Academic literature on the topic 'Immigrants – Employment – Canada'
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Journal articles on the topic "Immigrants – Employment – Canada"
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Lewin-Epstein, Noah, Moshe Semyonov, Irena Kogan, and Richard A. Wanner. "Institutional Structure and Immigrant Integration: A Comparative Study of Immigrants’ Labor Market Attainment in Canada and Israel." International Migration Review 37, no. 2 (June 2003): 389–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00142.x.
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The present study focuses on the incorporation of immigrants from the former Soviet Union in two receiving societies, Israel and Canada, during the first half of the 1990s. Both countries conducted national censuses in 1995 (Israel) and 1996 (Canada), making it possible to identify a large enough sample of immigrants and provide information on their demographic characteristics and their labor market activity. While both Canada and Israel are immigrant societies, their institutional contexts of immigrant reception differ considerably. Israel maintains no economic selection of the Jewish immigrants and provides substantial support for newcomers, who are viewed as a returning Diaspora. Canada employs multiple criteria for selecting immigrants, and the immigrants’ social and economic incorporation is patterned primarily by market forces. The analysis first examines the characteristics of immigrants who arrived in the two countries and evaluates the extent of selectivity. Consistent with our hypotheses, Russian immigrants to Canada were more immediately suitable for the labor market, but experienced greater difficulty finding and maintaining employment. Nevertheless, immigrants to Canada attained higher-status occupations and higher earnings than their compatriots in Israel did, although the Israeli labor market was more likely to reward their investments in education.
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Razin, Eran, and André Langlois. "Metropolitan Characteristics and Entrepreneurship among Immigrants and Ethnic Groups in Canada." International Migration Review 30, no. 3 (September 1996): 703–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839603000303.
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This study assesses the influence of metropolitan characteristics on self-employment among immigrant groups and ethnic minorities in Canada. It compares self-employment among 65 immigrant and ethnic groups in Canada's 25 metropolitan areas and is based on a special tabulation from the 1991 Census of Canada. Results show that locational variations in self-employment among groups that are clearly distinguished from Canada's mainstream population, and among the more entrepreneurial groups, differ markedly from locational variations among the rest of the population. These groups gravitate to self-employment, particularly in peripheral metropolitan areas where entrepreneurial opportunities are few. Neither does a large local community of co-ethnics positively influence the propensity to become self-employed. However, immigrants and minorities in peripheral metropolitan areas cluster in relatively narrow entrepreneurial niches. While benefiting from less competition by co-ethnics, the immigrants are probably constrained there to self-employment due to the lack of alternative opportunities.
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Alaazi, Dominic A., Salima Meherali, Esperanza Diaz, Kathleen Hegadoren, Neelam Punjani, and Bukola Salami. "Perspectives of service agencies on factors influencing immigrants’ mental health in Alberta, Canada." International Health Trends and Perspectives 1, no. 2 (July 7, 2021): 214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32920/ihtp.v1i2.1437.
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Newcomers to Canada experience resettlement challenges that affect their mental well-being. Guided by an intersectionality theoretical framework, we sought the perspectives of immigrant service agencies on factors influencing immigrants’ mental health in Alberta, Canada. Data were collected by means of qualitative interviews and focus groups with immigrant service providers. Our data analysis identified seven themes – precarious immigration status, employment discrimination, social isolation, socioeconomic pressures, sociocultural stress, gender and age-related vulnerabilities, and lack of appropriate mental health supports – reflecting the major intersecting determinants of immigrants’ mental health. We propose policy interventions for addressing the mental health vulnerabilities of immigrants.
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Frank, Kristyn. "Does occupational status matter? Examining immigrants’ employment in their intended occupations." Canadian Studies in Population 38, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2011): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6t03k.
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Research examining the economic integration of immigrants to Canada primarily focuses on earnings differentials between the native-born and foreign-born populations. Although some studies examine occupational matching among immigrants, broad levels of occupational classification are employed. This paper has two objectives: (1) to examine occupational matching for the immigrant population at a precise level of classification and (2) to broaden the focus of immigrant employment research by considering whether characteristics of their intended occupations influence the likelihood of an occupational match. Results indicate that immigrants seeking high-status occupations are significantly less likely to obtain a match than those seeking low-status occupations.
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Subedi, Rajendra Prasad, and Mark Warren Rosenberg. "“I am from nowhere”: identity and self-perceived health status of skilled immigrants employed in low-skilled service sector jobs." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 13, no. 2 (June 12, 2017): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-09-2015-0035.
