Journal articles on the topic 'Immigrants – Family relationships – Canada'
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Nasir, Nada, Carri Hand, and Suzanne Huot. "Examining Social Relationships among Older Muslim Immigrants Living in Canada: A Narrative Inquiry." Societies 12, no. 3 (April 29, 2022): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc12030074.
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Social connectedness and engagement are particularly important among groups who are at risk of experiencing social isolation, such as immigrant older adults. The objective of our study was to understand the social relationships of aging Muslim Lebanese immigrants living in Canada by exploring their lives in their ethnic and wider communities. This study used a life course perspective and adopted a constructivist narrative inquiry to understand the diverse lived experiences of four older adults who immigrated to Canada during early adulthood. Participants engaged in a narrative interview and follow-up session in which they storied their lived experiences. Findings describe one core theme, cultivating social relationships through family, friends, and community interdependence, and three related sub-themes: (1) navigating and creating family interdependence and planting new roots; (2) family interdependence in later life: the important role of grandchildren; and (3) cultivating ethnic and local interdependence to support aging in place. The participants’ stories provided an understanding of how culture, religion, aging, family, and immigration experiences interrelated throughout their life course and shaped their social relationships during later life. This study sheds new insight on the importance of culturally tailored activities and awareness about the social needs of immigrant older adults.
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NG, CHEUK FAN, and HERBERT C. NORTHCOTT. "Living arrangements and loneliness of South Asian immigrant seniors in Edmonton, Canada." Ageing and Society 35, no. 3 (December 3, 2013): 552–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x13000913.
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ABSTRACTThis paper examines the relationships between self-reported loneliness and living arrangements. A structured questionnaire with some open-ended questions was administered face-to-face in English, Hindi or Punjabi to a sample of 161 elderly South Asian immigrants 60 or more years of age living in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada in 2003. The majority of respondents said that they never felt lonely. More than one in three (37.3%) respondents indicated that they felt lonely occasionally, frequently or all of the time. Those living alone were significantly more likely to report feeling lonely at least occasionally than were those living with others, especially those living with their spouse in an extended family. The fact that South Asian immigrant seniors typically lived with others, often in an extended family with or without their spouse, and rarely lived alone protected them to some extent from loneliness. However, our findings showed that among those living with others, it was the amount of waking time spent alone at home and the quality of family relationships rather than living arrangement per se that significantly predicted self-reported loneliness. Nevertheless, living in a larger household was associated with spending less time alone. We discuss plausible influences of culture on expectations regarding family and social relationships and on the meaning of being alone, as well as practical implications for addressing loneliness in a multi-cultural society.
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Senthanar, Sonja, Mieke Koehoorn, Lillian Tamburic, Stephanie Premji, Ute Bültmann, and Christopher B. McLeod. "Differences in Work Disability Duration for Immigrants and Canadian-Born Workers in British Columbia, Canada." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22 (November 10, 2021): 11794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211794.
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This study aimed to investigate differences in work disability duration among immigrants (categorized as economic, family member or refugee/other classification upon arrival to Canada) compared to Canadian-born workers with a work-related injury in British Columbia. Immigrants and Canadian-born workers were identified from linked immigration records with workers’ compensation claims for work-related back strain, connective tissue, concussion and fracture injuries requiring at least one paid day of work disability benefits between 2009 to 2015. Quantile regression investigated the relationship between immigration classification and predicted work disability days (defined from injury date to end of compensation claim, up to 365 days) and modeled at the 25th, 50th and 75th percentile of the distribution of the disability days. With a few exceptions, immigrants experienced greater predicted disability days compared to Canadian-born workers within the same injury cohort. The largest differences were observed for family and refugee/other immigrant classification workers, and, in particular, for women within these classifications, compared to Canadian-born workers. For example, at the 50th percentile of the distribution of disability days, we observed a difference of 34.1 days longer for refugee/other women in the concussion cohort and a difference of 27.5 days longer for family classification women in the fracture cohort. Economic immigrants had comparable disability days with Canadian-born workers, especially at the 25th and 50th percentiles of the distribution. Immigrant workers’ longer disability durations may be a result of more severe injuries or challenges navigating the workers’ compensation system with delays in seeking disability benefits and rehabilitation services. Differences by immigrant classification speak to vulnerabilities or inequities upon arrival in Canada that persist after entry to the workforce and warrant further investigation for early mitigation strategies.
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Martin, Beth. "Experiences of Family Separation for Adults Who Immigrate Alone." Canadian Social Work Review 34, no. 2 (January 18, 2018): 253–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1042891ar.
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This study explored lived experiences of migration and settlement for adults who migrated to Canada on their own and were separated from family and friends. A theoretical framework drawing on ecological theory and adult attachment theory was used to analyze data collected from exploratory, in-depth interviews with seven adults who arrived in Canada through a range of immigration streams. Themes previously identified in research on unaccompanied minors, refugees, and migrants with precarious status were found in this study to be experienced also by those who had arrived through other immigration streams. Participants described how they associated separation from various family members with negative experiences of emotional isolation, and both negative and positive experiences of social isolation. Participants discussed changes in relationships that occurred prior to migration and continued after arrival, particularly when separation was lengthy. Participants drew upon various personal and environmental resources to help mitigate negative impacts of social isolation, but were less effective in countering emotional isolation. The findings have implications for social workers working both with individual immigrants separated from family members and with immigrant families that have been reunited. In this paper, the author also suggests areas for further research and social work advocacy.
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dela Cruz, Añiela, Vera Caine, and Judy Mill. "Sub-Saharan African immigrants living with HIV in Canada: a narrative inquiry." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 12, no. 3 (September 12, 2016): 194–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-12-2014-0046.
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Purpose Canadian epidemiological data suggest an increasing number of HIV infections among people from HIV-endemic countries, including sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, there are few studies that focus on the lived experience of HIV illness among Canadian residents of African ancestry. The purpose of this paper is to study the lived experiences of African immigrants living with HIV in Canada, using narrative inquiry methodology. Design/methodology/approach This qualitative study focussed on the experiences of sub-Saharan African immigrants living with HIV in Alberta, Canada. Using the philosophical underpinnings of narrative inquiry methodology (Clandinin, 2013), three African immigrants living with HIV in Alberta contributed to this study over an extended period of time. Between five and six interviews were conducted with each participant, over a period of 12 months. Interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed, and negotiated with each participant during analysis to uncover the experience and meaning of living with HIV as African immigrants in Canada. Findings The researchers found several narrative threads related to: stigma, social, and family exclusion; as well as HIV illness as a complex personal, familial, and social experience. Also, narratives across different geographic and social spaces shaped the complex experience among African immigrants living with HIV in their new host country of Canada. Research limitations/implications The authors recognize that the sample size, though appropriate for narrative inquiry study, was small. The intention with this research was not to generalize findings to the broader African immigrant community that is affected by HIV illness in Canada. Rather, the intent was to demonstrate a deeper understanding of lived experience, among African immigrants living with HIV in Canada. Social implications The findings show the complex personal, familial, and societal factors that shape the experience of living with HIV and HIV-related stigma among African immigrants. It is important to understand such factors and the experience of HIV-related stigma because such experiences impact access to health and social services, as well as health and social outcomes of immigrants living with HIV. Originality/value This is the first Canadian study to examine lived experience of African immigrants living with HIV in Canada. This study demonstrates a deep understanding of lived experience, among African immigrants living with HIV in Canada. Complex personal, familial, and societal factors shape the experience of living with HIV and HIV-related stigma. Based on the findings of this study, further research is needed to: study more closely the familial contexts of African families affected by HIV in Canada; explore the social and political landscapes that impact the experience of HIV illness and related stigma in Canada, in the context of migration and settlement; and examine the relationship between these experiences and the health and social outcomes of African immigrants living with HIV in Canada.
