was evident that attitudes towards immigrants have become more negative over the given time period and were indeed most pronounced in light of the recent economic crisis. It was also apparent that natives who were in greater competition with immigrants possessed the most pronounced levels of prejudice.
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Sanchez, Maria Mercedes. "The Importance of Country/Context Specific Conditions in the Occupational Mobility of Immigrants." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1322578140.
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Navarro, Daniel E. "Cross-border fathering the lived experience of Mexican immigrant fathers /." Connect to resource online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/1726.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, 2008.Title from screen (viewed on August 28, 2009). School of Social Work, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): William P. Sullivan, Hea-Won Kim, Irene Queiro-Tajalli, Sara Horton-Deutsch. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 203-236).
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Lopez-Damian, Judith, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Education. "Narratives of Latino-American immigrant women's experiences." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Education, 2008, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/732.
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This thesis explores the immigration experiences of five Latino-American women who reside in Lethbridge, Alberta. Rather than using interviews as a research protocol, the author used conversation as a tool to explore the narratives of these women’s experiences. Four of the five told their story in Spanish, and after transcribing the conversations, the author used critical inquiry to find common ground between the women’s narratives and her own immigration experiences. This thesis explores topics such as belonging and connections to different communities and how these women use stories of change and continuity in constructing their identities. Language, employment, recognition of previous education as well as separation from their families and support networks were the main difficulties identified. As anticipated, these women accessed federally funded and provincially delivered immigrant settlement services, such as ESL classes. While hesitant to use formal counselling, three of the women accessed these services for gendered matters such as spousal abuse. Relationships based on kinship were crucial resources and central to their narratives as was church, which provided both a familiar and significant source of community and support. This study found that when using conversation the researcher establishes relationships with the participants, other writers/academics, as well as the readers. Thus this thesis suggests that narrative research is fundamentally a relational activity. In this context stories are considered gifts, and the exchange of gifts an important aspect of research design. The narratives were shaped by, and interpreted in light of, various contextual factors such as the women’s relationships with the researcher, and their individual as well as socio-cultural and historical circumstances. The five women who participated in this research were found through community networking, and had some familiarity with counselling–either as service recipients or a professional connection–circumstances which shaped their willingness to participate as well as the stories they narrated about their immigration experiences. In constructing the narratives of their past experiences, from the vantage point of the present, the women emphasize gratitude to Canada and only subtly allude to issues such as racism or stereotyping.viii, 170 leaves ; 29 cm. --
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Kovner, Nimrod Z. "Migration in a warming world : on the responsibility and obligations of states towards climate change immigrants." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3582/.
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People across the globe are on the move due to environmental disruption and degradation, causing them to travel and find their future in new locations. Climate change will increase the number of people seeking to escape environmental pressures. What should be the appropriate response to this increase of migrating people, driven away from their homes as a result of climate change effects? From the perspective of normative political philosophy, it is more precise to ask two interrelated questions: what are the obligations in the context of climate change migration and to who should assign them. Previous research in normative political philosophy has focused on the high-profile case of small island states that can be submerged by the rising levels of the oceans, overlooking the wider ways in which human mobility will be induced by climate change effects. The thesis, then, fills this gap in the literature and provides a nuanced account that combines insights from political philosophy and writing on climate change and immigration. My dissertation answers the two above-mentioned questions, dedicating the first part to the ‘who’ question and taking up the ‘what’ question in the second part. The overall argument shows that states creating hazardous climate change incur obligations towards those adversely affected by it, including those relocating across international borders. And these states ought to amend or supplement their immigration policy in a way that advances the capacity of vulnerable individuals to cope with climate change. In the first part of the thesis, I establish state responsibility for the adverse effects of climate change, primarily focusing on its relation with duties towards climate change adaptation. I work with a backward-looking principle of responsibility, responsibility for causing bad outcomes, and explore its application to the case of climate change in the face of some conceptual and empirical challenges. I further develop a notion of responsibility for creating risk that can capture the collective adverse outcome states bring about by emitting greenhouse gases. I explicate the moral significance of imposing risks on others and the obligations that it gives rise to. Building on this theoretical groundwork, the second part of the thesis dives into the complex nexus of climate change and human mobility. I focus on a particular pattern of immigrationinternational movement due to gradual environmental changes associated with climate change that significantly restrict people’s life prospects. I defend a view that perceives such migratory scenarios as a way to cope with climate change, a form of adaptation. I argue that the obligations of states include providing admission to climate immigrants. However, they are part of a wider set of actions and policies to advance the adaptation capacity of all individuals vulnerable to climate change hazards: immigrants themselves, but also the immobile. This part of thesis shows that the adaptation duty of states is a complex balancing act between providing admission and supporting local adaptation. The last chapter elaborates on this challenge. Drawing on the research on climate immigration, I highlight the aspects of this movement that must be considered in a morally informed immigration policy. In addition, I put forward the possibility that states can allocate among themselves their obligations so some will do more in terms of admitting immigrants and some will do more in terms of supporting local adaptation.