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Purpose The foreign-born skilled immigrant population is growing rapidly in Canada but finding a job that utilizes immigrants’ skills, knowledge and experience is challenging for them. The purpose of this paper is to understand the self-perceived health and social status of skilled immigrants who were working in low-skilled jobs in the service sector in Ottawa, Canada. Design/methodology/approach In this qualitative study, semi-structured interviews with 19 high-skilled immigrants working as taxi drivers and convenience store workers in the city of Ottawa, Canada were analysed using a grounded theory approach. Findings Five major themes emerged from the data: high expectations but low achievements; credential devaluation, deskilling and wasted skills; discrimination and loss of identity; lifestyle change and poor health behaviour; and poor mental and physical health status. Social implications The study demonstrates the knowledge between what skilled immigrants expect when they arrive in Canada and the reality of finding meaningful employment in a country where international credentials are less likely to be recognized. The study therefore contributes to immigration policy reform which would reduce barriers to meaningful employment among immigrants reducing the impacts on health resulting from employment in low-skilled jobs. Originality/value This study provides unique insights into the experience and perceptions of skilled immigrants working in low-skilled jobs. It also sheds light on the “healthy worker effect” hypothesis which is a highly discussed and debated issue in the occupational health literature.
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Greenwood, Michael J., and Paul A. Young. "Geographically Indirect Immigration to Canada: Description and Analysis." International Migration Review 31, no. 1 (March 1997): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839703100103.
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This article is concerned with geographically indirect immigration to Canada over the period 1968–1988. A geographically indirect immigrant is an individual legally admitted to Canada whose country of last permanent residence differs from country of birth. Records maintained by Employment and Immigration Canada on every immigrant legally admitted over the period were used in the study. Relative to geographically direct immigrants, geographically indirect immigrants tend to be older, more educated, and more highly skilled. Moreover, if they were not born in an English or French speaking country, indirect immigrants are more likely to speak English and/or French capably than direct migrants born in such countries. The study also contains bivariate logit estimates of a model of geographically indirect Canadian immigration. This model suggests that indirect migrants tend to be influenced by personal characteristics (age, sex, marital status, occupation, language ability), as well as by various characteristics of the country of birth (distance from Canada, income level, political conditions).
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Phythian, Kelli, David Walters, and Paul Anisef. "Entry Class and the Early Employment Experience of Immigrants in Canada." Canadian Studies in Population 36, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2009): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6861x.
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Despite its policy importance, research related to the economic performance of immigrants by entry class is sorely lacking. It is generally presumed that immigrants selected on the basis of human capital will have better economic outcomes than unscreened immigrants; however, there is speculation that the social networks of family immigrants provide access to employment resources not available to others. Both arguments have merit, yet there is little research to support either claim. This study utilizes data from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada to investigate the association between entry class and employment status of immigrants six months after arrival. Findings reveal little difference between skilled workers and family immigrants, while business immigrants and refugees are much less likely to be employed. Policy implications are discussed.
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Doyle, Judith, Nicola Mooney, and Jane Ku. "Why Not Me? Women Immigrants and Unemployment in New Brunswick." MIGRATION LETTERS 3, no. 2 (October 28, 2006): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v3i2.67.
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This article examines the experience of women immigrants and refugees in New Brunswick, Canada. In focus groups, employment, or rather the lack of employment, was a central concern for the women. Many were skilled immigrants who urgently wished to be working in their field of expertise and felt disappointed with Canadian immigration processes and settlement in New Brunswick. Their emphasis on employment contrasted with their classification as dependent spouses by Citizenship and Immigration Canada and as refugees.
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Li, Peter S. "Immigrants' Propensity to Self-Employment: Evidence from Canada." International Migration Review 35, no. 4 (December 2001): 1106–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2001.tb00054.x.
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Ohle, Robert, Helena Bleeker, Krishan Yadav, and Jeffrey J. Perry. "The immigrant effect: factors impacting use of primary and emergency department care – a Canadian population cross-sectional study." CJEM 20, no. 2 (April 12, 2017): 260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2017.4.
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AbstractObjectiveIn 2011, Canada had a foreign-born population of approximately 6,775,800. They represented 20.6% of the total population. Immigrants possess characteristics that reduce the use of primary care. This is thought to be, in part, due to a lower education level, employment, and better health status. Our objective was to assess whether, in an immigrant population without a primary care physician, similar socioeconomic factors would also reduce the likelihood of using the emergency department compared to a non-immigrant population without primary care.MethodsData regarding individuals ≥ 12 years of age from the Canadian Community Health Survey from 2007 to 2008 were analysed (n=134,073; response rate 93%). Our study population comprised 15,554 individuals identified without a primary care physician who had a regular place for medical care. The primary outcome was emergency department as a regular care access point. Socioeconomic variables included employment, health status, and education. Covariates included chronic health conditions, mobility, gender, age, and mental health. Weighted logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate the importance of individual risk factors.ResultsThe sample of 15,554 (immigrants n=1,767) consisted of 57.3% male and 42.7% female respondents from across Canada. Immigrants were less likely than Canadian-born respondents to use the emergency department as a regular access point for health care (odds ratio=0.48 [95% CI 0.40 – 0.57]). Adjusting for health, education, or employment had no effect on this reduced tendency (odds ratio=0.47 [95% CI 0.38 – 0.58]).ConclusionIn a Canadian population without a primary care physician, immigrants are less likely to use the emergency department as a primary access point for care than Canadian-born respondents. However, this effect is independent of previously reported social and economic factors that impact use of primary care. Immigration status is an important but complex component of racial and ethnic disparity in the use of health care in Canada.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Immigrants – Employment – Canada"
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Feng, Jing. "Geographies of Employment among Chinese High-Tech Immigrants in Canada: An Ottawa-Gatineau case study." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34983.