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Szigeti, Péter D. "Comparative law at the heart of immigration law: Criminal inadmissibility and conjugal immigration in Canada and the United States." International Journal of Constitutional Law 19, no. 5 (November 30, 2021): 1632–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/moab102.
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Abstract Immigration law is necessarily a comparative legal practice in at least three aspects: (i) comparing a would-be immigrant’s criminal history to the destination state’s criminal laws; (ii) comparing an immigrant’s diplomas and education to the destination state’s educational system; and (iii) comparing immigrants’ marriages and intimate relationships to domestic family law regimes. For all of these questions, the methodological dilemmas of comparative law are repeated within immigration law. This article is an overview of all the comparative methods used in North American immigration laws since the 1880s, for evaluating criminal records and intimate partnerships. The methods range from plain translations to complex systemic comparisons. Over the last 130 years, almost all methods had some, either good faith or strategic use; with the biggest transformations happening in the comparison of marriages. Effectively, private international law has been replaced by a separate “immigration marriage law,” which has globalized at astonishing speed.
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Saunders, N., A. Macpherson, and A. Guttmann. "Predictors of Unintentional Injuries in Paediatric Immigrants in Ontario." Paediatrics & Child Health 21, Supplement_5 (June 1, 2016): e78a-e78a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/21.supp5.e78a.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: Unintentional injury is a frequent reason for emergency department visits and is the leading cause of death for Canadian children. Injury is associated with a number of socio-demographic variables but it is not known whether being an immigrant changes this risk. OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between family immigrant status and unintentional injury; and to test this relationship within immigrants by refugee status. DESIGN/METHODS: Retrospective population-based cross-sectional study of children ages 0 to 14 years residing in Ontario, Canada from 2008 to 2012, using linked health administrative databases and Citizenship and Immigration Canada’s Permanent Resident Database. The main exposure was immigration status (immigrant or child of an immigrant vs. Canadian born). Secondary exposure was refugee status. Main outcome measure was unintentional injury events (emergency department visits, hospitaliza-tions, deaths), annualized. Data were analyzed using Poisson regression models to estimate risk ratios (RR) for unintentional injuries. RESULTS: There were 11 464 317 injuries per year. Non-immigrant children sustained 12051 injuries/100 000 and immigrants had 6837 injuries/100 000, annually. In adjusted models, immigrants had a significantly lower risk of injury compared with non-immigrant children (RR 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57, 0.63). Overall, the most materially deprived neighbourhood quintile was associated with a higher rate of injury (RR 1.13; 95% CI 1.07, 1.02, quintile 5 vs. 1) whereas within immigrants, material deprivation was associated with a lower rate of injury (RR 0.96; 95% CI 0.94, 0.98, quintile 5 vs. 1). Other predictors of injury included age (0 to 4 years: RR 0.84; 95% CI 0.81, 0.88; 5 to 9 years: RR 0.70; 95% CI 0.67, 0.73), male sex (RR 1.30; 95% CI 1.26, 1.35), and rural residence (RR 1.50; 95% CI 1.43, 1.57). Injury rates were lower in immigrants across all types of unintentional injuries. Within immigrants, refugees had a higher risk of injury compared with non-refugees (RR 1.12; 95% CI 1.10, 1.14). This risk was particularly high for motor vehicle accidents (RR = 1.58; 95% CI 1.46, 1.71) and scald burns (RR 1.23; 95% CI 1.11, 1.35). CONCLUSION: Risk of unintentional injury is lower among immigrants compared with Canadian-born children. These findings support a healthy immigrant effect. Socioeconomic status has a different effect on injury risk in immigrant and non-immigrant populations, suggesting alternative causal pathways for injuries in immigrants. Risk of unintentional injury is higher in refugees versus non-refugee immigrants, highlighting a population in need of targeted injury prevention strategies.
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Finnie, Ross, and Richard E. Mueller. "Access to Post-Secondary Education: How does Québec Compare to the Rest of Canada?" Articles 93, no. 3 (March 29, 2019): 441–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1058428ar.
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This research uses the Youth in Transition Survey, Reading Cohort (“YITS-A”) to analyse access to post-secondary education (PSE) in Québec in comparison to other Canadian provinces and regions. We begin by presenting access rates by region and show that university participation rates in Québec are relatively low, while college rates are high in comparison to other provinces, although these differences are presumably due in part to the cégep system in Québec. We then undertake an econometric analysis which reveals that the effects of parental education on access to PSE are much stronger than the effects of family income, and are relatively uniform across the country. The substantially weaker family income effects (stronger for females than males) figure most importantly for the Atlantic Provinces, but much less elsewhere, including in Québec. We also find that the relationships between test scores from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), which measures academic ‘‘performance’’ and ‘‘ability’’ and even more so high school grades, differ by province, and are generally strongest in Ontario and weakest in Québec, again perhaps in part due to the cégep system which represents a mediating influence between high school performance and university attendance, in particular. Males are much less likely to attend university across the country, but this gap is widest in Quebec. Our analysis of traditionally under-represented and minority groups points to students from rural Québec actually being at no disadvantage in terms of PSE participation, second-generation immigrants doing especially well in comparison to other provinces, but more recent first-generation immigrants not faring nearly so well in Québec. Finally, young Québecers who do not go on to PSE (especially the Francophone majority) are much more likely than other Canadian youths to say that they simply have no aspirations to attend PSE, and to otherwise say they face no barriers to attending PSE. Policy implications are discussed using a fiscal lens.
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Beiser, Morton, Alasdair M. Goodwill, Patrizia Albanese, Kelly McShane, and Parvathy Kanthasamy. "Predictors of the integration of Sri Lankan Tamil refugees in Canada: pre-migration adversity, mental health, personal attributes, and post-migration experience." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 11, no. 1 (March 16, 2015): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-02-2014-0008.