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Greve, Tinka Maria. "Power Relations in the Voluntary Work with Immigrants. A Qualitative Study of a Migrant Self-Organisation in Bologna, Italy." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21657.
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This qualitative study of a migrant self-organisation in Bologna, Italy analyses the power relations between immigrants and supporters within the field of voluntary work in the migration sector. Based on eight semi-structured interviews it explores the perception of power relations of the members of the intercultural association Spazio per tutti. The material was analysed with the help of thematic analysis and a postcolonial and intersectional perspective. In the first part of the discussion, it is demonstrated, along the theory of “strange encounters” of Sara Ahmed (2000), how dominant norms, such as the invisible norm of whiteness, are still present in the association and immigrants are confronted with the paradigm of integration. The second part of the analysis shows instead, with the help of Homi Bhabha’s theory of the third space (1994), how the association creates a space where fixed identities and roles can be challenged and negotiated. By taking the intersectional approach into account, it gets further clear that the internal power relations are more complex for being grasped along binary categories (e.g. immigrants and non-immigrants), as they for example do not reflect the special subject position of Black women. In a nutshell, the present case study demonstrates the need to draw the attention to the political dimension of social work with immigrants and to create more awareness for intersectional justice, also within organisations that already follow an empowerment approach.
Books on the topic "Immigrants – Italy – Social conditions"
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Becoming Venetian: Immigrants and the arts in early modern Venice. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.
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The cultures of Italian migration: Diverse trajectories and discrete perspectives. Madison, N.J: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2011.
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Darkness before daybreak: African migrants living on the margins in southern Italy today. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012.
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Stranieri in città: Presenza tedesca e società urbana a Trento : secoli 15.-18. Bologna: Il mulino, 2003.
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From challenging culture to challenged culture: The Sicilian cultural code and the socio-cultural praxis of Sicilian immigrants in Belgium. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, 1987.
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Gucciardo, Tonina. Someone's mother, someone's wife: The Italo-Australian woman's identity and roles. Victoria: Catholic Italian Resource Centre, 1988.
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Americans in Tuscany: Charity, compassion, and belonging. New York: Berghahn Books, 2014.
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Protagoniste silenziose: Il volto e il vissuto delle donne immigrate a Reggio Emilia. Roma: Carocci, 2007.
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An alliance of women: Immigration and the politics of race. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006.
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Rosarno: Terminus d'un euromirage. Villeurbanne: Golias, 2011.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Immigrants – Italy – Social conditions"
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Chiaromonte, William. "Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Italy." In IMISCOE Research Series, 241–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51241-5_16.
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Abstract This chapter presents the main characteristics of the Italian social security system, on the one hand, and Italian migration history and key policy developments, on the other hand, in order to analyze the principal eligibility conditions for accessing social benefits (unemployment, health care, pensions, family benefits and guaranteed minimum resources) for national residents, non-national residents and non-resident nationals.
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Triandafyllidou, Anna. "‘Racists? Us? Are You Joking?’ The Discourse of Social Exclusion of Immigrants in Greece and Italy." In Eldorado or Fortress? Migration in Southern Europe, 186–206. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780333982525_9.
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Ainsaar, Mare, and Ave Roots. "Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Estonia." In IMISCOE Research Series, 137–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51241-5_9.
