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Journal articles on the topic 'Immigrants – Europe – History'
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1
Katz, Michael B., Mark J. Stern, and Jamie J. Fader. "The Mexican Immigration Debate." Social Science History 31, no. 2 (2007): 157–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200013717.
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This article uses census microdata to address key issues in the Mexican immigration debate. First, we find striking parallels in the experiences of older and newer immigrant groups with substantial progress among second- and subsequent-generation immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and Mexican Americans. Second, we contradict a view of immigrant history that contends that early–twentieth–century immigrants from southern and eastern Europe found well–paying jobs in manufacturing that facilitated their ascent into the middle class. Both first and second generations remained predominantly working class until after World War II. Third, the erosion of the institutions that advanced earlier immigrant generations is harming the prospects of Mexican Americans. Fourth, the mobility experience of earlier immigrants and of Mexicans and Mexican Americans differed by gender, with a gender gap opening among Mexican Americans as women pioneered the path to white–collar and professional work. Fifth, public–sector and publicly funded employment has proved crucial to upward mobility, especially among women. The reliance on public employment, as contrasted to entrepreneurship, has been one factor setting the Mexican and African American experience apart from the economic history of most southern and eastern European groups as well as from the experiences of some other immigrant groups today.
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Dribe, Martin, J. David Hacker, and Francesco Scalone. "Immigration and Child Mortality: Lessons from the United States at the Turn of the Twentieth Century." Social Science History 44, no. 1 (2020): 57–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2019.42.
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ABSTRACTThe societal integration of immigrants is a great concern in many of today’s Western societies, and has been so for a long time. Whether we look at Europe in 2015 or the United States at the turn of the twentieth century, large flows of immigrants pose challenges to receiving societies. While much research has focused on the socioeconomic integration of immigrants there has been less interest in their demographic integration, even though this can tell us as much about the way immigrants fare in their new home country. In this article we study the disparities in infant and child mortality across nativity groups and generations, using new, high-density census data. In addition to describing differentials and trends in child mortality among 14 immigrant groups relative to the native-born white population of native parentage, we focus special attention on the association between child mortality, immigrant assimilation, and the community-level context of where immigrants lived. Our findings indicate substantial nativity differences in child mortality, but also that factors related to the societal integration of immigrants explains a substantial part of these differentials. Our results also point to the importance of spatial patterns and contextual variables in understanding nativity differentials in child mortality.
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Kołodziejczyk, Ewa. "Czesław Miłosz’s Migrant Perspective in Rodzinna Europa [Native Realm]." Open Cultural Studies 1, no. 1 (November 27, 2017): 342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/culture-2017-0031.
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Abstract The article traces the impact of Czesław Miłosz’s first American stay on his image of Central Europe in Rodzinna Europa [Native Realm]. In the United States, the post-war immigrant from Vilnius learned to perceive, understand and evaluate American culture; he also gained a new perspective on his region of Europe and Slavic immigrants. This experience enabled him to adopt an American point of view in his autobiographical essay. Following William Faulkner, Miłosz carries on an analysis of Eastern and Central Europe’s history and identities. The uses Western historical and sociological glossary to describe processes that formed his “native realm.” Analogically, the poet from pre-war Vilnius reflects on American multi-ethnicity and religious diversity from a Central European perspective. In Rodzinna Europa, Miłosz takes the position of a migrant translator and a two-way mediator between East and West.
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Kastoryano, Riva. "Negotiations beyond Borders: States and Immigrants in Postcolonial Europe." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 41, no. 1 (June 2010): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh.2010.41.1.79.
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Although the issues of immigration and integration remain within the purview of the state, states face new challenges that affect their relationship with immigrants inside and outside their boundaries. Within the eu, the coordination of policies to protect common borders from flows of immigration has forced states to re-assess their treatment of immigrants. Moreover, immigrants with the status of permanent residents or legal citizens in their adopted state increasingly foster solidarity networks across national borders on the grounds of one or more identities, thus linking their home country to their country of residence and, in the case of the eu, to a broader European space. The emergence of transnational associations underscores the development of multiple interactions between national societies, between national and supranational institutions, and between member states of the eu that continue to reshape the nature and scope of negotiations between states and immigrants.
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van de Kaa, Dirk J. "European migration at the end of history." European Review 1, no. 1 (January 1993): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700000429.
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European countries are introducing increasing barriers to immigration. With the gradual abolition of border controls within Western Europe, a uniform agreement is needed such as outlined in the Schengen accord which makes full allowance for genuine refugees. The pressure to accept immigrants from Eastern Europe will be very strong.
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Bade, Klaus J. "From Emigration to Immigration: The German Experience in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries." Central European History 28, no. 4 (December 1995): 507–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900012292.
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United Germany has become more ethnically divers and, to a certain extent, more “multicultural” with a growing minority of immigrants and temporary migrants living within its borders. There are labor migrants from Southern and Eastern Europe with restricted work permits, immigrants coming out of the former “guest worker” population, and ethnic Germants from Eastern Europe as well as various groups of asylum seekers and other refugees.
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Mezzano, Michael. "The Progressive Origins of Eugenics Critics: Raymond Pearl, Herbert S. Jennings, and the Defense of Scientific Inquiry." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 4, no. 1 (January 2005): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781400003674.
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In the late 1910s and early 1920s, a succession of popular books decried the impact that “new” immigrants were having on the United States. Fearing that the racial quality of the American people was being eroded by the large number of immigrants that had been arriving in the previous decades, the books clamored for radical restrictions on the number of immigrants the country should admit. These books reflect the pervasiveness of the belief that new immigrants were biologically inferior to older immigrants and native-born Anglo-Saxons. This belief, in turn, was rooted in a theory of permanently fixed racial identities that had been circulating throughout Europe and the United States for decades, despite cautions of professional scientists who argued that these theories were not “proven.” Yet non-scientists like Madison Grant and Lothrop Stoddard were the ones who enjoyed widespread public authority on such complex scientific theories as heredity, genetics, and eugenics because they explained these difficult subjects in easily understandable terms–despite the fact that they grossly over-simplified the theories. Simultaneously, they raised shrill cries that these new arrivals thus threatened the “superior” racial stock of America. The anti-immigrant wave that Grant, Stoddard, and others fanned was based on what Grant described as “the science of race,” which he claimed proved “the immutability of somatological or bodily characters.”
