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Academic literature on the topic 'Immigrants – Europe, Western – Case studies'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Immigrants – Europe, Western – Case studies"

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Kojanec, Giovanni. "Part III: Prospects for and Barriers to Implementation: Case Studies: The UN Convention and the European Instruments for the Protection of the Migrants." International Migration Review 25, no. 4 (December 1991): 818–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839102500408.

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Two different situations concerning migration are present in Western Europe today: the EEC system and the framework of rules established independently of that system by specific treaties. The EEC regulations are based on the principle of freedom of movement, stay and work for nationals of a member state in the territory of all other member states, equality of treatment with nationals of the host country being strictly applicable. Outside the Community context, a number of multilateral treaties between member states of the Council of Europe, whose rules have been developed mainly on the basis of principles established by ILO Conventions, are in force, all inspired by the following guiding principles: safeguarding the right of each state to decide on the admission of foreign immigrants; affirming the guarantee of equal treatment to immigrants legally admitted and limiting the application of said rules to nationals of the contracting parties. Basic civil and political rights are protected, independently of nationality, with regard to every person within the jurisdiction of states parties to the European Convention on Human Rights. Consequently, the UN Convention is essentially relevant for those migrant workers present in Europe who are nationals of those states not members of the EEC or not parties to those European conventions. Particularly important are the provisions concerning irregular migrations.

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Bhargava, Sameer, Kåre Moen, Samera Azeem Qureshi, and Solveig Hofvind. "Mammographic screening attendance among immigrant and minority women: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Acta Radiologica 59, no. 11 (February 16, 2018): 1285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0284185118758132.

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Background Groups of immigrant and minority women are more often diagnosed with advanced stage breast cancer than other women. Mammographic screening aims to reduce mortality from breast cancer through early detection in asymptomatic women. Purpose To compare mammographic screening attendance among immigrant and minority women to that of other women. Material and Methods A literature search of PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Cochrane identified 1369 papers published between January 1995 and March 2016. In the review, we included 33 studies investigating mammographic screening attendance among immigrant and/or minority women. In a meta-analysis, we included 19 of the studies that compared attendance among immigrant and/or minority women with that among other women, using a random effects model. Results The review included studies from Europe, North America, and Oceania, with 42,666,093 observations of opportunities for mammographic screening. Attendance was generally lower among immigrant and minority women compared to other women (46.2% vs. 55.0%; odds ratio = 0.64, 95% confidence interval = 0.56–0.73; P < 0.05, I2 = 99.9%). Non-Western immigrants had lower attendance rates than other immigrants. Conclusion Immigrant and minority women had lower mammographic screening attendance than other women, which could potentially put them at increased risk for more advanced breast cancer. This review emphasizes the importance of continued efforts to engage with the preventative health needs of diverse populations in attempts to achieve equality in access to, and use of, care.

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Akirav, Osnat. "Intersectional Representation Between Gender, Religion, and Nationality." Review of European Studies 13, no. 4 (November 15, 2021): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v13n4p32.

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Immigrants who came to Europe in recent decades (work immigrants and/or refugees) grapple with intersectional identities, such as religion, nationality and gender, yet current political research addresses these issues only in part. To address these omissions, I conducted a content analysis of all parliamentary questions Muslim representatives raised in their parliamentary activities in three Western countries. I also investigated whether the representatives' invisibility pertains only to their descriptive representation or whether it affects their substantive representation by analyzing five research hypotheses for differences in the content of the parliamentary questions. I found that male and female Muslim representatives ask parliamentary questions about Muslim men and women. In addition, I developed an Intersectional Representation Index to measure and demonstrate the complexities Muslim representatives face in Western countries. The index shows that such representatives have several identities, some of which have become invisible, as previous studies indicated.

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Connor, Phillip. "Contexts of immigrant receptivity and immigrant religious outcomes: the case of Muslims in Western Europe." Ethnic and Racial Studies 33, no. 3 (June 2, 2009): 376–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870902935963.

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Extra, Guus, and Ton Vallen. "Migration and Multilingualism in Western Europe: A Case Study of the Netherlands." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 17 (March 1997): 151–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500003329.