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Abstract This chapter analyses the social protection system in Estonia mainly from the immigration viewpoint. Perhaps because of low immigration rates in recent decades, immigration and emigration issues are seldom explicitly regulated in the Estonian legal system. Our findings indicate that social security rights are based mostly on legal resident status in Estonia, although EU foreign residents sometimes benefit from some better conditions, mainly in terms of taking into account employment records in other EU countries. Missing waiting periods for entitlement to social benefits guarantee that newly arrived immigrants have similar rights with long-term residents.
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Frederic, Patrizio, and Michele Lalla. "Determinants of the transition to upper secondary school: differences between immigrants and Italians." In Proceedings e report, 13–18. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-461-8.04.
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The determinants of the transition from lower secondary to upper secondary school of Italian and immigrant teenagers (16-19 age range) were identified joining the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) and the Italian Survey on Income and Living Conditions of Families with Immigrants in Italy (IM-SILC) for 2009. A set of individual, family, and contextual characteristics was selected through the Lasso method and a Bayesian approach to explain the choice of upper secondary schooling (yes/no). The transition from the low secondary to upper secondary school showed a complex pattern involving many variables: compared to men, women did not prove to have any differences, many components of income entered the model in a parabolic form, education level and income of parents proved to be very important, as was their occupation. The contextual factors revealed their importance: the latter included the degree of urbanisation, the South macro-region, household tenure status, the amount of optional technological equipment, and so on. Differences between Italians and immigrants disappeared when family background and parental characteristics were taken into account.
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Alfani, Guido. "Immigrants and formalisation of social ties in Early Modern Italy: Ivrea in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries." In Spiritual Kinship in Europe, 1500–1900, 47–73. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230362703_2.
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Minteguiaga, Analía, and Valerie Carmel. "Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in Ecuador." In IMISCOE Research Series, 109–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_6.
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AbstractFormal labour and affiliation to Ecuador’s social security system is the main gateway for access to social protection benefits, especially in the case of migrants. However, a large informal labour market and low levels on inclusion in the social security system forces large sectors of society to rely on family and community arrangements for the management of risk and economic uncertainty. The state provides some non-contributory benefits through cash transfer programs but, with the exception of health care, these only cover people living in conditions of extreme poverty. Universal, non-means tested programs are limited to the public health and education systems. Overall, migrants face several obstacles to access social protection benefits. Gaining the right to work legally is mostly reserved for white-collar and highly educated immigrants, excluding impoverished immigrants. Paired to the inability to access labour-related benefits and government programs for the so-called poor, immigrants lack the safety nets provided by extended family and a community setting. Nationals residing abroad have restricted access to social benefits, having access only to the contributory pension system on a voluntary basis. This chapter discusses the social protection system in Ecuador and focuses on eligibility criteria to show the extent of migrants’ access to the social benefits.
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Aysan, Mehmet Fatih. "Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in Turkey." In IMISCOE Research Series, 389–400. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_24.
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AbstractThis chapter scrutinises the social protection system in contemporary Turkey in order to examine how different groups of individuals access social benefits across five main policy areas—unemployment, health care, family allowances, pensions, and guaranteed minimum resources. The general conditions under which Turkish citizens and foreigners have access to social benefits in Turkey can be summarized as follows: (i) residence and employment status are important determinants of one’s access to social protection in Turkey; (ii) employment status generally determines the access to unemployment benefits, health care, pensions, and family benefits, while residence status is important for all social policy areas except pensions; (iii) a majority of social benefits provided for Turkish citizens are also available for foreign residents through their employment status; (iv) guaranteed income is granted based on residence in Turkey; (v) access to family benefits may vary depending on one’s occupation, residence, and nationality. The Turkish system of social protection is a fragmented one, with divisions based on occupational differences, residence, income level, and citizenship. This fragmented nature coupled with regional and global socio-economic risks (particularly large migration flows) make structural social security reforms inevitable in contemporary Turkey.
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Moreno-Fuentes, Francisco Javier. "Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Spain." In IMISCOE Research Series, 405–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51241-5_27.
