Journal articles: 'Immigrants – Belgium – Social conditions'

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Swyngedouw, Marc. "De Sociale Ruimte Hertekenen : Een gevalstudie aan de hand van de constructie van de bedreigende immigrant in Vlaanderen 1930/1980." Res Publica 37, no. 2 (June 30, 1995): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/rp.v37i2.18684.

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This article exposes comparable social mechanisms that have generated the social construction of threatening immigrants in Europe in the thirties and in the eighties. The analysis is building on Bourdieu 's theory of the construction of social space and the genesis of social groups. This semiotic-praxiological approach is used to explain why the specific historical and socio-economical conditions in the thirties and eighties have lead to the construction of Jews and Muslims as threatening immigrants. Our discussion focuses on the exemplary caseof the 'migrant problem' in historical and actual political discourse in Flanders (Belgium). Where at the end of the thirties the notion 'immigrant' referred exclusively to Jews, in the eighties it is used for Turkish and Maroccan 'guestworkers'. In spite of the specific historical and social situation of Jewish and Muslim immigrants parallel social mechanisms and discourses emerge in the redrawing of the social space by creating 'theatening' immigrants/strangers. These mechanisms are a religious anti Judaism/anti-Islamism, rapid social economie change fueling an economical argumented antiJew/anti-muslim and (cultural) racism legitimized by an internationally disseminated ethno-nationalism.

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Mandel, Maud S. "One Nation Indivisible: Contemporary Western European Immigration Policies and the Politics of Multiculturalism." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 4, no. 1 (March 1995): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.4.1.89.

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Since World War II, policies with regard to immigrant populations have changed dramatically and repeatedly throughout Western Europe. From 1945 to 1955, Western European nations absorbed an enormous number of refugees uprooted during the war. Until the 1970s, governments did not limit migration, nor did they formulate comprehensive social policies toward these new immigrants. Indeed, from the mid-1950s until 1973, most Western European governments, interested in facilitating economic growth, allowed businesses and large corporations to seek cheap immigrant labor abroad. As Georges Tapinos points out, “For the short term, the conditions of the labor market [and] the rhythm of economic growth . . . determined the flux of migrations” (422). France, Britain, Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands welcomed the generally young, single male migrants as a cheap labor force, treating them as guest workers. As a result, few governments instituted social policies to ease the workers’ transition to their new environments. Policies began to change in the 1960s when political leaders, intent on gaining control over the haphazard approach to immigration that had dominated the previous 20 years, slowly began to formulate educational measures and social policies aimed at integrating newcomers.

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Vandevoordt, Robin. "Eroding Rights, Crafting Solidarity? Shifting Dynamics in the State–Civil Society Nexus in Flanders and Brussels." Social Inclusion 7, no. 2 (June 27, 2019): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v7i2.2010.

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In 2015, hundreds of new civil initiatives emerged to provide stopgap help to refugees arriving in Belgium. This article zooms out from this moment of solidarity and explores the broader socio-political conditions that allowed these initiatives to emerge and, in some cases, solidify into professional service-providers or powerful political actors. The article focuses on two case studies, one in Flanders and one in Brussels. In Flanders, the Hospitable Network brings together local civil initiatives which have drawn upon the networks and skills of senior citizens with considerable experience in civic associations, NGOs and social movements. While these initiatives have partly filled the gaps that were created by a series of neoliberal reforms in Flanders’ citizenship regime, the same neoliberal outlook has prevented these initiatives from being institutionalised. In Brussels, the Citizen Platform for the Support of Refugees has mobilised largely among the city’s super-diverse population. The Platform’s development has been shaped by Brussels’ continuing attractiveness to immigrants, as well as by the city’s complex governance structure, which has provided it with both material support and increasing opposition. As a result, the Platform has become a highly visible political actor offering partly professionalised support to refugees.

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De Tavernier, Wouter, and Veerle Draulans. "Negotiating informal elder care, migration and exclusion: the case of a Turkish immigrant community in Belgium." International Journal of Ageing and Later Life 12, no. 2 (January 16, 2019): 89–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.18404.