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For a number of years, Canadian immigration selection policy has deliberately emphasized the human capital characteristics of applicants in determining admissibility for permanent residence. Largely due to these measures, Chinese immigrants today are overwhelmingly well-educated and skilled. This thesis examines the role of geography in shaping Chinese newcomers’ post-arrival employment status, with an emphasis on working in the high-tech sector. Given that Ottawa is a leading node of high-tech employment in Canada, this project initially investigates the probability that Chinese newcomers will work in the high-tech sector in Ottawa-Gatineau relative to other cities. The project subsequently examines the degree to which employment in the high-tech sector in Ottawa-Gatineau is related to ethnic, social and demographic characteristics of local spaces where people live and work. All aspects of the study adopt a gender lens with respect to interpreting employment status. The study finds that Chinese immigrants in Ottawa-Gatineau are more likely to work in this sector than their counterparts in Vancouver and Toronto. They are also more likely to work in high-tech relative to individuals in other immigrant groups or the Canadian-born population. With respect to co-ethnic residential and work spatial configurations, as well as social and demographic characteristics of residential neighbourhoods, the study finds that these factors exert quite different influences on the likelihood that Chinese women and men will work in Ottawa-Gatineau’s high-tech sector. The results are quite distinctly different for women and men, and underline the importance of a gendered analysis of relationships between geographic location/place and employment status.
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Chuba, Benard chi njeundam. "Perception of job satisfaction and over qualification among African immigrants in Alberta, Canada." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2348.
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African-trained landed immigrants in the Alberta labor market are faced with employment over qualification and professional devaluation. Researchers have documented the precarious labor market position of this cohort and efforts undertaken by federal and provincial Canadian governments to address it. Little is known, however, about how these African immigrants perceive job satisfaction and over qualification. Guided by human capital theory, this phenomenological study focused on the perceptions of job satisfaction and over qualification among 11 landed immigrants of African origin in Alberta, Canada. Data were collected using semi structured interviews. Hatch's 9-step technique was used to analyze data, resulting in coded domains, master outlines, and themes. Findings indicated that labor market initiation, quality of life, labor market practices, and reeducation contributed to the immigrants' perceptions of job satisfaction and over qualification. Findings also suggested that labor market introductory programs and skills refining may influence labor market performance. Results may be used to enhance socioeconomic integration services and programs run by immigrant-serving organizations in Alberta.
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Chung, Rosamond C. "Underemployment and the Chinese immigrant of former professional status : a qualitative -- exploratory study." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28594.
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A qualitative - exploratory study was conducted to investigate the experiential consequences of underemployment for Chinese immigrants who were former professionals in their country of origin. Twelve male immigrants aged 28 to 63 who have resided in Canada 1 to 4 years were interviewed. For the most part, the study was existentially based using a phenomenological - content analysis format to derive results. Results indicated that Chinese immigrants' problematic responses to underemployment differed greatly depending upon their initial place of origin i.e., familiarity with and adaptability to the host society being the significant factor. Counseling suggestions to assist these individuals followed the existential paradigm. Finally, several possibilities that exist for further research into this topic of the underemployed immigrant are described.Education, Faculty of
Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of
Graduate
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Holroyd, Heather. "State policy, settlement services, and employment prospects : an ethnographic investigation of immigrant women's social and economic integration in Canada." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/58931.
