Journal articles on the topic 'Immigrants – Government policy – Canada'
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1
Kisely, Stephen. "Migration and mental health in Canada: can government policy help?" International Psychiatry 5, no. 3 (July 2008): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s174936760000206x.
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Canada admits more than 220 000 immigrants every year and this is reflected in the statistic that 18% of the population was born abroad (Beiser, 2005). However, government policy emphasises the admission of healthy immigrants rather than their subsequent health. Immigrants do not show a consistently elevated rate of psychiatric illness, and morbidity is related to an interaction between predisposition and socio-environmental factors, rather than immigrationper se. These factors include forced migration and circumstances after arrival, such as poverty, limited recognition of qualifications, discrimination and isolation from the immigrant's own community. For instance, in Canada more than 30% of immigrant families live below the official poverty line in the first 10 years of settlement (Beiser, 2005).
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Dahal, Rudra, Jessica Naidu, Bishnu Bahadur Bajgain, Kalpana Thapa Bajgain, Kamala Adhikari, Nashit Chowdhury, and Tanvir C. Turin. "Patient-Identified Solutions to Primary Care Access Barriers in Canada: The Viewpoints of Nepalese Immigrant Community Members." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 13 (January 2022): 215013192211417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21501319221141797.
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Background: Accessing healthcare for immigrants in Canada is complicated by many difficulties. With the continued and upward trend of immigration to Canada, it is crucial to identify the solutions to the barriers from the perspectives of different immigrant communities as they encounter them including the relatively smaller and less studied population groups of immigrants. As such, Nepalese immigrants in Canada are a South Asian ethnic group who have their own distinct language, culture, and socio-economic backgrounds, however, their experience with accessing healthcare in Canada is scarce in the literature. Methods: We conducted 12 focus group discussions with first-generation Nepalese immigrants who had experiences with primary care use in Canada. Informed consent and demographic information were obtained before each focus group discussion. The verbatim transcription of the focus groups was analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: The participants expressed a range of potential solutions to overcome the barriers, which we presented using the socio-ecological framework into 4 different levels. This includes individual-, community-, service provider-, and government/policy-levels. Individual-level actions included improving self-awareness and knowledge of health in general and navigating the healthcare system and proactively improving the language skills and assimilating into the Canadian culture. Examples of community-level actions included community events to share health information with immigrants, health literacy programs, and driving/carpooling to clinics or hospitals. Actions at the service provider level were mainly focused on enhancing communications, cultural competency training for providers, and ensuring to hire primary care workforce representing various ethnocultural backgrounds. Overall, focus group participants believed that the provincial and federal government, as appropriate, should increase support for dental and vision care support and take actions to increase the healthcare capacity, particularly by employing internationally graduated health professionals. Conclusions: Access to primary care is essential for the health of immigrant populations in Canada. Individuals, community organizations, health service providers, and governments need to work both individually and collaboratively to improve immigrants’ primary care access.
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Sukhobokova, Olga. "Canadian governments policy on Ukrainian immigration in the 1910s – 1930s." American History & Politics: Scientific edition, no. 11 (2021): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2021.11.3.
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The article examines Canadian immigration policy toward Ukrainians in the 1910s-1930s. At this time, following the tumultuous Ukrainian immigration organized by W. Laurier’s government, subsequent Canadian governments (Robert Borden, Arthur Meighen, Mackenzie King, Richard Bennet) restricted immigration from Eastern Europe, including from Ukrainian lands. The aim of the article is to analyze the main approaches of Canadian governments during this period to the immigration of Ukrainians, the formation of appropriate legislation and practice. Research methods. General scientific principles, interdisciplinary approaches (history, law, sociology) and special historical methods, in particular comparative and retrospective analysis, are used. They were used to analyze the origins and political and legal rationale for changes in Canadian immigration law and their implementation in practice. Emphasis is placed on the attitude of Canadian politicians and society to East Slavic, including Ukrainian, immigration, and its influence on official government policy. The scientific novelty of the study is to consider Canada’s immigration policy towards Ukrainians in the 1910s and 1930s in terms of its political and economic development, using mainly Canadian English-language sources and literature. Conclusions. Objective domestic and foreign policy circumstances due to the First World War and the economic development of Canada (the transition from agro-industrial to industrial-agrarian economy) had a significant impact on the formation of immigration policy of the government of R. Borden, along with the theoretical concepts of the Conservatives. It was they who played a leading role in determining the position of Ukrainian immigrants not only on the conservative government of R. Borden (1911–1920), but also remained in power under the liberal government of Mackenzie King. Despite some positive changes for Ukrainian immigrants in the 1920s, the Great Depression in the mid-1930s virtually halted the flow of immigration from Ukrainian lands. However, even under these circumstances, Canada remained one of the priorities for Ukrainians, and in the interwar period became the leader among American countries in the number of admitted Ukrainian immigrants.
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Lee, Rennie. "How do coethnic communities matter for educational attainment? A comparative analysis of the United States and Canada." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 59, no. 2 (April 2018): 139–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715218767486.
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The United States and Canada represent two of the largest immigrant-receiving countries. Although both countries have long histories of receiving immigrants, they are viewed differently in their abilities to integrate immigrants and their children. A popular and reoccurring narrative is Canada’s greater ability to integrate immigrants and their children compared with the United States. One possible explanation is that coethnic communities in Canada are more visible and supported by government funding than coethnic communities in the United States, which may differentially affect the outcomes of immigrants’ children in the two countries. Using nationally representative data from the Sensitive General Social Survey and Ethnic Diversity Survey, this study examines the effects of coethnic community, national origin group, and individual characteristics on educational attainment in the United States and Canada. This study utilizes differences in coethnic community and national origin group effects to understand institutional differences between the two countries. In particular, it finds that coethnic community education has a positive effect in both countries, but the effects for coethnic community income and educational selectivity differ. This study suggests that differences in coethnic community income and educational selectivity may be due to differences in immigration policy, which shape the types of settlement challenges and sources of support that immigrants and their children encounter upon arrival.
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Cardinal, Linda, Helaina Gaspard, and Rémi Léger. "The Politics of Language Roadmaps in Canada: Understanding the Conservative Government's Approach to Official Languages." Canadian Journal of Political Science 48, no. 3 (August 24, 2015): 577–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423915000517.
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AbstractThis article critically examines the Conservative government's approach to official languages, through a policy instrument framework. Special attention is paid to the third federal roadmap for official languages—the first having been unveiled by the Liberal government in 2003 and the second by the Conservative minority government in 2008—and how this roadmap conveys a new representation of official languages in relation to Canadian identity and citizenship. The focus on the linguistic integration of new immigrants in the 2013 language roadmap generates interest. The policy instrument framework also shows how language roadmaps represent the fourth generation of official language policies in Canada; the first three generations found their respective bases in the 1969 Official Languages Act, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the 1988 Official Languages Act. The article concludes that an analysis of language roadmaps elucidates transformations initiated by the Conservative governments in the area of official languages in Canada. It also promotes further exploration and analysis of language policies through the policy instrument framework.
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Frideres, James S. "Canada's Changing Immigration Policy: Implications for Asian Immigrants." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 5, no. 4 (December 1996): 449–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689600500404.
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Canada has accepted immigrants since the turn of the century and has been a major player in the world wide movement of people. However, until the 1960s, most immigrants were white and from Western Europe. By the late 60s, Canada's immigration policy took on a more universalistic criteria and immigrants from around the world were able to enter. In 1971, Canada established a multicultural policy, reflecting the multi-ethnic composition of Canadian society. However, a quarter century later, economic and ideological pressures have forced the government of the day to rethink its immigration policy. The present paper reviews Canadian immigration policy and assesses the current situation. An analysis of the 1994 immigration consultation process is presented which led to the new changes in immigration policy. Recent changes in the organizational structure of the Department of Citizenship and Immigration and its policy are evaluated. The implications of the new immigration policy are discussed, particularly as it relates to Asian immigration.
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Bloemraad, Irene. "The North American Naturalization Gap: An Institutional Approach to Citizenship Acquisition in the United States and Canada." International Migration Review 36, no. 1 (March 2002): 193–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2002.tb00077.x.
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Using 1990 U.S. Census 5% PUMS and 1991 Canadian Census 3% public and 20% restricted microfiles, this article demonstrates the existence of a North American naturalization gap: immigrants living in Canada are on average much more likely to be citizens than their counterparts in the United States, and they acquire citizenship much faster than those living south of the border. Current theories explaining naturalization differences - focusing on citizenship laws, group traits or the characteristics of individual migrants - fail to explain the naturalization gap. Instead, I propose an institutional approach to citizenship acquisition. States' normative stances regarding immigrant integration (interventionist or autonomous) generate integrated or disconnected institutional configurations between government, ethnic organizations and individuals. Evidence from a case study of Portuguese immigrants living in Massachusetts and Ontario suggests that in Toronto government bureaucrats and federal policy encourage citizenship through symbolic support and instrumental aid to ethnic organizations and community leaders. In contrast, Boston area grassroots groups are expected to mobilize and aid their constituents without direct state support, resulting in lower citizenship levels.