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In this article, we analyse the role exclusion plays in three theories explaining the provision of informal care for the elderly: norms and roles (sociological institutionalism), the availability and accessibility of formal care (rational choice institutionalism) and concerns about balancing time and money (rational choice theory). Feeding into the discussion on agency in old-age exclusion literature, we argue that exclusion shapes informal care provision in all three theories: social exclusion enforces norms, civic exclusion hinders appropriate formal care provision and economic exclusion reduces the opportunity costs of informal care. Hence, exclusion structures positions and power relations in care negotiation processes. The study shows that exclusion should not only be analysed as an outcome but also as a force shaping the life conditions of older people. The argument is supported using data from qualitative interviews with stakeholders in informal elder care in a Turkish immigrant community in Belgium. Intersections of gender, generation and migration status are taken into account.

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Andrew, Marie Mc. "Ensuring Proper Competency in the Host Language: Contrasting Formula and the Place of Heritage Languages." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 111, no. 6 (June 2009): 1528–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146810911100604.

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Background Context In most immigrant-receiving societies, an important question, both for researchers and policy makers, has been the weighing of the relative efficiency of different formulas in the learning of the host language by immigrant students, especially the potential impact of specific services on social integration and the role of heritage languages. Purpose Objectives Research Question Focus of Study This article tries to go beyond the most conspicuous elements of these controversies to look at the variety of practices that different societies have adopted. Given the questions just raised, a specific focus is given to the degree to which such endeavors follow an immersion or specific services formula on the one hand, and to the role that they grant to heritage languages on the other. Five major immigrant-receiving societies have been chosen, and their choices regarding either issue are contrasted: Britain, two Canadian provinces (Quebec and Ontario), the United States, and Belgium (Flemish Brussels). Research Design To ascertain the extent to which transferable conclusions about best models and practices can be drawn from international comparison, evaluation research on the strengths and weaknesses of each of these formulas is reviewed, with a focus on their short and middle-term linguistic outcomes given the paucity of data on their long-term educational and social outcomes. In conclusion, we identify the minimum threshold of consensus regarding the policy and program conditions that foster a proper mastery of the host language by immigrant students without jeopardizing other dimensions of their school or social integration. Conclusion/Recommendations Three recommendations for policy makers can be drawn. First, flexibility and diversity of formula, both regarding the specific-services-versus-quick-integration dilemma and the place of heritage languages, seems a much better option than the one-size-fits-all model given the great variety found within the immigrant student population. Second, regardless of the model adopted, a fundamental winning condition lies in the recognition that the linguistic integration of newcomers is a collective responsibility and thus necessitates the establishment of close links between specific services, whenever they exist, and regular classrooms. Finally, research points to the necessity of focusing attention on schools and classrooms, especially pedagogical practices and teaching strategies, instead of being obsessed with models and formula.

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Jayet, Hubert, Glenn Rayp, Ilse Ruyssen, and Nadiya Ukrayinchuk. "Immigrants’ location choice in Belgium." Annals of Regional Science 57, no. 1 (April 19, 2016): 63–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00168-016-0761-x.

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Ecke, Yolanda van, Robert C. Chope, and Paul M. G. Emmelkamp. "IMMIGRANTS AND ATTACHMENT STATUS: RESEARCH FINDINGS WITH DUTCH AND BELGIAN IMMIGRANTS IN CALIFORNIA." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 33, no. 7 (January 1, 2005): 657–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2005.33.7.657.

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Although immigrants are an extremely diverse group, adults who emigrate nearly always experience separation from family of origin, extended family and country. This research examines state of mind with respect to attachment, using the Adult Attachment Projective (George & West, 2003; George, West, & Pettem, 1999), and compares the attachment status of adult Californians who still live near their family of origin in the area in which they were born and raised (m 12, f 18) to that of individuals who emigrated from the Netherlands and Belgium as adults to California (m 29, f 41). The findings showed a significant relationship between being an immigrant and unresolved attachment status (n= 100, X2 =5.81, p=< 0.0160) unrelated to time in the US, reason for immigration, being married or single. Implications and limitations of these findings are discussed.