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Rutkevich, Elena D. "The Impact of Immigrant Religions on the Nature of Religious Pluralism in the USA and Western Europe." Sociological Journal 25, no. 2 (2019): 8–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2019.25.2.6384.
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Some of the most significant consequences of transnational immigration is growing religious diversity and finding a way to manage it. This article considers the concept of pluralism, the differences in religious pluralism between America and Western Europe occurring due to immigration, as well as the roles and possibilities of immigrant religions in the process of adapting to the host society. The history of immigration, models of immigrant incorporation and adaption, patterns of religious pluralism and types of secularism strongly vary in the aforementioned regions. Religion in America is a positive resource and a basis for incorporating immigrants into American society, their recognition in public life, assimilation and construction of an American identity. By contrast, in Western Europe immigrant religions, particularly Islam, are perceived primarily as an obstacle to incorporating immigrants into European societies and their recognition in the public domain. This is explained mainly by the secularist mindset of European people in general, their uncertain “private” religiosity in the context of “Euro-secularity”, the European concept of religion’s place in the “private domain”, as well as types of state-religion relations and institutional patterns of recognition which differ from America.
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Ostergaard, Liv Stubbe, Helle Wallach-Kildemoes, Marie H. Thøgersen, Ulrik B. Dragsted, Annemette Oxholm, Ole Hartling, and Marie Norredam. "Prevalence of torture and trauma history among immigrants in primary care in Denmark: do general practitioners ask?" European Journal of Public Health 30, no. 6 (August 25, 2020): 1163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa138.
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Abstract Background Torture survivors typically present with varied and complex symptoms, which may challenge assessment by general practitioners (GPs). This study explored the prevalence of torture and trauma history among immigrants born in non-Western countries presenting to GPs in Denmark and the extent to which GPs ask this population about torture or trauma history. Methods Based on a self-reported questionnaire among non-western immigrant patients, we used bivariate analyses to determine the prevalence of torture and trauma history and the proportion of patients being asked by their GP about this. Data were analysed using multivariate logistic regression. Results From 46 GP clinics, 300 questionnaires were finalized by immigrant patients. Twenty-eight percent of the patients had a history of torture. Of these, significantly more were men (70%) than women (29%). About half of the torture survivors (55%) had been asked by their GP about torture history. The odds ratio (OR, 95% confidence interval) for being asked about torture history by the GP was 1.28 (0.46–3.53) among women compared with men. Compared with Southeast Europe, OR for being a torture survivor among male immigrants from Middle East-North African region and South and East Asia was 1.83 (0.81–4.15) and 0.25 (0.08–0.82), respectively. Conclusions Our results suggest that torture and trauma are widespread among immigrants presenting to GPs. In our study, the GPs had managed to detect half of the torture survivors. A more systematic approach to detection in General Practice is advisable, and more knowledge on how and when to ask is needed.
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Roth-Cohen, Osnat. "Immigration Builds a Nation: The Hybrid Impact of European Immigration on the Development of an Advertising Industry." Journal of Communication Inquiry 42, no. 4 (August 15, 2018): 359–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0196859918792207.
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This research focuses on the nascent advertising industry in British Mandatory Palestine and how it was influenced and transformed by German Jewish immigrants, who arrived between 1933 and 1939, in a wave of immigration known as the Fifth Aliyah. At the time, local advertising was rather small and undeveloped until the mass wave of immigrants (over 200,000), many highly skilled and educated, came from Central Europe, mainly from Germany. These immigrants played a vital role in the local advertising industry. Their contributions were evaluated using a theoretical model consisting of primary analytical factors—mass communication, economy, technology, society, and international transfer. These factors influenced and continue to influence the form of Israeli advertising industry to this day. German immigration demonstrates a hybrid set of influences that played an instrumental role in the development of the local advertising industry in the Land of Israel. Functional-rational and creative aspects in the advertising industry were radically transformed by these new arrivals. Rethinking media history and centering the immigrant’s unique contribution is an important scholarly objective. This is achieved by shifting the discussion from dominant institutions to the local advertising history and focusing on the functional practices and creative methods imported by immigrants.
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Williams, John P. "Exodus from Europe: Jewish Diaspora Immigration from Central and Eastern Europe to the United States (1820-1914)." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 16, no. 1-3 (April 7, 2017): 85–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341422.
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This article examines one of the largest exoduses in human history. In less than three decades, over five million Jews from Poland, Germany, and Russia journeyed to what they considered to be the “American Promised Land.” This study serves five main purposes: first, to identify social, political, and economic factors that encouraged this unprecedented migration; second, to examine the extensive communication and transportation networks that aided this exodus, highlighting the roles that mutual aid societies (especially the Alliance Israelite Universelle in Paris, the Mansion House Fund in London, and the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society in New York City) played in the success of these migrations; third, to analyze this diaspora’s impact on the cultural identity of the Jewish communities in which they settled; fourth, to discuss the cultural and economic success of this mass resettlement; and finally, fifth, identify incidents of anti-Semitism in employment, education, and legal realms that tempered economic and cultural gains by Jewish immigrants to America.
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Johansen, Birgitte, and Riem Spielhaus. "Counting Deviance: Revisiting a Decade’s Production of Surveys among Muslims in Western Europe." Journal of Muslims in Europe 1, no. 1 (2012): 81–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221179512x644060.