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Drawing on over 150 hours of participant-observation and 41 semi-structured interviews conducted between September 2013 and April 2014 with the participants and organizers of an employment and leadership skills program for immigrant women at two Neighbourhood Houses in Vancouver, this ethnographic study examines the influence of Canadian immigration policies and settlement services on the employment trajectories of immigrant women. A key research finding concerns how women with precarious legal status and/or limited English language skills negotiate gaps accessing services and employment opportunities, and thus how the prompt provision of settlement supports and work permits would improve immigrant women’s labour market participation and economic standing in Canada. A second key finding concerns the value of settlement-oriented employment programs that recognize and emphasize newcomers’ skills rather than deficits, and that leverage this human capital to promote participants’ social integration and sense of citizenship in Canada. This dissertation is sociologically significant in its contribution to explicating the distinctive institutionalized racial and gender barriers that research participants encountered in their attempts to achieve meaningful employment and full citizenship in Canada. The policy recommendations suggested by this research include: 1) more efficient federal-level procedures for processing immigration applications and issuing work permits, 2) improved access to provincially-funded healthcare services and English language for employment training programs, 3) affordable, employer-recognized programs for assessing foreign credentials, and 4) greater outreach and education about multiculturalism, cultural sensitivity and inclusivity at the local level of settlement service agencies and neighbourhood-based community organizations.Arts, Faculty of
Sociology, Department of
Graduate
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Victoria, Mabel. "Building common ground in intercultural encounters : a study of classroom interaction in an employment preparation programme for Canadian immigrants." Thesis, Open University, 2011. http://oro.open.ac.uk/33911/.
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This thesis focuses on how a group of linguistically and culturally diverse individuals in an employment preparation class for immigrants to Canada use communicative strategies and resources to build common ground, that is, how they use language to form a socially cohesive group that foregrounds shared knowledge, shared relational identity, in-group membership and shared attitudes and feelings. The thesis draws from a 12-week ethnographically informed study using participant observation with audio recording and semi-structured interviews as the main methods of data collection. It builds on the combined insights drawn from the well established discipline of interethnic communication and the relatively new but growing field of research on English as a lingua franca. While the former illuminates factors that make intercultural communication problematic, the latter sheds light on what makes it work despite cultural differences and linguistic limitations. In analysing the data, which consists primarily of transcriptions from audio recordings of spoken classroom interactions, the thesis draws analytic inspiration from scholarship situated in discourse analysis, interactional sociolinguistics and applied linguistics. It borrows concepts from the Communities of Practice framework to understand how individuals from highly diverse backgrounds develop shared ways of talking/behaving and negotiate interactional norms. The thesis contributes to academic knowledge in several ways. It challenges common assumptions about iscommunication in intercultural contexts. It shows miscommunication episodes as potentially productive sites for negotiating meaning and restructuring social relations. It argues that the notion of ‘national’ culture, which has fallen into disfavour amongst scholars, should not simply be dismissed because ananalysis of the data collected suggests that it can serve as a multifaceted interactional resource for speakers alongside other identity categories. An important contribution of this thesis to the field of intercultural communication lies in its careful attention to what participants actually do in interaction over an extended period of time rather than starting from any a priori assumptions.
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Sharma, Nandita Rani. "The social organization of difference and capitalist restructuring in Canada, the making of migrant workers through the 1973 Non-Immigrant Employment Authorization Program (NIEAP)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ53866.pdf.
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Frank, Kristyn. "The Economic Integration of Recent Immigrants to Canada: A Longitudinal Analysis of Dimensions of Employment Success." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4495.
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The employment success of immigrants to Canada has been a primary focus of sociological research on immigrant integration. However, much of this research has examined the concept of “employment success” solely in terms of earnings. Studies that focus on whether immigrants obtain employment matching their desired or pre-migration occupations provide inadequate measures by examining whether or not immigrants obtain employment in their desired occupations at a very broad level. In addition, the majority of quantitative analyses use cross-sectional data to examine the economic integration of immigrants. The following research tests hypotheses which examine the relationships that various ascribed, human capital, and occupational characteristics have with multiple dimensions of employment success for a cohort of recent immigrants to Canada. Longitudinal analyses of several dimensions of the employment success of recent immigrants are conducted with the use of the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada. These “dimensions” include an examination of the likelihood that an immigrant will obtain employment in his or her intended occupation, or a “job match”, at some point during his or her first two years in Canada, the rate at which he or she obtains a job match during this time, and the change in his or her occupational prestige scores and wages between jobs. A case study of immigrant engineers is also presented, providing some insight into the employment success of immigrants seeking employment in regulated professions. Human capital theory, the theory of discrimination, and Weber’s theory of social closure are employed to examine different predictors of immigrant employment success. A distinctive contribution of this study is the examination of how different characteristics of an immigrant’s intended occupation may influence the likelihood of him or her obtaining a job match and the rate at which he or she does so. By examining several different aspects of employment success and accounting for immigrants’ employment throughout their first two years in Canada a more comprehensive picture of the economic integration of recent immigrants is obtained. However, the results indicate that one over-arching theory is not adequate in explaining the process of the economic integration of recent immigrants to Canada.
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Boulet, Maude. "L’évolution de la qualité d’emploi des immigrants du Canada par rapport aux natifs : une comparaison interprovinciale." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10132.