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Corluy, Vincent, Ive Marx, and Gerlinde Verbist. "Employment chances and changes of immigrants in Belgium: The impact of citizenship." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 52, no. 4 (July 28, 2011): 350–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715211412112.

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This article looks at the impact of citizenship acquisition on the labour market position of immigrants in Belgium. Citizenship is open to all immigrants with a sufficient period of legal residence, without any language or integration requirements. In that respect, this study is an important complement to existing studies which have mostly focused on countries with strict acquisition rules. Based on Labour Force Survey data for 2008, this study uses probit regression to estimate the static and dynamic employment probabilities and unemployment risks. We find that citizenship acquisition is associated with better labour market outcomes for non-Western immigrants in general. This effect remains after controlling for years of residence since migration, indicating the existence of a citizenship premium in Belgium.

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Rouche, Manon, Bart de Clercq, Thérésa Lebacq, Maxim Dierckens, Nathalie Moreau, Lucille Desbouys, Isabelle Godin, and Katia Castetbon. "Socioeconomic Disparities in Diet Vary According to Migration Status among Adolescents in Belgium." Nutrients 11, no. 4 (April 10, 2019): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11040812.

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Little information concerning social disparities in adolescent dietary habits is currently available, especially regarding migration status. The aim of the present study was to estimate socioeconomic disparities in dietary habits of school adolescents from different migration backgrounds. In the 2014 cross-sectional “Health Behavior in School-Aged Children” survey in Belgium, food consumption was estimated using a self-administrated short food frequency questionnaire. In total, 19,172 school adolescents aged 10–19 years were included in analyses. Multilevel multiple binary and multinomial logistic regressions were performed, stratified by migration status (natives, 2nd- and 1st-generation immigrants). Overall, immigrants more frequently consumed both healthy and unhealthy foods. Indeed, 32.4% of 1st-generation immigrants, 26.5% of 2nd-generation immigrants, and 16.7% of natives consumed fish ≥two days a week. Compared to those having a high family affluence scale (FAS), adolescents with a low FAS were more likely to consume chips and fries ≥once a day (vs. <once a day: Natives aRRR = 1.39 (95%CI: 1.12–1.73); NS in immigrants). Immigrants at schools in Flanders were less likely than those in Brussels to consume sugar-sweetened beverages 2–6 days a week (vs. ≤once a week: Natives aRRR = 1.86 (95%CI: 1.32–2.62); 2nd-generation immigrants aRRR = 1.52 (1.11–2.09); NS in 1st-generation immigrants). The migration gradient observed here underlines a process of acculturation. Narrower socioeconomic disparities in immigrant dietary habits compared with natives suggest that such habits are primarily defined by culture of origin. Nutrition interventions should thus include cultural components of dietary habits.

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Beyers, Leen. "From Class to Culture: Immigration, Recession, and Daily Ethnic Boundaries in Belgium, 1940s–1990s." International Review of Social History 53, no. 1 (April 2008): 37–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859007003331.

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Each society has myths about the successful adaptation of former migrants. Historians need to deconstruct these myths by dealing with the imagined boundaries between “indigenous” and “foreign” people that give way to them. This essay does so by comparing how children of Polish interwar immigrants and children of Italian postwar immigrants came to be seen as insiders in the Belgian Limburg mining region. Oral testimonies, associational records, and population data reveal that Poles achieved the status of industrious, adapted people around 1960, due to the equal promotion of Polish and indigenous miners' sons in the mines and to the labour migration regime which constructed Italians as unskilled outsiders. Around 1980, the industrial recession caused unemployment among young Italians. However, migration politics has, since the recession, primarily focused on culture. Moreover, European legislation constructed foreignness as non-European. Consequently, it is not class, but European culture which has turned Italians into “integrated” people.

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Hipp, John R., and Adam Boessen. "Immigrants and Social Distance." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 641, no. 1 (March 30, 2012): 192–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716211433180.