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In this survey, the demographic and linguistic consequences of recent processes of migration and minorization in Western Europe are reviewed, and a case study of the Netherlands is presented to illustrate and detail the effects of these processes on an individual European Union country. After a discussion of demographic data and criteria in a European context, linguistic issues are addressed in terms of L1 and L2 studies on immigrant and ethnic minority groups. Major demographic trends in Dutch society and education derived from these cross-national perspectives is then outlined. Specific attention is given to research and policy in the domains of Dutch as a second language and ethnic minority languages within the context of primary education.

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Lai, Yingtong, and Aijia Li. "Migrant workers in a global city: the case of contemporary Hong Kong." Asian Education and Development Studies 10, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-02-2019-0028.

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Purpose Previous research has documented the ways that migration contributed to the rise of Hong Kong as a global city by the early 1990s. Much academic attention has been paid to the causes of labor migration and issues related to the adaptation of migrant workers in Hong Kong. Based on a review of such studies, the purpose of this paper is to describe three representative groups of migrant workers in Hong Kong and discuss how research on migrant workers in Hong Kong has provided new insights to the global city literature and to the study of development and migration. Design/methodology/approach This paper reviews published works regarding migrant workers in Hong Kong since 1996. Discussion focuses on three representative groups: high-skilled immigrants from developed countries, low-skilled migrant workers from less developed regions and mainland Chinese immigrants. Findings Findings suggest that the migration patterns and challenges of the adaptation of migrant workers in Hong Kong correspond largely to the social polarization thesis proposed by global city literature. However, Hong Kong is unique compared to core global cities in the USA and Western Europe due to its special power relationship with mainland China and its colonial history, which have a significant impact on immigrants’ decision to migrate and their post-migration integration. Originality/value This review paper provides a better understanding of migration and development, and highlights new factors that contribute to reasons for migration and challenges of integration for migrant workers in the host society.

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Messina, Anthony M. "The Not So Silent Revolution Postwar Migration to Western Europe." World Politics 49, no. 1 (October 1996): 130–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wp.1996.0020.

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In the 1990s scholars working within the subfield of immigration studies in Western Europe have advanced four major arguments. (1) In a liberal era of global economic markets the capacity of states to govern their territorial borders has significantly eroded. (2) The widespread diffusion of liberal norms has severely inhibited the ability of governments to execute a rational immigrant policy. (3) The experience of mass immigration has transformed the boundaries of national citizenship. And 4) postwar immigration has fostered the surge of radical right-wing populist movements. This article evaluates these arguments in light of the evidence presented in both the collected scholarship under review and other select works. It concludes by arguing the case for new scholarly initiatives to synthesize and unify the separate literatures represented by the volumes under review.

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Sparre, Sara Lei, and Mikkel Rytter. "Between Care and Contract: Aging Muslim Immigrants, Self-appointed Helpers and Ambiguous Belonging in the Danish Welfare State." Anthropology & Aging 42, no. 1 (May 11, 2021): 112–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/aa.2021.279.

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In Europe, a growing population of aging citizens have migrant background, and many have their origin in non-Western countries. Often, care arrangements in these families are different from those of the majority populations. In Denmark, a growing number of immigrant families utilise an option in the Social Service Act, under which municipalities can contract a family member to take care of an elderly citizen at home. Due to the special construct of the ‘self-appointed helper arrangement’, the caregiver is both a professional care worker, formally employed by the municipality, and a close relative. As such, the arrangement provides a unique opportunity to examine ideas and practices of care at the intersection of the immigrant family and the state.Based on data from interviews with and observations among both immigrant families and municipal care managers, we explore consequences of this care scheme for aging citizens and their self-appointed helpers. Drawing on the concept of ‘lenticular subject positions’, we show how both the self-appointed helpers and the care managers adopt two different, often contradictory, perspectives or subject positions simultaneously.In all, we argue that the self-appointed helper arrangement constitutes a grey zone in the Danish public health care system, since both care managers and helpers seem to neglect the national legislation and standard procedures, in relation to the elders and the general work environment. The consequences are most severe for the self-appointed helpers who end up in a particular precarious position at the margins of the Danish labor market.

