Journal articles on the topic 'Immigrants – Employment – Canada'
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Lewin-Epstein, Noah, Moshe Semyonov, Irena Kogan, and Richard A. Wanner. "Institutional Structure and Immigrant Integration: A Comparative Study of Immigrants’ Labor Market Attainment in Canada and Israel." International Migration Review 37, no. 2 (June 2003): 389–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00142.x.
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The present study focuses on the incorporation of immigrants from the former Soviet Union in two receiving societies, Israel and Canada, during the first half of the 1990s. Both countries conducted national censuses in 1995 (Israel) and 1996 (Canada), making it possible to identify a large enough sample of immigrants and provide information on their demographic characteristics and their labor market activity. While both Canada and Israel are immigrant societies, their institutional contexts of immigrant reception differ considerably. Israel maintains no economic selection of the Jewish immigrants and provides substantial support for newcomers, who are viewed as a returning Diaspora. Canada employs multiple criteria for selecting immigrants, and the immigrants’ social and economic incorporation is patterned primarily by market forces. The analysis first examines the characteristics of immigrants who arrived in the two countries and evaluates the extent of selectivity. Consistent with our hypotheses, Russian immigrants to Canada were more immediately suitable for the labor market, but experienced greater difficulty finding and maintaining employment. Nevertheless, immigrants to Canada attained higher-status occupations and higher earnings than their compatriots in Israel did, although the Israeli labor market was more likely to reward their investments in education.
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Razin, Eran, and André Langlois. "Metropolitan Characteristics and Entrepreneurship among Immigrants and Ethnic Groups in Canada." International Migration Review 30, no. 3 (September 1996): 703–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839603000303.
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This study assesses the influence of metropolitan characteristics on self-employment among immigrant groups and ethnic minorities in Canada. It compares self-employment among 65 immigrant and ethnic groups in Canada's 25 metropolitan areas and is based on a special tabulation from the 1991 Census of Canada. Results show that locational variations in self-employment among groups that are clearly distinguished from Canada's mainstream population, and among the more entrepreneurial groups, differ markedly from locational variations among the rest of the population. These groups gravitate to self-employment, particularly in peripheral metropolitan areas where entrepreneurial opportunities are few. Neither does a large local community of co-ethnics positively influence the propensity to become self-employed. However, immigrants and minorities in peripheral metropolitan areas cluster in relatively narrow entrepreneurial niches. While benefiting from less competition by co-ethnics, the immigrants are probably constrained there to self-employment due to the lack of alternative opportunities.
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Alaazi, Dominic A., Salima Meherali, Esperanza Diaz, Kathleen Hegadoren, Neelam Punjani, and Bukola Salami. "Perspectives of service agencies on factors influencing immigrants’ mental health in Alberta, Canada." International Health Trends and Perspectives 1, no. 2 (July 7, 2021): 214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32920/ihtp.v1i2.1437.
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Newcomers to Canada experience resettlement challenges that affect their mental well-being. Guided by an intersectionality theoretical framework, we sought the perspectives of immigrant service agencies on factors influencing immigrants’ mental health in Alberta, Canada. Data were collected by means of qualitative interviews and focus groups with immigrant service providers. Our data analysis identified seven themes – precarious immigration status, employment discrimination, social isolation, socioeconomic pressures, sociocultural stress, gender and age-related vulnerabilities, and lack of appropriate mental health supports – reflecting the major intersecting determinants of immigrants’ mental health. We propose policy interventions for addressing the mental health vulnerabilities of immigrants.
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Frank, Kristyn. "Does occupational status matter? Examining immigrants’ employment in their intended occupations." Canadian Studies in Population 38, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2011): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6t03k.
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Research examining the economic integration of immigrants to Canada primarily focuses on earnings differentials between the native-born and foreign-born populations. Although some studies examine occupational matching among immigrants, broad levels of occupational classification are employed. This paper has two objectives: (1) to examine occupational matching for the immigrant population at a precise level of classification and (2) to broaden the focus of immigrant employment research by considering whether characteristics of their intended occupations influence the likelihood of an occupational match. Results indicate that immigrants seeking high-status occupations are significantly less likely to obtain a match than those seeking low-status occupations.
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Subedi, Rajendra Prasad, and Mark Warren Rosenberg. "“I am from nowhere”: identity and self-perceived health status of skilled immigrants employed in low-skilled service sector jobs." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 13, no. 2 (June 12, 2017): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-09-2015-0035.
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Purpose The foreign-born skilled immigrant population is growing rapidly in Canada but finding a job that utilizes immigrants’ skills, knowledge and experience is challenging for them. The purpose of this paper is to understand the self-perceived health and social status of skilled immigrants who were working in low-skilled jobs in the service sector in Ottawa, Canada. Design/methodology/approach In this qualitative study, semi-structured interviews with 19 high-skilled immigrants working as taxi drivers and convenience store workers in the city of Ottawa, Canada were analysed using a grounded theory approach. Findings Five major themes emerged from the data: high expectations but low achievements; credential devaluation, deskilling and wasted skills; discrimination and loss of identity; lifestyle change and poor health behaviour; and poor mental and physical health status. Social implications The study demonstrates the knowledge between what skilled immigrants expect when they arrive in Canada and the reality of finding meaningful employment in a country where international credentials are less likely to be recognized. The study therefore contributes to immigration policy reform which would reduce barriers to meaningful employment among immigrants reducing the impacts on health resulting from employment in low-skilled jobs. Originality/value This study provides unique insights into the experience and perceptions of skilled immigrants working in low-skilled jobs. It also sheds light on the “healthy worker effect” hypothesis which is a highly discussed and debated issue in the occupational health literature.
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Greenwood, Michael J., and Paul A. Young. "Geographically Indirect Immigration to Canada: Description and Analysis." International Migration Review 31, no. 1 (March 1997): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839703100103.
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This article is concerned with geographically indirect immigration to Canada over the period 1968–1988. A geographically indirect immigrant is an individual legally admitted to Canada whose country of last permanent residence differs from country of birth. Records maintained by Employment and Immigration Canada on every immigrant legally admitted over the period were used in the study. Relative to geographically direct immigrants, geographically indirect immigrants tend to be older, more educated, and more highly skilled. Moreover, if they were not born in an English or French speaking country, indirect immigrants are more likely to speak English and/or French capably than direct migrants born in such countries. The study also contains bivariate logit estimates of a model of geographically indirect Canadian immigration. This model suggests that indirect migrants tend to be influenced by personal characteristics (age, sex, marital status, occupation, language ability), as well as by various characteristics of the country of birth (distance from Canada, income level, political conditions).
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Phythian, Kelli, David Walters, and Paul Anisef. "Entry Class and the Early Employment Experience of Immigrants in Canada." Canadian Studies in Population 36, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2009): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6861x.
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Despite its policy importance, research related to the economic performance of immigrants by entry class is sorely lacking. It is generally presumed that immigrants selected on the basis of human capital will have better economic outcomes than unscreened immigrants; however, there is speculation that the social networks of family immigrants provide access to employment resources not available to others. Both arguments have merit, yet there is little research to support either claim. This study utilizes data from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada to investigate the association between entry class and employment status of immigrants six months after arrival. Findings reveal little difference between skilled workers and family immigrants, while business immigrants and refugees are much less likely to be employed. Policy implications are discussed.
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Doyle, Judith, Nicola Mooney, and Jane Ku. "Why Not Me? Women Immigrants and Unemployment in New Brunswick." MIGRATION LETTERS 3, no. 2 (October 28, 2006): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v3i2.67.