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Abstract This article looks at the emergence of Muslims as a category of knowledge in surveys and opinion polls that have been conducted as a reaction to the rising demand for data about Muslim populations in Western Europe within the last ten years. The most prevalent feature of the conceptualization of Muslims is that they are inherently immigrants, or of immigrant descent, who are living within a certain nation state. This creates a continuous statistical invisibility of certain Muslims, for instance those without immigration backgrounds, as well as Muslims with national backgrounds other than Muslim majority countries. Further, this identification of the Muslim as immigrant, even if unintended, contributes to upholding a subtle exclusion of Muslims from the national community as always foreign and always potentially in need of integration.
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Schmidt, Allison. "Stowaways at Bohemia's Shores: Undocumented Emigration and People-Smuggling Networks in Interwar East Central Europe." Central European History 53, no. 3 (September 2020): 564–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938919000906.
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AbstractThis article investigates interwar people-smuggling networks, based in Germany and Czechoslovakia, that transported undocumented emigrants across borders from east-central Europe to northern Europe, where the travelers planned to sail to the United States. Many of the people involved in such networks in the Saxon-Bohemian borderlands had themselves been immigrants from Galicia. They had left a homeland decimated by the First World War and subsequent violence and entered societies with limited avenues to earn a living. The “othering” of these Galician immigrants became a self-fulfilling prophecy, as those on the margins of society then sought illegal ways to supplement their income. This article concludes that the poor economic conditions and threat of ongoing violence that spurred migrant clients to seek undocumented passage had driven their smugglers, who also faced social marginalization, to emigration and the business of migrant smuggling.
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Sabharwal, Meghna, Roli Varma, and Zeeshan Noor. "Ethnic Organizations and Adaptation: A Case Study of Indian Immigrant Engineers in the US." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 20, no. 4 (November 23, 2021): 317–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341598.
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Abstract The United States has witnessed waves of immigration throughout its history, with the current immigration policies regulated by the reforms enacted under President Lyndon Johnson in 1965. Immigrants now come from all over the world, with China and India supplying the largest numbers in science and engineering (S&E) fields. Although the US is seen as coping rather successfully with immigration from Europe, that is not the case with Asian immigration. Assimilation theorists have long argued that Asian immigrants face problems in adapting to the American culture and lifestyles; in contrast, multicultural theorists have hailed cultural diversity brought by Asian immigrants. Ethnic organizations can play an integral role in Asian immigrants’ adaptation and integration in the United States. Utilizing 40 in-depth interviews of Indian immigrant engineers working in the US technology companies, the present study examines if they belong to ethnic associations. If yes, why do they feel a need to belong to these associations? If no, why not? It further sheds light on their need to belong to such associations. The findings show that the need to belong to Indian associations varied with the stage of their lives, which can be depicted as a U-shaped curve.
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Nugent, Walter, and Mark Wyman. "Round-Trip to America: The Immigrants Return to Europe, 1880-1930." Journal of American History 81, no. 4 (March 1995): 1750. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2081757.
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Ghatas, Ishak Makram. "Muslim Minorities in Europe." International Journal of Asian Christianity 5, no. 2 (August 30, 2022): 257–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25424246-05020008.
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Abstract Living in Europe substantially alters the context of Muslim immigrants. They live as minorities amid non-Muslims and are governed by the secular state (with Christian antecedents) and its laws. This paper focuses on one aspect of larger research conducted in Belgium.1 It examines evidence from the ground related to issues involving dietary rules. It shows how Muslims in Belgium look for creative adaptations to challenges of everyday life, involving food. At a deeper level, the findings highlight examples of ordinary Muslims proactively seeking guidance for particular issues and finding their own creative solutions in many instances. Therefore, they are not passive followers but free agents making choices in adapting to the position they consider most suitable.
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Jurs, Pāvels, and Ilma Neimane. "Migrācijas krīzes izaicinājumi mūžizglītības kontekstā." Pedagoģija: teorija un prakse : zinātnisko rakstu krājums = Pedagogy: Theory and Practice : collection of scientific articles, no. X (March 24, 2021): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/ptp.2021.10.004.
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The immigration crisis in Europe and its consequences are our collective responsibility as Europeans, and it is important to show solidarity by providing immigrants with much needed support, based on generally accepted human rights and moral responsibility issues. Along with the challenges posed by the migrant crisis the issue came up of better integration of immigrants into society, providing the necessary information regarding the assistance offered, social guarantees, protection, and knowledge of local culture, traditions, history and educational opportunities. Summarizing the empirical research data, it can be concluded that the portrait of a Latvian immigrant is as follows: average age - 29.9 y/o, coming to Latvia to look for a job 45% or 24% to study, 44% married or in non-registered relationship, 39% have little information about Latvia or in 13% of cases there has been no information, in 93% of cases immigrants want to get some information about Latvia – the Internet and friends (other immigrants or residents) are mentioned as the most popular sources of information. In turn, educators working with immigrants confirm that integration and educational issues are particularly important in the first year since arriving to Latvia, focusing on learning the national language, providing a place to live, and providing direct support in a specific life situation. At this stage, it is especially important to provide professionally oriented and accessible lifelong learning, which can contribute to the better integration of migrants into the local community and the labour market.
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Briggs, John W., and Mark Wyman. "Round-Trip to America: The Immigrants Return to Europe, 1880-1930." American Historical Review 100, no. 2 (April 1995): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2169163.
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HEISLER, BARBARA SCHMITTER. "Immigrant Settlement and the Structure of Emergent Immigrant Communities in Western Europe." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 485, no. 1 (May 1986): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716286485001007.
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Throughout modern history the majority of immigrants have occupied inferior socioeconomic positions and have settled in segregated communities. The migrant workers who came to the advanced industrial countries in Western Europe have had similar experiences. A closer examination of the legal and political circumstances surrounding their unanticipated prolonged presence reveals significant differences between the Western European situation and that encountered elsewhere. The original contract labor system legally provided sending countries with the opportunity to establish networks of organizations and institutions in the countries of destination. Although the sending countries' networks may vary in specifics, each represents an important dimension of that national community and helps to maintain an ideology of return. This, in turn, represents an important force in defining the situation for all participants—host societies, sending countries, and immigrants. The argument that one cannot approach all aspects of the European experience using theoretical models that may be appropriate for other situations is illustrated by examples of sending-country organizations active in the Federal Republic of Germany.