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Purpose – Refugees integrate less successfully than other immigrants. Pre-migration stress, mental disorder and lack of human capital are the most popular explanations, but these propositions have received little empirical testing. The current study of Sri Lankan Tamils in Toronto, Canada, examines the respective contributions of pre-migration adversity, human capital, mental health and social resources in predicting integration. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Participants are a probability sample of 1,603 Sri Lankan Tamils living in Toronto, Canada. The team, with a community advisory council, developed structured interviews containing information about pre- and post-migration stressors, coping strategies, and family, community, and institutional support. The questionnaire included the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview module for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Interviews were translated, back-translated and administered by bilingual interviewers. Findings – Two dimensions of integration emerged from a factor analysis of integration-related items: economic and psychosocial. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that PTSD militated against refugee economic integration, whereas pre-migration adversity (but not PTSD) compromised psychosocial integration. On both measures, increasing length of residence in Canada, and gender (male) were predictors of good integration, whereas age at arrival had an inverse relationship with integration. Religiosity had a positive effect on psychosocial integration but a negative effect on economic. Favourable perceptions of the health care system predicted economic integration and non-family support predicted psychosocial integration. Originality/value – Results underline the importance of studying integration as a multifaceted phenomenon, help explain why refugees integrate less successfully than other immigrants, and highlight the importance of including mental health and mental health-related issues in integration discourse.
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Asha, S. "History in the Attic: Search for Roots in Ramabai Espinet’s The Swinging Bridge." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 9, no. 2 (February 27, 2021): 82–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v9i2.10908.
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In most of diaspora literature there is an attempt to retrieve the past. This makes one measure time in many ways, different calendars, change of seasons, past encounters narrated through wars, defeats, encounters and disasters. It is remembered through family history, ancestral heritage, nostalgia, memory and even through national disasters. This interaction portrays the immigrants caught in flight of memories, relationships and images. The relocation has its disgust for one thing or the other. The author has to live in the reminiscences, a collective memory representing a symbolic relationship between past and present. The Swinging Bridge by Ramabai Espinet chronicles the multiple exiles that are part of the Indian experience in the Caribbean and Canada through two figures one from the past- great grandmother Gainder and the other from the present - Mona, the protagonist. The novel commemorates the maternal roots and routes of Indo-Caribbean history by establishing the subjectivity of widows and young girls from India who crossed the Kala Pani (Black waters of the Atlantic) in search of new beginnings in Trinidad and the great-grand-daughter who engages in an existential quest for selfhood in Canada. Grief motivates a flood of personal memories as Mona begins to remember intimate details of family life that had been repressed under the cover of migration. Bits and pieces of the past, fragments scattered in various places, childhood memories, overheard conversations, prayer songs, all come together in the attic. She explores the secret songs, photographs and letters giving her a powerful voice for her culture, her family, her fellow women and for herself. Mona’s drive to document history enables her to reveal the family’s carefully guarded secrets- domestic violence, drunken rampages, sexual abuse, illegitimate children, and even AIDS. This paper seeks to analyse the novel’s diasporic contents and find out whether this attempt at retrieval of the past brings about a change in the perception of today’s generation. The author brings to light the problems of a plural society calling for need for relationships and need for mutual respect- all to avoid conflict situations through this effective tracing of history in the novel.
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MacDonnell, Judith A., Mahdieh Dastjerdi, Nimo Bokore, and Nazilla Khanlou. "Becoming Resilient: Promoting the Mental Health and Well-Being of Immigrant Women in a Canadian Context." Nursing Research and Practice 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/576586.
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This paper reports on grounded theory findings that are relevant to promoting the mental health and well-being of immigrant women in Canada. The findings illustrate how relationships among settlement factors and dynamics of empowerment had implications for “becoming resilient” as immigrant women and how various health promotion approaches enhanced their well-being. Dimensions of empowerment were embedded in the content and process of the feminist health promotion approach used in this study. Four focus groups were completed in Toronto, Ontario, Canada with 35 racialized immigrant women who represented diverse countries of origin: 25 were from Africa; others were equally represented from South Asia (5), Asia (5), and Central or South America and the Caribbean (5). Participants represented diverse languages, family dynamics, and educational backgrounds. One focus group was conducted in Somali; three were conducted in English. Constructivist grounded theory, theoretical sampling, and a critical feminist approach were chosen to be congruent with health promotion research that fostered women’s empowerment. Findings foreground women’s agency in the study process, the ways that immigrant women name and frame issues relevant to their lives, and the interplay among individual, family, community, and structural dynamics shaping their well-being. Implications for mental health promotion are discussed.
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Bertrand, Karine. "Epistolary Enunciation in Quebec and Indigenous Cinemas: The Letter as Identity Vector and Memory Tool." Área Abierta 19, no. 3 (November 4, 2019): 307–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/arab.65390.
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This article focuses on the use of the letter in Canadian cinema, and more particularly in Quebec films featuring plural identities that further complexify this province’s relationship with its identity and those of others. This article explores how the letter becomes a means for Quebec migrants to communicate with their family history and with their host community. It also shows how the letter is a mediator and a symbol uniting minority cultures in search of roots, for filmmakers who stage immigrants or mixed-race protagonists. Finally, I explore how the letter serves the Indigenous peoples of Canada, victims of cultural genocide, by participating in decolonization through the re-establishment of family and community ties. In doing so, the article provides a general picture of the use of the letter as an object of memory and reconciliation in contemporary Quebec and Indigenous cinemas.
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Gravel, Sylvie, Daniel Côté, Stéphanie Gladu, and France Labrèche. "O1E.4 Electronic waste recycling in québec, canada: hiring practices and occupational health and safety management." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A11.2—A11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.30.
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Background and objectiveElectronic waste recycling (e-recycling) has received little attention from an occupational health and safety (OHS) perspective. Our objective was to describe hiring and OHS management practices in a sample of formal e-recycling facilities.MethodsWithin a cross-sectional study of exposure of e-recycling workers to various contaminants, we conducted semi-structured face-to-face interviews with a sample of 26 workers and 6 managers, employed in four companies. Thematic analyses, followed by a matrix analysis based on the companies’ missions were conducted on the recorded interviews.ResultsThree companies are small enterprises: one receives young offenders/ex-prisoners for up to six months of vocational internships; another is a private company recruiting its workforce through governmental programs integrating people with chronic health problems; the third, a family business, mainly employs workers within neighbouring communities. Lastly, a medium-sized unionized company recruits its employees through staffing agencies, offering permanent jobs to the best candidates after a three-month trial period. Most participants were male, aged between 20–50 years old, and had not completed high school, except for a few recent immigrants with graduate degrees. Regarding occupational hazards in their workplace, 40% of interviewees reported chemicals, 31% mentioned the danger of being struck by lift trucks, and less than 25% identified toxic vapours, inappropriate protective personal equipments (PPEs), cuts, dusts, musculoskeletal or back pain. Some workers expressed concern about the pace of work (and resulting stress), which they identified as an injury risk factor. None of the participants received any mentoring upon entering the job. Agency workers had inferior wages and did not have access to the same OHS preventive practices or PPEs as regular workers.ConclusionsIn our sample, OHS management practices varied according to the employment relationship, although workers are exposed to similar working conditions. Working conditions in the growing e-recycling industry need our attention.
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Sethi, Bharati, Allison Williams, and Joyce L. S. Leung. "Caregiving Across International Borders: a Systematic Review of Literature on Transnational Carer-Employees." Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 37, no. 4 (December 2022): 427–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10823-022-09468-w.