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Il est bien connu que les immigrants rencontrent plusieurs difficultés d’intégration dans le marché du travail canadien. Notamment, ils gagnent des salaires inférieurs aux natifs et ils sont plus susceptibles que ces derniers d’occuper des emplois précaires ou pour lesquels ils sont surqualifiés. Dans cette recherche, nous avons traité de ces trois problèmes sous l’angle de la qualité d’emploi. À partir des données des recensements de la population de 1991 à 2006, nous avons comparé l’évolution de la qualité d’emploi des immigrants et des natifs au Canada, mais aussi au Québec, en Ontario et en Colombie-Britannique. Ces comparaisons ont mis en évidence la hausse du retard de qualité d’emploi des immigrants par rapport aux natifs dans tous les lieux analysés, mais plus particulièrement au Québec. Le désavantage des immigrants persiste même lorsqu’on tient compte du capital humain, des caractéristiques démographiques et du taux de chômage à l’entrée dans le marché du travail.
La scolarité, l’expérience professionnelle globale et les connaissances linguistiques améliorent la qualité d’emploi des immigrants et des natifs. Toutefois, lorsqu’on fait la distinction entre l’expérience de travail canadienne et l’expérience de travail étrangère, on s’aperçoit que ce dernier type d’expérience réduit la qualité d’emploi des immigrants. Dans ces circonstances, nous trouvons incohérent que le Canada et le Québec continuent à insister sur ce critère dans leur grille de sélection des travailleurs qualifiés. Pour valoriser les candidats les plus jeunes ayant peu d’expérience de travail dans leur pays d’origine, nous suggérons d’accroître l’importance accordée à l’âge dans ces grilles au détriment de l’expérience. Les jeunes, les étudiants étrangers et les travailleurs temporaires qui possèdent déjà une expérience de travail au Canada nous apparaissent comme des candidats à l’immigration par excellence.
Par contre, les résultats obtenus à l’aide de la méthode de décomposition de Blinder-Oaxaca ont montré que l’écart de qualité d’emploi entre les immigrants et les natifs découle d’un traitement défavorable envers les immigrants dans le marché du travail. Cela signifie que les immigrants sont pénalisés au chapitre de la qualité d’emploi à la base, et ce, peu importe leurs caractéristiques. Dans ce contexte, la portée de tout ajustement aux grilles de sélection risque d’être limitée. Nous proposons donc d’agir également en aval du problème à l’aide des politiques d’aide à l’intégration des immigrants. Pour ce faire, une meilleure concertation entre les acteurs du marché du travail est nécessaire. Les ordres professionnels, le gouvernement, les employeurs et les immigrants eux-mêmes doivent s’engager afin d’établir des parcours accélérés pour la reconnaissance des compétences des nouveaux arrivants.
Nos résultats indiquent aussi que le traitement défavorable à l’égard des immigrants dans le marché du travail est plus prononcé au Québec qu’en Ontario et en Colombie-Britannique. Il se peut que la société québécoise soit plus réfractaire à l’immigration vu son caractère francophone et minoritaire dans le reste de l’Amérique du Nord. Pourtant, le désir de protéger la langue française motive le Québec à s’impliquer activement en matière d’immigration depuis longtemps et la grille de sélection québécoise insiste déjà sur ce critère. D’ailleurs, près des deux tiers des nouveaux arrivants au Québec connaissent le français en 2011.It is well documented that immigrants face many difficulties in the Canadian labour market. Particularly, compared to native-born, they earn lower wages, occupy more precarious jobs and are often overqualified. In this research, we discuss these three issues in terms of job quality. Using the data from the 1991 to 2006 Canadian population censuses, we compare the trends in job quality of immigrants and native-born in Canada, Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia. These comparisons highlight the rising gap in job quality between immigrants and native-born in the four geographical areas, but especially in Quebec. This gap persists even after controlling human capital, demographic variables and unemployment rate at entry in the labour market. Overall, we found that education, work experience and language skills improve the job quality of immigrants and their native-born counterparts. However, when we separate Canadian and foreign work experience, we find that the latter type of experience reduces job quality of immigrants. In these circumstances, it is counterproductive that Canada and Quebec continue to insist on this criterion in the point systems. We also suggest increasing the importance of age in the point systems in order to encourage the admission of younger candidates with little or no foreign experience. Youth, foreign students and temporary workers who already have work experience in Canada appear to be ideal candidates for immigration. Nevertheless, using Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method, we show that the job quality gap between immigrants and natives is mainly due to unfavourable treatment of immigrants in the labour market. This means that immigrants are penalized in terms of job quality regardless of their characteristics. In this context, the selection of the best candidates for immigration may produce a limited effect. We therefore suggest acting downstream with public policy to support employment integration of immigrants. To do so, a better coordination between all actors in the labour market is required. Professional orders, government, employers and immigrants must establish accelerated pathways of skills recognition for newcomers. In addition, our results indicate that the treatment of immigrants in the labour market is more problematic in Quebec compared to Ontario and British Columbia. It is likely that Quebec society is less open to immigration given its francophone character and its minority status in North America. Since the beginning, the desire to protect the French language motivates Quebec to be actively involved in immigration and the Quebec point system already emphasizes this criterion. Moreover, nearly two-thirds of newcomers to Quebec speak French in 2011.