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Abstract From traditional country of emigration, Spain became a country of immigration in a relatively short period, practically catching up with the rest of Western European countries in terms of percentage of population of foreign origin by 2010. The hybrid nature of its welfare regime, a combination of social insurance schemes and universalistic programs, determined the eligibility of foreign populations to each specific social protection scheme. In basic terms, foreigners can access Spanish social protection schemes through their participation in the labour market (for social insurance programs), and their residence in Spanish territory (for schemes based on a universalistic logic). The international agreements signed by Spain are a key aspect as well in determining welfare entitlements for foreigners, particularly in the case of nationals from other EU member states and Latin America. The strong reliance on contributory schemes, and the significant role played by the underground economy, leave economic migrants (particularly undocumented ones) without much social protection. The economic crisis initiated in 2008 implied an increase in immigrants’ vulnerability, but their actual welfare take-up decreased due to their more limited access to the formal labour market, and the restrictive conditions of targeted social assistance schemes.
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Corrado, Alessandra, and Letizia Palumbo. "Essential Farmworkers and the Pandemic Crisis: Migrant Labour Conditions, and Legal and Political Responses in Italy and Spain." In Migration and Pandemics, 145–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81210-2_8.
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AbstractThe agri-food system across Europe relies heavily on migrant labour. Border lockdowns during the Covid-19 pandemic immobilised thousands of foreign farmworkers, giving rise to fears of labour shortages and food production losses in EU countries. Farmers’ organisations sought institutional interventions to address this labour demand. Although migrant workers have become a fundamental component of core sectors in recent decades, it is only in the current health emergency that they were recognised as ‘essential’ workers. The chapter analyses the working conditions of migrant farmworkers alongside national debates and institutional interventions in Italy and Spain during the pandemic. It provides a critical comparative analysis of legal and policy interventions to address migrants’ situations of vulnerability. Both countries depend on important contingents of EU and non-EU migrant farmworkers, especially in fruit and vegetable production; moreover, they present common aspects in supply chain dynamics and labour market policies, but also specific differences in labour, migration and social policies. Both adopted measures to face the condition of irregularity of migrant workers in order to respond to labour demand in the agri-food sector and to provide these workers with safe working and living conditions during the pandemic. However, these interventions reveal shortcomings that significantly limit their impact and outcomes, calling into question to what extent migrant workers are really considered as ‘essential’ in a long-term perspective and, therefore, to what extent the current pandemic constitutes an opportunity for a new push to enforce labour and migrant rights.
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Jarty, Julie, and Karina Batthyány. "Recent Evolutions of Gender, State Feminism and Care Models in Latin America and Europe." In Towards a Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities between Europe and Latin America, 361–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48442-2_12.
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AbstractThis chapter presents and characterises the way in which, in the twenty-first century, after years of feminist struggles inside and outside of institutions, gender relations are organised in the different countries of the INCASI project (on the European side, Spain, Italy, Finland, France and the United Kingdom, on the side of the South American Southern Cone, Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay). It pays special attention to the implementation of feminist issues on political agendas, and in particular the assignment of women to unpaid care work—an aspect of the power continuum that we look to relate to other aspects. Gradually and for almost a century all countries in both continents have granted women the status of subjects, citizens and employees. However, the conditions, challenges and timelines of this process differ considerably from one continent to another, so they need to be addressed separately. The neoliberal era did not have the same impact in Europe as it did in South America (nor was it exactly the same between particular European countries or among South American ones).
Conference papers on the topic "Immigrants – Italy – Social conditions"
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MARCHESI, GIAN FRANCO, GIOVANNI SANTONE, ANTONIO GIORDANO, and ADRIANO BALDONI. "PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS AMONG IMMIGRANTS IN THE PROVINCE OF ANCONA, ITALY." In IX World Congress of Psychiatry. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814440912_0258.
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Milovanovic-Bertram, Smilja. "Lina Bo Bardi: Evolution of Cultural Displacement." In 2016 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2016.61.