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Molnar, Christopher A. "Imagining Yugoslavs: Migration and the Cold War in Postwar West Germany." Central European History 47, no. 1 (March 2014): 138–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000893891400065x.

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In recent years historians have argued that after the collapse of the Nazi regime in May 1945, the concept of race became a taboo topic in postwar Germany but that Germans nonetheless continued to perceive resident foreign populations in racialized terms. Important studies of Jewish displaced persons, the black children of American occupation soldiers and German women, and Turkish guest workers have highlighted continuities and transformations in German racial thought from the Nazi era into the postwar world, particularly in West Germany. In a programmatic essay, Rita Chin and Heide Fehrenbach argue that “the question of race remained at the very center of social policy and collective imagination during the occupation years, as the Western Allies worked to democratize Germany, and during the Bonn Republic,” and they call for a new historiography that is more attentive to the category of race and the process of racialization in Germany and Europe after 1945. While this newfound emphasis on race in Germany's postwar history has been salutary, an approach that puts race and racialization at the center of German interactions with resident foreign populations runs the risk of sidelining the experiences of foreign groups that Germans did not view in primarily racial terms. Indeed, to a certain extent this has already occurred. By the mid-1980s, public and policy discourse on immigrants in West Germany came to focus overwhelmingly on Turks and the problems raised by their “alien” Islamic cultural practices. That West Germany's guest worker program had resulted in the permanent settlement of hundreds of thousands of Italians, Greeks, Spaniards, Portuguese, and Yugoslavs was largely forgotten. When historians, anthropologists, and scholars in other disciplines began taking more interest in Germany's migration history in recent decades, they too focused overwhelmingly on Turks. Only in recent years has the historiography of Germany's postwar migration history started to reflect the multinational character of Germany's immigrant population.

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Miyajima, Takashi. "Studies in Western Europe - on Minorities, Immigrants and Change." International Journal of Japanese Sociology 6, no. 1 (November 1997): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6781.1997.tb00042.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Immigrants – Europe, Western – Case studies"

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Yan, Mei Ning. "Protection of free flow of information and regulation of transfrontier television : case studies of Western Europe and China." Thesis, University of Essex, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243359.

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Obrocki, Lea Marit [Verfasser]. "Advances in geoarchaeological site formation research by integrating geophysical methods, direct push sensing techniques and stratigraphic borehole data - case studies from central Europe and the western Peloponnese around ancient Olympia - / Lea Marit Obrocki." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2019. http://d-nb.info/118923730X/34.

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ZOLNER, Mette. "Reconstructing national boundaries : debates on national identities and immigration in France and in Denmark." Doctoral thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5441.

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Defence date: 11 June 1998
Supervisor: Prof. Bernhard Giesen, Universität Giessen ; Co-Supervisor: Prof. Laurence Fontaine, European University Institute
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
Why are national identities imagined in one way rather than in another? The book analyses national imaginations as an on-going reconstruction process in a political and social context in which several imaginations of the nation struggle to impose their conception. Focusing on a fundamental element of any collective identity, namely the «Other», the book looks at the reconstruction of national identities by actors in political debates on immigration in the late 1980s and 1990s, particularly associations and political clubs which were in favour of and against the presence of immigrant minorities in their respective countries. Thus, the book investigates different ways of imagining the same nation in two old European nation-states, namely France and Denmark, which differ with regard to their nation-building processes, their Second World War history, their memory of colonialism and their experience of immigration. It is thus possible to illustrate that existing ideas of the nation and memories of historical events shape the way in which the nation could be re-imagined in the 1980s and 1990s.

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Dulguun, Altantsetseg, and Altantsetseg Dulguun. "An Exploration of Western Immigrants’ Cultural Shock- Case Studies in Taiwan." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/qaf9hb.

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碩士
國立東華大學
企業管理學系
102
This exploratory study examined the effects of western immigrant’s cultural shock on cross-cultural adjustment in Taiwan, through the investigation of the Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions. The research was conducted on the base of semi-structured interview among immigrants who came from western countries. Through a qualitative analysis, higher influence resulted in three dimensions: Individualism versus Collectivism, Power Distance and Long-term orientation versus Short-term orientation, and emerged as significant predictors of Western immigrants cultural shock on cross-cultural adjustment. The study further revealed major difficulties in those three dimensions: management issues among western immigrant and the organization, communication misunderstands between western immigrant and Taiwanese colleagues and negative effect of culture shock. The study limitations and implications for the future research is suggested.