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Turin, Tanvir C., Sarika Haque, Nashit Chowdhury, Mahzabin Ferdous, Nahid Rumana, Afsana Rahman, Nafiza Rahman, Mohammad Lasker, and Ruksana Rashid. "Overcoming the Challenges Faced by Immigrant Populations While Accessing Primary Care: Potential Solution-oriented Actions Advocated by the Bangladeshi-Canadian Community." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 12 (January 2021): 215013272110101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21501327211010165.
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Introduction: Immigrants continue to face significant challenges in accessing primary healthcare (PHC) that often negatively impact their health. The present research aims to capture the perspectives of immigrants to identify potential approaches to enhance PHC access for this group. Methods: Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted among a sample of first-generation Bangladeshi immigrants who had experience with PHC in Canada. A total of 13 FGDs (7 among women, 6 among men) were conducted with 80 participants (women = 42, men = 38) in their preferred language, Bangla. We collected demographic information prior to each focus group and used descriptive statistics to identify the socio-demographic characteristics of participants. We applied thematic analysis to examine qualitative data to generate a list of themes of possible approaches to improve PHC access. Results: The focus group findings identified different levels of approaches to improve PHC access: individual-, community-, service provider-, and policy-level. Individual-level approaches included increased self-awareness of health and wellness and personal knowledge of cultural differences in healthcare services and improved communication skills. At the community level, supports for community members to access care included health education workshops, information sessions, and different support programs (eg, carpool services for senior members). Suggested service-level approaches included providers taking necessary steps to ensure an effective doctor-patient relationship with immigrants (eg, strategies to promote cultural competencies, hiring multicultural staff). FGD participants also raised the importance of government- or policy-level solutions to ensure high quality of care (eg, increased after-hour clinics and lab/diagnostic services). Conclusions: Although barriers to immigrants accessing healthcare are well documented in the literature, solutions to address them are under-researched. To improve healthcare access, physicians, community health centers, local health agencies, and public health units should collaborate with members of immigrant communities to identify appropriate interventions.
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Mann, Richard. "Open secularism and the RCMP turban debate." Social Compass 67, no. 1 (March 2020): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037768619895152.
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This article examines newspaper articles and opinion pieces related to the 1989 and 1990 case of allowing RCMP (Royal Canadian Mounted Police) officers to wear turbans as part of their formal uniform. Many of those opposed to allowing for this change in RCMP policy demonstrate a sense of an assumed national identity that tends to label immigrants and people from non-European backgrounds as un-Canadian. Once the federal government approved this change in RCMP policy, some of the groups that opposed it attempted to bring it to the Supreme Court of Canada. The argument they made was one for closed secularism. The policy change, however, and the impact it had on Baltej Singh Dhillon, the first Sikh RCMP officer who became an officer and was allowed to wear his turban the results of which present a case for open secularism.
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Falconer, Thirstan. "“We Can’t Be Too Selective about This”: Immigration Advocacy in the Canadian English-Language Press, 1949–57." International Journal of Canadian Studies 58 (April 1, 2021): 54–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ijcs.58.x.54.
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Immigration policy during the immediate years after the Second World War highly restricted the arrival of newcomers. Before 1947, Canada’s immigration system was a preferential one, with the highest priority given to British subjects coming to Canada from the United Kingdom, or from any of the British dominions, and the United States. Canada’s preferences then extended to Northern Europeans, then to Central and Southern Europeans. Chinese, Greeks, Italians, Portuguese, and Spanish immigrants were excluded. During the years of Prime Minister Louis St-Laurent (1948–57), Canadians read about the economic benefits that a robust immigration policy promised in the English-language press. The St-Laurent government was under significant pressure to increase the flow of migrants into Canada. However, the Liberal government studiously monitored recent arrivals with a conservative approach to economic growth. The Canadian business community perceived this policy as too cautious, and their preference for a more robust policy frequently surfaced in the English-language press. This article shows that newspapers coverage across the country criticized the government’s immigration policy during the 1950s and advocated for an approach that accommodated more newcomers to spur population and economic growth. Through their coverage, the editors and journalists reasoned that boosting immigration accelerated the Canadian economy. English Canadian journalists and newspapers attempted to influence Canadians about the economic benefits of increasing migration to Canada.
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Hilde, Rosalie K., and Albert Mills. "Making critical sense of discriminatory practices in the Canadian workplace." critical perspectives on international business 11, no. 2 (May 5, 2015): 173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-09-2012-0042.
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Purpose – This paper aims to report on a preliminary study of how professionally qualified immigrants from Hong Kong to Canada make sense of their experiences, particularly workplace opportunities. Design/methodology/approach – The study is framed by a Critical Sensemaking approach, involving in-depth interviews with 12 informants from the Hong Kong Chinese community and discursive analysis (Foucault, 1979) of the local and formative contexts in which they are making sense of workplace opportunities. Findings – The findings suggest that a dominant discourse of “integration” strongly influences the way that professionally qualified immigrants come to accept the unchallenged assumptions that the government is providing help for them to “get in”; and that ethnic service organizations are offering positive guidance to the immigrants’ workplace goals and opportunities. Immigrants’ identity and self-worth are measured by whether they “get in” – integrate – into so-called mainstream society. The effect of this hidden discourse has been to marginalize some immigrants in relation to workplace opportunities. Research limitations/implications – The interplay of structural (i.e. formative contexts and organizational rules), socio-psychological (i.e. sensemaking properties) and discursive contexts (e.g. discourses of immigration) are difficult to detail over time. The interplay – although important – is difficult to document and trace over a relatively short period of time and may, more appropriately lend itself to more longitudinal research. Practical implications – This paper strongly suggests that we need to move beyond structural accounts to capture the voice and agency of immigrants. In particular, as we have tried to show, the sensemaking and sensemaking contexts in which immigrants find themselves provide important insights to the immigrant experience. Social implications – This paper suggests widespread policy implications, with a call for greater use of qualitative methods in the study of immigrant experience. It is suggested that policymakers need to move beyond uniform and structural approaches to immigration. How selected immigrants in context make sense of their experiences and how this can help to identify improved policies need to be understood. Originality/value – This paper is original in going beyond both structural and psychological accounts of immigration. Through the developing method of Critical Sensemaking, the study combines a focus on structure and social psychology and their interplay. Thus, providing insights not only to the broad discriminatory practices that so-called non-White immigrants face in Canada (and likely other industrial societies) but how these are made sense of. The study is also unique in attempting to fuse sensemaking and discourse analysis to show the interaction between individual sensemaking in the context of dominant discourses.
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Trilokekar, Roopa Desai. "IMAGINE: Canada as a leader in international education. How can Canada benefit from the Australian experience?" Canadian Journal of Higher Education 43, no. 2 (August 31, 2013): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.v43i2.2103.
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Hosting international students has long been admired as one of the hallmarks of internationalization. The two major formative strands of internationalization in Canadian universities are development cooperation and international students. With reduced public funding for higher education, institutions are aggressively recruiting international students to generate additional revenue. Canada is equally interested in offering incentives for international students to stay in the country as immigrants after completing their studies. In its 2011 budget, the Canadian federal government earmarked funding for an international education strategy and, in 2010, funded Edu-Canada—the marketing unit within the Department of Education and Foreign Affairs (DFAIT)—to develop an official Canadian brand to boost educational marketing, IMAGINE: Education in/au Canada. This model emulates the Australian one, which rapidly capitalized on the recruitment of international students and became an international success story. Given current Canadian higher education policy trends, this paper will address the cautionary lessons that can be drawn from the Australian case.
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Breaugh, Jessica, Catherine DeJong, and Lauren Rutherford. "Reconsidering Canadian Citizenship Policy in an Era of Globalization." Potentia: Journal of International Affairs 1 (October 1, 2009): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/potentia.v1i1.4365.
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Over the last half of the 20th century, forces of globalization have lead to a significant growth in the number of international migrants, and influenced the national governments of emigrant and immigrant countries to implement dual citizenship policies. This paper will argue that global forces have intensified the extraordinary growth of dual citizenship in Canada, changing the social meaning attributed to dual citizenship and placing internal and external pressures on the government to re-evaluate existing citizenship policies and the rights afforded to non-resident Canadians. The first section of this paper will address the theoretical framework of citizenship policy in Canada, as well as its historical foundations. The second section will discuss the forces of globalization, exploring the reasons behind the dramatic increase in dual citizenship. To conclude, the final section will examine the impact of these pressures on Canadian domestic policy as seen through the public debate surrounding the Lebanon evacuation, and the recent revision of policies granting citizenship to third generation nonresident Canadians. The final thoughts section will speak to recommended policy considerations for government.