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This article examines the experience of women immigrants and refugees in New Brunswick, Canada. In focus groups, employment, or rather the lack of employment, was a central concern for the women. Many were skilled immigrants who urgently wished to be working in their field of expertise and felt disappointed with Canadian immigration processes and settlement in New Brunswick. Their emphasis on employment contrasted with their classification as dependent spouses by Citizenship and Immigration Canada and as refugees.
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Li, Peter S. "Immigrants' Propensity to Self-Employment: Evidence from Canada." International Migration Review 35, no. 4 (December 2001): 1106–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2001.tb00054.x.
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Ohle, Robert, Helena Bleeker, Krishan Yadav, and Jeffrey J. Perry. "The immigrant effect: factors impacting use of primary and emergency department care – a Canadian population cross-sectional study." CJEM 20, no. 2 (April 12, 2017): 260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2017.4.
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AbstractObjectiveIn 2011, Canada had a foreign-born population of approximately 6,775,800. They represented 20.6% of the total population. Immigrants possess characteristics that reduce the use of primary care. This is thought to be, in part, due to a lower education level, employment, and better health status. Our objective was to assess whether, in an immigrant population without a primary care physician, similar socioeconomic factors would also reduce the likelihood of using the emergency department compared to a non-immigrant population without primary care.MethodsData regarding individuals ≥ 12 years of age from the Canadian Community Health Survey from 2007 to 2008 were analysed (n=134,073; response rate 93%). Our study population comprised 15,554 individuals identified without a primary care physician who had a regular place for medical care. The primary outcome was emergency department as a regular care access point. Socioeconomic variables included employment, health status, and education. Covariates included chronic health conditions, mobility, gender, age, and mental health. Weighted logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate the importance of individual risk factors.ResultsThe sample of 15,554 (immigrants n=1,767) consisted of 57.3% male and 42.7% female respondents from across Canada. Immigrants were less likely than Canadian-born respondents to use the emergency department as a regular access point for health care (odds ratio=0.48 [95% CI 0.40 – 0.57]). Adjusting for health, education, or employment had no effect on this reduced tendency (odds ratio=0.47 [95% CI 0.38 – 0.58]).ConclusionIn a Canadian population without a primary care physician, immigrants are less likely to use the emergency department as a primary access point for care than Canadian-born respondents. However, this effect is independent of previously reported social and economic factors that impact use of primary care. Immigration status is an important but complex component of racial and ethnic disparity in the use of health care in Canada.
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Banerjee, Rupa, Feng Hou, Jeffrey G. Reitz, and Tingting Zhang. "Evaluating Foreign Skills: Effects of Credential Assessment on Skilled Immigrants’ Labour Market Performance in Canada." Canadian Public Policy 47, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 358–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2021-014.
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Formal educational qualification is increasingly built into immigrant selection systems in many countries, but in a global context, the transferability and portability of such qualifications has been questioned. In 2013, Canada introduced the requirement for a formal assessment of educational credential equivalence for applicants in the skilled worker category. In this study, we use a Canadian national immigration database and difference-in-differences methodology to investigate whether requiring formal Educational Credential Assessment (ECA) as part of the selection process for skilled immigrants has improved labour market outcomes. Our results indicate that the ECA requirement is positively related to early employment rates and earnings for both men and women. However, this effect is limited to those with no previous employment experience in Canada. We also find that, even with the ECA requirement, significant differences in the earnings of immigrants from different source regions remain. Implications and recommendations are discussed.
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Sharaf, Mesbah Fathy. "Job-Education Mismatch and Its Impact on the Earnings of Immigrants: Evidence from Recent Arrivals to Canada." ISRN Economics 2013 (January 17, 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/452358.
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Using the most recent Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada, this paper measures the incidence of job-education mismatch, particularly over-education, examines its determinants, and estimates its impact on the earnings of immigrants. Job-education mismatch is measured using the realized match method, and the corresponding earnings impact is estimated using an over-required-under education technique. Determinants of over-education are examined using a bivariate probit model to account for selectivity into employment. Panel data estimation methods are used to estimate earnings equations and the analysis is stratified by gender. Results show that recent immigrants to Canada have a persistent high incidence and intensity of over-education with a substantial negative impact on their earnings. In particular, two-thirds of recent immigrants to Canada are over-educated with a wage loss of 8%, while an under-educated immigrant loses around 2% on average. Results also show that proficiency in English or French and post-immigration investment in education and training significantly reduce the likelihood of being over-educated. The findings of this study could benefit policies directed to help immigrants integrate in the labour market.
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Aboubacar, Said Ahmed, and Nong Zhu. "Episodes of non-employment among immigrants from developing countries in Canada." Canadian Studies in Population 40, no. 1-2 (May 24, 2013): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6gw3f.
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Using data from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID), we analyze non-employment episodes for immigrants from developing countries, and compare their situation to that of immigrants from developed countries and Canadian-born individuals between 1996 and 2006. The methods used allowed us to draw the following conclusion: significant differences exist between these three groups in labour market mobility, the average duration of a non-employment episode, and the factors that affect the propensity to exit from a nonemployment episode. These differences demonstrate a particular disadvantage for immigrants from developing countries. In fact, they tend to spend more time in non-employment episodes compared to their counterparts from developed countries, and compared to Canadian-born individuals.
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Ahmad, Sajjad, and Keith S. Dobson. "Providing Psychological Services to Immigrant Children: Challenges and Potential Solutions." Clinical and Counselling Psychology Review 1, no. 2 (December 2019): 48–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/ccpr.12.04.
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Canada is a diverse and multicultural country. More than one fifth of Canadians are foreign-born individuals from over 200 countries (Statistics Canada, 2017a). Whereas diversity and official multiculturalism makes Canada attractive for immigrants, the newcomers nonetheless face challenges in the areas of settlement, employment, and access to mental health services. These challenges are particularly acute for immigrant children. This article describes four major challenges related to the provision of psychological services to immigrant children and suggests potential solutions for each of these four challenges. The article concludes with the suggestion of a multilevel approach to address these challenges, and the collaborative inclusion of relevant stakeholders.
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Patel, Asiya, Jennifer Dean, Sara Edge, Kathi Wilson, and Effat Ghassemi. "Double Burden of Rural Migration in Canada? Considering the Social Determinants of Health Related to Immigrant Settlement Outside the Cosmopolis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5 (February 26, 2019): 678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050678.
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There is a large and growing body of research acknowledging the existence of health disparities between foreign-born and native-born populations in many high immigrant-receiving countries. Significant attention has been paid to the role of physical and social environments in the changing health status of immigrants over time. However, very limited attention has been given to these issues within the context of rural geographies, despite global evidence that immigrants are increasingly settling outside of traditional gateway cities and into rural communities. This paper presents the results of a scoping review aimed at assessing the state of knowledge on the health impacts of immigrant migration into rural communities in Canada. Guided by Arksey and O’Malley’s scoping protocol, we conduct a review of academic literature in Canada related to rural migration. A total of 25 articles met inclusion criteria which included access to the social determinants of health. Findings identified a paucity of research directly connecting rural settlement to health but the literature did emphasize five distinct social determinants of health for rural residing immigrants: social inclusion, culturally-appropriate services, gender, employment, and housing. This paper concludes with an identification of research gaps and opportunities for future research into whether rural-residing immigrants face a double burden with respect to health inequity.
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Ohle, R., H. Bleeker, and J. J. Perry. "LO078: The immigrant effect: a barrier to accessing primary and emergency department care - a Canadian population cross-sectional study." CJEM 18, S1 (May 2016): S57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2016.115.