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Barbero, Iker. "Citizenship, identity and otherness: the orientalisation of immigrants in the contemporary Spanish legal regime." International Journal of Law in Context 12, no. 3 (July 14, 2016): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552316000252.
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AbstractSpain is one of the few countries in the EU where Islam has had a historical role in the social and cultural construction of its identity. However, its modern history is marked by acts of repudiation of non-Christian cultures. Opinion polls indicate that certain groups of immigrants from North Africa, Latin America and Eastern Europe, but mainly Muslims, are considered to be incompatible with the popular conception of Spanish identity. The reason for this perception is related to the social construction of the immigrant as the ‘other to govern’ by political, academic and media discourses. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that immigration law also plays a fundamental role in this strategy of ‘orientalisation’, namely the attribution of certain qualities to immigrant groups (illegal, antisocial, criminal, inassimilable, terrorist), the aim of which is to legitimise the selective control of immigration. The Spanish immigration and citizenship regime contributes to the construction of otherness, and therefore to the political and legal (re)definition of what ‘being Spanish’ means.
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Nteta, Tatishe M. "The Past Is Prologue: African American Opinion toward Undocumented Immigration." Social Science History 38, no. 3-4 (2014): 389–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2015.30.
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Using data from the 2011 Multi-State Survey on Race and Politics (Parker 2011), I ask if African American1opinion toward undocumented immigration mirrors African American opinion toward immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. I find evidence that contemporary African American opinion does reflect the manner in which a previous generation of African Americans reacted to immigrant newcomers. More specifically, I find that factors associated with past reactions to new immigration, most notably political and economic competition, egalitarianism, the belief that new immigrants are distancing themselves from African Americans, and the belief that restrictive immigration policies were fueled by racism, continue to predict contemporary African American opinion on undocumented immigration. Taken together, I take my findings as evidence that the past may be prologue in accounting for black opinion toward the newest wave of immigration.
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Pajares, Miguel. "Foreign workers and trade unions: the challenges posed." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 14, no. 4 (January 1, 2008): 607–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890801400407.
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Trade unions have always found it difficult to get to grips with the subject of immigration. From their beginnings in the 19th century they assumed that working conditions were determined by labour supply and demand and became apprehensive in the face of any situation of surplus supply. The history of trade unionism abounds with conflicts between local workers and those from further afield. At the present time the European trade unions operate upon the assumption that immigrants are full members of the workforce, whose interests have to be defended alongside those of other workers. Even so, it remains the case that immigration prompts considerable misgivings within the trade unions and that situations of rejection continue to arise. The article identifies differences between southern Europe and central and northern Europe in trade unions' attitudes to new immigrants, differences that are reflected in the debates taking place on European legislation concerning labour immigration.
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Musoni, Francis. "Contested Foreignness: Indian Migrants and the Politics of Exclusion in Early Colonial Zimbabwe, 1890 to 1923." African and Asian Studies 16, no. 4 (October 17, 2017): 312–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341378.
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AbstractThe British South Africa Company’s conquest of Zimbabwe in the 1890s opened the country to settlement by immigrants from Europe, South Africa, India and other regions. Using their position as benefactors of the emerging colony, the British-born settlers deployed various notions of foreignness to marginalize the indigenous populations and other groups. Focusing on thirty-three years of company rule in Zimbabwe, this article examines how Indian immigrants contested the British attempts toforeignizethem in the emerging colony. Rather than presenting Indian migrants as passive victims of discrimination and marginalization, the study emphasizes their creativity and determination to establish their own destiny, against all odds. It also shows that foreignness in colonial Zimbabwe was a key factor in the politics of power, identity formation and nation-state building. In that respect, the article explores the constructed-ness as well as the malleability of foreignness in processes of nation-state formation in Africa.
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LACHENICHT, SUSANNE. "Huguenot Immigrants and the Formation of National IDENTITIES, 1548–1787." Historical Journal 50, no. 2 (May 9, 2007): 309–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x07006085.
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This article addresses the extent to which Protestant states in Europe and North America depicted the French Protestants who had found refuge in these states, as having contributed to the process of nation building and the formation of national identity. It is shown that the arrival of Huguenots was portrayed positively as the historians of these nations could contend that Huguenots had been absorbed readily into the host society because their virtues of frugality and industry corresponded admirably with the ethic of their hosts. The article demonstrates that, in no case, did this depiction correspond with reality. It shows that within those countries of refuge, Huguenots fostered a distinctive French Protestant identity that enabled them to remain aloof from the culture of their host society. In all cases Huguenots asserted themselves as a self-confident minority, convinced of the superiority of their language and culture who believed themselves to be privileged in this world as in the next. When national histories came to be composed, this dimension to the Huguenot minorities came to be expunged from historical memory as was also the fact that the Huguenots were but one of several minorities whose distinctiveness had contributed largely to the shaping of the state, culture, and society of the emerging nation-states.
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Hellman, Judith Adler. "IMMIGRANT ‘SPACE’ IN ITALY: WHEN AN EMIGRANT SENDING BECOMES AN IMMIGRANT RECEIVING SOCIETY." Modern Italy 2 (August 1997): 34–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532949708454777.
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This article examines the social and political responses to the new flow of immigrants to Italy from outside the European Union. First, the Italian experience is compared with the rest of Europe with respect to such questions as the characteristics of the immigrants themselves, and the response to them on the part of political parties, the church, the unions, and the state at local, regional and national levels. Next, broader comparisons are drawn between the Italian case and that of classic ‘societies of immigration’, particularly with regard to the structure of economic opportunity available to the extracomunitari in Italy.
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Bertram, Laurie K. "Icelandic Cake Fight: History of an Immigrant Recipe." Gastronomica 19, no. 4 (2019): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2019.19.4.28.