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Lam, Michelle. "Effects of Canada’s Increasing Linguistic and Cultural Diversity on Educational Policy, Programming and Pedagogy." Journal of Contemporary Issues in Education 14, no. 2 (December 10, 2019): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20355/jcie29370.
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In Canada, 22.9% of people report a “mother tongue” that is not English or French (Government of Canada, 2017) and most of them are newcomers. Within Canadian primary and secondary school, there were 4.75 million students enrolled in the 2015/2016 school year (Statista, 2018), and 2.2 million children under age 15 who were foreign-born or who had at least one foreign-born parent (Government of Canada, 2017). Thirty-seven and a half percent of all Canadian children have an immigrant background (Government of Canada, 2017). These statistics point towards large numbers of students in Canadian schools who have a depth of linguistic resources and repertoire. This diversity has implications on educational policy, programming, and pedagogy. In order to ensure that the education provided to students in Canadian classrooms is relevant, future-focused, and honouring to the depth of linguistic and cultural resources represented within the classroom it is necessary for teachers and policy-makers to have a strong understanding of how English as an additional language (EAL) students learn language and literacy, and how they enrich the learning environment of the classroom as a whole. This article describes the effects of Canada’s increasing diversity on educational policy, programing and pedagogy.
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Seo, Bosu, and Krystal Lowney. "Understanding Syrian refugees’ experience in terms of settlement and participation in Canadian labour market: A mixed method approach." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 1 (January 24, 2021): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.81.9560.
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This paper explores Syrian refugees’ experience in terms of settlement and participation in Canadian labour market. It discusses the findings of research on labour market integration in Canada of racialized immigrants and refugees, as well as the state of economic insecurity among newcomers, to identify systemic patterns of discrimination and policy implications. A mixed method approach with in-depth interview and questionnaire surveys were used for an analysis. Long-term benefit, second-generation success, and reliance on government support were commonly observed. Language barrier, lack of host country’s experience, and lack of transportation were cited as common barriers to employment. This research confirms that there is no uniform process for refugees entering into a host country. Canadian government needs to create a structured program to be implemented in each province and deliver the same process for every refugee entering.
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Romney, Paul. "A Conservative Reformer in Upper Canada: Charles Fothergill, Responsible Government and the “British Party”, 1824‑1840." Historical Papers 19, no. 1 (April 26, 2006): 42–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030917ar.
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Abstract Whig treatments of the politics of early 19th century Upper Canada have tended to treat the reformers as a group unified behind the concept of "responsible government". As Graeme Patterson has pointed out, though, the concept of responsible government, which lay at the heart of much debate during the 1830s and 1840s, had a variety of meanings, ranging from the traditional Baldwinite view of ministerial responsibility for policy to an elected chamber of a sovereign legislature to the much simpler concept cf effective accountability of the colonial administration to imperial authorities. The author explores a distinctive variant upon the theme cf "responsible government" - that posited by the English-born reformer, Charles Fothergill. After a short, and not par- ticularly distinguished, career as a placeman, Fothergill was dismissed in 1826 for his activities in the House of Assembly. After three years in the mainstream cf reform politics, he broke with W.W. Baldwin, John Rolph and their adherents over the meaning cf responsible government, and proclaimed himself a "conservative reformer." Afterthe Rebellion, he became a tribune of the so-called "British Party" - a group of loyal, conservative, middle-class British immigrants who resented the dominance of the Family Compact. Though Fothergill shared the social conservatism which underlay the Bald- winite view of responsible government, he posited a less radical, more legalistic - and, to the author, more logical - alternative to ministerial responsibility.
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Roy, Patricia E. "Images and Immigration: China and Canada." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 20, no. 2-3 (2013): 117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02003008.
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Long before most Canadians ever saw a Chinese person, they heard from travellers, traders, diplomats, and missionaries of a country suffering from uprisings and wars, corruption and vice, intellectual stagnancy, and huge overpopulation. Such images influenced Canada’s immigration policy toward Chinese that began with the imposition of a head tax in 1886 and became an exclusionary policy in 1923. The perceived inability of weak and divided Chinese governments to regulate emigration thwarted Canadian efforts to devise less humiliating methods of restricting immigration. Sympathy for China in its war against Japan after July 1937 boosted China’s image in Canada. That, along with greater concern in Canada for human rights, contributed to the beginning of an easing of restrictions on Chinese immigration in 1947. For humanitarian reasons, after the formation of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, Canada admitted a handful of refugees. An estimated 11,000 Chinese entered Canada illegally during the first decade of the PRC. By the 1960s, China was a world power and a significant market for Canadian products. Thus, when Canada reformed its immigration policies it judged potential Chinese immigrants, along with others, more on their skills than on their country of origin.
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Nistor, Adela, and Diana Reianu. "Determinants of housing prices: evidence from Ontario cities, 2001-2011." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 11, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 541–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-08-2017-0078.
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Purpose This paper aims to present a panel data econometric model of the main determinants of house prices in the ten largest census metropolitan areas (CMA) in Ontario, Canada, for the years 2001, 2006 and 2011. The impact of immigration on the housing market in Canada is little researched; however, immigration plays an important role into the economy of Canada. According to Statistics Canada, not only is immigration key to Canada’s population growth but also without immigration, in the next 20 years, Canada’s population growth will be zero. The motivation for this study is the bursting of housing bubbles in some developed countries (e.g. USA). The authors analyze variables that are related to the immigration policy in Canada, accounting also for the impact of the interest rate, income, unemployment, household size and housing supply to analyze housing price determinants. The study investigates the magnitude of the impact of the top three leading categories of immigrants to Canada, namely, Chinese, Indian and Filipino, on the housing prices in Ontario’s largest cities. The results show the main factors that explain home prices over time that are interest rate, immigration, unemployment rate, household size and income. Over the 10-year period from 2001 to 2011, immigration grew by 400 per cent in Toronto CMA, the largest receiving area in Ontario, while the nonimmigrant population grew by 14 per cent. For Toronto CMA, immigrants, income, unemployment rate and interest rate explain the CA$158,875 average home price increase over the 2001-2011 time period. Out of this, the three categories of immigrants’ share of total home price increase is 54.57 per cent, with the corresponding interest rate share 58.60 per cent and income share 11.32 per cent of the total price growth. Unemployment rate contributes negatively to the housing price and its share of the total price increase is 24.49 per cent. Design/methodology/approach The framework for the empirical analysis applies the hedonic pricing model theory to housing sales prices for the ten largest CMAs in Ontario over the years 2001-2011. Following Akbari and Aydede (2012) and O’Meara (2015), market clearing in the housing market results in the housing price as a function of several housing attributes. The authors selected the housing attributes based on data availability for the Canadian Census years of 2001, 2006 and 2011 and the variables that have been most used in the literature. The model has the average housing prices as the dependent variable, and the independent variables are: immigrants per dwelling (Chinese, Indian, and Filipino), unemployment rate, average employment income, household size, housing supply and the interest rate. To capture the relative scarcity of dwellings, the independent variable immigrants per dwelling was used. Findings This study seems to suggest that one cause of high prices in Ontario is large inflows of immigrants together with low mortgage interest rate. The authors focused their attention on Toronto CMA, as it is the main destination of immigrants and comprises the largest cities, including Toronto, Mississauga, Brampton and Oakville. Looking over the 10-year period from 2001 to 2011, the authors can see the factors that impact the home prices in Toronto CMA: immigration, unemployment rate, household size, interest rate and income. Over the period of 10 years from 2001 to 2011, immigrants’ group from China, India and the Philippines account for CA$86,701 increase in the home price (54.57 per cent share of the total increase). Income accounts for CA$17,986 increase in the home price (11.32 per cent share); interest rate accounts for CA$93,103 of the average home price increase in Toronto CMA (58.60 per cent share); and unemployment rate accounts for CA$38,916 decrease in the Toronto average home prices (24.49 per cent share). Household size remain stable over time in Toronto (2.8 average household size) and does not have a contribution to home price change. All these four factors, interest rate, immigrants, unemployment rate and income, together explain CA$158,875 increase in home prices in Toronto CMA between 2001 and 2011. Practical implications The housing market price analysis may be more complex, and there may be factors impacting the housing prices extending beyond immigration, interest rate, income and household size. Finally, the results of this paper can be extended to include the most recent census data for the year 2016 to reflect more accurately the price situation in the housing market for Ontario cities. Social implications The fact that currently, in 2017, the young working population cannot afford buying a property in the Toronto CMA area means there is a problem with this market and a corresponding decrease in the quality of life. According to The Globe and Mail (July 2017), a new pool in 2017 suggested that two in five Canadians believe housing in this country is not affordable for them. Further, 38 per cent of respondents who consider themselves middle or upper class believe in no affordability of housing. The Trudeau Government promised Canadians a national housing strategy for affordable housing. Designing a national housing strategy may be challenging because it has to account for the differential income ranges across regions. Municipal leaders are asking the government to prioritize repair and construct new affordable housing. Another reason discussed in the media of the unaffordability of housing in Toronto and Vancouver is foreign buyers. The Canadian Government recently implemented a tax measure on what it may seem the housing bubble problem: foreign buyers. Following Vancouver, in April 2017, Ontario Government imposed a 15 per cent tax on foreign buyers who are not Canadian citizens or permanent residents. This tax is levied on houses purchased in the area stretching from Niagara Region and Greater Toronto to Peterborough. Originality/value Few studies use Canadian data to explain house prices and analyze the effect of immigration on housing prices. There is not much research on the effect of the immigrants and immigrants’ ethnicity (e.g., Chinese, Indian and Filipino immigrants), on the housing prices in Canada cities. This study investigates the impact of the most prevalent immigrant races (e.g., from China, India and the Philippines) on housing prices, using data for Canadian major cities in Ontario within a panel data econometric framework. This paper fills this gap and contributes to the literature, which analyzes the determinants of housing prices based on a panel of cities in the Canadian province of Ontario.