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Introduction: In 2011, Canada had a foreign-born population of about 6,775,800 people. They represented 20.6% of the total population, the highest proportion among the G8 countries. Immigrants encounter significant barriers to accessing primary healthcare. This is thought to be due to lower education level, employment status and the healthy immigrant effect. Our objective was to assess in an immigrant population without a primary care physician, would similar socioeconomic barriers also prevent access to the emergency department. Methods: Data regarding individuals’ ≥12 years of age from the Canadian Community Health Survey, 2007 to 2008 were analyzed (N=134,073, response rate 93%). Our study population comprised 15,554 individuals identified without a primary care physician who used emergency department care. Socioeconomic variables included employment, health status, and education. Covariates included chronic health conditions, mobility, gender, age, and mental health. Prevalence estimates and confidence intervals for each variable were calculated. Weighted logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate the importance of individual risk factors and their interactions after adjustment for relevant covariates. Model parameters were estimated by the method of maximum likelihood. The Wald statistic was employed to test the significance of individual variables or interaction terms in relation to ED choice. Results: Our study population included 1,767 immigrants and 13,787 Canadian born respondents from across Canada without a primary care physician (57.3% male). Immigrants were less likely to use the emergency department then Canadian born respondents (Odds Ratio 0.4759 (95%CI 0.396-0.572). Adjusting for health, education or employment had no effect on this reduced access (Odds Ratio 0.468 (95%CI 0.378-0.579). Conclusion: In a Canadian population without a primary care physician, immigrants access the emergency department less then Canadian born respondents. However this effect is independent of previously reported social and economic barriers. Immigration status is an important but complex component of racial and ethnic disparity in access to care. Specific policy and system development targeting this at risk population are required to allow for equal access to healthcare.
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VERMA, R. B. P., and K. G. BASAVARAJAPPA. "Employment Income of Immigrants In Metropolitan Areas of Canada, 1980." International Migration 27, no. 3 (September 1989): 441–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1989.tb00357.x.
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Creese, Gillian, and Brandy Wiebe. "‘Survival Employment’: Gender and Deskilling among African Immigrants in Canada." International Migration 50, no. 5 (July 20, 2009): 56–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2009.00531.x.
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Zhang, Zhen, and Douglas Chun. "Becoming entrepreneurs: how immigrants developed entrepreneurial identities." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 24, no. 5 (August 6, 2018): 947–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-07-2016-0214.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the important process of how entrepreneurial identity is formed and constructed, with the perspective that entrepreneurial identity is social and dynamic, constantly shaped by various life episodes and human interactions, rather than static and unchanging. Design/methodology/approach This qualitative study comprises 30 in-depth interviews with Chinese immigrants in West Canada. These immigrants had been employed professionals under the “Skilled Workers” immigration category but later became entrepreneurs. None of the entrepreneurs in this study had prior business ownership experience, and many of them said that they had never thought about running businesses until they came to Canada. Findings A process model of entrepreneurial identity construction is presented. This paper advances the literature on entrepreneurship through the identification of three stages in the development of entrepreneurial identity: identity exploration, entrepreneurial mindsets building, and narrative development. Originality/value This study has important implications for the understanding of the exploratory and discovery mode of entrepreneurial identity construction. This study also moves away from the contextual and structural hypotheses as the sole explanations for the high rate of self-employment among immigrant entrepreneurs, and provides a useful starting point for a deeper understanding of the agency of immigrant entrepreneurs.
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Bauder, Harald. "Origin, employment status and attitudes towards work: immigrants in Vancouver, Canada." Work, Employment and Society 20, no. 4 (December 2006): 709–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017006069810.
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Frank, Monica, and Roumiana Ilieva. "Betwixt and between." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 38, no. 3 (January 1, 2015): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.38.3.04fra.
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The success of Canada’s immigration policy is intrinsically tied to employment of an immigrant workforce. Teaching is the fourth largest profession among Canadian immigrants, yet immigrants whose occupations are in education are three times less likely to be employed in their matching profession. Failure to incorporate an immigrant workforce not only affects economic success, but has repercussions for immigrant professional identity. This paper reflects on the development of professional identity for twelve internationally educated immigrant teachers (IETs) seeking to reposition themselves as teachers in the Greater Vancouver area of British Columbia, Canada. Through qualitative interviews and Life Positioning Analysis (Martin, 2013), this research explored the role of significant others in facilitating or impeding IETs’ inclusion into the teaching force and subsequent effects on professional identity development. Language and linguistic abilities emerged as a pervasive theme. Participants found acceptance and validation of their language and cultural differences through the perspectives of the students with whom they came into contact. In contrast, the professional teaching community’s perspectives in regard to accents and language proficiency caused IETs to question their competence and negatively impacted their professional identities. Implications for practice with respect to supporting IETs repositioning are offered.
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Turin, Tanvir C., Nashit Chowdhury, Deidre Lake, and Mohammad Z. I. Chowdhury. "Labor Market Integration of High-Skilled Immigrants in Canada: Employment Patterns of International Medical Graduates in Alternative Jobs." Healthcare 10, no. 9 (September 6, 2022): 1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10091705.
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Background: International medical graduates (IMGs) in Canada are individuals who received their medical education and training outside Canada. They undergo a complex licensing procedure in their host country and compete for limited opportunities available to become practicing physicians. Many of them cannot succeed or do not have the resources or interest to undergo this complex and unpredictable career pathway and seek alternative career options. In this study, we aimed to understand how IMGs integrate into the alternative job market, their demographic characteristics, and the types of jobs they undertake after moving to Canada. Methods: An anonymous cross-sectional, online, nationwide, and open survey was conducted among IMGs in Canada. In addition to demographic information, the questionnaire included information on employment status, types of jobs, professional experience, and level of medical education and practice (e.g., specialties, subspecialties, etc.). We conducted a survey of 1740 IMGs in total; however, we excluded responses from those IMGs who are currently working in a clinical setting, thus limiting the number of responses to 1497. Results: Of the respondents, 43.19% were employed and 56.81% were unemployed. Employed participants were more likely to be older males, have stayed longer in Canada, and had more senior-level job experience before moving to Canada. We also observed that the more years that had passed after graduation, the higher the likelihood of being employed. The majority of the IMGs were employed in health-related nonregulated jobs (50.45%). The results were consistent across other demographic characteristics, including different provinces, countries of origin, gender, time since graduation, and length of stay in Canada. Conclusions: This study found that certain groups of IMGs, such as young females, recent immigrants, recent graduates, and less experienced IMGs had a higher likelihood of being unemployed. These findings will inform policymakers, immigrant and professional service organizations, and researchers working for human resources and professional integration of skilled migrants to develop programs and improve policies to facilitate the employment of IMGs through alternative careers.
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Yates, Charlotte A. B. "Segmented labour, united unions? How unions in Canada cope with increased diversity." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 11, no. 4 (November 2005): 617–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890501100410.
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As the labour force in Western industrial democracies becomes more diverse, union strategies for organising and representing these workers need to change. With a particular emphasis on union strategies for recruiting new members, this article demonstrates how slow unions have been to adapt to the changing labour market and labour force. Drawing on data from Canada, the article examines the challenges faced by unions in representing women and immigrants, especially those from racial minorities who constitute a growing proportion of recent immigrants to Canada. It then explores the additional challenges posed by changes to the labour market, most notably the rise in private service sector employment and the shift towards non-unionised manufacturing facilities. The article concludes by examining the ways in which unions need to transform their strategies to reflect the greater diversity found amongst workers and their workplaces.
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Akbar, Marshia. "Examining the factors that affect the employment status of racialised immigrants: a study of Bangladeshi immigrants in Toronto, Canada." South Asian Diaspora 11, no. 1 (September 23, 2018): 67–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19438192.2018.1523092.
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Aycan, Zeynep, and John W. Berry. "Impact of employment-related experiences on immigrants' psychological well-being and adaptation to Canada." Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement 28, no. 3 (1996): 240–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0008-400x.28.3.240.