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This project studied the effect of immigrant in-mobility on the trajectory of socioeconomic change in neighborhoods. The authors suggest that immigrant inflows may impact neighborhoods due to the consequences of residential mobility and the extent to which these new residents differ from the current residents. The authors use Southern California over a nearly 50-year period (1960 to 2007) as a case study to explore the short- and long- term impact of these changes. The authors find no evidence that immigrant inflow has negative consequences for home values, unemployment, or vacancies over this long period of time. Instead, the authors find that a novel measure they develop—a general measure of social distance—is much better at explaining the change in the economic conditions of these neighborhoods. Tracts with higher levels of social distance experienced a larger increase in the vacancy rate over the decade. The effect of social distance on home values changed over the study period: whereas social distance decreased home values during the 1960s, this completely reversed into a positive effect by the 2000s.

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Levecque, Katia, Ina Lodewyckx, and Piet Bracke. "Psychological distress, depression and generalised anxiety in Turkish and Moroccan immigrants in Belgium." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 44, no. 3 (August 25, 2008): 188–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0431-0.

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Piton, Céline, and François Rycx. "A Broken Social Elevator? Employment Outcomes of First- and Second-Generation Immigrants in Belgium." De Economist 169, no. 3 (June 10, 2021): 319–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10645-021-09385-2.

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Beirens, Koen, and Johnny R. J. Fontaine. "Somatic and Emotional Well-Being Among Turkish Immigrants in Belgium: Acculturation or Culture?" Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 42, no. 1 (July 20, 2010): 56–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022110361773.

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Özdoğru, Asil Ali, and Birgül ERYÖRÜK KAPAKLIKAYA. "Belçikalı Türk Göçmenlerde Kültürleşme Stratejileri ve Ebeveynlik Tutumu." Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 7, no. 12 (2021): 107–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.7.12.86.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the acculturation strategies and parenting attitudes of Turkish immigrants living in Belgium. Sociodemographic characteristics of the participants such as gender, age, and socio-economic status were also examined in this study. For the purpose of the study, a questionnaire consisting of demographic information form, Parent Attitude Scale and Acculturation Scale was administered to a total of 81 Turkish parents consisting of 56 women and 25 men living in Belgium. The data obtained from the questionnaire were used in validity and reliability analyses and correlational analyses. According to the findings, both scales were found to be valid and reliable measurement tools for Belgian Turkish immigrants. It was found that the integration acculturation strategy had a positive relationship with democratic parenting attitude and a negative relationship with authoritarian attitude, and assimilation acculturation strategy had a negative relationship with authoritarian and protective parenting attitudes. Additionally, it was seen that parenting attitudes showed differences across generations. The findings obtained in the study show that the acculturation strategies of Turks living in Europe show differences and these strategies are related to their parenting attitudes. The observation of intergenerational differences in parenting attitudes also confirms that immigrants' educational, economic and social-cultural characteristics are related to their child-rearing behavior.

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Manco, Altay. "Policy and experiences of professional integration of young immigrants in the Walloon region (Belgium)." Migration Letters 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2004): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v1i1.23.

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This paper aims to identify obstacles to integration of young foreigners in the Walloon region and more generally in Belgium as a whole while presenting in a critical manner the actions undertaken by the local and/or regional actors and the public policies aimed at overcoming these obstacles. Since the 1960s, North Africans, Turkish and Sub-Saharan immigrants and their families have constituted the major component of non-European inflows into Belgium. It has been proved that youths of immigrant descent, in the absence of positive parental role models, often experience difficulties in breaking into the work arena. General initiatives that address the entire population groups experiencing difficulty with employment are inadequate as far as the social integration of foreigners is concerned. In order to go beyond local pilot initiatives and the experimental phase, the Walloon Region has set up integration policy measures for foreigners in the framework of the Centres régionaux d'intégration (CRI) , created under the Decree of 4th July 1996. The action of professional social integration handled by the CRI gives an impression of vagueness in the accomplishment of its role: frontline or rearguard, socio-professional or general integration, local or "trans-regional work".

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Mesch, Gustavo S. "Language Proficiency among New Immigrants: The Role of Human Capital and Societal Conditions." Sociological Perspectives 46, no. 1 (March 2003): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sop.2003.46.1.41.