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Shepherd, John, Larissa Petrillo, and Allan Wilson. "Settling in: how newcomers use a public library." Library Management 39, no. 8/9 (November 12, 2018): 583–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lm-01-2018-0001.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe how recent immigrants and refugees to Canada (“newcomers”) use the facilities of a large, urban public library. As the library previously surveyed the general user population, the responses to the two surveys can be compared. Design/methodology/approach Questionnaires were administered as patrons were leaving Surrey Libraries Branches to adult public library members who self-identified as newcomers who arrived in Canada within the previous ten years. Findings The pattern of library use by newcomers differed from that of the general population. They visited more frequently and stayed longer. Newcomers were heavier users of library services and used a wider range of services. They used the library branch as a public place. The library provided them with a place to study, read or meet other people. Research limitations/implications The study was exploratory. The small sample size and the data collection process do not allow extrapolation to the underlying population. Practical implications Recent newcomers often have similar informational, psychological and social needs. Public libraries can play a role in assisting newcomers during their adjustment process. Originality/value Researchers worked closely with library management to develop questions based on decision usefulness. An earlier in-house study allowed comparisons to be made between branch use by newcomers and general library users. Canadian studies into government policy, along with immigrant and refugee studies, provide context for the survey results.
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Solonska, Natalia. "History pages and contemporary Ukrainian Book Holidays in Canada." Вісник Книжкової палати, no. 6 (June 25, 2020): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36273/2076-9555.2020.6(287).47-52.
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One of the forms and means of preserving national identity, Ukrainian culture, language, promoting the mother-tongue book in Canada is the traditional autumn Ukrainian Book Festival. It characterizes not only the educational and communication activities of scientific and cultural institutions, libraries, reading rooms, museums of the diaspora, its public, religious organizations, colleges and schools in Canada; but also the level of development of the book industry in it; social situation in the country, in the world; the attitude of its government and official circles not only to the ethnic book but also to immigrants; peculiarities of diaspora readership and its specificity (in particular, change of English-speaking everyday life into the mother-tongue environment during the event — psychological adaptation, possibility to speak freely, easily in the language of the historical homeland; feeling or not feeling of unity with one's nation); communication in society; circle of reading of its members; reader's requirements; spiritual and informational needs; the situation of publishers and bookstores; culture and level of book business (trends in product design, printing, paper, etc.); book priorities (traditional, paperback and electronic; book in your native language or country of residence); modern technologies for preparing book exhibitions, etc. And that is very fundamental. The Ukrainian Book Festival promotes the preservation of the mother tongue and the links between immigrants and their descendants with their historical homeland. The peculiarity and difficulty of the presentation of Ukrainian books, authored by representatives of the ethnic community in Canada, is that the diaspora is surrounded by a foreign language environment and perceives the word, information only in its own language. However, members of the Ukrainian diaspora can and do participate in holidays (festivals, fairs, etc.) dedicated to the book in the language of the country in which they reside. Canada has established itself as a country that has a multiculturalism policy that gives a real opportunity to develop freely the culture of all ethnic groups living in it. Considering that the Ukrainian Diaspora centers exist in many countries, in our view, it is advisable to set up an International Day of the Ukrainian Language, on the model of other countries.
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Pottie, Kevin, Branka Agic, Douglas Archibald, Ayesha Ratnayake, Marcela Tapia, and Joanne Thanos. "HEIA tools: inclusion of migrants in health policy in Canada." Health Promotion International 34, no. 4 (April 17, 2018): 697–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/day016.
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Abstract This paper introduces the Migrant Populations Equity Extension for Ontario’s Health Equity Impact Assessment (HEIA) initiatives. It provides a mechanism to address the needs of migrant populations, within a program and policy framework. Validation of an equity extension framework using community leaders and health practitioners engaged in HEIA workshops across Ontario. Participants assessed migrants’ health needs and discussed how to integrate these needs into health policy. The Migrant Populations Equity Extension’s framework assists decision makers assess relevant populations, collaborate with immigrant communities, improve policy development and mitigate unintended negative impacts of policy initiatives. The tool framework aims to build stakeholder capacity and improve their ability to conduct HEIAs while including migrant populations. The workshops engaged participants in equity discussions, enhanced their knowledge of migrant policy development and promoted HEIA tools in health decision-making. Prior to these workshops, many participants were unaware of the HEIA tool. The workshops informed the validation of the equity extension and support materials for training staff in government and public health. Ongoing research on policy implementation would be valuable. Public health practitioners and migrant communities can use the equity extension’s framework to support decision-making processes and address health inequities. This framework may improve policy development and reduce health inequities for Ontario’s diverse migrant populations. Many countries are now using health impact assessment and health equity frameworks. This migration population equity extension is an internationally unique framework that engages migrant communities.
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Solonska, Nataliia, and Galina Borysovych. "POSITION OF THE UKRAINIAN-CANADIAN SCIENTIST JAROSLAV RUDNYTSKYJ IN THE SETTELMENT OF THE LANGUAGE CONFLICT OF IMMIGRANTS." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 28 (2021): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2021.28.16.
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The article analyzes one of the problems of personal relations belonging to the ethnic minority of the immigration community and the English- and French-speaking majority of the elite nation of the country of new immigrants, highlights the problem of preserving the national identity of Ukrainians in the Canadian diaspora through persistent, consistent and tolerant steps. Ukrainian linguist, folklorist, Slavist, librarian, organizer of science, teacher, public figure, Professor J. Rudnytsky in opposition to the linguistic assimilation of his own people; the principledness of the scientist in resolving the linguistic conflict, which gave a positive solution for both parties - Canada and the Ukrainian diaspora. The importance of the civic position and significant potential opportunities to influence the official circles of the country, government commissions, committees, international organizations and public opinion of authoritative intellectual work in society and academia, which, using historically sound evidence, proves the objectivity of his point of view. in this way he protects the national dignity of his people, their ancient and rich culture and defends his moral principles and beliefs. A bibliographic review of J. Rudnytsky's scientific work was carried out, where on the basis of historically balanced facts, historical-political, linguistic analysis he investigated the essence of language assimilation, which is equal to the destruction of national identity. It is shown that lexicographical works, conclusions from them gave the scientist a basis to win the struggle for the Constitutional recognition of the Ukrainian language in Canada, which supported the policy of official languages and multiculturalism in the country. It is emphasized that scientific conclusions gave the scientist the opportunity to summarize and summarize the research and became the basis for the introduction into public circulation of a capacious definition - linguocide (language murder), which is now widely used in scientific works.
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Tossutti, Livianna S. "Municipal Roles in Immigrant Settlement, Integration and Cultural Diversity." Canadian Journal of Political Science 45, no. 3 (September 2012): 607–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000842391200073x.