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In recent years much has been written and exhibited regarding Lina Bo Bardi, the Italian/Brazilian architect (1914-1992). This paper aims to look at the phenomenon of cultural displacement and the dissemination of her design thinking as a major female figure in a male dominated profession. This investigation is distinguished from others in that it addresses the importance of regional and cultural influences that formed Lina’s design philosophy in her early years in Italy. Cultural displacement has long played a significant role in the creative process for artists. Often major innovators in literature are immigrants as elements of strangeness, distance, and alienation all contribute to their creativity. The premise is that critical distance is paramount for reflection as a change of context unfolds unforeseen possibilities. Displacement was a consistent element throughout the trajectory of Lina’s architectural career as she moved from Rome to Milan, from Milan to Sao Paolo from Sao Paolo to Bahia and back to Sao Paolo. Viewing this form of detachment and dislocation permits insight into her career and body of work as displacement mediates the paradoxical relationship between time and space. The paper will examine three distinct periods in her career. The first period is set in Rome, where she assimilated the city, showed artistic aptitude and spent her university years studying under Piacentiniand Giovannoni. The second period is set in Milan, where she developed impressive editorial and layout skills in publications work with Gio Ponti and BrunoZevi. and was influenced by Antonio Gramsci’s writings. The third is set in Brazil, where she builds and evolves as an architect via what she absorbed in Rome, wrote in Milan, and finally realized in Brazil. After Italy’s collapse in WWII Lina writes, draws, edits, critiques the plight of the Italians in need of better housing and circumstances. She leaves Milan with her new husband, PM Bardi (a prominent journalist, art critic) for Brazil. In Sao Paolo she absorbs the optimism and positive direction of Brazil. Her early design work in Brazil echoes European modernism, but when she travels to Bahia and becomes aware of the social conditions, she draws from her Italian experiences of and ideas of transforming lives through craft. Her architectural projects become directly responsive to the culture of Bahia and the politics of poverty. Lina’s design thinking evolves and parallels George Kubler’s study, The Shape of Time, and the history of man-made objects by bridging the divide between art and material culture.
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D'Agata, Rosario, and Simona Gozzo. "#immigrants project: the on-line perception of integration." In CARMA 2020 - 3rd International Conference on Advanced Research Methods and Analytics. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carma2020.2020.11655.
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This paper analyses the content of Twitter’s comments during the period covering the last European elections. "#immigrants" is the extraction’s keyword in different national languages. With the exception of English and French, whose extraction would be misleading, all of the other languages have been chosen to catch the geographical area of reference. We made sure to extract at least two sentences for each Welfare area. Once the data have been extracted, three different strategies have been used. The first one, dealing with both a qualitative and a quantitative assessment; the second one, analysing automatically the content of the top 10 extracted tweets during the reference period and the third one based on network analysis. Through a deep analysis of the content, three clusters have been identified: the first one dealing with the cultural risks of multiculturalism; the second one (social risks) dealing with the fear of migrants stealing job vacancies and the third one dealing with economic risks. A deep network analysis of Italian and Spanish contexts follows. What emerges is that: communication is extremely heterogeneous; in Italy there unique and duplicated edges prevails; in Spain there are more groups than in Italy, more themes covered and different kind of users and nets.
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Salerno, Irene. "Romani people in Southern Italy. Integration,social problems, life conditions." In The International Conference on Research in Social Sciences. Acavent, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/rssconf.2019.05.278.
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Rosca, Tatiana. "Redefining the ethnic traditionalcuisine as an instrument of identity in the case of moldovan immigrants from Italy." In Ethnology Symposium "Ethnic traditions and processes", Edition II. Institute of Cultural Heritage, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/9789975333788.36.
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The paper highlights the role of food, as an instrument of identity and intercultural contact, the contribution of traditional ethnic dishes in the reconstruction of the family context, connected to the migration process, and food as a form of communication in a different social context. It reflects the consequences of the exchange process, in which changes take place both in the cultural traditions of Moldovan immigrants and in Italian customs, due to the fusion of elements and ingredients borrowed through reciprocity, thus diluting the mental and social boundaries.
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Ivanova, Anna, and Svetlana Popova. "EFFICIENCY OF STATE SUPPORT MEASURES OF POPULATION INCOME DURING THE PERIOD OF CONSTRAINTS: A COUNTRY APPROACH." In Manager of the Year. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/my2021_82-89.