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This article explores the history of vínarterta, a striped fruit torte imported by Icelandic immigrants to North America in the late nineteenth century and obsessively preserved by their descendants today. When roughly 20–25 percent of the population of Iceland relocated to North America between 1870 and 1914, they brought with them a host of culinary traditions, the most popular and enduring of which is this labor-intensive, spiced, layered dessert. Considered an essential fixture at any important gathering, including weddings, holidays, and funerals, vínarterta looms large in Icelandic–North American popular culture. Family recipes are often closely guarded, and any alterations to the “correct recipe,” including number of layers, inclusion or exclusion of cardamom or frosting, and the use of almond extract, are still hotly debated by community members who see changes to “original” recipes as a controversial, even offensive sign of cultural degeneration. In spite of this dedication to authenticity, this torte is an unusual ethnic symbol with a complex past. The first recipes for “Vienna torte” were Danish imports via Austria, originally popular with the Icelandic immigrant generation in the late nineteenth century because of their glamorous connections to continental Europe. Moreover, the dessert fell out of fashion in Iceland roughly at the same time as it ascended as an ethnic symbol in wartime and postwar North American heritage spectacles. Proceeding from recipe books, oral history interviews, memoirs, and Icelandic and English language newspapers, this article examines the complex history of this particular dessert.
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Grdešić, Marko. "Neoliberalism and Welfare Chauvinism in Germany." German Politics and Society 37, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2019.370201.
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Anti-immigration sentiments can take on a variety of forms, but a particularly prevalent version across Europe is welfare chauvinism. According to welfare chauvinism, the services of the welfare state should be provided only to natives and not to immigrants. Like many other European countries, German politics also features welfare chauvinism, and not only on the far right segment of the political spectrum. What drives welfare chauvinism? Most studies of welfare chauvinism try to assess whether economic or cultural factors matter most. In an attempt to bridge these perspectives, this article brings in neoliberalism. An examination of survey results from EBRD’s Life in Transition project suggests that neoliberal economic attitudes are a key determinant of welfare chauvinism. German respondents who have neoliberal economic views tend to see immigrants as a drain on the welfare state, while those who have economically leftist views tend to see immigrants as providing a positive contribution.
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Kwiatkowski, Michał. "The labour market in Poland - preceding the cultural transformations associated with the influx of immigrants." International Journal of Pedagogy, Innovation and New Technologies 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.2141.
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This article attempts to analyse preparation of the Polish labour market to welcome migrant workers from outside the European Union. In addition to the numerous statistics showing the current state of the domestic labour market, the author focuses on aspects related to entering the job market by young people and their chances of getting a job. Also analysed is the readiness of Polish society to accept immigrants. The psychological acceptance of immigrants is an extremely important area, especially in the situation of mass inflow of workers from Ukraine, Belarus and other countries from post-Soviet Europe. According to official statistics over 2 million people came to Poland since 2014, which is the largest wave of immigration in the modern history of Poland. Current and adequate knowledge about the Polish labour market is only a starting point for undertaking work on the development of mechanisms to facilitate the immigrants not only the beginning of work, but also a happy life in Poland
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Klanovicz, Jo. "Suábios do Danúbio na Mata Atlântica do sul do Brasil." Diálogos Latinoamericanos 16, no. 24 (July 24, 2015): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/dl.v16i24.113060.
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This article discusses the settlement process carried out by the Donauschwaben or DanubeSwabians in Southern Brazil, from an environmental history point of view on landscapechange in Atlantic Rainforest areas of Parana State. We believe that the group sought tobuild a new agricultural landscape based on its previous experience as farmers in pre-WorldWar II Europe. In Brazil, Swabians had to negotiate their identity with natural conditionsfound in the west of the State of Parana. Immigrants tried to recreate their identity by theappropriatin of technical discourses to be defined as the regional progress promoters ofmodern agriculture and ethnic labor values. The research made use of technical reports,images and other documents produced by immigrants and local media to read this historicalprocess.
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Waters, Mary C., and Philip Kasinitz. "Race, Legal Status & Social Mobility." Daedalus 150, no. 2 (2021): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01850.
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Abstract In this essay, we review what is known about the role of race and legal status in the incorporation of immigrants in twenty-first-century America. While race and ethnicity matter in the social mobility of immigrants, racialization is not the impassable stumbling block critical race theory predicts. The research paints a remarkably consistent picture of intergenerational socioeconomic progress, one that is very similar to what happened with immigrants from Europe a century ago. This mobility is accelerated for Asians and Blacks, but slower among Latinxs. Legal status is increasingly a block to integration and affects both undocumented immigrants and their citizen children. While race and legal status intersect, we conclude that legal status is now playing a relatively autonomous role in limiting the life chances of many immigrants. We raise the alarm about not only the direct effects of legal status, but its increasing role in racializing and excluding Latinx Americans.
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Rabo, Annika. "Cultural Expertise in Sweden: A History of Its Use." Laws 8, no. 3 (September 17, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws8030022.
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This paper is a case study of the use of cultural experts, broadly defined as including mediators and academicians with a variety of backgrounds, in Sweden. It draws on data collected through qualitative interviews with cultural experts, by following court cases through legal documents, mass media and other printed material, and by my own experience as a cultural expert. The paper provides a context to the potential application of the concept of cultural expertise regarding the appointment of such experts by lawyers, prosecutors and courts. It analyzes cases concerning the Sami, the Roma and recent immigrants from Africa and Asia. The Sami cases revolve around conflicts with the Swedish state over rights and ownership. The Roma cases revolve around questions of ethnic discrimination. Cases of immigrants from outside Europe consist of individual criminal cases and asylum. I argue that Swedish ideas—and ideals—of sameness and equality have had an impact on the legal cases that I discuss in this paper. While the legal issues in each of these cases differ, the paper argues that they demonstrate a similarity in how Swedish-majority society manages and even creates cultural differences. I conclude by showing the ways culture, rights, and obligations are understood in courts reflect mainstream trends of Swedish society and suggest the need for cultural expertise in the form of interdisciplinary collaboration.