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Abstract. This article examines municipal government roles in immigrant settlement, integration and cultural diversity in six of Canada's most diverse cities. Drawing on documentary and interview evidence, the review of corporate initiatives in Vancouver, Abbotsford, Calgary, Edmonton, Toronto and Brampton addresses three areas: the position or profile of these issues on the municipal government agenda; diversity, human rights and anti-racism policies for city institutions and the broader community; and access and equity policies. The inventory provides the data for a proposed local-scale typology that classifies and distinguishes among cities according to the normative premises underlying the official recognition of cultural differences in the public sphere, the types and extent of initiatives and the locus of bureaucratic authority for these issues. The analysis identified distinct approaches at the sub-state level. Toronto was the only city that has fully embraced a multicultural approach recognizing cultural diversity in most or all aspects of its corporate policies and structures and which grants collective rights to members of disadvantaged groups. The intercultural or civic universalist approaches prevailed in most study sites. Just three cities have developed comprehensive and relatively centralized approaches to these issues. The results suggest that sub-state authorities will not necessarily adopt the discourse and policy responses associated with state-level multiculturalism.Résumé. Cet article examine les approches des gouvernements municipaux dans six municipalités diverses du canada en ce qui concerne l'établissement des immigrants, l'intégration et la diversité culturelle. L'inventaire des initiatives au niveau de l'entreprise à Vancouver, Abbotsford, Calgary, Edmonton, Toronto et Brampton s'adressent à trois secteurs : la position ou le profil d'établissement des immigrants, l'intégration/problèmes de diversité dans le programme du gouvernement municipal; la diversité, les droits de l'Homme et les politiques anti- racisme pour les institutions de la ville et la communauté dans son ensemble; et les politiques d'accès et d'équité. L'inventaire forme la base d'une typologie à échelle locale qui est structurée en trois parties : les prémisses normatives fondamentales soulignant la reconnaissance officielle des différences culturelles dans la sphère publique; les types et l'étendue des initiatives et le lieu d'autorité bureaucratique de ces problèmes. L'analyse de preuves documentaires et d'entrevues a identifié des approches distinctes à l'établissement des immigrants, l'intégration et la diversité culturelle. Toronto était la seule ville a approuver entièrement l'approche multiculturelle qui reconnaît la diversité culturelle et tous les aspects de ses politiques et de ses structures d'entreprise, tout en accordant des droits collectifs aux membres de groupes défavorisés. Les approches interculturelles ou universelles ont prévalu dans la plupart de sites d'études. Juste deux villes ont développé des approches complètes et relativement centralisées à ces problèmes. Les résultats suggèrent que les autorités de sous-état n'adopteront pas nécessairement les réponses de discours et politique qui sont associé avec le multiculturalisme d'état-niveau.
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Bohatyrets, Valentyna. "Embracing multiculturalism of Canada: the roots & the present-day realities." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 35-36 (December 20, 2017): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2017.35-36.32-41.
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The paper provides the framework for embracing multiculturalism as a source of national identity, a political ‘profession de foi’, and an engine for a government to gain positive outcomes, leading to better immigrant integration and economic advantages for any country in the world. Noteworthy, Canadian federal policy of multiculturalism, since its official adoption in 1971, is witnessed to work stunningly and in contrast to developments elsewhere – in Canada, public support for multiculturalism is seeing unprecedented growth. Currently, the diversity of the Canadian populace is increasing faster than at any time in its history; Canada’s ethnic makeup has notably altered over the time due to changing immigration patterns. According to the latest poll findings, 84% of Canadians agree with the statement that ‘Canada’s multicultural makeup is one of the best things about this country’; 61% of Canadians believe multiculturalism ‘strengthens national identity’. Moreover, released data from Environics reveals that 27% of Canadians believe ‘multiculturalism is the one characteristic about Canada that most deserves to be celebrated on its upcoming 150thanniversary. Undeniably, people around the world tend to view Canada as “good”. Importantly, the election of Justin Trudeau is viewed as an excellent opportunity to invigorate brand Canada. Noteworthy, brand Justin Trudeau is currently composed of his belief in and promotion of the values of tolerance, equality and diversity. While recognizing the value for society of the human dignity inherent in each individual, Trudeau’s government aims to push beyond mere tolerance to mutual understanding and respect.
Keywords: Multiculturalism of Canada, immigration, digital diplomacy, brand, national identity, poll, ethnic groups
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Burgard, Antoine. "‘The fight on educating the public to equal treatment for all will have to come later’: Jewish Refugee Activism and Anti-Immigration Sentiment in Immediate Post-War Canada." London Journal of Canadian Studies 34, no. 1 (November 14, 2019): 103–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14324/111.444.ljcs.2019v34.006.
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Canadian immigration policy of the 1930s and 1940s was the most restrictive and selective in the country’s history, making it one of the countries to take the smallest number of Jewish refugees fleeing the Nazi persecution. After the war, Canada slowly opened its borders, but only through small token gestures in 1947 and 1948. This article explores how the main Canadian Jewish organization lobbied for the welcoming of more Jewish refugees and migrants in the immediate aftermath of the war. It examines how their perception of the public’s anti-Jewish immigrant sentiment and of the Canadian immigration policy’s discriminatory mechanisms informed their strategies. During that period, the Canadian Jewish Congress prioritized constant and subtle action with the government instead of trying to set up mass mobilization campaigns. This strategic shift is an overshadowed but essential chapter of both Jewish and human rights histories in Canada. This article invites a re-evaluation of Jewish activism’s role in ending ethnic selection in the Canadian immigration policy and promoting refugee rights. It contributes to broadening our understanding of how minority groups lobbied and worked with hostile media and authorities.
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Depoo, Tilokie. "Guyanese remittance motivations: altruistic?" International Journal of Social Economics 41, no. 3 (March 4, 2014): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-02-2013-0046.
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Purpose – This paper aims to examine the remittance behavior of Guyanese immigrants living in three communities of New York City, USA to assess their remittance behavior and if these are motivated by altruism or the intent to return to live in Guyana. Over the last two decades, remittances accounted for approximately 17 percent of the GDP of the Guyanese economy and continue to grow. The bulk of these remittances are significant from its native sons and daughters residing in the USA. Design/methodology/approach – This case study uses non-experimental survey research design with survey data collected from 300 participants living in New York, with 236 selected for analysis. Findings – Guyanese living in New York City remit monies to Guyana because of a pure altruistic motive as well as believing that their contributions have a positive impact on the economic development of their nations regardless of their intention to return to Guyana. These findings support the altruistic model on remittance motivation. Research limitations/implications – The data gathered for this survey are restricted to three communities in the USA where Guyanese are significant in numbers, thus limiting generalizations and findings to other countries such as Canada, England, where there are significant enclaves of Guyanese immigrants. Practical implications – New York-based Guyanese deem their remittances as contributing to the economic development of their country. This suggest that there may room for a coordinated policy on the part of the Government of Guyana to develop a coordinated plan to engage overseas-based Guyanese to remit more to help with Guyana economic development efforts. Originality/value – This is the first study to survey Guyanese in their host countries to gather information on remittances motivation and the perceived impact of these remittances from the sender's perspective. The paper highlights the significant remittance contributions of US-based Guyanese and their net private flows to Guyana.
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Burtseva, Mariia. "The key milestones of liberalization process of Canadian immigration policy in 1945-2012." American History & Politics Scientific edition, no. 6 (2018): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2018.06.41-50.
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Nowadays, different countries and their governments are faced with challenges caused by the current migration crisis. Different issues of immigration process have a great influence on the various areas of society’s life. Thousands of refugees and immigrants are looking for their new home. As a result, a number of states are going through a crisis of multiculturalism and tolerance. All these problems encourage the studying of the mass relocation and different practices of immigration policy, especially the successful ones. It is important because the best practices can serve as a positive example for other countries. And in the second half of the 20th century, Canada was one of the regions with successful experience of immigration policy. Therefore, the article focuses on Canadian immigration policy and on the specificities of this area of Canada’s policy during the period from 1945 to 2012. The main attention is paid to the transformation processes and changes in the basic principles and goals of the Canadian immigration system. These processes started in the first decades after the end of World War II, and they lasted until the first decade of the 21st century. On the one hand, this paper examines the process of rejection of the concept of White Canada with its significant characteristics such as restrictive and discriminative norms of the immigration legislation. On the other hand, this article investigates the steps forward the new immigration policy of the Canadian state, which was based on the principles of liberalization, democracy, and the strategy of the Open Doors for the newcomers. In addition, the author identified certain chronological stages in the development of Canadian immigration policy during the historical period from 1945 to 2012. These stages are important because they made possible to provide an overview of identifying structural features that were commonly found at the different stages of Canada’s immigration policy. Finally, based on the research, the author summarizes the fundamental differences in Canadian immigration policy, as well as proposes her own scheme of dividing the historical development of this area of Canada’s federal policy from 1945 to 2012.
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Abji, Salina, and Anna C. Korteweg. "“HONOUR”- BASED VIOLENCE AND THE POLITICS OF CULTURE IN CANADA: ADVANCING A CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF MULTI-SCALAR VIOLENCE." International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 12, no. 1 (March 12, 2021): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs121202120084.