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Wang, Lurong. "Immigration, Literacy, and Mobility: A Critical Ethnographic Study of Well-educated Chinese Immigrants’ Trajectories in Canada." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/27608.
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This dissertation interrogates the deficit assumptions about English proficiency of skilled immigrants who were recruited by Canadian governments between the late 1990s and early 2000s. Through the lens of literacy as social practice, the eighteen-month ethnographic qualitative research explores the sequential experiences of settlement and economic integration of seven well-educated Chinese immigrant professionals. The analytical framework is built on sociocultural approaches to literacy and learning, as well as the theories of discourses and language reproduction. Using multiple data sources (observations, conversational interviews, journal and diary entries, photographs, documents, and artifacts collected in everyday lives), I document many different ways that well-educated Chinese immigrants take advantage of their language and literacy skills in English across several social domains of home, school, job market, and workplace.
Examining the trans-contextual patterning of the participants’ language and literacy activities reveals that immigrant professionals use literacy as assistance in seeking, negotiating, and taking hold of resources and opportunities within certain social settings. However, my data show that their language and literacy engagements might not always generate positive consequences for social networks, job opportunities, and upward economic mobility. Close analyses of processes and outcomes of the participants’ engagements across these discursive discourses make it very clear that the monolithic assumptions of the dominant language shape and reinforce structural barriers by constraining their social participation, decision making, and learning practice, and thereby make literacy’s consequences unpredictable. The deficit model of language proficiency serves the grounds for linguistic stereotypes and economic marginalization, which produces profoundly consequential effects on immigrants’ pathways as they strive for having access to resources and opportunities in the new society.
My analyses illuminate the ways that language and literacy create the complex web of discursive spaces wherein institutional agendas and personal desires are intertwined and collide in complex ways that constitute conditions and processes of social and economic mobility of immigrant populations. Based on these analyses, I argue that immigrants’ successful integration into a host country is not about the mastery of the technical skills in the dominant language. Rather, it is largely about the recognition and acceptance of the value of their language use and literacy practice as they attempt to partake in the globalized new economy.
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Malhaire, Loïc. "La construction institutionnelle de régimes de travail contraint au Canada : les cas des immigrants permanents et des migrants temporaires : quelles mobilisations possibles?" Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18425.
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Dans le contexte de l'effritement de la société salariale (Castel 1995), on constate au Canada une prolifération de statuts d'emplois atypiques, une flexibilisation et une précarisation du travail, ainsi qu'une augmentation du nombre de travailleuses et travailleurs pauvres. Deux formes d’emploi semblent particulièrement illustrer la pauvreté et la précarité en emploi : le travail immigrant en agence de placement temporaire et le travail migrant temporaire. Alors que le travail en agence de placement (TAP) constitue un marché du travail précaire, on y retrouve un grand nombre d’immigrants reçus, de demandeurs d’asile ou de réfugiés, employés dans des emplois sous-qualifiés, malgré des niveaux de scolarité souvent élevés. Par ailleurs, le programme fédéral des travailleurs étrangers temporaires peu-spécialisés (PTET-PS), permet aux employeurs canadiens le recrutement d’une main-d’œuvre étrangère pour des postes déclarés non pourvus par une main-d’œuvre locale, établissant des normes spécifiques d'emploi et de migration et constituant un marché du travail transnational et fortement concurrentiel au travail salarié.
La thèse interroge les processus institutionnels de construction des conditions d’accès à l’emploi pour ces deux catégories de travailleurs non natifs du Canada que sont (1) les immigrants reçus et les réfugiés insérés en emploi d’agences de placement dans le secteur de l’entreposage et (2) les travailleurs étrangers temporaires peu-spécialisés travaillant dans un abattoir. Une immersion ethnographique effectuée sur le mode de la participation observante pendant près de deux ans au Centre des travailleuses et travailleurs immigrants (CTI) à Montréal, complétée par une série d’entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès de travailleurs, de personnes ressources et d’intervenants du secteur communautaire, montrent que la construction de ces régimes de travail doit être analysée (1) au croisement des politiques publiques d'immigration, de la régulation du travail, des mesures d’insertion en emploi des immigrants et de l’encadrement du regroupement familial, (2) au regard des pratiques des acteurs du marché du travail (entreprises, agences de placement/recrutement, organisations professionnelles et sectorielles) et (3) en considérant les manières dont les travailleurs intègrent les conditions structurelles de l’emploi immigrant à leurs stratégies de vie personnelles et familiales.