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Greenwood, Michael J. "Modeling the age and age composition of late 19th century U.S. immigrants from Europe." Explorations in Economic History 44, no. 2 (April 2007): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2006.02.001.
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Akirav, Osnat. "Intersectional Representation Between Gender, Religion, and Nationality." Review of European Studies 13, no. 4 (November 15, 2021): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v13n4p32.
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Immigrants who came to Europe in recent decades (work immigrants and/or refugees) grapple with intersectional identities, such as religion, nationality and gender, yet current political research addresses these issues only in part. To address these omissions, I conducted a content analysis of all parliamentary questions Muslim representatives raised in their parliamentary activities in three Western countries. I also investigated whether the representatives' invisibility pertains only to their descriptive representation or whether it affects their substantive representation by analyzing five research hypotheses for differences in the content of the parliamentary questions. I found that male and female Muslim representatives ask parliamentary questions about Muslim men and women. In addition, I developed an Intersectional Representation Index to measure and demonstrate the complexities Muslim representatives face in Western countries. The index shows that such representatives have several identities, some of which have become invisible, as previous studies indicated.
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Polat, Defne Kadıoğlu. "‘Now the German comes’: The ethnic effect of gentrification in Berlin." Ethnicities 20, no. 1 (November 19, 2018): 155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468796818810007.
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Compared to the United States, the relationship between ethnicity and gentrification is still understudied in the Western European context. However, while Western Europe does not have the same racial history as the United States, ethnic and racial divisions are still expressed through urban inequality. This paper, a study of small-business owners in an ethnically stigmatized Berlin neighborhood, shows how the gentrification process leads to the revelation and reification of ethnic boundaries between Turkish immigrants and their descendants and the so-called German majority society. It firstly finds that gentrification by Turkish-origin business owners is frequently understood as an ethnic remake that leads to the displacement of Turkish immigrants and their families in favor of non-immigrant Germans. The gentrification process is accordingly perceived, not only as a form of material dispossession, but also as a form of cultural dispossession in which the multicultural character of the quarter is erased. Second, the paper postulates that, in cases in which Turkish immigrant entrepreneurs adapt their businesses to the demands of new middle-class consumers, they tend to exclude the lower-income population in the quarter whom they mainly define as Turkish or Arabic. All in all, the debate presented in this paper shows how, in the German context, gentrification relates to prior forms of ethnic prejudice, discrimination and racism. It thereby also complicates the prominent discussion on the nexus between gentrification and displacement by showing that, even if long-time residents are not immediately threatened with having to leave, they still experience forms of exclusion that are entrenched with already existing structural inequalities.
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Avcıoğlu, Nebahat. "Immigrant Narratives: The Ottoman Sultans’ Portraits in Elisabeth Leitner’s Family Photo Album, circa 1862–72." Muqarnas Online 35, no. 1 (October 3, 2018): 193–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22118993_03501p009.
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Abstract This article is a study of the family photo album of Elisabeth Leitner (ca. 1842?–1908), a Hungarian immigrant in the Ottoman empire. The album contains a complete set of cartes de visite portraits of the Ottoman sultans by the Abdullah Frères. As the only surviving example of such a collection with a known provenance, it provides a rare opportunity for understanding how such images were used in the context of identity formation and social mobility undertaken by a member of the immigrant population. The album, which has never been studied before, is also a fascinating source for investigating the history of Hungarian immigrants in the Ottoman empire who were displaced after the 1848 Revolution. The article approaches the intriguingly autobiographical album by means of a close reading of Elisabeth Leitner’s diaries and unfinished autobiography. My interpretation serves to dismantle notions of a carefree global cosmopolitanism and exposes a historiographical bias that privileges men and their collections of images and ethnographic artifacts over those of women. Elisabeth Leitner’s writings and photographic collection also represent a vast and entirely untapped resource for investigating cultural contacts between Europe and the Ottoman empire in the second half of the nineteenth century.
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Szente-Varga, Mónika. "A Mismatch between Migrant Identities and Consular Representations. Migration from East Central Europe to Latin America, 1867–1945." Journal of Migration History 7, no. 2 (August 23, 2021): 170–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00702004.
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Abstract This article analyses transatlantic migration from multi-ethnic East Central Europe in the period 1867–1945. Since ethnic belonging and political frontiers did not coincide, official identities did not necessarily correspond to personal identities. This became more pronounced in the migratory process, for there was a clear tendency of higher proportion of minorities among those who left. As dominating nations changed in the region, so did the ethnic composition of emigrants, leading to a long-lasting mismatch between immigrants and foreign representations, such as consulates, which were supposed to protect their interests. The result was a search for alternatives, contributing to the establishment of cultural and other associations, both from below (immigrants) and from above (corresponding states).
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McCoy, Leah P., and Jean M. Shaw. "Patchwork Quilts: Connections with Geometry, Technology and Culture." Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 9, no. 1 (September 2003): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtms.9.1.0046.
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Patchwork quilts are an important part of American culture and history. The patchwork designs are geometric, and early American women used mathematics and artistry as they sewed warm covers for their families. The history of quilts can be traced through several cultures, including that of Native Americans, western pioneers, slaves escaping through the Underground Railroad, and immigrants from Europe and Asia. Often, students have seen quilts in their homes and are interested in exploring the patterns. Quilt making is related to family heritage, and the study of quilts may connect young students with their grandparents or family histories.
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Varat, Deborah. "“Their New Jerusalem”: Representations of Jewish Immigrants in the American Popular Press, 1880–1903." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 20, no. 2 (April 2021): 277–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781420000766.