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Books on the topic "Immigrants – Europe, Western – Case studies"

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Godula, Kosack, ed. Immigrant workers and class structure in Western Europe. 2nd ed. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press, 1985.

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Vincent, Wright, ed. Privatization in Western Europe: Pressures, problems, and paradoxes. London: Pinter Publishers, 1994.

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1949-, Laver Michael, and Mair Peter, eds. Representative government in Western Europe. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992.

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J, Boelhouwer P., ed. Financing the social rented sector in Western Europe. Delft: Delft University Press, 1997.

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National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board. Committee for an International Comparison of National Policies and Expectations Affecting Public Transit., ed. Making transit work: Insight from Western Europe, Canada, and the United States. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 2001.

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Group, Minority Rights, ed. Minorities and autonomy in Western Europe. London: The Group, 1991.

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Kenneth, Hanf, and Jansen Alf-Inge, eds. Governance and environment in Western Europe: Politics, policy and administration. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 1998.

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1955-, Compston Hugh, ed. The new politics of unemployment: Radical policy initiatives in Western Europe. London: Routledge, 1997.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., ed. Convergence between communications technologies: Case studies from North America and Western Europe. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1992.

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Institute, European Trade Union, ed. Bargaining in recession: Trends in collective bargaining in Western Europe, 1993-94. [Brussels]: European Trade Union Institute, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Immigrants – Europe, Western – Case studies"

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Lochocki, Timo. "Research Design: Ensuring High Validity and High Reliability Under the Auspices of Comparative Case Studies." In The Rise of Populism in Western Europe, 33–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62855-4_4.

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Leonova, Anna B., Michail I. Maryin, and Marina Yu Shirokaya. "The Activity Regulation Approach in Case Studies of Human Reliability." In Error Prevention and Well-Being at Work in Western Europe and Russia, 153–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0784-9_7.

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Konrad-Schineller, Angelika. "Angels as Agents of Transfer Between Hebrew Origins, Byzantium, and Western Europe: Marienberg in South Tyrol as a Case Study." In Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context, 43–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11632-7_3.

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Cronqvist, Marie, Rosanna Farbøl, and Casper Sylvest. "Conclusion: Civil Defence Futures (Re)imagined." In Cold War Civil Defence in Western Europe, 233–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84281-9_10.

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AbstractReflecting on the individual studies of civil defence during the Cold War provided in this volume, this brief, concluding chapter performs three tasks. First, against the backdrop of the empirical analyses and the collective exploration of the concept of sociotechnical imaginaries, we reflect on the potential and limitations of this concept in historical scholarship. Second, we sum up the findings of the book by drawing attention to some of the most striking similarities and differences that emerge from the empirical chapters. Finally, we briefly make a case for the value and relevance of civil defence history for current imaginaries of security for civil society in Europe in the face of a highly diverse range of potential threats.

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Stear, Charles A. "Typical Formulation and Process Schedules (Including Case Studies) for Wheat and Rye Breads Employed in Western and Eastern Europe and North America." In Handbook of Breadmaking Technology, 86–305. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2375-8_7.

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Merivirta, Raita, Leila Koivunen, and Timo Särkkä. "Finns in the Colonial World." In Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies, 1–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80610-1_1.

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AbstractUtilizing such concepts as “colonial complicity” and “colonialism without colonies”, this chapter examines the case of Finns and Finland as a nation that was once oppressed but also itself complicit in colonialism. It argues that although the Finnish nation has historically been positioned in Europe between western and eastern empires, Finns were not only passive victims of (Russian) imperial rule but also active participants in the creation of imperial vocabulary in various colonial contexts, including Sápmi in the North.This chapter argues that although Finns never had overseas colonies, they were involved in the colonial world, sending out colonizers and producing images of colonial “others”, when they, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, felt the need to project themselves as white and European (not Russian or non-white, such as Mongols). Finns adopted, adapted, and created common European knowledge about colonized areas, cultures, and people and participated in constructing racial hierarchies. These racialized notions were also applied to the Sámi. Furthermore, Finns benefitted economically from colonialism, sent out missionaries to Owambo in present-day Namibia to spread the ideas of Western/White/Christian superiority and instruct the Owambo in European ways. Finns were also involved in several colonial enterprises of other European colonizing powers, such as in the Belgian Congo or aboard Captain Cook’s vessel on his journey to the Antipodes.