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AbstractIn diaspora and transnational studies little is known about the experiences of transnational carer-employees (TCEs). TCEs provide unpaid/informal care across international borders to an adult family member, friend, or relative with disability and/or age-related needs, while also working in paid employment in the country of resettlement. The primary focus of this systematic review was to examine how cultural and historical elements of transnational caregiving influence the economic, social, and health/well-being of TCEs. This systematic review draws on quantitative and qualitative peer-reviewed literature on TCEs’ experiences from Canada, the USA, or Australia between 1997 and 2017. In all, 16 articles that fulfilled the search inclusion criteria were selected. The articles were analyzed using content and thematic analysis. The review highlighted that transnational caregiving is a multi-dimensional phenomenon. There is a reciprocal relationship between adult children providing care to their parents and parents helping their children resettle in their new home. The findings suggest that TCEs provide practical, financial, and emotional care to their families abroad. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive systematic review of the experiences of TCEs. Increasingly complex immigration experiences of transnational families require innovative policy responses from a transnational and intersectionality lens. Immigrants need support to maintain solid transnational networks and simultaneously adapt to the country of resettlement. Employers can use the findings to support TCEs in balancing unpaid care across vast geographical distances while sustaining their economic and social well-being.
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Koehoorn, Mieke, Robert Macpherson, and Christopher B. McLeod. "O4C.5 Precarious work and precarious lives: an analysis of the association between employment relationships and access to social and health benefits." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A37.1—A37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.100.
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BackgroundPrecarious employment relationships impact many facets of society, among them health and health inequities for workers and their families. The objective of the current analyses was to investigate the association between precarious employment and access to social and health employment benefits in the Canadian context.MethodsThe General Social Survey (GSS) is an annual and national cross-sectional survey administered by Statistics Canada. The GSS2016 focused on social trends in education, work and home conditions to inform policy issues. The association between employment status (regular versus seasonal, term, casual) and access to employment benefits (pension, sick leave, vacation, disability, workers’ compensation, parental leave, supplemental medical, and other) was investigated using multivariable logistic regression, adjusted for socio-demographic (age, sex, education, visible minority, immigrant), occupation and industry, and physical and mental disability characteristics.ResultsAmong those employed at the time of the survey (60.4% of 19 609 respondents), the majority had regular (80.8%) versus precarious seasonal (7.0%), casual (6.9%), or term (5.3%) employment. Twenty-eight percent of precarious workers reported no employment benefits compared to 6% of regular workers (ORadj=4.99, 95% CI 3.53, 7.05). By type of benefit, the greatest disparity between precarious employment and no benefits was reported for disability insurance (ORadj=2.45 95% CI 1.81, 3.32) and supplemental medical benefits (ORadj=2.54 95% CI 1.90, 3.38), while the least disparity was reported for workers’ compensation benefits (ORadj=1.46 95% CI 1.11, 1.92).DiscussionPrecarious work may equate to precarious living for a significant number of workers without pension, disability, sick leave, family or medical employment benefits. The impact of the observed disparity in employment benefits for workers with regular versus precarious attachment to the labour market warrants longer-term investigation, but the findings suggest that precarious work could be a significant social determinant of health.
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Bruce, Aisha Aiko, Adrienne D. Witol, Haley Greenslade, Mandeep Plaha, and Mary Anne Venner. "How Do New Immigrant Families (African Continent) with a Child with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) Experience the Western Medical System?" Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 3529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.3529.3529.
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Abstract INTRODUCTION: New immigrant families from continental Africa account for an increasing proportion of pediatric patients with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) in Canada and North America. As families enter the western medical system they face a myriad of tests and medications as well they encounter language barriers, endless forms and large teams. Previous experiences with healthcare also influence families' expectations and adjustment.There is no published data exploring the experiences of these families to help guide practice. Resources such as the Canadian Pediatric Society guide on immigrant health are not specific to SCD. We set out to examine cultural sensitivity methodologically in order to improve delivery of care. Research Questions: What are newcomer families' experiences with SCD in Canada and their home country?What are the prevailing values and beliefs related to SCD that shape the attitude and behaviors of newcomer families?How do newcomer families perceivethe current delivery of medical care (the barriers and the facilitators)? METHODS: Focused ethnography was used to understand the socio-cultural context in which newcomer families from Africa experience their child's SCD; to explore their perspectives, beliefs, how they manage daily life and experience the western medical system. A sample size of12-15 participants was selected to reach saturation.Participants were selected using purposeful and convenience sampling and semi-structured interviews were held with the primary caregiver(s) with use of aninterpreter if needed. Research Ethics Board approved. RESULTS: Saturation was reached at 10 families and 12 were interviewed due to recruiting methods. Demographics:12 caregivers (N=8 females; N=4 males); most were in their forties and from Congo, Nigeria or Liberia. The majority had 3 or more children, were married and employed. The majority did not have extended family within the region. Languages spoken at home were English, French, Yoruba, Swahili orMoorie. They immigrated to Canada between 2002 and 2015 For themes see table 1. CONCLUSIONS: Participants' attitude, perception and knowledge about SCD were profoundly affected by their experiences in their countries of origin. These mostly negative experiences (seeing children suffering without appropriate medical care; observing social stigma, etc.) were deeply embedded and determined their response to SCD in their children. 1. Practice guideline: Allow for sufficient time and provision oftranslation services to explore the families' experience with stigma within country of residence and origin as well as embedded in the healthcare system and the community. Despite the prevalence of SCD in their home countries the diagnosis was a surprise. The path towards acceptance was slow, emotionally convoluted and not linear. Acceptance of the diagnosis is a process and devastating in the context of previous experiences. 2. Practice guideline: Review diagnostic information early and have easily accessible information about SCD available for parents/family network. This information will also need to be reviewed with the child at key developmental time periods. SCD has a dominant impact on life causing renegotiation of all relationships: spousal, family, community, co-workers and school staff. Managing SCD influenced daily routines imposing structure which was disrupted for hospitalizations. Families were reluctant to leave children unattended in the hospital and thus sacrificed personal and employment goals. Social support is limited and families cope alone.Families tend to seek practical support and deny the desire for emotional support. 3. Practice guideline: 3a)Screen for potential isolation and explore whether other caretakers are aware of diagnosis and disease specific care 3b) Given the tendency to deny emotional support needs, lack of nearby extended family and the stigma in the community setting up networks that provide both practical and instrumental support could be meaningful and more likely utilized resources. The life-long complexity of SCD creates anxiety for the child's life expectancy. Families trust in medical expertise, improvements in medical treatments and their faith/religious beliefs are foundations for hope. 4. Practice guideline: HCP working with families should ensure awareness of clinical advances and develop means to easily share knowledge as it will strengthen hope for the future. Table 1 Table 1. Disclosures Bruce: Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; Apopharma: Consultancy.
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Samuel, T. J. "Family Class Immigrants to Canada 1981-1984." International Migration 26, no. 3 (July 1988): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1988.tb00650.x.
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Suwal, Juhee Vajracharya. "Health Consequences to Immigrant Family Caregivers in Canada." Canadian Studies in Population 37, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2010): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6t90j.