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Since 2015, in Canada, political discourse on “honour”-based violence has shifted away from highly problematic understandings of “culture” as the cause of violence among racialized, Muslim, and immigrant communities. Instead, talk of culture has dropped out of the equation altogether in favour of more structural definitions of gender-based violence (GBV). In this article, we ask what gets lost when culture is not taken into account when talking about or trying to understand forms of GBV. Drawing from theoretical conceptualizations of culture — defined as “situated practices of meaning-making” that shape all experiences of violence, and societal responses to violence — we argue for a multiscalar approach to culture. To illustrate this framework, we first offer a critical analysis of Aruna Papp’s 2012 memoir Unworthy Creature as an exemplar of stigmatizing uses of culture and a key text promoted by the Conservative federal government at the time. We then turn to interviews we conducted with service providers serving South Asian survivors of GBV in Toronto from 2011 to 2013. Our analysis illustrates how to talk about culture as a key ingredient shaping multiscalar violence, regardless of whether that violence occurs in majority or minority communities. We conclude with three policy implications for addressing HBV moving forward.
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Mina, Noula. "Taming and Training Greek “Peasant Girls” and the Gendered Politics of Whiteness in Postwar Canada: Canadian Bureaucrats and Immigrant Domestics, 1950s–1960s." Canadian Historical Review 102, s3 (September 1, 2021): s854—s875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr-102-s3-014.
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Drawing on the voluminous government records as well as selective interviews in a large oral history archive created over several years, this article explores Canada’s recruitment of Greek female domestics in the 1950s and early 1960s within the context of the feminist scholarship on female labour schemes as well as more recent whiteness literature on the in-between racial status of peripheral Europeans. In considering the contradictory features of a large but little-known labour scheme through which more than ten thousand Greek women arrived, many of them before their families, it documents the role of the bureaucrats – who envisioned the domestics’ transformation into models of modern domesticity while portraying them as victims of their patriarchal communities and manipulators of Canadian immigration policy – and that of the women who negotiated various challenges. To account for the scheme’s remarkable longevity, a key argument probes the mix of factors that repositioned a traditionally non-preferred Southern European group of women into a desirable white source of immigrant labour and future Canadian motherhood. Ultimately, Greek women enjoyed a racial privilege and mobility not afforded to later arriving women from the Caribbean and Philippines.
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Kapsalis, Constantine. "Fiscal Impact of Recent Immigrants to Canada." Canadian Public Policy 47, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 170–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2020-112.
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In a recent report from the Fraser Institute, Grady and Grubel (2015) concluded that, because of the low taxes they pay and the government services they receive, the fiscal burden of recent immigrants to Canada was significant ($5,329 per immigrant in 2010). The present study, however, shows that the fiscal burden is significant only in the case of refugees and sponsored immigrants. By contrast, economic immigrants actually pay more in taxes than they receive in benefits. This is an important finding because economic immigrants are selected primarily on economic grounds, whereas refugees and sponsored immigrants are accepted primarily on humanitarian and compassionate grounds.
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Durst, Douglas. "Aging amongst immigrants in Canada: population drift." Canadian Studies in Population 32, no. 2 (December 31, 2005): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6jk5q.
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In Canada, two interesting demographic trends have been underway: an aging population and a growth based upon immigration. These patterns combine to form a new group that seems to have evaded notice. According to the 2001 Census of Canada, immigrants are older than the national average and almost 31% of the immigrants from Europe are over 65 years of age. Of the total senior population, 28.4% are immigrants with 5% of Asian descent. Overall, 7.2% of the senior’s population is a visible minority. These patterns have implications for policy development and service delivery. As immigrants age in Canada, they will have very different expectations for services than non-immigrants and immigrants who aged in their home country. This paper offers recommendations for policy planners and service providers in health and social welfare services.
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Nilsen, Kirsti. "Government information policy in Canada." Government Information Quarterly 11, no. 2 (January 1994): 191–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0740-624x(94)90004-3.
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Phythian, Kelli, David Walters, and Paul Anisef. "Entry Class and the Early Employment Experience of Immigrants in Canada." Canadian Studies in Population 36, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2009): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6861x.
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Despite its policy importance, research related to the economic performance of immigrants by entry class is sorely lacking. It is generally presumed that immigrants selected on the basis of human capital will have better economic outcomes than unscreened immigrants; however, there is speculation that the social networks of family immigrants provide access to employment resources not available to others. Both arguments have merit, yet there is little research to support either claim. This study utilizes data from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada to investigate the association between entry class and employment status of immigrants six months after arrival. Findings reveal little difference between skilled workers and family immigrants, while business immigrants and refugees are much less likely to be employed. Policy implications are discussed.
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Bagheri, A. "Psychiatric Problems among Iranian Immigrants in Canada." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 37, no. 1 (February 1992): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379203700103.
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The number of Iranian immigrants in Canada has been increasing since 1979. This study is the result of a review of 111 charts of Iranian patients who were referred for psychiatric treatment between 1985 and 1988. Ninety-eight percent of them arrived in Canada after the Iranian revolution, which started in 1979, and the Iran-Iraq war of 1980. Ten percent were experiencing trauma as a result of their involvement with the revolutionary government or the war. The symptoms were in accordance with the DSM-III-R criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder. Sixty percent met the criteria for adjustment disorder with depressed or anxious mood. Six percent had been subjected to physical and psychological torture and confinement. This is the first study that looks at the prevalence of psychiatric illness among Iranians and illustrates the effect of migration and displacement in the integrity of the psychic life of this population.
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Rahman, Md Mizanur. "Development of Bangladeshi immigrant entrepreneurship in Canada." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 27, no. 4 (November 15, 2018): 404–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196818810096.
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Canada has developed a comprehensive immigration policy to accept different types of immigrants under its economic, family and humanitarian immigration categories. Canada invites over a quarter-million immigrants in a year. Many of these immigrants do not find suitable jobs upon arrival in Canada. Some of these immigrants choose to open their own businesses and eventually become entrepreneurs. Drawing on the experiences of Bangladeshi immigrants in Canada, this paper examines how immigrants reposition themselves to become immigrant entrepreneurs in the settlement process. Findings suggest that immigrant entrepreneurship is embedded within the dynamics of immigration trajectory and the broader context of the receiving society. Even though Bangladeshis are driven toward the lower end of the economy, innovations have expanded the breadth and depth of their businesses and made their businesses different and rewarding.
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Cheung, Matthew C., Craig C. Earle, Hadas D. Fischer, Ximena Camacho, Ning Liu, Refik Saskin, Baiju R. Shah, Peter C. Austin, and Simron Singh. "Impact of Immigration Status on Cancer Outcomes in Ontario, Canada." Journal of Oncology Practice 13, no. 7 (July 2017): e602-e612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jop.2016.019497.
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Background: Prior studies have documented inferior health outcomes in vulnerable populations, including racial minorities and those with disadvantaged socioeconomic status. The impact of immigration on cancer-related outcomes is less clear. Methods: Administrative databases were linked to create a cohort of incident cancer cases (colorectal, lung, prostate, head and neck, breast, and hematologic malignancies) from 2000 to 2012 in Ontario, Canada. Cancer patients who immigrated to Canada (from 1985 onward) were compared with those who were Canadian born (or immigrated before 1985). Patients were followed from diagnosis until death (cancer-specific or all-cause). Cox proportional hazards models were estimated to determine the impact of immigration on mortality after adjusting for explanatory variables. Additional adjusted models studied the relationship of time since immigration and cancer-specific and overall mortality. Results: From 2000 to 2012, 11,485 cancer cases were diagnosed in recent immigrants (0 to 10 years in Canada), 17,844 cases in nonrecent immigrants (11 to 25 years), and 416,118 cases in nonimmigrants. After adjustment, the hazard of mortality was lower for recent immigrants (hazard ratio [HR], 0.843; 95% CI, 0.814 to 0.873) and nonrecent immigrants (HR, 0.902; 95% CI, 0.876 to 0.928) compared with nonimmigrants. Cancer-specific mortality was also lower for recent immigrants (HR, 0.857; 95% CI, 0.823 to 0.893) and nonrecent immigrants (HR, 0.907; 95% CI, 0.875 to 0.94). Among immigrants, each year from the original landing was associated with increased mortality (HR, 1.004; 95% CI, 1.000 to 1.009) and a trend to increased cancer-specific mortality (HR, 1.005; 95% CI, 0.999 to 1.010). Conclusion: Immigrants demonstrate a healthy immigrant effect, with lower cancer-specific mortality compared with Canadian-born individuals. This benefit seems to diminish over time, as the survival of immigrants from common cancers potentially converges with the Canadian norm.
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Moore, E. G., and M. W. Rosenberg. "Modelling Migration Flows of Immigrant Groups in Canada." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 27, no. 5 (May 1995): 699–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a270699.