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Balisacan, Arsenio M. "Competition, Antitrust, and Agricultural Development in Asia." In Emerging-Economy State and International Policy Studies, 357–73. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5542-6_26.

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AbstractCompetition law—also known as antitrust in some jurisdictions—has become part of governments’ policy arsenal to achieve efficient and welfare-improving market outcomes. From only a handful of economies in North America and Europe, the adoption of competition law and policy has spread rapidly to Asian economies since 1990. Like their Western counterparts several decades earlier, most Asian jurisdictions have exempted agriculture, albeit in varying degrees, from the prohibitions of competition law, such as those involving the exercise of market power by farmers’ associations. Public choice considerations suggest that the exemption serves as a countervailing force for the farmers’ comparatively weak position in the balance of political influence for agricultural policy and in bargaining power over the more concentrated wholesale-retail segments of the agri-food value chain. Farm heterogeneity and farm-operation consolidation, induced in part by the economy’s structural transformation, weaken the case for broad exemption.

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Oso, Laura, and Pablo Dalle. "Migration and Social Mobility Between Argentina and Spain: Climbing the Social Hierarchy in the Transnational Space." In Towards a Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities between Europe and Latin America, 235–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48442-2_8.

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AbstractThis chapter analyses the relationship between migration and social mobility in Argentina and Spain from a transnational perspective focusing on two dimensions: the patterns of intergenerational social mobility of immigrants and natives in both countries; the social mobility strategies and trajectories of Galicians families in Buenos Aires and Argentinians, of Galician origin, who migrated to Galicia after the 2001 crisis. The chapter begins by contextualizing the migratory trends in Europe and Latin America. This is followed by a comparative study of how immigration impacts on the class structure and social mobility patterns in Argentina and Spain. Quantitative analysis techniques are used to study the intergenerational social mobility rates. The statistical analysis of stratification and social mobility surveys have been benchmarked against previous studies conducted in Argentina (Germani, G., Movilidad social en la sociedad industrial. EUDEBA, Buenos Aires, 1963; Dalle, P., Movilidad social desde las clases populares. Un estudio sociológico en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires (1960–2013). CLACSO/Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani-UBA/CICCUS, Buenos Aires, 2016) and Spain (Fachelli, S., & López-Roldán, P., Revista Española de Sociología 26:1–20, 2017). Secondly, qualitative research methods are used to consider the social mobility strategies and class trajectories of migrant families. We analyse two fieldworks, developed in the framework of other research projects (based on 44 biographical and semi-structured interviews). These case studies were carried out with Galicians that migrated to Argentina between 1940 and 1960 and Argentinians, of Galician origin, who migrated to Galicia after the 2001 crisis.

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Cheshire, Paul C., and Dennis G. Hay. "The analysis of case studies." In Urban Problems in Western Europe, 87–119. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315100203-5.

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Tezcan, Tolga. "Contextualizing religiosity and identity in the case of Turkish immigrants in Western Europe." In Handbook of Culture and Migration, 204–18. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781789903461.00027.

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Conference papers on the topic "Immigrants – Europe, Western – Case studies"

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Schneider-Skalska, Grażyna, and Paweł Tor. "Residential areas in the structure of the city: case studies from west europe and Krakow." In Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8079.