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This study revisited the “double jeopardy” hypothesis in terms of the health of immigrant family caregivers. It also investigated the effect of “reciprocity” (feeling of giving back something) on the health of family caregivers. The General Social Survey 2002 Cycle 16 data were analyzed using χ2-test and Logistic regressions. About 16% of immigrants and 13.6% of non-immigrants said that their health was negatively affected as a result of caregiving. Immigrant family caregivers were three times more likely than non-immigrants to report a health consequence. Reciprocity played a big role in this outcome. Given the fact that an increasing number of culturally diverse immigrants enter Canada every year and that the immigrant population is aging, more caregivers will be in demand. Policy makers need to find ways to keep immigrant caregivers healthy so that quality care can be given to immigrant older adults and also for maintaining an overall healthy Canada.
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Phythian, Kelli, David Walters, and Paul Anisef. "Entry Class and the Early Employment Experience of Immigrants in Canada." Canadian Studies in Population 36, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2009): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6861x.
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Despite its policy importance, research related to the economic performance of immigrants by entry class is sorely lacking. It is generally presumed that immigrants selected on the basis of human capital will have better economic outcomes than unscreened immigrants; however, there is speculation that the social networks of family immigrants provide access to employment resources not available to others. Both arguments have merit, yet there is little research to support either claim. This study utilizes data from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada to investigate the association between entry class and employment status of immigrants six months after arrival. Findings reveal little difference between skilled workers and family immigrants, while business immigrants and refugees are much less likely to be employed. Policy implications are discussed.
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Okeke-Ihejirika, Philomina, Neelam Saleem Punjani, and Bukola Salami. "African Immigrant’s Women Experiences on Extended Family Relations." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14 (July 12, 2022): 8487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148487.
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African immigrants are increasingly migrating to high-income countries, including Canada, in search of a better life. These immigrants often face several challenges, such as keeping healthy ties with their extended families back home and in a new socio-cultural context. We present findings from a participatory action research (PAR) study of Sub-Saharan African immigrants and refugees (SSAIRs) living in Alberta, Canada. Using the theoretical framework of postcolonial feminism and transnationalism, in this study we investigated how cultural roots and transnational ties affect newcomer transition and integration to provide information on the female perspectives of SSAIRs. The results of the study indicate that maintaining relational ties with one’s extended family in the homeland has been highlighted as both a source of support—providing moral, social, religious, and cultural support during the integration processes—and strain, with participants noting its impact on their integration processes, such as delaying the ability to restructure life and to successfully plan their life financially. Our findings outline various implications of the existing gaps and recommendations for policymakers and community stakeholders for future improvement. Overall, our study findings affirm the importance of extended family relations for African immigrants living in Canada.
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Lee, Young-Me, and Karyn Holm. "Family Relationships and Depression among Elderly Korean Immigrants." ISRN Nursing 2011 (June 16, 2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/429249.
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The purposes of the study were to describe family relationships within the context of living arrangements (living with adult children or without adult children) and support network, and to further determine associations of these factors to depression in elderly Korean immigrants. Over 70% () of Korean elders were found to live apart from their adult children. However, Korean elders who were living independently reported higher levels of depression in spite of their expressed desire to live independently and to be less dependent upon their adult children. These findings suggest that family support and close relationships with their adult children play a central role in adjusting to a new life and in preventing and/or lessening depression in elderly Korean immigrants.
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Shahim, Sima. "Psychometric Characteristics of the Iranian Acculturation Scale." Psychological Reports 101, no. 1 (August 2007): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.101.1.55-60.
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The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable and valid scale to measure acculturation of Iranian immigrants in Canada. The 20-item Iranian Acculturation Scale showed Cronbach alpha of .83. Item-total correlations ranged from .25 to .65. Four factors were extracted, based on responses from 119 Iranian immigrants (43 men and 76 women) living in Toronto. The scale tapped different acculturation dimensions, cultural identity, language, family-related attitude and family-related values. The longer these Iranian immigrants had lived in Canada, and the earlier the age of moving to Canada the better acculturation suggested by their scores.
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Samuel, T. J. "Family Class Immigrants to Canada. 1981-84: Part 1." International Migration 26, no. 2 (June 1988): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1988.tb00620.x.
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Rahman, Md Mizanur. "Development of Bangladeshi immigrant entrepreneurship in Canada." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 27, no. 4 (November 15, 2018): 404–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196818810096.
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Canada has developed a comprehensive immigration policy to accept different types of immigrants under its economic, family and humanitarian immigration categories. Canada invites over a quarter-million immigrants in a year. Many of these immigrants do not find suitable jobs upon arrival in Canada. Some of these immigrants choose to open their own businesses and eventually become entrepreneurs. Drawing on the experiences of Bangladeshi immigrants in Canada, this paper examines how immigrants reposition themselves to become immigrant entrepreneurs in the settlement process. Findings suggest that immigrant entrepreneurship is embedded within the dynamics of immigration trajectory and the broader context of the receiving society. Even though Bangladeshis are driven toward the lower end of the economy, innovations have expanded the breadth and depth of their businesses and made their businesses different and rewarding.
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Tiagi, Raaj. "Access to and utilization of health care services among Canada’s immigrants." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 12, no. 2 (June 13, 2016): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-06-2014-0027.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze patterns of health services utilization – visits to family practitioner and visits to an emergency room – by recent immigrants (those who have lived in Canada for less than ten years) and “established” immigrants (those who have resided in Canada for ten years or longer) relative to their Canadian-born counterparts. Design/methodology/approach – The 2009/2010 files of the Canadian Community Health Survey were used for the analysis. A logit model was used to analyze utilization while a zero-inflated negative binomial model was used to measure the intensity of health services utilization. Findings – Results suggest that relative to native-born Canadians, recent immigrants are more likely to visit an emergency room and are less likely to visit a family/general practitioner. The opposite effect is observed for “established” immigrants. In terms of intensity of use, native-born Canadians are more likely to use physicians’ services intensively compared with either recent or established immigrants. Originality/value – The paper’s findings suggest that provincial governments in Canada will need to focus effort to ensure that recent immigrants have access to a family/general practitioner. This will be necessary given the recent primary care reform initiatives introduced across Canada that emphasize the physician as the first point-of-contact with the health system.
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Shirpak, Khosro Refaie, Eleanor Maticka-Tyndale, and Maryam Chinichian. "Post Migration Changes in Iranian Immigrants’ Couple Relationships in Canada." Journal of Comparative Family Studies 42, no. 6 (November 2011): 751–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.42.6.751.
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Phan, Mai B., Rupa Banerjee, Lisa Deacon, and Hila Taraky. "Family Dynamics and the Integration of Professional Immigrants in Canada." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 41, no. 13 (July 13, 2015): 2061–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2015.1045461.
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Jang, Heejung. "Loneliness, Stress, and Depressive Symptoms Among Older Immigrants: A Moderating Role of Familial Relationships." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.466.