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Bauder, Harald. "Habitus, rules of the labour market and employment strategies of immigrants in Vancouver, Canada." Social & Cultural Geography 6, no. 1 (February 2005): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1464936052000335982.
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Yeager, Matthew G. "Rehabilitating the Criminality of Immigrants under Section 19 of the Canadian Immigration Act." International Migration Review 36, no. 1 (March 2002): 178–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2002.tb00076.x.
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Immigration has historically been associated with moral entrepreneur-ship and xenophobia. In periods of high unemployment and global dislocation, immigrants easily become the targets of political commentators who complain of their criminality, morals, demand on public services, and competition for scarce employment. In this exercise, looking at the recidivism of immigrants who come to Canada with a previous, foreign criminal history, quite a different picture emerges. Among this random sample (N=204), 97.5 percent of immigrants granted a rehabilitation waiver under the provisions of the Canadian Immigration Act were not re-arrested in Canada within a period of about 3.5 years after their landing was approved by the Minister. Of those who were arrested, most of the delinquency was manageable and, in fact, resulted in either an acquittal, diversion or lower-range sanctions. This is not the kind of imagery complained of by the tabloids or critics in the body politic. It behooves us, then, to exercise care in discussing crime and immigration, as it is a subject easily prone to the creation of ‘moral panics” and resulting repressive legislation against persons of color.
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Premji, Stéphanie. "Precarious Employment and Difficult Daily Commutes." Articles 72, no. 1 (April 19, 2017): 77–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1039591ar.
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Precarious employment is on the rise in Canada, increasing by nearly 50% in the last two decades. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which it can impact upon geographical mobility. Employment-related geographical mobility refers to mobility to, from and between workplaces, as well as mobility as part of work. We report on a qualitative study conducted among 27 immigrant men and women in Toronto that investigates the relationship between precarious employment and daily commutes while exploring the ways in which gender, class and migration structure this relationship. Interview data reveal that participants were largely unable to work where they lived or live where they worked. Their precarious jobs were characterized by conditions that resulted in long, complex, unfamiliar, unsafe and expensive commutes. These commuting difficulties, in turn, resulted in participants having to refuse or quit jobs, including desirable jobs, or being unable to engage in labour market strategies that could improve their employment conditions (e.g. taking courses, volunteering, etc.). Participants’ commuting difficulties were amplified by the delays, infrequency, unavailability and high cost of public transportation. These dynamics disproportionately and/or differentially impacted certain groups of workers. Precarious work has led to workers having to absorb an ever-growing share of the costs associated with their employment, underscored in our study as time, effort and money spent travelling to and from work. We discuss the forces that underlie the spatial patterning of work and workers in Toronto, namely the growing income gap and the increased polarization among neighbourhoods that has resulted in low-income immigrants increasingly moving from the centre to the edges of the city. We propose policy recommendations for public transportation, employment, housing and child care that can help alleviate some of the difficulties described.
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Kihika, Maureen. "Ghosts and Shadows: A History of Racism in Canada." Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology and Criminology 2, no. 1 (February 7, 2013): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cgjsc.v2i1.3775.
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A history of racism reinforces discrimination and exploitation of racialized immigrants in general and African-Canadians in particular. My paper contends that historically institutionalized structures are the ideological fulcrum from which ongoing socio-economic inequalities derive and retain their legitimacy. Specifically, I argue that the historically institutionalized system of slavery and ensuing systemic structures of racial discrimination negatively influence the incorporation of racialized immigrants into the Canadian labour market. A historically racially segmented labour market continues to uphold colour coded social and economic hierarchies. Although Canada’s point system ensures that immigrants are primarily selected on the basis of their skills and qualifications, many professionally trained and experienced racialized immigrants endure perpetual socio-economic constraints, characterized primarily by low-end, precarious forms of employment. While not intended to serve as an exhaustive chronology, this essay draws on three historical periods of Black migration and experience in Canada: the first spans early sixteenth to the end of the eighteenth-century, the second dates from the nineteenth to mid-twentieth century, and the third extends from mid-twentieth century to the present. The following historical timeline traces the prevalence and enduring nature of systemic structures and substantiates Abigail Bakan’s (2008) suggestion that both “racism and a culture of hegemonic whiteness were and remain endemic to the Canadian state” (p. 6).Une histoire du racisme appuie le constat de la discrimination et de l’exploitation d’immigrants appartenant à des groupes raciaux en général et de Canadiens africains en particulier. Mon essai soutient que les structures historiquement institutionnalisées constituent le point de départ des inégalités socioéconomiques actuelles et prolongent leur légitimité. Plus précisément, je prétends que le système d’esclavage historiquement institutionnalisé et les structures systémiques de discrimination raciale qui en ont découlé ont nui à l’intégration sur le marché du travail canadien des immigrants appartenant à des groupes raciaux. Un marché du travail depuis toujours segmenté racialement renforce encore la hiérarchie économique et sociale fondée sur la couleur. Même si le système de points d’appréciation canadien fait en sorte que les immigrants sont choisis essentiellement sur la base de leur formation et de leurs compétences, de nombreux immigrants membres de groupes raciaux disposant d’une formation et d’une expérience professionnelles subissent de perpétuelles restrictions socioéconomiques, comme des emplois bas de gamme ou précaires. Cet essai ne prétend pas être une chronologie exhaustive, mais il décrit trois périodes historiques de la migration des Noirs et de leur expérience au Canada : la première époque s’étend du début du XVIe siècle à la fin du XVIIIe siècle, la deuxième du XIXe siècle au milieu du XXe siècle et la troisième, du milieu du XXe siècle à maintenant. Cette chronologie témoigne de la prévalence et de la persistance des structures systémiques et appuie la suggestion d’Abigail Bakan (2008) selon laquelle « le racisme et une culture dominante blanche ont été et demeurent endémiques dans l’État canadien » (p. 6) [traduction libre].
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Mensah, Joseph, and Christopher J. Williams. "Socio-structural Injustice, Racism, and the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Precarious Entanglement among Black Immigrants in Canada." Studies in Social Justice 16, no. 1 (January 24, 2022): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v16i1.2690.
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As several commentators and researchers have noted since late spring 2020, COVID-19 has laid bare the connections between entrenched structurally generated inequalities on one hand, and on the other hand relatively high degrees of susceptibility to contracting COVID-19 on the part of economically marginalized population segments. Far from running along the tracks of race neutrality, studies have demonstrated that the pandemic is affecting Black people more than Whites in the U.S.A. and U.K., where reliable racially-disaggregated data are available. While the situation in Canada seems to follow the same pattern, race-specific data on COVID-19 are hard to come by. At present, there is no federal mandate to collect race-based data on COVID-19, though, in Ontario, at the municipal level, the City of Toronto has been releasing such data. This paper examines the entanglements of race, immigration status and the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada with particular emphasis on Black immigrants and non-immigrants in Toronto, using multiple forms of data pertaining to income, housing, immigration, employment and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Our findings show that the pandemic has had a disproportionate negative impact on Black people and other racialized people in Toronto and, indeed, Canada.
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Hochbaum, Christine V. "Too Old to Work?: The Influence of Retraining on Employment Status for Older Immigrants to Canada." Canadian Ethnic Studies 44, no. 3 (2013): 97–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ces.2013.0008.
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M. Pon Ganthimathi and Dr. S. Veeralakshmi. "Ethnic Identity and Cultural Assimilation in M. G. Vassanji’s No New Land." Creative Launcher 7, no. 4 (August 30, 2022): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2022.7.4.12.