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The role of immigration in national development has returned to the forefront of domestic policy debates in many developed countries. Two common aspects of the domestic policy debate are focused on the consequences of the concentration of immigrant groups within a small number of the largest cities within any national system of cities and the movement of immigrants from smaller urban places and nonurban places to the largest cities over time. Two challenges emerge. The first is to identify the impact of postarrival migration. The second is to understand the processes underlying this redistribution, particularly if public interventions are planned which seek to influence these internal distributions. In this paper, the authors briefly review the findings of an earlier study on the patterns of both regional and metropolitan redistribution of immigrant groups in Canada. Against this back-drop, a hierarchical model of migration for immigrant groups for the period 1981–86 is developed and estimated. The internal redistribution of immigrants through postarrival migration has continued to be focused on metropolitan areas in general and on Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal in particular. The distribution of previous immigrants plays a significant role over and above that of economic circumstances both in retaining immigrants in a particular city and in attracting members of immigrant groups from other cities.
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Malone, Mary Fran T. "Fearing the “Nicas”: Perceptions of Immigrants and Policy Choices in Costa Rica." Latin American Politics and Society 61, no. 1 (December 17, 2018): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lap.2018.57.
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AbstractDo attitudes toward immigrants shape public policy preferences? To answer this question, this article analyzes a prominent example of South-South migration: the Nicaraguan immigrant community in Costa Rica. Over the past two decades, Costa Rica has experienced extensive socioeconomic changes, and Nicaraguans have been frequent scapegoats for the fears and worries generated by these changes. Relying on the 2014 AmericasBarometer survey, this analysis finds that respondents who perceive immigrants as an economic threat are significantly more supportive of punitive crime control policies. Attitudes toward immigrants were also significantly linked to support for government policies to reduce income inequality. However, given the historically strong support for the Costa Rican social welfare state, attitudes toward immigrants did not significantly affect support for government services.
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Suwal, Juhee Vajracharya. "Health Consequences to Immigrant Family Caregivers in Canada." Canadian Studies in Population 37, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2010): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6t90j.
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This study revisited the “double jeopardy” hypothesis in terms of the health of immigrant family caregivers. It also investigated the effect of “reciprocity” (feeling of giving back something) on the health of family caregivers. The General Social Survey 2002 Cycle 16 data were analyzed using χ2-test and Logistic regressions. About 16% of immigrants and 13.6% of non-immigrants said that their health was negatively affected as a result of caregiving. Immigrant family caregivers were three times more likely than non-immigrants to report a health consequence. Reciprocity played a big role in this outcome. Given the fact that an increasing number of culturally diverse immigrants enter Canada every year and that the immigrant population is aging, more caregivers will be in demand. Policy makers need to find ways to keep immigrant caregivers healthy so that quality care can be given to immigrant older adults and also for maintaining an overall healthy Canada.
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Chell, Wanda Johnson, and Dip Kapoor. "Beyond Good Intentions: Race Regimes, Racialisation, Immigrant Service Non-governmental Organizations (IS-NGOs) and Race-Class Reproductions in Canada." Journal of Sociological Research 9, no. 1 (January 28, 2018): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsr.v9i1.12368.
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Based on research conducted in a Parenting and Literacy Program (PLP) offered by an Immigrant Service-Non Governmental Organisation (IS-NGO) located in Alberta, Canada, a racialisation and race regimes framework is deployed to advance the proposition that IS-NGOs and their approach to programs and service provision encourage race-class inequalities and augment the contemporary race regime of multiculturalism in Canada. This is in/advertently achieved by selectively racializing im/migrants and reproducing class inequities through the adherence to neoliberal prescriptions (best practices) while claiming to settle, support and work for social justice for im/migrants. We explore the structures, ideas and power relations of an IS-NGO as a race regime and its’ race-class implications for perpetuating hierarchy’s which continue to define a Canadian colonial settler society. The purpose of this research is to stimulate renewal within IS-NGOs, as an exercise in critical reflexivity and to encourage changes at the organisational and employee/practitioner level, by fostering efforts to undermine, redirect and replace race regimes and class inequality in the interests of a still emergent democratic society and polity in Canada.
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Pektaş, Hacı Mehmet, RAMAZAN TETİK, and OĞUZ YILDIZ. "CANADA EDUCATIONAL POLICY AND ANALYSIS." NEW ERA JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY SOCIAL STUDIES 7, no. 12 (March 25, 2022): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/newera.154.
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Özet ABSTRACT Canada is governed by a democratic constitutional monarchy. At the head of the state is a monarch, with an elected prime minister at the head of the government. There is a federal system of parliamentary governments. The duties of government are shared between federal, state and territory governments. Canada, whose capital is Ottawa, consists of 10 provinces and 3 territories (Wikipedia, 2020). Canada's population is estimated to be 36,885,000 as of January 1, 2018. English and French are used as official languages in the country. About 60% of the total population speaks English and 25% speaks French. The currency of the country is Canadian Dollar. 75% of the population lives in cities and 25% lives in rural areas (Wikipedia, 2020). This research is a theoretical study and aims to analyze Canadian education policy. Anahtar Kelimeler Canada, Education, Policy
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Curtin, Kimberley D., Christina C. Loitz, Nancy Spencer-Cavaliere, and Ernest Nene Khalema. "Challenges of being new to Canada: considerations for physical activity." Global Health Promotion 25, no. 2 (July 12, 2016): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975916656347.
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Immigrants to Canada are less likely to be physically active compared with non-immigrants, and the interrelations between personal and environmental factors that influence physical activity for immigrants are largely unexplored. The goal of this qualitative descriptive study was to understand how the experience of being new to Canada impacts opportunities and participation in physical activity. Two focus group interviews with immigrants to Canada were conducted. The first group ( n=7) included multicultural health brokers. The second group ( n=14) included English as a second language students. Qualitative content analysis was used to determine three themes consistent with the research question: transition to Canadian life, commitments and priorities, and accessibility. Discussion was framed using a social ecological model. Implications for practice and policy are suggested including enhanced community engagement, and organizational modifications. Overall, the development and implementation of physical activity policies and practices for newcomers to Canada should be centered on newcomers’ perspectives and experiences.
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Moir, Lindsay. "Canada West: the new homeland." Art Libraries Journal 24, no. 3 (1999): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030747220001957x.
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During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, various government departments and several private companies engaged in an aggressive campaign to populate and develop western Canada. The cornerstone of this campaign was its publication programme. Over 300 pamphlets and brochures were published to advertise the ‘free’ lands of the Northwest. The advertising programme promoted rural settlement, depicting an idyllic landscape strongly reminiscent of ‘home’ and appealing to a young, male Anglo-Saxon population. While the campaign was successful in attracting immigrants, the reality was not always so idyllic and many settlers left. Despite the difficulties, others stayed and built rewarding lives in ‘Canada West: the new homeland’.
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Alaazi, Dominic A., Salima Meherali, Esperanza Diaz, Kathleen Hegadoren, Neelam Punjani, and Bukola Salami. "Perspectives of service agencies on factors influencing immigrants’ mental health in Alberta, Canada." International Health Trends and Perspectives 1, no. 2 (July 7, 2021): 214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32920/ihtp.v1i2.1437.
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Newcomers to Canada experience resettlement challenges that affect their mental well-being. Guided by an intersectionality theoretical framework, we sought the perspectives of immigrant service agencies on factors influencing immigrants’ mental health in Alberta, Canada. Data were collected by means of qualitative interviews and focus groups with immigrant service providers. Our data analysis identified seven themes – precarious immigration status, employment discrimination, social isolation, socioeconomic pressures, sociocultural stress, gender and age-related vulnerabilities, and lack of appropriate mental health supports – reflecting the major intersecting determinants of immigrants’ mental health. We propose policy interventions for addressing the mental health vulnerabilities of immigrants.
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Łobodzińska, Anna. "Immigrants and Immigration Policy in Ageing Finland." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 15, no. 15 (January 1, 2011): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10089-011-0003-z.
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Immigrants and Immigration Policy in Ageing Finland The paper addresses the issue of current immigration to Finland in the context of population ageing. It is estimated that about 40% of the present labour force will have withdrawn from the Finnish labour market by the year 2020. The government of this rapidly ageing country is seeking possible remedies to the problem of a shrinking labour force. The necessity of attracting a new workforce as well as the growing number of immigrants in the ethnically homogeneous Finnish society create a need for more detailed and creative immigration policy. The paper analyzes the age and economic structure of the immigrant population, its participation in the labour market as well as the importance of immigration in contemporary demographic changes in Finland. Another aim of this paper is to outline major issues concerning Finnish immigration policy.
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DAHLSTRÖM, CARL. "Rhetorical Objectives and Program Efficiency in Swedish Policy about Immigrants." Journal of Public Policy 27, no. 3 (December 2007): 319–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x07000736.