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The attainment of language proficiency is an important issue in the economic, social, and political adjustment of new immigrants. This study investigated language proficiency and use among a sample of new immigrants from the former Soviet Union (FSU) in Israel. Past studies relied on an expanded human capital model that conceptualizes language proficiency attainment as a function of economic incentives, exposure, and ability. In this study I expanded the model and argued that factors present prior to migration, such as proactive motivation for migration and the social reaction of the local society to immigrants, influence the process as well. The hypothesis was tested in a sample of immigrants from the FSU in Israel. The findings supported the argument that societal attitudes to immigrants are an important factor in the understanding of language proficiency and use among immigrants. The findings and their implications are discussed.

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Indelicato, Alessandro, Juan Carlos Martín, and Raffaele Scuderi. "Comparing Regional Attitudes toward Immigrants in Six European Countries." Axioms 11, no. 7 (July 19, 2022): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms11070345.

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Many immigrants have risked their lives searching for a better future by crossing the Mediterranean Sea or the Atlantic Ocean. The Canary Islands became the centre of another emerging humanitarian and human rights crisis at Europe’s frontier in 2020. The study aims to analyse whether attitudes towards immigrants are affected by territories close to these humanitarian crises. To this end, the study is based on previous studies using a Fuzzy-Hybrid TOPSIS method to analyse attitudes toward immigrants. The synthetic indicator will be built upon a set of eight indicators that proxy the ethnic, economic, cultural, and religious threats experienced by the citizens. The International Social Survey Program (ISSP) dataset for the year 2013 for six countries, namely Belgium, Germany, Spain, France, United Kingdom, and Portugal, will be used. Results show that the attitude toward immigrants is affected by the territorial dimension as classified by the nomenclature of territorial units for statistics at NUTS2 and NUTS3 levels, and that attitudes are very different between those of some of the archipelagos and islands considered in the study. In particular, our results point out a sort of duality between the Balearic Islands—the most open territory toward immigrants, and Corse—the least open territory toward immigrants.

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Strel'tsova, Y. "Immigrants’ Integration under Conditions of Economic Crisis." World Economy and International Relations, no. 1 (2011): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2011-1-55-68.

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This article has considered the main trends of integration: economic one – “trough the work” and by means of social, educational, municipal and citizenship policy in European countries, first of all in France, and in Russia. The attention has been paid on contradictions, which are typical for searching an integration model in modern Russia. This article illustrates the main difficulties of immigrants’ adaptation in European countries, as a result of liberal migratory policy and multicultural model of newcomers’ integration.

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Qiu, Yuanfeng, Ge Meng, and Yongping Wei. "Factors influencing immigrants’ satisfaction in Danjiangkou Reservoir based on logistic regression model." Water Policy 18, no. 6 (August 31, 2016): 1384–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.255.

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Findings from a prospective study of project-induced migration along the middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China are reported. The study seeks to identify the key factors influencing differences in immigrants’ satisfaction, from their own characteristics, family income, production conditions, living conditions, social conditions, resource conditions, and environment, using Danjiangkou Reservoir as the case study area. A questionnaire survey data with a large sample (1,031 immigrant households in the Danjiangkou Reservoir) was used for the logistic model. Analysis indicated that variables such as immigrants’ family income, as in ‘per capita net income’; immigrants’ production conditions, such as ‘quality of cultivated land’; immigrants’ living conditions, such as ‘infrastructure’; and immigrants’ social conditions, such as ‘the implementation of immigration policy’ in the case reservoir model are the most important factors that affect the immigrants’ satisfaction. The degree of importance of ‘per capita net income’, ‘quality of cultivated land’, ‘infrastructure’, and ‘the implementation of immigration policy’ was 14.8%, 16.0%, 9.2%, and 8.1%, respectively. Considering the practical implications of this research, identifying factors affecting immigrants’ satisfaction with the reservoir resettlement relocation experience could be useful for policymakers designing immigration programs.

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Creighton, Mathew, Christa Matthys, and Luciana Quaranta. "Migrants and the Diffusion of Low Marital Fertility in Belgium." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 42, no. 4 (February 2012): 593–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_00306.