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Colonialism makes a large set of people from South Asia migrate to Africa. People from India are used as a man power for railway line construction in Africa. After the end of colonialism, these migrated people became competitors to Africans in employment. Africans start treating them harshly. So, they are forced to migrate once again to America or to Canada. M. G. Vassanji’s No New Land starts with the second migration of people from South Asia to Canada. Because of this second migration, these people want to make sure their connection to their culture and to their ethnicity. Their apartment in Canada looks like a mini version of Dar es Salaam. They try to stick to their Indianness in the midst of a completely strange culture. However, their kids who do not have any immediate connection with their culture start assimilating the new culture and way of living. This paper aims at projecting the plight of South Asian immigrants in Canada.
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Bartel, Joan. "Pragmatics in the Post-TESL Certificate Course "Language Teaching for Employment"." TESL Canada Journal 30, no. 7 (February 14, 2014): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v30i7.1155.
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For those immigrants to Canada who need some language training in order to access employment in their field, occupational ESL classes have been available in Ontario for several years. Recent additions to Occupation-Specific Language Training and Bridging programs, as well as a new emphasis on work-related content in LINC classes, have created a need for trained instructors for this area of ESL. The Language Training for Employment (LTE) is a Post-TESL Certificate course that addresses this need. Within the course, Pragmatics is 1 of 12 units— one that participants have little knowledge of or practice with before the course, and 1 of 2 units that receive unanimously positive feedback from participants at the end. This article explains the conceptual framework of LTE, the content of the Pragmatics Unit, its implementation and participant feedback.
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Edmonston, Barry, and Sharon Lee. "Global migration and cities of the future." Canadian Studies in Population 45, no. 1-2 (May 3, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/csp29371.
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The number of lifetime international migrants worldwide has increased greatly in recent decades. Canada currently ranks as the fourth largest immigrant-receiving country with 8 million foreign-born residents in 2015. Most international migrants reside primarily in large metropolises, with more than 60 percent of Canada’s foreign-born living in the Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal urban conurbations. This paper examines four challenges of global migration for Canada’s cities: housing and housing affordability, social services, employment, and integration and cohesion. The paper’s conclusion discusses implications for expanding our knowledge basis about global migration and cities of the future.Le nombre de migrants internationaux à vie a considérablement augmenté au cours des dernières décennies. Le Canada se classe actuellement au quatrième rang des pays d'accueil des immigrants avec 8 millions de résidents nés à l'étranger en 2015. La plupart des migrants internationaux résident principalement dans de grandes métropoles, avec plus de 60% des personnes nées à Toronto, Vancouver et Montréal. agglomérations. Ce document examine quatre défis de la migration mondiale pour les villes canadiennes: l'abordabilité du logement et du logement, les services sociaux, l'emploi, l'intégration et la cohésion. La conclusion du document discute des implications pour élargir notre base de connaissance sur la migration globale et les villes du futur.
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Yanar, Basak, Agnieszka Kosny, and Peter Smith. "Occupational Health and Safety Vulnerability of Recent Immigrants and Refugees." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9 (September 14, 2018): 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15092004.
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Recent immigrants and refugees have higher rates of work-related injuries and illnesses compared to Canadian-born workers. As a result, they are often labelled as vulnerable workers. This study explored the factors that contribute to occupational health and safety (OHS) vulnerability of recent immigrants and refugees with a focus on modifiable factors such as exposure to hazards and access to workplace protections, awareness of OHS and worker rights, and empowerment to act on those rights. Eighteen focus groups were conducted with 110 recent immigrants and refugees about their experiences looking for work and in their first jobs in Canada. A thematic content analysis was used to organize the data and to identify and report themes. The jobs described by participants typically involved poor working conditions and exposure to hazards without adequate workplace protections. Most participants had limited knowledge of OHS and employment rights and tended to not voice safety concerns to employers. Understanding OHS vulnerability from the lens of workplace context can help identify modifiable conditions that affect the risk of injury and illness among recent immigrants and refugees. Safe work integration depends on providing these workers with information about their rights, adequate job training, and opportunities for participating in injury prevention.
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Smith, P. M., C. Chen, and C. Mustard. "Differential risk of employment in more physically demanding jobs among a recent cohort of immigrants to Canada." Injury Prevention 15, no. 4 (August 1, 2009): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2008.021451.
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Mott Machado, Michel, Caroline Shenaz Hossein, Roberto Pessoa de Queiroz Falcão, and Eduardo Picanço Cruz. "Brazilian-Canadian Immigrant Businesses Configuration in the Greater Toronto Metropolitan Area, Canada." Frontera norte 33 (January 1, 2021): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33679/rfn.v1i1.2126.
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The purpose of the present article is to examine self-employment and a sample of micro-enterprises of Brazilian immigrants in Toronto, Canada, and to unveil their social networking mechanisms, the influence of their culture, and human capital. The methodology encompassed the application of 74 questionnaires to Brazilian-Canadian entrepreneurs and 42 semi-structured interviews, aiming at understanding their experiences and relationships. The contributions include stating economic insecurity, political instability, and violence as reasons for migration and showing that social capital is essential for starting and developing a business as entrepreneurs often were driven out of necessity due to barriers in the labor market. As an exploratory study, the article is limited to discussing descriptive aspects of the Brazilian community of entrepreneurs. However, its implications might encompass new studies that involve creating migration policies for newcomers, longitudinal studies, or comparisons with other ethnicities.
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Lam, Laura, and Anna Triandafyllidou. "An unlikely stepping stone? Exploring how platform work shapes newcomer migrant integration." Transitions: Journal of Transient Migration 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/tjtm_00029_1.
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The rise of digital labour platform work has drawn researchers to study how migrants are impacted by greater technology dependence in the workforce, and whether platform work might accelerate migrants’ entry into precarious, low-income, contingent work. Emerging data in Canada indicate that that the proportion of gig workers is considerably higher amongst immigrants, especially recent immigrants compared to Canadian-born populations; yet, the demographics and typologies of migrants that choose to undertake platform work have been understudied. This study looks at platform work as part of the wider process of labour market integration of newly arrived migrants in Canada. Acknowledging that labour market integration is a non-linear process that involves several stop-and-go phases, we look at platform work as part of this process and question whether it is a ‘stepping-stone’ or a trap into volatile, precarious work. The study is qualitative and exploratory, based on 24 semi-structured interviews with recent migrants in Canada who have engaged in platform work. Our findings suggest that platform work can serve as a useful first step to gain footing in a new country, as platforms have low barriers of entry, require little social or material capital, and offer flexible forms of employment that can be combined either with studying or looking for another position or with working in a different full-time job. It gives migrants a subjective feeling of control over their lives and security albeit when we delve deeper, they also realize it can be a dead end. The article concludes with some critical reflections on how platform work in the greater gig economy can shape migrant integration in the host country labour market.
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Kosny, Agnieszka A., and Marni E. Lifshen. "A National Scan of Employment Standards, Occupational Health and Safety and Workers’ Compensation Resources for New Immigrants to Canada." Canadian Journal of Public Health 103, no. 1 (January 2012): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03404069.
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Nistor, Adela, and Diana Reianu. "Determinants of housing prices: evidence from Ontario cities, 2001-2011." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 11, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 541–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-08-2017-0078.