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This article is devoted to the research of the COVID-19 pandemic affected the economy of the Russian Federation and other countries of the world and its consequences on society. Today, the social policy of the Russian Federation and the whole world is experiencing great stress. The crisis, which arose due to the imposed restrictive measures to ensure the isolation regime in order to prevent the spread of COVID-2019 by foreign governments, revealed previously existing gaps in the provisions of social protection. The ways of formation and improvement of state support of incomes of the population during a crisis situation all over the world are considered. In the conditions of the crisis, the load on the social system has increased many times over, due to the increase in the number of poor citizens. Funding has been introduced for various measures, methods and ways to improve livelihoods and prevent the closure of Micro-Enterprises, SMEs of all types, self-employed and workers, in order to prevent unemployment caused by the global situation. The analysis of the gross domestic product and the effectiveness of the implemented additional measures of state support of the population’s income has been carried out. For example, the leading countries of the world were considered, such as: Russia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, USA.
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Mircea, Vladu. "CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE USE OF ELEARNING MOODLE PLATFORM DURING THE PANDEMIC." In eLSE 2021. ADL Romania, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-21-056.
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I never thought that a virus could disturb the lives of people everywhere, almost to the point of paralysis. Even after the appearance of the first signs given by this killer virus, at the end of 2019 and the beginning of 2020, in China, we did not suspect what harm it can cause to humanity. People began to see the reality when China, the country with the largest population in the world, said it was facing great difficulties with the killer virus. Alarming information then began to appear in Spain, Italy and other countries not only in Europe but also on other continents of the world. Spain has been brought to its knees by the virus, as has Italy, with thousands of people dying every day. The economic and social life of these countries, and not only, had begun to be paralyzed. One by one, schools were closed, the educational process started to be carried out online. For Spaniards, Italians, French, Germans, etc., there were no problems with teleworking, as they had everything they needed to continue high-performance, online education. I was thinking then what we Romanians will do if the virus brings us to our knees, because only with some exceptions we had what we needed for telework, and the hygiene and personal protection materials ,,were sublime, but they were completely missing". I was shocked when it was announced on television that in Romania the first case of infection with Covid-19 was registered. Then the number of those infected increased daily, many Romanians in the diaspora contributing to this performance, who, against the recommendations of the national authorities not to return to Romania during that period, did not take them into account and we were faced with the result: the number of people infected and hospitalized multiplied with each passing day. In those difficult conditions, the online education started to be carried out in Romania as well. As a professor in a military higher education institution, I had to comply with this situation, but the beginning was difficult for me. I would like to talk further about the difficulties I have encountered in conducting online education, as well as how I have managed to overcome them, with the hope that in the future such phenomena will no longer represent an issue for some of the teaching staff.
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Di Nicolantonio, Massimo, and Giuseppe Di Bucchianico e Sefania Camplone. "The Visual Pleasantness in Yacht Design: Natural Lighting, View and Interior Colors." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100615.
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The quality of the environment is closely related to the control and the availability of natural lighting and possible views. In the field of yachting, however, the design solution of the hulls and the environments often makes this relations especially critical the availability of natural light and views inside the boat. Anyway, the demands of representation and sociality required, needs the introduction of new systems of windows, terraces and new layouts, to relate the interior of the boats with the deck, attributing new meanings within the social idea of “going into the sea". This is how the small portholes, with the original function of air environments, aspire to become large openings for dialogue with the sky and sea. However, the unstable horizon of the boat, and the dynamic changing nature of views and natural lighting, generate very difficult conditions about the control of the factors which can help to determine the good size of the domestic interiors and their relationship with the environment. The paper presents the results of a research on the topic of visual pleasantness in yachting, conducted at the Department of Architecture, University "G. D'Annunzio "of Chieti-Pescara (Italy). The research has developed a system of guidelines for the aware-design of the openings to the outside in the nautical living spaces, taking into account the constraints imposed by the marine environment, activities and postures of users, as well as natural lighting and views, according with the knowledge that the control of these factors contribute to the overall quality of the project.
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Carriera, Lucia, Chiara Carla Montà, and Daniela Bianchi. "THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON RESIDENTIAL CARE SERVICES FOR CHILDREN: A CALL FOR FAMILY-BASED APPROACH IN ALTERNATIVE CARE." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021end126.