Il ressort que l’association de statuts juridiques d’immigration et de certaines formes d’emploi structure des régimes de travail caractérisés par la captivité en emploi, construits relativement aux enjeux et aux besoins immédiats des secteurs d’activité et légitimés par une législation entravant de façon systémique l’accès des travailleurs aux droits et libertés. On observe ensuite que ces régimes de travail contraint produisent des conditions d’accès à l’emploi définies sur un continuum allant de la qualification des personnes, à leur déqualification professionnelle, à leur disqualification sociale. Alors que les travailleurs rencontrés ont la particularité d’être fixés à leur emploi précaire par des contraintes liées à leur exclusion des emplois valorisés et/ou à leurs statuts juridiques d’immigration, la thèse interroge finalement les formes possibles de mobilisation et de défense collective de leurs intérêts à travers une étude de cas portant sur des actions collectives soutenues par un groupe communautaire en lien avec des syndicats.In the context of the erosion of the “société salariale” (wage-earning society, Castel 1995), in Canada as elsewhere, we are witnessing the proliferation of atypical employment conditions, the flexibilisation and casualization of work, and an increase in the number of working poor. Two forms of employment best illustrate poverty and precariousness in employment: immigrants working in temporary placement agencies (temp agencies) and temporary foreign workers (TFWs). The precarious labour market of temp agency work harnesses a large number of highly educated landed immigrants, refugees and asylum seekers employed in low-skilled jobs. Moreover, the federal program for low-skilled temporary foreign workers (TFWP-LS), allows Canadian employers to recruit foreign workers for positions unfilled by the local workforce. The TFWP-LS establishes specific employment and immigration standards, thereby institutionalizing a transnational labour force competing with domestic wage-earners. This thesis examines the institutional processes that create the terms of access to employment for two categories of foreign-born workers in Canada: (1) landed immigrants and refugees working in warehouses through temporary placement agencies and (2) low-skilled temporary foreign workers in slaughterhouses. A nearly two-year ethnographic immersion at the Immigrant Workers Centre (IWC) in Montreal, based on the “observant participation” method, complemented by a series of semi-structured interviews with workers, key informants and community sector stakeholders, showed that the construction of these work arrangements is complex. An understanding of these categories of work requires an analysis: (1) at the intersection of immigration policies, labour regulations, employment integration measures for immigrants, and regulations related to family reunification; (2) in relation to the practices of labour market actors (companies, placement/recruitment agencies, professional and sectorial organizations); and (3) in consideration of the ways in which workers incorporate the structural conditions of im/migrant employment in their personal and family life strategies and choices. Results show that immigration status has intersected with certain forms of employment to structure work arrangements characterized by forced labour. Those work arrangements are built on the short-term needs of industries and are legitimized by legislation that systemically impedes workers' access to rights and freedoms. These constrained work arrangements lead (im)migrant workers through a deleterious process, starting with their qualification as an (im)migrant to Canada, then professional de-skilling and finally social disqualification. While the workers met in the context of this project are constrained in their precarious jobs due to their exclusion from qualified jobs and/or by their legal immigration status, the thesis concludes by exploring the possible forms of mobilization and collective defense of their interests through a case study of collective action supported by a community group in connection with trade unions.
Books on the topic "Immigrants – Employment – Canada"
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Canada. Employment and Immigration Canada (Dept.). Immigration. Self-employment in Canada among immigrants of different ethno-cultural backgrounds. Ottawa-Hull: Policy Analysis Directorate, Immigration Policy Branch, Employment and Immigration Canada, 1989.
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Samuel, T. J. Family class immigrants to Canada, 1981-1984: Labour force activity aspects. [Ottawa]: Employment and Immigration Canada, Immigration, 1988.
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Canada. Economic Council of Canada. Earnings of immigrants: a comparative analysis. Ottawa: Economic Council of Canada, 1992.
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Islam, Asadul. Labor force participation and wage earnings equation of immigrants in Canada. Dhaka: Bangladesh Institiute of Development Studies, 2005.
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J, DeVoretz Don. Asian skilled-immigration flows to Canada: A supply-side analysis. Vancouver: Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada, 2003.
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A, Choudry A., ed. Fight back: Workplace justice for immigrants. Halifax: Fernwood, 2009.
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Aydemir, Abdurrahman. First and second generation immigrant educational attainment and labor market outcomes: A comparison of the United States and Canada. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2006.