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Purpose This paper aims to present a panel data econometric model of the main determinants of house prices in the ten largest census metropolitan areas (CMA) in Ontario, Canada, for the years 2001, 2006 and 2011. The impact of immigration on the housing market in Canada is little researched; however, immigration plays an important role into the economy of Canada. According to Statistics Canada, not only is immigration key to Canada’s population growth but also without immigration, in the next 20 years, Canada’s population growth will be zero. The motivation for this study is the bursting of housing bubbles in some developed countries (e.g. USA). The authors analyze variables that are related to the immigration policy in Canada, accounting also for the impact of the interest rate, income, unemployment, household size and housing supply to analyze housing price determinants. The study investigates the magnitude of the impact of the top three leading categories of immigrants to Canada, namely, Chinese, Indian and Filipino, on the housing prices in Ontario’s largest cities. The results show the main factors that explain home prices over time that are interest rate, immigration, unemployment rate, household size and income. Over the 10-year period from 2001 to 2011, immigration grew by 400 per cent in Toronto CMA, the largest receiving area in Ontario, while the nonimmigrant population grew by 14 per cent. For Toronto CMA, immigrants, income, unemployment rate and interest rate explain the CA$158,875 average home price increase over the 2001-2011 time period. Out of this, the three categories of immigrants’ share of total home price increase is 54.57 per cent, with the corresponding interest rate share 58.60 per cent and income share 11.32 per cent of the total price growth. Unemployment rate contributes negatively to the housing price and its share of the total price increase is 24.49 per cent. Design/methodology/approach The framework for the empirical analysis applies the hedonic pricing model theory to housing sales prices for the ten largest CMAs in Ontario over the years 2001-2011. Following Akbari and Aydede (2012) and O’Meara (2015), market clearing in the housing market results in the housing price as a function of several housing attributes. The authors selected the housing attributes based on data availability for the Canadian Census years of 2001, 2006 and 2011 and the variables that have been most used in the literature. The model has the average housing prices as the dependent variable, and the independent variables are: immigrants per dwelling (Chinese, Indian, and Filipino), unemployment rate, average employment income, household size, housing supply and the interest rate. To capture the relative scarcity of dwellings, the independent variable immigrants per dwelling was used. Findings This study seems to suggest that one cause of high prices in Ontario is large inflows of immigrants together with low mortgage interest rate. The authors focused their attention on Toronto CMA, as it is the main destination of immigrants and comprises the largest cities, including Toronto, Mississauga, Brampton and Oakville. Looking over the 10-year period from 2001 to 2011, the authors can see the factors that impact the home prices in Toronto CMA: immigration, unemployment rate, household size, interest rate and income. Over the period of 10 years from 2001 to 2011, immigrants’ group from China, India and the Philippines account for CA$86,701 increase in the home price (54.57 per cent share of the total increase). Income accounts for CA$17,986 increase in the home price (11.32 per cent share); interest rate accounts for CA$93,103 of the average home price increase in Toronto CMA (58.60 per cent share); and unemployment rate accounts for CA$38,916 decrease in the Toronto average home prices (24.49 per cent share). Household size remain stable over time in Toronto (2.8 average household size) and does not have a contribution to home price change. All these four factors, interest rate, immigrants, unemployment rate and income, together explain CA$158,875 increase in home prices in Toronto CMA between 2001 and 2011. Practical implications The housing market price analysis may be more complex, and there may be factors impacting the housing prices extending beyond immigration, interest rate, income and household size. Finally, the results of this paper can be extended to include the most recent census data for the year 2016 to reflect more accurately the price situation in the housing market for Ontario cities. Social implications The fact that currently, in 2017, the young working population cannot afford buying a property in the Toronto CMA area means there is a problem with this market and a corresponding decrease in the quality of life. According to The Globe and Mail (July 2017), a new pool in 2017 suggested that two in five Canadians believe housing in this country is not affordable for them. Further, 38 per cent of respondents who consider themselves middle or upper class believe in no affordability of housing. The Trudeau Government promised Canadians a national housing strategy for affordable housing. Designing a national housing strategy may be challenging because it has to account for the differential income ranges across regions. Municipal leaders are asking the government to prioritize repair and construct new affordable housing. Another reason discussed in the media of the unaffordability of housing in Toronto and Vancouver is foreign buyers. The Canadian Government recently implemented a tax measure on what it may seem the housing bubble problem: foreign buyers. Following Vancouver, in April 2017, Ontario Government imposed a 15 per cent tax on foreign buyers who are not Canadian citizens or permanent residents. This tax is levied on houses purchased in the area stretching from Niagara Region and Greater Toronto to Peterborough. Originality/value Few studies use Canadian data to explain house prices and analyze the effect of immigration on housing prices. There is not much research on the effect of the immigrants and immigrants’ ethnicity (e.g., Chinese, Indian and Filipino immigrants), on the housing prices in Canada cities. This study investigates the impact of the most prevalent immigrant races (e.g., from China, India and the Philippines) on housing prices, using data for Canadian major cities in Ontario within a panel data econometric framework. This paper fills this gap and contributes to the literature, which analyzes the determinants of housing prices based on a panel of cities in the Canadian province of Ontario.
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Seo, Bosu, and Krystal Lowney. "Understanding Syrian refugees’ experience in terms of settlement and participation in Canadian labour market: A mixed method approach." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 1 (January 24, 2021): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.81.9560.
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This paper explores Syrian refugees’ experience in terms of settlement and participation in Canadian labour market. It discusses the findings of research on labour market integration in Canada of racialized immigrants and refugees, as well as the state of economic insecurity among newcomers, to identify systemic patterns of discrimination and policy implications. A mixed method approach with in-depth interview and questionnaire surveys were used for an analysis. Long-term benefit, second-generation success, and reliance on government support were commonly observed. Language barrier, lack of host country’s experience, and lack of transportation were cited as common barriers to employment. This research confirms that there is no uniform process for refugees entering into a host country. Canadian government needs to create a structured program to be implemented in each province and deliver the same process for every refugee entering.
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Tarnopolsky, Walter S. "Le contrôle de la discrimination raciale au Canada." L'égalité devant la loi 18, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 663–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042189ar.
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This article is divided into four parts: the first is a brief survey of race relations in Canada before the enactment of anti-discrimination legislation; the next two parts are devoted to an outline of the scope of this legislation and of the administration and enforcement of it ; finally, the last part suggests some current and possible future developments to make it more effective. Prior to the nineteenth century both the French and the British settlers in the colonies that have become a part of Canada had slaves. Slavery was not, however, very extensive due to lack of large agricultural holdings. At the end of the eighteenth century the legislature in Upper Canada and some judges in Lower Canada limited its expansion and helped to end its practice. The British Imperial Emancipation Act of 1833 brought it to an end. In the next few decades, up to the American Civil War, some Canadians helped run-away slaves from the slave-holding states in the United States, while others actively discouraged them from coming. By the end of the nineteenth century a new source of racial tension arose on the West Coast between the newer immigrants from Asia and the older immigrants from Europe. The result was the enactment of numerous discriminatory laws by the legislature of British Columbia and subsequently, on a lesser scale, by the other western provinces. Most of these remained on the statute books until after World War II. None of these laws were held invalid by the courts on the basis of their discriminatory nature. In addition, both the common law and the Civil Code were interpreted as not prohibiting private discrimination, except by hotel-keepers and common carriers. The change from this situation started in the I930's with a few specific legislative prohibitions of discrimination in specific instances. In the 1940's Ontario, with respect to signs and advertisements and Saskatchewan, with respect to a whole range of activities, enacted legislation prohibiting discrimination, enforcing their prohibitions with penal sanctions. The 1950's saw the introduction of fair employment and fair accommodation practices acts. By the I960's these were being consolidated into comprehensive human rights codes administered by human rights commissions. This trend has continued up to this year, with the result that all eleven jurisdictions have commissions charged with enforcing antidiscrimination codes or acts. The usual, but not invariable, procedure is the laying of a complaint, the investigation of it by the commission staff, an attempt to bring about a settlement and finally, failing that, a hearing before an adjudicative tribunal to determine whether an act of discrimination did occur and, if so, what redress is appropriate. In concluding, three suggestions are made regarding measures that could be taken to strengthen the effectiveness of anti-discrimination legislation: (I) contract compliance; (2) greater independence for the commissions from the government; and (3) giving the legislation paramountcy over other statutes.