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Although the diffusion of fertility behavior between different social strata in historical communities has received considerable attention in recent studies, the relationship between the diffusion of fertility behavior and the diffusion of people (migration) during the nineteenth century remains largely underexplored. Evidence from population registers compiled in the Historical Database of the Liège Region, covering the period of 1812 to 1900, reveals that migrant couples in Sart, Belgium, from 1850 to 1874 and from 1875 to 1899 had a reduced risk of conception. The incorporation of geographical mobility, as well as the migrant status of both husbands and wives, into this fertility research sheds light not only on the spread of ideas and behaviors but also on the possible reasons why the ideas and behaviors of immigrants might have been similar to, or different from, those of a native-born population.

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Silveira, Cássio, Nivaldo Carneiro Junior, Manoel Carlos Sampaio de Almeida Ribeiro, and Rita de Cássia Barradas Barata. "Living conditions and access to health services by Bolivian immigrants in the city of São Paulo, Brazil." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 29, no. 10 (October 2013): 2017–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00113212.

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Bolivian immigrants in Brazil experience serious social problems: precarious work conditions, lack of documents and insufficient access to health services. The study aimed to investigate inequalities in living conditions and access to health services among Bolivian immigrants living in the central area of São Paulo, Brazil, using a cross-sectional design and semi-structured interviews with 183 adults. According to the data, the immigrants tend to remain in Brazil, thus resulting in an aging process in the group. Per capita income increases the longer the immigrants stay in the country. The majority have secondary schooling. Work status does not vary according to time since arrival in Brazil. The immigrants work and live in garment sweatshops and speak their original languages. Social networks are based on ties with family and friends. Access to health services shows increasing inclusion in primary care. The authors conclude that the immigrants' social exclusion is decreasing due to greater access to documentation, work (although precarious), and the supply of health services from the public primary care system.

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Drouhot, Lucas G., and Victor Nee. "Assimilation and the Second Generation in Europe and America: Blending and Segregating Social Dynamics Between Immigrants and Natives." Annual Review of Sociology 45, no. 1 (July 30, 2019): 177–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041335.

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The diversity induced by migration flows to Western societies has continued to generate scholarly attention, and a sizable new body of work on immigrant incorporation has been produced in the past ten years. We review recent work in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Sweden, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain. Despite differences between the United States as a settler society and Western Europe as a composite of classic nation states, we find an overall pattern of intergenerational assimilation in terms of socioeconomic attainment, social relations, and cultural beliefs. We then qualify this perspective by considering sources of disadvantage for immigrants on both sides of the Atlantic. In the United States, the lack of legal status is particularly problematic; in Europe, by contrast, religious difference is the most prominent social factor complicating assimilation. We proffer several general propositions summarizing mechanisms embedded in purposive action, social networks, cultural difference,and institutional structures that drive the interplay of blending and segregating dynamics in the incorporation of immigrants and their children.

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Winders, Jamie. "Seeing Immigrants." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 641, no. 1 (March 30, 2012): 58–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716211432281.

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Since the 1990s, immigrant settlement has expanded beyond gateway cities and transformed the social fabric of a growing number of American cities. In the process, it has raised new questions for urban and migration scholars. This article argues that immigration to new destinations provides an opportunity to sharpen understandings of the relationship between immigration and the urban by exploring it under new conditions. Through a discussion of immigrant settlement in Nashville, Tennessee, it identifies an overlooked precursor to immigrant incorporation—how cities see, or do not see, immigrants within the structure of local government. If immigrants are not institutionally visible to government or nongovernmental organizations, immigrant abilities to make claims to or on the city as urban residents are diminished. Through the combination of trends toward neighborhood-based urban governance and neoliberal streamlining across American cities, immigrants can become institutionally hard to find and, thus, plan for in the city.

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Timmerman, Christiane. "Marriage in a ‘Culture of Migration’. Emirdag Marrying into Flanders." European Review 16, no. 4 (October 2008): 585–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798708000367.