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Abstract Objectives: Immigration is a stressful life event, and immigrants commonly experience loneliness, a risk factor for depression. However, little is known about how and whether older immigrants’ perceived stress exposure/appraisals mediate the association between loneliness and depressive symptoms. Further, this study explores whether familial relationships moderate the indirect or direct effects of the mediation models. Method: This study uses the 2012 Health and Retirement Study from a sample of 719 immigrants age 57 and older. A series of moderated mediation analyses were conducted across the total number of stress exposure and eight stress appraisal domains. Results: The findings indicate that the total number of stress exposure and five domains of stress appraisals (health problems in self, physical/emotional problems in spouse/child, financial strain, housing problems, and close relationships in others) mediate the association between loneliness and depressive symptoms. In addition, the perceived negative strain from family moderated the mediating effect of health problems and housing problems in the relationship between loneliness and depressive symptoms. Discussion: This study suggests that negative relationships with family may increase upsetting in stress appraisals on health and housing problems, which turn in increased depressive symptoms for lonely older immigrants. Practitioners need to assess older immigrants’ stressors and family relationships to understand their loneliness and depressive symptoms.
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Bostean, Georgiana, and Brian Joseph Gillespie. "Acculturation, acculturative stressors, and family relationships among Latina/o immigrants." Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 24, no. 1 (January 2018): 126–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000169.
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Lai, D., and N. Chappell. "Use of Traditional Chinese Medicine by older Chinese immigrants in Canada." Family Practice 24, no. 1 (October 18, 2006): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cml058.
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Kaida, Lisa, and Monica Boyd. "Poverty Variations among the Elderly: The Roles of Income Security Policies and Family Co-Residence." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 30, no. 1 (March 2011): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980810000814.
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RÉSUMÉMalgré un déclin rapide depuis les années 1970, la pauvreté parmi les immigrants âgées demeure toujours élevée. Utilisant le recensement canadien de la population en 2006, cet article décrit les différences des taux de pauvreté des vieillards immigrants comparé aux ceux nés au Canada. Les résultats de l’analyse logistique de régression suggèrent qu’une grande partie du haut taux de pauvreté parmi les immigrants âgés est dû au manque, ou à l’insuffisance, d’appui financier du gouvernement. Néanmoins, la pauvreté élevée parmi les immigrants âgés est atténuée par l’aide financière de leurs familles. Cet article conclut en mettant l’emphase sur le rôle que la famille peut jouer pour contrer la pauvreté qui fait face aux vieillards immigrants, et en évaluant deux mécanismes d’intervention du gouvernement qui pourraient améliorer le bien-être économique des immigrants âgés.
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Ferracioli, Luara. "Family Migration Schemes and Liberal Neutrality." Journal of Moral Philosophy 13, no. 5 (September 29, 2016): 553–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455243-4681056.
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In this essay, I argue that the privileging of romantic and familial ties by those who believe in the liberal state’s right to exclude prospective immigrants cannot be justified. The reasons that count in favour of these relationships count equally in favour of a great array of relationships, from friends to creative collaborators, and whatever else falls in between. The liberal partialist now faces a dilemma, either the scope of the right to exclude is much more limited or much broader than she previously assumed.
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Ellis, B. Heidi, Alisa K. Lincoln, Saida M. Abdi, Elizabeth A. Nimmons, Osob Issa, and Scott H. Decker. "“We All Have Stories”: Black Muslim Immigrants’ Experience With the Police." Race and Justice 10, no. 3 (February 15, 2018): 341–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2153368718754638.
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Understanding the relationships between immigrants and refugees and the police is a critical research task with implications for both community–police partnerships and the effectiveness of law enforcement efforts. This study contributes to such an understanding by examining perceptions of police and police interactions among Somali immigrants and refugees (both first and second generation) in three communities in the United States and Canada. This article presents in-depth analyses of qualitative interview data and draws upon multiple theoretical perspectives, specifically procedural justice and minority group threat theory. These perspectives have been employed to account for police–minority relationships in other works and we extend their application to a new group. We find that despite some evidence of positive interactions with police, current policing could do more to establish community trust and implement principles of procedural justice with Somalis in the United States and Canada. This article also finds support for the minority group threat theory in that study participants perceive that they experience harsher and more frequent policing due to their multiple marginalized statuses (Black, immigrant, and Muslim). Implications for both Somali immigrants/refugees and law enforcement are discussed.
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Okeke-Ihejirika, Philomina, Sophie Yohani, Janine Muster, Alphonse Ndem, Thane Chambers, and Virginia Pow. "A Scoping Review on Intimate Partner Violence in Canada’s Immigrant Communities." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 21, no. 4 (September 3, 2018): 788–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838018789156.
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Canada relies on newcomers for population growth, labor supply, and cultural diversity. Newcomers, in turn, see Canada as a haven of economic opportunities. However, the extent to which these mutual benefits can be realized depends on how well newcomers fare in Canada. Intimate partner violence (IPV) significantly undermines immigrants’ capacity to rebuild their lives in host societies. As in other Western democracies, recent immigrants and refugees to Canada are highly vulnerable to IPV; they arrive with limited support systems, wrestle with changing family dynamics, and may have to adapt to new gender roles. IPV often occurs in the private domain of the family and poses serious risks to women, children, families, and the broader society. Our scoping review of 30 articles on IPV within Canadian immigrant groups identifies crucial differences in perceptions and experiences of, responses to, and coping mechanisms among female survivors, and a tendency to place the blame for IPV on the cultural values and practices that immigrants bring to Canada. The majority of existing services and policies, our review shows, are not well suited to immigrant women’s needs and may undermine women’s capacity to find satisfying solutions. Our review is limited by a dearth of literature; it is based mainly on the experiences of South East Asian immigrant women in the Greater Toronto Area. Our findings suggest that future research should address women’s and men’s experiences of IPV, include nonheterosexual couples, extend to the broader immigrant population, and incorporate the voices of stakeholders other than survivors.
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Yoshida, Yoko, and Jonathan Amoyaw. "Transition to adulthood of refugee and immigrant children in Canada." Applied Psycholinguistics 41, no. 6 (November 2020): 1465–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716420000363.
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AbstractThe majority of refugees are children and youth and their integration and life-course transitions are a research priority. This paper examines the timing of refugee children and youths’ entrance into the labour market and family formation (marriage/common law union and parenthood). It does so by examining how admission category, knowledge of a host country’s official languages, and age at arrival shape their transition to adulthood. Using data from the Canadian Longitudinal Immigration Database and Heckman selection estimation, the paper finds minimal variation in refugee children and youths’ entry into the labour market compared to children of other immigrant streams. It also finds that refugee children and youth start forming families at a younger age than children of economic class immigrants, but at an older age than family class children. The analysis also shows limited effects of knowledge of official language prior to arrival while age at arrival has a robust impact on their adulthood transitions. These findings shed light on the unique patterns of life-course transition among refugee children and youth and contribute to a better conceptualization of their experiences relative to children and youth of other immigrants.
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Shabtay, Malka. "Absorption of Ethiopians Through the Israeli Defense Forces." Practicing Anthropology 15, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.15.2.k72u85m3k8453052.
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The Ethiopian Jewish population of Israel numbers about 45,000. Their immigration into the country took place primarily in two Israeli-organized, rescue operations carried out mainly by the army: "Operation Moses" in 1984-85 and "Operation Solomon" in 1990. These immigrants are currently undergoing a prolonged and difficult period of transition. Many fundamental aspects of their lives are changing, including religious practices (a mainstay of the community's traditional culture and identity), gender relationships, family dynamics, communal leadership patterns, health practices, educational and vocational opportunities, and much more. Their transition is aided, however, by "veteran" immigrants who arrived sporadically and in small numbers during the 1970s and 1980s and have assumed positions of leadership in the community. These veteran immigrants mediate with the larger society both as employees of government agencies dealing with the immigrants and as community and family members.