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Vosko, Leah F. "A New Approach to Regulating Temporary Agency Work in Ontario or Back to the Future?" Articles 65, no. 4 (February 9, 2011): 632–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/045589ar.
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In 2009, the province of Ontario, Canada adopted the Employment Standards Amendment Act (Temporary Help Agencies) partly in response to public concern over temporary agency workers’ limited access to labour protection. This article examines its “new” approach in historical and international context, illustrating that the resulting section of the Employment Standards Act (ESA) reflects continuity through change in its continued omissions and exclusions. The article begins by defining temporary agency work and describing its significance, explaining how it exemplifies precarious employment, partly by virtue of the triangular employment relationship at its heart. Next it traces three eras of regulation, from the early 20th to the early 21st centuries: in the first era, against the backdrop of the federal government’s forays into regulation through the Immigration Act, Ontario responded to abusive practices of private employment agencies, with strict regulations, directed especially at those placing recent immigrants in employment. In the second era, restrictions on private employment agencies were gradually loosened, resulting in modest regulation; in this era, there was growing space for the emergence of “new” types of agencies providing “employment services,” including temporary help agencies, which carved out a niche for themselves by targeting marginalized social groups, such as women. The third era was characterized by the legitimization of private employment agencies and, in particular, temporary help agencies, both in a passive sense by government inaction in response to growing complexities surrounding their operation, and in an active sense by the repeal of Ontario’s Employment Agencies Act in 2000. Despite a consultative process aimed, in the words of Ontario’s then Minister of Labour, at “enhanc [ing] protections for employees working for temporary help agencies,” the new section of the ESA adopted in 2009 reproduces outdated approaches to regulation through its omissions and exclusions; specifically, it focuses narrowly on temporary help agencies rather than including an overlapping group of private employment agencies with which they comprise the employment services industry and its denial of access to protection to workers from a particular occupational group (i.e., workers placed by a subset of homecare agencies otherwise falling within the definition of “assignment employees”). Highlighting the importance of looking back in devising new regulations, the article concludes by advancing a more promising approach for the future that would address more squarely the triangular employment relationship as the basis for extending greater protection to workers.
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Marano, Carla. "“We All Used to Meet at the Hall”: Assessing the Significance of the Universal Negro Improvement Association in Toronto, 1900–1950." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 25, no. 1 (August 28, 2015): 143–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1032801ar.
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This article discusses the unique factors that led the UNIA in Toronto to become a central fixture in the city’s black community and to the Garvey movement as a whole. Beginning in 1919, the Toronto Division served as a secular outlet for blacks in the city to express their concerns over racism, politics, employment, and the community. Using interviews, newspapers, and official UNIA records, this article explains how meaningful this organization was to the growth, security, and well-being of Toronto’s black community. Although this study delves into local history, it is also concerned with transnational relations – primarily, Toronto’s place within the African diaspora. The Toronto Division forged relationships with members around the world while taking part in various UNIA activities that transcended provincial and national boundaries. This article, then, assesses the significance of cross-division cooperation and Toronto’s role in the survival of the Garvey movement in Canada and abroad. Since most members of the UNIA in Toronto were Caribbean immigrants, this essay explores the UNIA’s compatibility with West Indian political and cultural ideals. In this way, this research sets Toronto’s black communities firmly within the African diaspora.
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CEDEC, CEDEC. "Article 2 from Series of 5: Empowering African-Canadian Career Excellence." International Journal of Community Development and Management Studies 3 (2019): 131–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31355/52.
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NOTE: THIS ARTICLE WAS PUBLISHED WITH THE INFORMING SCIENCE INSTITUTE. Aim/Purpose...................................................................................................................................................................................................... The African-Canadian Career Excellence (ACCE) initiative was developed to address the loss of highly-educated, English-speaking Black youth from the Greater Montreal Area (Quebec, Canada) facing issues of unemployment and underemployment. Background........................................................................................................................................................................................................ The ACCE initiative partners – African and Caribbean Synergic inter-organizational Network of Canada (ACSioN Network), Black Community Resource Center (BCRC) and Community Economic Development and Employability Corporation (CEDEC) – worked to mitigate the exodus of educated Black youth through building their professional capacities to attain meaningful, sustainable local employment; encouraging their contribution to Quebec’s vitality, and assisting employers to diversify their workforce. Methodology....................................................................................................................................................................................................... The Black undergraduate students of African descent who were surveyed were English-speaking youth from the Greater Montreal Area; these included Canadian citizens, landed immigrants and temporary and permanent residents. Survey respondents will be referred to as Black African undergraduate students for the remainder of this article. In the 2011-2012 academic year, Black African undergraduate students from five Montreal post-secondary institutions were surveyed. On-campus promotion and in-person solicitation resulted in a non-random convenience sample of 92 individuals. Data from the 34 categorical and open-ended questions in an English-language online survey were analysed using SurveyMonkey, Microsoft Excel and SPSS. Contribution........................................................................................................................................................................................................ Montreal's English-speaking Black African undergraduate students represent an under-documented demographic in migration studies, specifically in terms of career plans, workplace skills, career path, employment resource awareness and discrimination. This portrait highlights the experience and career expectations of Montreal Black African undergraduate youth and is relevant within the contexts of Black history, community development, skills and career development, education and employment. Findings.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. These results suggest that English-speaking Black African undergraduates expected to follow an appropriate career path in their desired field by attaining meaningful and sustainable local employment commensurate with their skills. Many of these youth were not able to access the same career opportunities as their peers, and therefore left before fully participating in Quebec’s economy. Recommendation for Practitioner................................................................................................................................................................... This article suggests that businesses seeking to diversify their workforce can collaborate with public institutions and civil society organizations to better prepare and integrate Montreal’s skilled Black African youth. It is suggested that career-advancement training focus on addressing job security and skills gap concerns, in addition to awareness of discrimination in the workplace and strategies for identifying and redressing the situation. Recommendation for Researcher.................................................................................................................................................................... Future research could be conducted within the same Montreal population to compare the findings a decade later. Subsequent outreach to targeted employers might reveal progress and additional recommendations in diversifying their workplace. Impact on Society.............................................................................................................................................................................................. Collaboration among public institutions, private businesses and civil society organizations can lead to increased integration of Black African youth into the labor market.
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Gravel, Sylvie, Daniel Côté, Stéphanie Gladu, and France Labrèche. "O1E.4 Electronic waste recycling in québec, canada: hiring practices and occupational health and safety management." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A11.2—A11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.30.
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Background and objectiveElectronic waste recycling (e-recycling) has received little attention from an occupational health and safety (OHS) perspective. Our objective was to describe hiring and OHS management practices in a sample of formal e-recycling facilities.MethodsWithin a cross-sectional study of exposure of e-recycling workers to various contaminants, we conducted semi-structured face-to-face interviews with a sample of 26 workers and 6 managers, employed in four companies. Thematic analyses, followed by a matrix analysis based on the companies’ missions were conducted on the recorded interviews.ResultsThree companies are small enterprises: one receives young offenders/ex-prisoners for up to six months of vocational internships; another is a private company recruiting its workforce through governmental programs integrating people with chronic health problems; the third, a family business, mainly employs workers within neighbouring communities. Lastly, a medium-sized unionized company recruits its employees through staffing agencies, offering permanent jobs to the best candidates after a three-month trial period. Most participants were male, aged between 20–50 years old, and had not completed high school, except for a few recent immigrants with graduate degrees. Regarding occupational hazards in their workplace, 40% of interviewees reported chemicals, 31% mentioned the danger of being struck by lift trucks, and less than 25% identified toxic vapours, inappropriate protective personal equipments (PPEs), cuts, dusts, musculoskeletal or back pain. Some workers expressed concern about the pace of work (and resulting stress), which they identified as an injury risk factor. None of the participants received any mentoring upon entering the job. Agency workers had inferior wages and did not have access to the same OHS preventive practices or PPEs as regular workers.ConclusionsIn our sample, OHS management practices varied according to the employment relationship, although workers are exposed to similar working conditions. Working conditions in the growing e-recycling industry need our attention.