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The persistently high popularity of migration marriages within large immigrant populations in Western Europe is an intriguing phenomenon. Why do so many young people born and raised in Western Europe opt for an unknown partner coming from a region that, although it is where their parents or grandparents came from, is by and large unknown to them personally? This contribution attempts to shed some light on the dynamics of this particular kind of migration which impacts significantly on the social fabric of Western European societies. Our focus here is specifically on the Belgian case, namely the so-called ‘Emirdag connection’. In Belgium, the majority of immigrants with a Turkish background come from the region of Emirdag, in the province of Afyon. Over the last 40 years a close relationship has been established between this region of emigration and a number of Turkish communities in Flanders and Brussels. Over the last decade chain migration became for most the most popular means to enter Belgium; in other words, the majority of newcomers arrived in Belgium as (future) spouses of Belgian residents. This certainly applies to Turkish migration. Particular to the Turkish residents in Belgium, including the second generation, is that the majority still marry a person who grew up in Turkey.

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Blommaert, Jan, Lies Creve, and Evita Willaert. "On being declared illiterate: Language-ideological disqualification in Dutch classes for immigrants in Belgium." Language & Communication 26, no. 1 (January 2006): 34–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2005.03.004.

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Elmianvari. "Development of Language Use in Social Media in Relation to Spatio-Temporal Trajectories of Iranian Immigrants in Belgium." DiGeSt. Journal of Diversity and Gender Studies 6, no. 1 (2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11116/digest.6.1.3.

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Degen, Daniel, Theresa Kuhn, and Wouter van der Brug. "Granting immigrants access to social benefits? How self-interest influences support for welfare state restrictiveness." Journal of European Social Policy 29, no. 2 (September 24, 2018): 148–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928718781293.

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In the context of large-scale migration within and into Europe, the question of whether and under which conditions immigrants should be granted access to social benefits in the country of destination is of high political relevance. A large body of research has studied natives’ attitudes towards giving immigrants access to the welfare state, while research on attitudes of immigrants themselves is scarce. Focusing on the impact of self-interest, we compare immigrants and native citizens in their attitudes towards granting immigrants access to the welfare state. We identify three mechanisms through which self-interest can influence these attitudes: immigrant origin, socio-economic status and – for first-generation immigrants only – incorporation into the host society. We test our expectations using cross-national data from the European Social Survey round 2008. The findings suggest that self-interest is indeed one of the factors that motivate attitudes towards welfare state restrictiveness among natives and immigrants, but also point at relevant exceptions to this pattern.

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YAMAN KENNEDY, Ezgi, Abdulhalim ÇELİK, and Muhammet Enes KAYAGİL. "Social Security Rights and Social Protection Policies of Migrant Workers in the Light of International Standards." Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences 21, no. 4 (October 19, 2022): 2426–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21547/jss.1183612.

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ABSTRACT Migration is a phenomenon encountered in almost every period of human history. However, today it has become a global problem. In addition to economic reasons, it is seen that the number of people who migrate due to reasons such as war and disasters is increasing. Immigrants face various risks during and after the migration process. In some countries, migrant workers are perceived as cheap labor and are generally preferred in the informal sector. This causes migrant workers, who are already vulnerable, to be socially unprotected and in an insecure environment. With Covid-19, the fact that immigrants are at a higher risk of losing their jobs and social protection inadequacies forced them to live in more difficult conditions. This study aims to emphasize the importance of social protection and social security problems of immigrants, who are more vulnerable and vulnerable in socio-economic terms, and to offer suggestions for this. For this purpose, relevant international standards and country practices were among the topics discussed.

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Wang, Zhiling. "The incompatibility of local economic prosperity and migrants’ social integration: evidence from the Netherlands." Annals of Regional Science 64, no. 1 (November 8, 2019): 57–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00168-019-00953-8.

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Abstract This paper investigates the effects of the conditions of local labour markets on the social networks of immigrants, with an emphasis on co-ethnic contact and contact with people native to the locality. This study focuses on the case of immigrants in the Netherlands. For this case, I derived and empirically tested a job and residential search model. I found that a high job arrival rate and large wage differences between the ethnic labour market and the host labour market both correlate with immigrants developing stronger co-ethnic networks and weaker native networks as well as with immigrants choosing to live in more ethnically concentrated areas. These findings suggest that local economic prosperity does not necessarily beget social integration: in this case study, immigrants spontaneously assimilated less into the host society during a good economic period.