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Lee, Mee Sook, Kathleen S. Crittenden, and Elena Yu. "Social Support and Depression among Elderly Korean Immigrants in the United States." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 42, no. 4 (January 1, 1996): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/2vhh-jlxy-ebvg-y8jb.
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Based on the integrative concept of social support, we investigated the effects of quantitative, structural, and functional aspects of social relationships on the level of depressive symptoms among elderly Korean immigrants, taking into account their level of acculturation and life stress. Korean elders having more close persons and more frequent contacts with them exhibited fewer depressive symptoms. Networks providing instrumental support consisted mainly of family ties; networks for emotional support included diverse relationships as well as family members. Emotional support was found to moderate the harmful effect of life stress, and thus to be more relevant than instrumental support to the mental health of Korean elderly.
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Liu, Jinyu, XinQi Dong, Duy Nguyen, and Daniel W. L. Lai. "Family Relationships and Depressive Symptoms Among Chinese Older Immigrants in the United States." Journals of Gerontology: Series A 72, suppl_1 (June 1, 2017): S113—S118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glw138.
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Hochschild, Jennifer L., and Porsha Cropper. "Immigration regimes and schooling regimes: Which countries promote successful immigrant incorporation?" Theory and Research in Education 8, no. 1 (March 2010): 21–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477878509356342.
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While Canada is often described as the most and France as one of the least successful countries in the realm of immigrant incorporation, the question remains unresolved of how to evaluate a country’s policies for dealing with immigration and incorporation relative to that of others. Our strategy is to examine the relationships among (1) countries’ policies and practices with regard to admitting immigrants, (2) their educational policies for incorporating first- and second-generation immigrants, and (3) the educational achievement of immigrants and their children. We compare eight western industrialized countries. We find that immigration regimes, educational regimes, and schooling outcomes are linked distinctively in each country. States that are liberal, or effective, on one dimension may be relatively conservative, or ineffective, on another, and countries vary in their willingness and ability to help disadvantaged people achieve upward mobility through immigration and schooling. We conclude that, by some normative standards, France has a better immigration regime than Canada does. Overall, this study points to new ways to study immigration and new normative standards for judging states’ policies of incorporation.
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Souto, Rafaella Queiroga, Sepali Guruge, Miriam Aparecida Barbosa Merighi, and Maria Cristina Pinto de Jesus. "Intimate Partner Violence Among Older Portuguese Immigrant Women in Canada." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 5 (April 24, 2016): 961–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516646101.
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One third of the immigrant population around the world is made up of women. Of these women, many belong to the Portuguese community. Immigrants account for more than one in five Canadians. The Portuguese older immigrant women living in Canada are vulnerable to be victims of intimate partner violence (IPV), which is a prevalent and important global health issue that affects differently diverse groups. There are few available researches regarding IPV on this population. The objective of this study is to understand how Portuguese older immigrant women living in Canada experience IPV. This is a qualitative study with a social phenomenological focus. Alfred Schutz’s motivation theory was used to analyze the impulses that led older women to face IPV. The data were collected from July to October 2013 in the Greater Toronto Area. Ten women 60 years or older were included in the study. The participants perceived themselves as being victimized by their current or ex partners. They are unhappy and suffer from a variety of health problems, which they related to their experience of IPV. These factors, along with participants’ personal beliefs, and their legal situations as immigrants in Canada, made them act, either in a way that would try to maintain their relationships, or tried to escape the violent situation. IPV is a complex phenomenon, with different perceptions surrounding it. The experiences of the older immigrant women showed that ending the marriage is not always a possibility to them because of cultural issues and their immigrant status in Canada. Some women wish help and support to improve their relationships.
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Guo, Man, Elizabeth Byram, and Xinqi Dong. "Filial expectation among Chinese immigrants in the United States of America: a cohort comparison." Ageing and Society 40, no. 10 (June 14, 2019): 2266–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x1900059x.
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AbstractRelying on two unique data-sets on Chinese older immigrants (N = 3,157) and younger immigrants with ageing parents (N = 469) in Chicago, this study compared the level of filial expectation among the two groups and examined the predictors and mental health implications of having high filial expectation among each group. Results of t-tests, logistic regression and negative binominal analyses showed that, regardless of socio-demographic variables, acculturation, physical health and family relations, Chinese adult children had higher filial expectations on themselves than older immigrants’ filial expectation on the younger generation. Chinese older immigrants who had less education, lower levels of acculturation, poorer health and closer relationships with children reported higher filial expectation. In the cohort of younger immigrants, high filial expectation was associated with lower income, better health and closer relations with their parents. In addition, having high filial expectation was associated with lower levels of depression and anxiety among the older immigrants, but not among the younger cohort. The results indicated that, whereas Chinese older immigrants seemed to adapt their filial expectation in the new society, the younger cohort still strongly adhere to this traditional family norm. Maintaining strong filial expectation might be a protective factor for older immigrants’ mental health. Practice and policy implications of these findings are discussed in the paper.
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MacDonald, Geoff, Tara C. Marshall, Judith Gere, Atsushi Shimotomai, and July Lies. "Valuing Romantic Relationships." Cross-Cultural Research 46, no. 4 (October 3, 2012): 366–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069397112450854.
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Research has suggested that individuals lower in self-esteem restrain from fully valuing romantic relationships because of relatively low confidence in positive regard from their partners (i.e., positive reflected appraisals). MacDonald and Jessica (2006) provided evidence that in Indonesia, where family plays an important role in mate selection, low self-esteem also leads to doubts regarding family approval of the relationship that, in turn, places an additional constraint on fully valuing a romantic relationship. In the current research, Study 1 replicated these findings, showing that the positive relationship between self-esteem and value placed on a romantic relationship was mediated by both reflected appraisals and approval from a partner’s family in Indonesia but only reflected appraisals in Canada. In Study 2, the relationship between self-esteem and relationship value was mediated by reflected appraisals and approval from own, but not partner’s, family in Japan whereas only reflected appraisals played a mediating role in Australia. These data suggest that in cultures involving family in mate selection, placing full value on romantic relationships may be contingent on confidence in both reflected appraisals and family approval of the relationship.
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Izium, A. O., and M. V. Shuba. "The Factors of Canada’s Immigration Attractiveness." Business Inform 12, no. 527 (2021): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-12-41-47.