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AbstractMillions of immigrants arrived in the United States during the Gilded Age, drastically altering the ethnic character of the American citizenry. This dramatic social change was met with mixed reactions from the native-born population that were vividly communicated in the popular press. Cartoonists for newspapers and magazines across the country developed a language of caricature to identify and distinguish among ethnic groups and mocked new arrivals in imagery that ranged from mild to malicious. One might assume that the masses of Eastern European Jews flooding into the country (poor, Yiddish-speaking, shtetl-bred) would have been singled out for anti-Semitic attack, just as they were in Europe at the time. However, Jews were not the primary victims of visual insults in America, nor were the Jewish caricatures wholly negative. Further, the broader scope of popular imagery, which, in addition to cartoons, includes a plethora of illustrations as well as photographs, presents a generally positive attitude toward Jewish immigrants. This attitude aligned with political rhetoric, literature, newspaper editorials, and financial opportunity. This article will propose a better alignment of the visual evidence with the scholarly understanding of the essentially providential experience of Jews in America during this period.
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Yeğenoğlu, Meyda. "Sovereignty renounced." Philosophy & Social Criticism 40, no. 4-5 (February 12, 2014): 459–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0191453714522477.
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This article suggests that the historical figuration of Islam as well as the discourse of secularization has played a fundamental role in the constitution of Islam’s externality to Europe. The historical figuration of Islam as Europe’s enemy is haunting Europe. The European secularist anxiety today, which insists on the separation between the domains of the private and the public needs to be understood against the backdrop of this history. If Islam’s inability to separate the religious and the political was historically the dominant motif through which Islam was registered as the arch-enemy, the post-secular, post-Enlightenment period registers Islam as an enemy through a cultural gesture. Derrida’s understanding of spectrality and the concept autoimmunity are deployed to suggest that Islam as a specter haunting Europe undermines the sovereign constitution of a self-identical Europe, but this haunting needs to be seen as Europe’s chance for a self-destructive conservation of Europe. European identity has to be rethought and renewed differently and this rethinking requires that we attend to the present as well as the past and future of Europe, which requires the opening of Europe to otherness and responsibility to the other. Such a rethinking of Europe’s history necessitates thinking about colonialism as well the living embodiments of this colonial legacy today, which are the immigrants.
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Foner, Nancy, and Richard Alba. "Immigration and the Legacies of the Past: The Impact of Slavery and the Holocaust on Contemporary Immigrants in the United States and Western Europe." Comparative Studies in Society and History 52, no. 4 (October 2010): 798–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417510000447.
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It is a basic truism that the past influences the present, but the key questions concernwhichpast andhowits impact occurs. In this paper we seek to understand how legacies of the past affect the pathways and experiences of contemporary immigrants. Our specific concern is with the present-day impact of two momentous historical ethno-racial traumas: the Holocaust in Western Europe, and slavery and ensuing legal segregation (“Jim Crow”) in the United States. At first blush, their legacies seem unrelated to immigration today, and these pasts are rarely central to discussions about it. But in fact memories of and institutional responses to the sins of the Nazi genocide, on the one hand, and of slavery and legal racial segregation, on the other, have played a role in shaping public perceptions and policies that affect contemporary immigrants and their children.
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Bano, Masooda. "Islamic Authority and Centres of Knowledge Production in Europe." Journal of Muslims in Europe 11, no. 1 (February 18, 2022): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22117954-bja10046.
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Abstract The centrality of the Qurʾan and Hadith (reports describing the words, actions, or habits of the Prophet Muhammad) in Islamic teachings has resulted in a rich tradition of textual scholarship. Scholars trained in the major Islamic sciences at the leading centres of Islamic learning command a high degree of influence over how Muslims understand their faith. Yet the authority exercised by Islamic scholars is not only contingent on their demonstration of loyalty to the text but also depends on their ability to relate Islamic teaching to social reality. This article shows how the changing socio-economic profile and attitudes of second- and third-generation Muslim immigrants are marking a gradual shift away from textual literalism within Islamic centres of learning in Europe: scholars demonstrating an ability to relate Islam to European reality are gaining visible traction among young European Muslims.
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Paul, Sebastian. "Characteristics of migrants coming to Europe: A survey among asylum seekers and refugees in Germany about their journey." Migration Letters 17, no. 6 (November 22, 2020): 825–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v17i6.1007.
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The year 2015 was significant in the history of the EU when millions of asylum seekers and refugees from the Middle East and Africa fled to Europe. Where some European countries accept immigrants from non-EU regions, others blame migrants for taking advantage of the social systems in Europe and followed restrictive policy measures. Thus, everyone speaks about migrants, but not with migrants. The article examines the characteristics of asylum seekers and refugees and their motives for coming to Europe. Over 100 interview-based surveys were conducted in this study. The findings of the paper show who these people are and from where they originated. Furthermore, there is evidence supporting the hypothesis that the majority of people flee because of severe danger (e.g., armed conflicts) and are not ‘economic migrants’ despite the claims of nationalistic governments in the EU.
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Mandel, Maud S. "One Nation Indivisible: Contemporary Western European Immigration Policies and the Politics of Multiculturalism." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 4, no. 1 (March 1995): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.4.1.89.
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Since World War II, policies with regard to immigrant populations have changed dramatically and repeatedly throughout Western Europe. From 1945 to 1955, Western European nations absorbed an enormous number of refugees uprooted during the war. Until the 1970s, governments did not limit migration, nor did they formulate comprehensive social policies toward these new immigrants. Indeed, from the mid-1950s until 1973, most Western European governments, interested in facilitating economic growth, allowed businesses and large corporations to seek cheap immigrant labor abroad. As Georges Tapinos points out, “For the short term, the conditions of the labor market [and] the rhythm of economic growth . . . determined the flux of migrations” (422). France, Britain, Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands welcomed the generally young, single male migrants as a cheap labor force, treating them as guest workers. As a result, few governments instituted social policies to ease the workers’ transition to their new environments. Policies began to change in the 1960s when political leaders, intent on gaining control over the haphazard approach to immigration that had dominated the previous 20 years, slowly began to formulate educational measures and social policies aimed at integrating newcomers.
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Silveira, Alina. "Educating a City's Children: British Immigrants and Primary Education in Buenos Aires (1820-1880)." Americas 70, no. 1 (July 2013): 33–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2013.0068.