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Children’s rights and needs are at the center of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, where education is viewed as crucial for providing the opportunities for sustainable, peaceful and equitable coexistence in a changing world. Alternative care settings are educational contexts (Tibollo, 2015) that deal with children in vulnerable conditions (UN General Assembly, 2010). For this reason, they can be considered as a sort of “field test” or “magnifying glass” on how the progress in striving to the implementation of the goals is proceeding – no one must be left behind. The 2020 global pandemic provoked an external shock to current socio-economic dimensions of sustainability. Education has been one of the most struck systems – let’s think of the 1,6 billion learners that have been affected by school closures (UNESCO, 2020). With this global framework in mind, the contribution aims at offering a pedagogical reflection on the impact the Covid-19 pandemic is having on children living in residential care centers (RCC). Worldwide, many RCCs, following the ongoing global pandemic, have been closed with the consequent return of children to their families of origin (CRIN, 2020). This process of deinstitutionalization, however, has not been overseen by rigorous monitoring, leading to increased risks of violence for children. This urges authorities to take carefully planned measures with respect to deinstitutionalisation in light of the COVID-19 pandemic (Goldman, et al., 2020). But Covid-19 is not only a health risk for children in RCCs. Because of the complex impact that the pandemic has had on the lives of children, on one side care responses are required, and on the other psycho-social and educational ones are also crucial (SOS Villaggi dei Bambini Onlus Italy; Save The Children, 2020). In Italy, for example, special guidelines have been drawn up to mitigate the spread of the virus within residential structures, that sometimes are overcrowded (Istituto superiore di sanità; SOS Villaggi dei Bambini Onlus Italia, 2020). In addition, tools have been provided to support the mental health of the children and adolescents that are deprived of opportunities for socialization given the closure of schools. In some cases they are isolated within the services themselves to mitigate the risk of the spread, causing a limitation in the possibility of seeing people outside the institution as their parents. Covid-19 underlines the urgency of promoting family-based alternative care for children. In particular, this paper aims to read through a pedagogical lens, the European scenario of residential services for children, to explore the impact of Covid-19 in these services; and to promote a family-based approach in alternative care preventing the risk of institutionalization in children welcomed.
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Rapisarda, Sebastiano, Elena Ghersetti, Damiano Girardi, Nicola Alberto De Carlo, and Laura Dal Corso. "SMART WORKING AND ONLINE PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: WORK-FAMILY BALANCE, WELL-BEING, AND PERFORMANCE." In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact062.
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"During lockdown and the severe restrictions aimed to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, in Italy great consideration has been given to “smart working” (SW). This term refers to a form of work characterized by the absence of time or space restrictions and an organization by phases, cycles, and objectives. The requirements for SW are: work must be carried out electronically; the tools must be adequate; performance must be measurable and focused on objectives; employees must have a suitable place to get their work done. These requirements ensure that the essential objectives of SW are attained: replacing the logic of performing tasks with that of achieving objectives; allowing everyone to manage work actively and autonomously; stimulating more decisive accountability in work, and better performance. Since the COVID-19 outbreak, action-research interventions have been conducted by private and public organizations. The private sector has endeavored to meet the requirements described above. This has not always been the case in the public sector, where largely widespread and indiscriminate use of SW has been made, not always complying with the protocols. However, even within the “emergency” limits of these experiences, SW has generally been accepted. The main advantages reported by employees are time and money saved on travel and food, in addition to improved family life. However, some problems have also emerged. These include the perception of social isolation; difficulty in disconnecting from technology; inadequacy of the tools; inadequate communication with managers. We also found that the health conditions of some “smart workers” have worsened in terms of anxiety, sleep disorders, and emotional symptoms. The data clearly show the complexity of analyses and interventions in relation to the SW phenomenon. The protection of employees’ health, especially in terms of recovery and work-family balance, appears to be particularly complex. In this context, the authors’ experience shows that online psychology has become more significant because it allows to support employees at any time. The literature highlights the growing use of online psychological support also through smartphone apps that provide effective interventions anywhere. Therefore, if, on the one hand, the requirements, objectives, and good practices of SW are to be pursued to limit the critical issues that have arisen, on the other, organizations should provide psychological support to employees even at a distance and by using appropriate technologies."