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The article is aimed at defining the main factors of Canada’s immigration attractiveness. The article presents the dynamics of the number of immigrants living in Canada during the 1990-2020 years, the dynamics of immigration to Canada, the main countries of origin of immigrants, as well as the change in the percentage of persons born abroad in the total population of Canada. It is determined that the Canadian migration system is based on the priority of attracting human capital to the country, and most Canadian immigrants are selected according to the points system, which accepts people with the skills that will contribute to the development of the economy. The main programs under which Canada accepts migrants for permanent residence are considered: express entry, provincial program, family migration program, visa program for startups, carers program. The dynamics of average hourly wages in Canada, dynamics of consumer price index are provided. For the period 2010-2020 consumer price index in Canada grew moderately, which is comfortable for both consumers and entrepreneurs. Also Canada’s position in international rankings influencing the choice of the country of residence by migrants is studied. Thus, in 2021, Canada took the twentieth place in the ranking according to the Quality of Life Index; 6th place – according to the Social Progress Index and the Prosperity Index, tenth place – according to the Global Peace Index. Canada ranked 16th in the latest Human Development Index. According to the Migrant Integration Policy Index in 2020, Canada has become the fourth country in the world with the best immigration policy. The main factors of Canada’s immigration attractiveness are defined, among which can be highlighted the following: liberal migration policy; high GDP per capita; rising average wage rates and a low inflation; consistently high positions in the world rankings, which are important indicators of the level of development of the country and comfortable life.
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King, Rosalind Berkowitz, and Kathleen Mullan Harris. "Romantic Relationships among Immigrant Adolescents." International Migration Review 41, no. 2 (June 2007): 344–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2007.00071.x.
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We examine the importance of the family and friendship group as two crucial developmental contexts for adolescent relationship experiences. We focus particularly on immigrant adolescents who make up an increasing proportion of the youth population and who come from cultural contexts with stronger family traditions than native-born adolescents. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we model the characteristics associated with having romantic relationships and participating in sex-related activities within relationships for immigrant adolescents, children of immigrants and adolescents in native-born families. First generation adolescents are less likely to enter romantic relationships than adolescents in native-born families, but those who do participate engage in similar sex-related activities as native-born youth. This evidence suggests that immigrant youth who enter romantic relationships are selective of the more assimilated to native adolescent norms of heterosexual behavior. The peer group is especially important for immigrant adolescents because it provides opportunities for romantic relationship involvement.
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Dorri, Roqaia Ahmad, Tam Truong Donnelly, Elaine McKiel, and Shelley Raffin Bouchal. "Family and religion’s influence on Arab immigrant mothers’ initiation and exclusive breastfeeding." International Journal of Healthcare 8, no. 1 (November 2, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijh.v8n1p1.
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Breastfeeding is known to provide health benefits for newborns and breastfeeding mothers. The World Health Organization and Health Canada recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of an infant’s life. However, the rates of exclusive breastfeeding practices among Arab immigrant mothers are lower when compared with rates for non-immigrant Canadian mothers and mothers in the immigrants’ countries of origin. Critical ethnography was used to explore the breastfeeding practices among immigrant Arab mothers in Alberta, Canada, and factors influencing their decision or ability to breastfeed exclusively. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 10 participants, followed by thematic analysis of the qualitative narrative data. The results indicated that family and religion are the sociocultural factors that primarily influenced the mothers’ initiation and exclusive breastfeeding practices. The findings from this study can facilitate culturally safe and sensitive interventions to address Arab mothers’ breastfeeding needs and promote exclusive breastfeeding within this population in Canada.
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Ho, Calvin N. "Talent Selection and the Reshaping of Asian North America." AAPI Nexus: Policy, Practice and Community 15, no. 1-2 (September 2017): 57–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/1545-0317.15.1.57.
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Policies that admit immigrants based on their education have dramatically reshaped the demographics of the United States and Canada. In the mid-1960s, facing pressures to open their borders to non-Europeans, both countries replaced previous policies of racial and nationality discrimination with new systems of socioeconomic discrimination. These policies explain the growth of Asian immigration from the 1970s onward, as well as the high levels of education among Asian immigrants and their descendants. Refugees and family migrants, however, added socioeconomic diversity. Recent developments in skilled immigrant selection programs will continue to shape Asian American and Asian Canadian demographics in the future.
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Hernández, José Antonio Ruiz, Ginesa Torrente Hernández, Ángel Rodríguez González, and María del Carmen Ramírez de la Fe. "Acculturative Stress in Latin-American Immigrants: An Assessment Proposal." Spanish journal of psychology 14, no. 1 (May 2011): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_sjop.2011.v14.n1.20.
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The aim of this paper was to develop an instrument to assess levels of stress experienced by Latin-American immigrants in their acculturative process in Spain. A sample of 692 immigrants from Latin America, aged 20 to 63 years, took part on this study (54.9% males and 45.1% females). A 24-item questionnaire with high reliability (.92) was elaborated. Six factors related to acculturative stress were found: 1) discrimination and rejection; 2) differences with the out-group (native Spaniards); 3) citizenship problems and legality; 4) problems concerning social relationships with other immigrants; 5) nostalgia and longing; and 6) family break-up. Our findings show that participants have a high level of stress related to nostalgia and longing, family break-up, and the perception of discrimination and rejection by natives. The usefulness of the instrument and its applications and restrictions are discussed.
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Tartakovsky, E. "Fifty Shades of Gray: Satisfaction with Life Among Jewish Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union to Israel." Cultural-Historical Psychology 17, no. 4 (2021): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/chp.2021170410.
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In the present study, we tested the morbidity and salutary hypotheses of immigration investigating satisfaction with life (SWL) among Jewish immigrants from the Former Soviet Union to Israel. The study was conducted using a random representative sample of first-generation immigrants from the Former Soviet Union to Israel (N = 400) and a large geographically dispersed sample of Jews staying in Russia (N = 935). We applied three measures of SWL: general satisfaction with life (GSWL), multifaceted satisfaction with life (MSWL), and relative satisfaction with life (RSWL). The results demonstrated that immigrants were higher than stayers in GSWL. At the same time, the difference between the two populations was not significant in the average scores of MSWL. When comparing the two populations in ten domains of MSWL, immigrants reported higher satisfaction only in medical care. Stayers reported higher satisfaction in four domains: work, family relationships, relationships with friends, and entertainment and leisure. Immigrants assessed their standard of life as higher compared to the premigration period and to that presently existing in their country of origin. However, they assessed their standard of life as lower compared to the non-immigrant Israelis. Thus, immigration was a mixed blessing for the studied group of immigrants, salutary in some aspects and onerous in others.
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de Assunção, Viviane Kraieski. "Circulating Food and Relationships: the Movement of Food (and Other Things) Between Brazilians in Boston and Brazil." International Review of Social Research 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/irsr-2012-0005.
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Abstract: In 2009, I conducted fieldwork about the culinary practices of Brazilian immigrants in Greater Boston, USA. I assume that food is a good way to understand the migration process, because it is related to the construction of ethnic and national identity, as well as gender, power and class relations. In this article, I emphasize that food is used by Brazilian immigrants in Greater Boston to strengthen social relations with family members and relatives who stayed in Brazil. There is a circulation of many types of goods, such as laptops, computers and cosmetics, between the participants of social networks in the USA and Brazil. In this flow, I highlight the role of food, that maintains through its sensuality (specially smell and taste) the connection of the immigrants with their place of origin.
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Sun, Shirley Hsiao-Li. "Housework and Gender in Nuclear Versus Extended Family Households: Experiences of Taiwanese Immigrants in Canada." Journal of Comparative Family Studies 39, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.39.1.1.
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