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Once they adopted the sedentary lifestyle, humans set to building settlements which were to protect groups of families and give them the sense of belonging to a material and social community. The settlement unit which could be called a housing complex goes back thousands of years BC. The scale of problems related to housing environment grew considerably with the emergence and development of cities, yet truly distinctive quantitative and qualitative changes occurred in the early 20th century. Implementation of the programmatic assumptions of the Athens Charter resulted in the emergence of spatial and functional structures based on hierarchic dependence of components. The initial projects reflected the pursuit of a human-scale environment and the structural division into neighbourhood units. Undoubtedly, the second part of the 20th century brought about a change in the trends of development in cities. Large housing estates were abandoned in favour of a much greater diversity of housing complex forms – the revived form of city street, urban block or the classic form of a residential complex with clearly delineated structure, services and – most frequently –some recreational areas. The 21st century draws from well-known patterns, complementing them with new elements and solutions imposed by the requirements of the principles of sustainable development. Due to the limited availability of land in highly urbanized central city parts, contemporary housing development occupies more peripheral areas, often at the border between urban and rural neighbourhoods. The development process involves numerous participants, often with opposing interests – public authorities, whose concern should be sustainable growth of the whole city, and developer firms and investors, whose motivation is to maximize profit. This situation has led in most Polish cities to the emergence of disconnected fenced-away residential ghettos with no spatial order. Meanwhile, housing development in Western Europe continues to be built as planned urban complexes drawing from the experience of the past and satisfying the needs of the contemporary city dwellers. The article presents several urban complexes with dominant housing development (Orestad in Copenhagen, Monte Laa and Nordbahnhof-Area in Vienna, Ijburg in Amsterdam and Riem in Munich) built relatively recently.It discusses their functional, spatial and social characteristics, which make them examples of good practice in contemporary urban planning. They demonstrate clearly that only comprehensive planning in a broader scale guarantees creation of high-quality urban spaces, where the welfare of resident communities is a priority.

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Wolvert, Geoffray, Mure`s Zarea, Didier Rousseau, and Ce´cile Andrieux. "Probabilistic Assessment of Pipeline Resistance to Third Party Damage: Use of Surveys to Generate Necessary Input Data." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0656.

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A complete risk assessment procedure for pipelines relies, among other things, on the evaluation of failure probabilities. Incident reviews in western countries have identified third party damage as the main cause of failures with leaks. While some approaches already exist in order to evaluate the failure probability of transmission pipelines subject to third party damage, the issues of feeding the models with appropriate statistical data is a key factor for the success of the evaluation. We present here briefly the outline of the tool developed by Gaz de France R&D Davison to evaluate failure probabilities in the event of third party damage. Then we discuss the issue of available data, and particularly the most critical one, i.e. the population of ground working machinery, a majority of which are excavators. In order to assess as well as possible the exposure of pipelines to the threat of interference with excavators, we conducted a large scale survey in rural, semi-urban and urban areas in Western Europe in order to determine important parameter distributions of the excavators population: mass, digging depth, tool types and dimensions, soil type, type of ground works, etc. Random variables are used to describe these parameters and their influence on the failure probability is illustrated in a series of illustrative case studies. The importance of access to reliable information about the loads to which a pipeline is exposed is clearly shown in this paper, particularly due to the fact that the dispersion is a lot larger for the parameters linked with third parties working around the pipeline than for parameters of the pipeline: geometry and material properties.

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Beria, Paolo, and Rasa Ušpalytė-Vitkūnienė. "Transport Modelling During Preparation of General Plans in Big Cities: Reasons and Challenges." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.099.

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Rapidly growing mobility of people in European cities attaches greater importance to the sustainable development concept. The dynamics of European cities are however different. Cites such as Lithuanian, Slovakian and Polish ones will rapidly increase traffic flows and car ownership at fast pace. Also in most of Western Europe, even if at lower rates, private mobility is increasing. In some cities, however, car use and car ownership are finally decreasing, also thanks to policies implemented. Of course, an increase of traffic flows poses problems in terms of street space, pollution and liveability of cities. Sustainable integration of all kinds of transport into the urban development process is one of the most effective actions in the hands of city planners. The coordination between the planning of residential and business development areas and the expansion of public transport and its hierarchical integration is however a difficult but necessary exercise. Transport modelling tools, in particular, need important advancements to integrate transport and land use in simulations. This article analyses the main challenges in the use of transport models to support the construction of city plans by means of two case studies of Milan and Vilnius. The analysis deals both with traditional aspects, such as the proper simulation of multimodal choices, the level of detail of zoning, the issues associated to the simulation of traffic management policies. Then, we will focus on two aspects still open: the integration of transport modelling and economic assessment or ranking of actions, and the inclusion of land use changes in the modelling.

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