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Sethi, Bharati, Allison Williams, and Joyce L. S. Leung. "Caregiving Across International Borders: a Systematic Review of Literature on Transnational Carer-Employees." Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 37, no. 4 (December 2022): 427–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10823-022-09468-w.
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AbstractIn diaspora and transnational studies little is known about the experiences of transnational carer-employees (TCEs). TCEs provide unpaid/informal care across international borders to an adult family member, friend, or relative with disability and/or age-related needs, while also working in paid employment in the country of resettlement. The primary focus of this systematic review was to examine how cultural and historical elements of transnational caregiving influence the economic, social, and health/well-being of TCEs. This systematic review draws on quantitative and qualitative peer-reviewed literature on TCEs’ experiences from Canada, the USA, or Australia between 1997 and 2017. In all, 16 articles that fulfilled the search inclusion criteria were selected. The articles were analyzed using content and thematic analysis. The review highlighted that transnational caregiving is a multi-dimensional phenomenon. There is a reciprocal relationship between adult children providing care to their parents and parents helping their children resettle in their new home. The findings suggest that TCEs provide practical, financial, and emotional care to their families abroad. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive systematic review of the experiences of TCEs. Increasingly complex immigration experiences of transnational families require innovative policy responses from a transnational and intersectionality lens. Immigrants need support to maintain solid transnational networks and simultaneously adapt to the country of resettlement. Employers can use the findings to support TCEs in balancing unpaid care across vast geographical distances while sustaining their economic and social well-being.
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Kerwin, Donald, Robert Warren, and Charles Wheeler. "Making Citizenship an Organizing Principle of the US Immigration System: An Analysis of How and Why to Broaden Access to Permanent Residence and Naturalization for New Americans." Journal on Migration and Human Security 9, no. 4 (September 28, 2021): 224–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23315024211035591.
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This paper proposes that the United States treat naturalization not as the culmination of a long and uncertain individual process, but as an organizing principle of the US immigration system and its expectation for new Americans. It comes at a historic inflection point, following the chaotic departure of one of the most nativist administrations in US history and in the early months of a new administration whose executive orders, administrative actions, and legislative proposals augur a different view of immigrants and immigration. The paper examines two main ways that the Biden–Harris administration can realize its immigration, naturalization and integration goals: i.e., by expanding access to permanent residence and by increasing naturalization numbers and rates. First, it proposes administrative and, to a lesser degree, legislative measures that would expand the pool of eligible-to-naturalize immigrants. Second, it identifies three underlying factors—financial resources, English language proficiency, and education—that strongly influence naturalization rates. These factors must be addressed, in large part, outside of and prior to the naturalization process. In addition, it provides detailed estimates of populations with large eligible-to-naturalize numbers, populations that naturalize at low rates, and populations with increasing naturalization rates. It argues that the administration's immigration strategy should prioritize all three groups for naturalization. The paper endorses the provisions of the US Citizenship Act that would place undocumented and temporary residents on a path to permanent residence and citizenship, would reduce family- and employment-based visa backlogs, and would eliminate disincentives and barriers to permanent residence. It supports the Biden-Harris administration's early executive actions and proposes additional measures to increase access to permanent residence and naturalization. It also endorses and seeks to inform the administration's plan to improve and expedite the naturalization process and to promote naturalization. The paper's major findings regarding the eligible-to-naturalize population include the following: In 2019, about 74 percent, or 23.1 million, of the 31.2 million immigrants (that were eligible for naturalization) had naturalized. Three states—Indiana, Arizona, and Texas—had naturalization rates of 67 percent, well below the national average of 74 percent. Fresno, California had the lowest naturalization rate (58 percent) of the 25 metropolitan (metro) areas with the largest eligible-to-naturalize populations, followed by Phoenix at 66 percent and San Antonio and Austin at 67 percent. Four cities in California had rates of 52–58 percent—Salinas, Bakersfield, Fresno, and Santa Maria-Santa Barbara. McAllen, Laredo, and Brownsville had the lowest naturalization rates in Texas. Immigrants from Japan had the lowest naturalization rate (47 percent) by country of origin, followed by four countries in the 60–63 percent range—Mexico, Canada, Honduras, and the United Kingdom. Guatemala and El Salvador each had rates of 67 percent. Median household income was $25,800, or 27 percent, higher for the naturalized population, compared to the population that had not naturalized (after an average of 23 years in the United States for both groups). In the past 10 years, naturalization rates for China and India have fallen, and rates for Mexico and Central America have increased (keeping duration of residence constant). In short, the paper provides a roadmap of policy measures to expand the eligible-to-naturalize population, and the factors and populations that the Biden–Harris administration should prioritize to increase naturalization rates, as a prerequisite to the full integration and participation of immigrants, their families, and their descendants in the nation's life.
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Ezeife, Doreen Anuli, Joshua Morganstein, Sally C. Lau, Lisa Le, David Cella, Penelope Ann Bradbury, Geoffrey Liu, Adrian G. Sacher, Frances A. Shepherd, and Natasha B. Leighl. "Financial toxicity among patients with lung cancer in a publicly funded health care system." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 30_suppl (October 20, 2018): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.30_suppl.192.
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192 Background: Financial distress has been established as a clinically relevant patient-reported outcome (PRO) associated with worse mortality and quality of life, but remains under-recognized by health care providers. Our goal was to define factors associated with financial toxicity (FT) in a public healthcare system. Methods: Patients with advanced lung cancer were recruited from outpatient clinics at the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (Toronto, Canada). FT was measured with the validated Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity (COST) instrument, a 12-item survey scored from 0-44 with lower scores reflecting worse financial well-being. Data on patient and treatment characteristics, total out-of-pocket costs (OOP) and extended insurance coverage (EIC) were collected. Multivariable logistic regression models were fit for COST score and each variable, to determine factors associated with greater FT (COST < 21). Results: Of 251 patients approached, 200 (80%) participated. Median age of the cohort was 65 years; 56% were female, 64% immigrants and 77% employed or on pension. Median total OOP while on treatment ranged between $1000-5000 CAD. Median COST score was 21 (range 0-44). FT was associated with age, with patients < 65 years reporting greater FT than older patients (COST 18.0 vs. 24.0, p < 0.0001). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, younger age was associated with greater FT, when adjusting for income, employment status, OOP and EIC (OR 3.6, [95% CI, 1.5-9.1]; p < 0.0001). Total OOP > $1000 and EIC also were associated with greater FT (adjusted OR 5.0 [95% CI, 2.0-12.1] and 3.7 [95% CI, 1.5-9.1], respectively). Conclusions: Age is significantly associated with FT in the Canadian (Ontario) public healthcare system, with younger lung cancer patients reporting greater financial distress. This study highlights priority patient populations where FT should be routinely assessed and appropriate resources for support offered.
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Crea-Arsenio, Mary, K. Bruce Newbold, Andrea Baumann, and Margaret Walton-Roberts. "Immigrant Employment Integration in Canada: A Narrative Review." Canadian Ethnic Studies 54, no. 2 (2022): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ces.2022.0010.
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