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Argentina, and Buenos Aires in particular, was a preferred South American destination for great numbers of European immigrants who crossed the Atlantic beginning in the late nineteenth century in search of new opportunities. Most Latin American governments, from the early days of their nations' independence, sought to attract European workers. These newly founded countries considered immigration an essential element for creating a society that would become economically, politically, and socially modern. They hoped to attract mainly foreigners from Northern Europe, among them the British, whom they considered to have superior labor skills and to be accustomed to the habits of order and work the new nation required.
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Sieg, Katrin. "Imagining European Diversity in an Age of Migration." German Politics and Society 35, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 22–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2017.350402.
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How has European visual culture supported the welcoming of refugees in Europe? This article examines the tropes of romance and family in performances at the Eurovision Song Contest and in recent European films, to ask how they encourage or limit the inclusion of asylum seekers and undocumented immigrants in the European polity. Demonstrating the long history of these tropes in colonial fantasies that imagine community on unequal gendered and racialized terms, the article asks whether queer notions of kinship and egalitarian concepts of cosmopolitanism are able to rework this colonial legacy.
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Jurs, Pāvels, and Ilma Neimane. "THE IMPACT OF THE MIGRATION CRISIS AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF LIFELONG LEARNING." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 5 (May 20, 2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2020vol5.4916.
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In 2015, Europe experienced a migrant crisis – The European Union has faced an unprecedented influx of refugees and migrants. More than one million people arrived in the European Union, most fleeing war and terror in Syria and other countries, for example, the number of immigrants crossing the sea from Turkey to Greece per day (October 20, 2015) was 1,0006 people, as shown by the data of European Commission (European Commission, 2017). The migrant crisis in Europe and its consequences are our collective responsibility as Europeans and the ability to show solidarity by providing immigrants with much needed support, based on generally accepted human rights and moral responsibility issues. Along with the challenges posed by the migrant crisis the issue came up of better integration of immigrants into society, providing the necessary information regarding the assistance offered, providing the necessary information regarding the assistance offered social guarantees, protection, and knowledge of local culture, traditions, history and educational opportunities. The aim of the article is to share good practices in the field of lifelong learning by implementing an international pilot project aimed at training migrants in the context of lifelong learning, based on theoretical research methods on the consequences and challenges of the migrant crisis, as well as based on empirical research (statistical analysis, analysis of survey results, development of interactive learning environment). The main findings of the authors of the study are reflected in the interactive learning platform created within the framework of the international project, as well as the authors' recommendations for non – formal education of migrants in the context of lifelong learning.
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Carson, Scott Alan. "Health on the Nineteenth-Century U.S. Great Plains: Opportunity or Displacement?" Journal of Interdisciplinary History 48, no. 1 (June 2017): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01087.
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A population’s average stature reflects its cumulative net nutrition and provides important insight when more traditional measures for economic well-being are scarce or unreliable. Heights on the U.S. Central Plains did not exhibit the antebellum paradox instantiated in the eastern urban areas; they increased markedly during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, becoming the tallest in the world. Whites were taller than blacks on the Central Plains where slavery was not the primary source of labor, but whites were also taller than blacks in the American South where it was. Immigrants from industrialized Europe were shorter than black and white Americans but taller than Latin Americans and Asians.
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Moch, Leslie Page. "Migration and the Nation." Social Science History 28, no. 1 (2004): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200012724.
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The theme of this year’s meeting, “International Perspectives on Social Science History,” rises out of two realities. The first is the recognized international character of phenomena under study, such as fertility decline, political contention, family strategies in response to changing conditions, gendered work, migration, labor, and policing. The second is the way in which the Social Science History Association (SSHA) operates across borders and among scholars in the Americas, Europe, and Asia to investigate common scholarly problems. The attention of migration scholars is now focused on global movements of people and international migrations, particularly immigration. The politics and policies of receiving newcomers are very important now–in the Americas and in Europe. The SSHA is giving its attention to the old and new international immigrants to the United States, as in last year’s session on Nancy Foner’s fine book on New York,From Ellis Island to JFK(2000), and the presidential address by Caroline Brettell (2002) on the quantitative and qualitative methods by which we can understand human movement.
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Májeková, Jana, Ivan Jarolímek, Marica Zaliberová, and Jana Medvecká. "Alien (invasive) vascular plants in Slovakia – a story of successful plant immigrants." Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/environ-2021-0022.
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Abstract This article summarises the history of research into alien plants and plant communities in Slovakia (Central Europe). Earlier periods are reviewed briefly with reference to literature sources dealing with those periods more comprehensively. A milestone in the research was the publication of the Inventory of the alien flora of Slovakia in 2012 with a complete list of alien vascular plants. The last ten years are discussed more extensively in the article in four sections devoted to i) newly found alien plants, ii) distribution and habitat relations, iii) plant invasions, iv) citizen science based on the comprehensive excerption of literature sources. A list of 51 newly published alien taxa within the last ten years is also included with information on the year of their first occurrence in the wild in Slovakia.
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Tăut, Mădălin Vasile. "A Personal Meditation on the Cultural Ecumenism of the Romanian Orthodox Immigrants in Western Europe." Roczniki Teologiczne 69, no. 7 (August 24, 2022): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rt22697.4.
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Migration of peoples is a phenomenon whose existence is lost in the mist of history. People have always traveled from one country to another for political, economic, social, cultural, climatic or demographic reasons, and the story continues also today. The intention of this essay is not to analyze the migration of the Orthodox Romanians from a strictly historical or sociological perspective, because numerous scientific studies have already been written on this topic, but rather to understand their process of soul alienation. Therefore, after making a mention of the social and economic evolution of Western society by moving from one system of philosophical values to another, which practically marked its thinking and development, I will try to explain the versatility of the Romanian Orthodox in terms of their desire for material prosperity, by assuming the culture of the capitalist economy, with the risk of giving up even only apparently the values inherited by birth and Christian tradition.