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ABSTRACTThis paper explains differences in the policy objectives and policy programs of Swedish immigrant policy as a consequence of the fact that policy objectives tend to be evaluated in public political debates whereas policy programs are evaluated through administrative reviews within government. Given contrasting contexts, different questions are important for policy legitimacy. The public debate focuses on questions of moral values, while the audit within government deals with issues of efficiency. Policy objectives and policy programs therefore respond differently to criticisms that separate rhetoric and practice. As a result, Swedish immigrant policy rhetoric and practice were from the outset only loosely joined and have failed to converge over time.
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Ridgway, Allison, and James Watson. "Canada Commons." Charleston Advisor 23, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5260/chara.23.4.11.
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As the successor to the Canadian Electronic Library, Canada Commons aims to continue as a source for Canadian e-books and government and policy documents. Holdings include over 19,000 e-books, and indexation and linking to over 133,000 publications. The Canada Commons interface has a simple, appealing design that does not overwhelm the user. Built using Coherent Digital's Commons Platform, it is nearly identical in design and functionality to the company's Policy Commons database. Given the limited number of products geared for the Canadian library market, Canada Commons provides access to Canadian e-books, government and policy documents that users will not get in Gale OneFile: CPI.Q or ProQuest Canadian Business & Current Affairs (CBCA), both of which are standard databases in most Canadian academic libraries. Canada Commons will appeal to public, academic, and corporate library users.
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Izium, A. O., and M. V. Shuba. "The Factors of Canada’s Immigration Attractiveness." Business Inform 12, no. 527 (2021): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-12-41-47.
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The article is aimed at defining the main factors of Canada’s immigration attractiveness. The article presents the dynamics of the number of immigrants living in Canada during the 1990-2020 years, the dynamics of immigration to Canada, the main countries of origin of immigrants, as well as the change in the percentage of persons born abroad in the total population of Canada. It is determined that the Canadian migration system is based on the priority of attracting human capital to the country, and most Canadian immigrants are selected according to the points system, which accepts people with the skills that will contribute to the development of the economy. The main programs under which Canada accepts migrants for permanent residence are considered: express entry, provincial program, family migration program, visa program for startups, carers program. The dynamics of average hourly wages in Canada, dynamics of consumer price index are provided. For the period 2010-2020 consumer price index in Canada grew moderately, which is comfortable for both consumers and entrepreneurs. Also Canada’s position in international rankings influencing the choice of the country of residence by migrants is studied. Thus, in 2021, Canada took the twentieth place in the ranking according to the Quality of Life Index; 6th place – according to the Social Progress Index and the Prosperity Index, tenth place – according to the Global Peace Index. Canada ranked 16th in the latest Human Development Index. According to the Migrant Integration Policy Index in 2020, Canada has become the fourth country in the world with the best immigration policy. The main factors of Canada’s immigration attractiveness are defined, among which can be highlighted the following: liberal migration policy; high GDP per capita; rising average wage rates and a low inflation; consistently high positions in the world rankings, which are important indicators of the level of development of the country and comfortable life.
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Bilodeau, Antoine, Stephen White, and Neil Nevitte. "The Development of Dual Loyalties: Immigrants' Integration to Canadian Regional Dynamics." Canadian Journal of Political Science 43, no. 3 (September 2010): 515–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423910000600.
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Abstract.The transformations in recent patterns of immigration have the potential to reshape the trajectory of Canada's regional political dynamics. Drawing on data from the 1993–2006Canadian Election Studies, this analysis explores how immigrants adjust to the prevailing regional political norms in Quebec, Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia. Do newcomers adopt the political orientations (feelings towards Canada and their province, confidence in provincial and federal governments, perceptions about how the province is treated by the federal government and support for the Liberal party) that resemble those of their native-born provincial counterparts? The results suggest that immigrants, especially newer waves from non-traditional source countries, tend to develop orientations that are more federally oriented than the local populations in their province. This tendency is most pronounced in Quebec where both groups of immigrants from traditional and non-traditional source countries internalize political grievances and norms less efficiently than their counterparts in other provinces.Résumé.Les transformations récentes des tendances migratoires pourraient avoir un impact sur l'évolution des dynamiques politiques régionales au Canada. Cette enquête s'appuie sur les données de sondage de l'Étude électorale canadiennede 1993 à 2006 et vise à déterminer si les immigrants adoptent les attitudes et les comportements politiques dominants de leur province de résidence (Québec, Ontario, Alberta et Colombie-Britannique). Les immigrants adoptent-ils des attitudes et des comportements politiques (attachement au Canada et à la province de résidence, confiance envers les gouvernements fédéral et provincial, perception du traitement réservé par le gouvernement fédéral à la province de résidence et appui au Parti libéral du Canada) qui ressemblent à ceux des populations locales de leur province? Les résultats de l'enquête suggèrent que les immigrants, surtout ceux d'origines dites non traditionnelles, ont tendance à développer des comportements et des attitudes politiques plus orientés vers le gouvernement fédéral que ceux affichés dans leur province. Cette tendance est particulièrement marquée au Québec où les immigrants, tant d'origines traditionnelles que non traditionnelles, semblent assimiler moins efficacement que les immigrants des autres provinces les griefs et les normes politiques de la population provinciale.
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Johnson, Karin. "21st Century International Higher Education Hotspots." Journal of International Students 10, no. 1 (February 15, 2020): v—viii. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jis.v10i1.1851.
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The Institute of International Education (IIE) 2018 Open Doors report highlighted that the United States is the leading international education destination, having hosted about 1.1 million international students in 2017 (IIE, 2018a). Despite year over year increases, U.S. Department of State (USDOS, 2018) data show that for a third year in a row, international student visa issuance is down. This is not the first decline. Student visa issuance for long-term academic students on F visas also significantly dropped following the 9/11 attacks (Johnson, 2018). The fall in issuances recovered within 5 years of 2001 and continued to steadily increase until the drop in 2016.
Taken together, the drops in international student numbers indicate a softening of the U.S. international education market. In 2001, the United States hosted one out of every three globally mobile students, but by 2018 it hosted just one of five (IIE, 2018b). This suggests that over the past 20 years, the United States has lost a share of mobile students in the international education market because they’re enrolled elsewhere.
The Rise of Nontraditional Education Destination Countries
Unlike the United States, the percentage of inbound students to other traditional destinations such as Canada, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany, has remained stable since the turn of the 21st century. Meanwhile, nontraditional countries like the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Russia are garnering more students and rising as educational hotspots (Knight, 2013). The UAE and Russia annually welcome thousands of foreign students, respectively hosting over 53,000 and 194,000 inbound international university students in 2017 (UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2019). This is not happenstance. In the past 5 years, these two countries, among others, have adopted higher education internationalization policies, immigration reforms, and academic excellence initiatives to attract foreign students from around the world.
The UAE is one of six self-identified international education hubs in the world (Knight, 2013) and with 42 international universities located across the emirates, it has the most international branch campuses (IBCs) worldwide (Cross-Border Education Research Team, 2017). Being a country composed of nearly 90% immigrants, IBCs allow the UAE to offer quality higher education to its non-Emirati population and to attract students from across the Arab region and broader Muslim world. National policy and open regulations not only encourage foreign universities to establish IBCs, they alsoattract international student mobility (Ilieva, 2017). For example, on November 24, 2018, the national government updated immigration policy to allow foreign students to apply for 5-year visas (Government.ae, 2018). The Centennial 2071 strategic development plan aims for the UAE to become a regional and world leader in innovation, research, and education (Government.ae, 2019), with the long-term goal of creating the conditions necessary to attract foreign talent.
Russia’s strategic agenda also intends to gain a greater competitive advantage in the world economy by improving its higher education and research capacity. Russia currently has two higher education internationalization policies: “5-100-2020” and “Export Education.” The academic excellence project, known as “5-100-2020,” funds leading institutions with the goal to advance five Russian universities into the top 100 globally by 2020 (Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, 2018). The “Export Education” initiative mandates that all universities double or triple the number of enrolled foreign students to over half a million by 2025 (Government.ru, 2017). These policies are explicitly motivated by boosting the Russian higher education system and making it more open to foreigners. Another growing area is international cooperation. Unlike the UAE, Russia has few IBCs, but at present, Russian universities partner with European and Asian administrators and government delegates to create dual degree and short-term programs. Historically, Russia has been a leading destination for work and education migrants from soviet republics in the region, but new internationalization policies are meant to propel the country into the international education market and to attract international students beyond Asia and Europe.
Future Trends in 21st Century International Education
Emerging destination hotspots like the UAE and Russia are vying to become more competitive in the global international higher education market by offering quality education at lower tuition rates in safe, welcoming locations closer to home. As suggested by the softening of the U.S. higher education market, international students may find these points attractive when considering where to study. Sociopolitical shifts that result from events such as 9/11 or the election of Donald Trump in combination with student mobility recruitment initiatives in emerging destinations may disrupt the status quo for traditional countries by rerouting international student enrollment to burgeoning educational hotspots over the coming decades.