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Billingsley, Brenda. Non-white women's place: Visible minority women in a metropolitan labour force: final report, submitted to Women's Bureau, Labour Canada. [Toronto]: Social Planning Council of Metropolitan Toronto, 1985.
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Canada. Dept. of Employment and Immigration. Business Immigrants: Response to the Third Report of the Standing Committee on Labour, Employment and Immigration. Canada. S.l: s.n, 1985.
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Global care work: Gender and migration in Nordic societies. Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2010.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Immigrants – Employment – Canada"
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Chan, Elic, and Eric Fong. "7. Social, Economic, and Demographic Characteristics of Korean Self- Employment in Canada." In Korean Immigrants in Canada, 115–32. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781442690387-010.
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Ellis, Claire, and Anna Triandafyllidou. "Precarity, Opportunity, and Adaptation: Recently Arrived Immigrant and Refugee Experiences Navigating the Canadian Labour Market." In IMISCOE Research Series, 101–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14009-9_5.
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AbstractImmigrants and refugees have contributed significant growth in the Canadian economy over the last three decades. Despite clear advantages of a smooth transition into the labour force, many newcomers experience multiple barriers impeding their pathways to sustainable livelihoods. Further, significant increases in refugee resettlement and asylum claims in Canada since 2015 resulted in a growing number of refugee newcomers entering the labour market, often facing additional challenges of precarious legal status while seeking employment. To interrogate the settlement landscape, this chapter examines newcomers’ employment-related needs, experiences, and aspirations through a case study of migrants and refugees in Greater Toronto. Using narrative-biographic interviews, the chapter presents an ethnographic approach to examine how individual migrants navigate labour market policies and settlement dynamics during their initial years. A biographical approach allowed us to focus on the interplay of migrant agency, precarity, and adaption to both long-standing labour market dynamics as well as new barriers and enablers brought on by the shifting sands of Canada’s pandemic affected economy. The chapter highlights how emotions, decisions, and actions are inter-related and coalesce with broader structural conditions within a network of actors – individuals, networks, and institutions – to shape the labour market experiences of recently arrived immigrants and refugees.
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Kerekes, Julie, Joanne Chow, Alina Lemak, and Zhanna Perhan. "Trust or betrayal: immigrant engineers’ employment-seeking experiences in Canada." In Discourses of Trust, 269–84. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-29556-9_17.
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YU, SOOJIN, and ANTHONY HEATH. "Inclusion for all but Aboriginals in Canada." In Unequal Chances. British Academy, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197263860.003.0005.
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Canada is a classic country of immigration, with 21 percent of its working-age population being first generation and a further 9 percent second generation. It employs a ‘point system’ for selection of economic immigrants, and indeed the first generation proves to be highly educated (more so indeed than the charter population). While a number of visible minority groups in the first generation experience substantial disadvantages, in the second generation the one clearly disadvantaged group (in net terms) are the Caribbeans. Almost every other group in the second generation has achieved or surpassed parity with the charter group of the British. Whether this success of the second generation is due to Canadian policies of multiculturalism or to the lagged effects of the ‘point system’ for entry cannot be determined from these data. However, major disadvantages continue to be experienced by the Aboriginals both in employment and in occupational attainment.
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Cranford, Cynthia J. "Gender, Migration, and the Pursuit of Security." In Home Care Fault Lines, 20–39. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501749254.003.0002.
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This chapter discusses how dynamic processes of gendering, racialization, and precarization make diverse people into personal support workers who lack security at the labor market and intimate levels. Enduring gendered inequalities that relegate more women than men to unpaid domestic work serve to structure and justify the concentration of women in this paid domestic work and its devaluation. What immigrant women from professional and working-class backgrounds had in common that shaped their eventual location in personal support was the marginal place of their nation of origin in the global economy vis-à-vis the United States, Canada, and by extension Britain. Gendered and racialized migration shaped the location of immigrant workers in North America, but their entry into personal support had as much to do with dynamics in the local labor markets of Toronto and Los Angeles, namely the intersection of racialization, gendering, ageism, and precarious employment, supported by the state. Social networks certainly opened up jobs to immigrant workers with few other options, but these jobs were precarious.
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Victoria, Mabel Paderez. "English: its role as the language of comity in an employment programme for Canadian immigrants." In Skilled Migration and Global English, 114–34. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429432651-7.
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"5. Canada’s Non-Immigrant Employment Authorization Program (NIEAP): The Social Organization of Unfreedom for ‘Migrant Workers’." In Home Economics, 104–38. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781442675810-008.
Full textReports on the topic "Immigrants – Employment – Canada"
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Kaushal, Neeraj, Yao Lu, Nicole Denier, Julia Shu-Huah Wang, and Stephen Trejo. Immigrant Employment and Earnings Growth in Canada and the U.S.: Evidence from Longitudinal Data. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21591.
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