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Lambert, Martijn. "Dental Attendance in Undocumented Immigrants before and after the Implementation of a Personal Assistance Program: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study." Dentistry Journal 6, no. 4 (December 14, 2018): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj6040073.

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Undocumented immigrants are a high-risk social group with low access to care. The present study aims to increase awareness and dental attendance in this subgroup, assisted by community health workers (CHW). Starting from 2015, two trained dentists volunteered to perform free oral health examinations and further dental care referral in a welfare organisation in Ghent, Belgium. In 2016 and 2017, a two-day oral health training was added, enabling social workers to operate as community oral health workers and to provide personal oral health advice and assistance. Over the three years, an oral health examination was performed on 204 clients from 1 to 69 years old, with a mean age of 36.7 (SD = 15.9), showing high levels of untreated caries (71.6%; n = 146) and a Dutch Periodontal Screening Index (DPSI) score of 3 or 4 in 62.2% of the sample (n = 97). Regarding dental attendance, the total number of missed appointments decreased significantly, with 40.9% in 2015, 11.9% in 2016 and 8.0% in 2017 (p < 0.001). Undocumented immigrants can be integrated into professional oral health care. Personal assistance by community health workers might be an effective method, although this requires further investigation.

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Thi, Mai Le. "Social Capital, Migration, and Social Integration." GATR Global Journal of Business and Social Science Review (GJBSSR) Vol.6(1) Jan-Mar 2018 6, no. 1 (February 18, 2018): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609//gjbssr.2018.6.1(1).

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Objective - This paper focuses on exploring the ways in which social capital is utilised to promote the integration of Vietnamese women who married Taiwanese husbands into host families and the host. Methodology/Technique - Data was derived from a case study undertaken in 2014 on the Penghu Islands and in Taipei, Taiwan, with interviews and the observation of 31 people including Vietnamese women who married Taiwanese husbands, local people. Findings - Findings reveal the values and norms of responsibility of Vietnamese women in family that were educated themselves, have been practiced effectively by Vietnamese women married to Taiwanese husbands to integrate into their families. Research limitations/implications - The regulations and legal environment for immigrants have created favourable conditions for their integration into the host families. Traditional Vietnamese cooking skills are chosen by many Vietnamese women as a kind of social capital for their access to the Taiwanese job market. The social integration is reflected through social-economic, culture integration, and citizenship. Originality/value - It is hoped that study results will serve as the useful scientific basis for developing policies that promote the social integration of immigrants for the development of individuals and the social community. Type of Paper - Empirical Keywords: Social Capital; Social Integration; Migration Marriage. JEL Classification: C31, O15

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Klokgieters, Silvia S., Theo G. van Tilburg, Dorly J. H. Deeg, and Martijn Huisman. "The Linkage Between Aging, Migration, and Resilience: Resilience in the Life of Older Turkish and Moroccan Immigrants." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 5 (February 28, 2019): 1113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz024.

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Abstract Objectives Older immigrants are affected by an accumulation of adversities related to migration and aging. This study investigates resilience in older immigrants by examining the resources they use to deal with these adversities in the course of their lives. Methods Data from 23 life-story interviews with Turkish and Moroccan immigrants aged 60–69 years living in the Netherlands. Results The circumstances under which individuals foster resilience coincide with four postmigration life stages: settling into the host society, maintaining settlement, restructuring life postretirement, and increasing dependency. Resources that promote resilience include education in the country of origin, dealing with language barriers, having two incomes, making life meaningful, strong social and community networks, and the ability to sustain a transnational lifestyle traveling back and forth to the country of origin. More resilient individuals invest in actively improving their life conditions and are good at accepting conditions that cannot be changed. Discussion The study illustrates a link between conditions across life stages, migration, and resilience. Resilient immigrants are better able to accumulate financial and social and other resources across life stages, whereas less resilient immigrants lose access to resources in different life stages.

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Mahmood, Sadaf, Beatrice Knerr, Izhar Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Shabbir, and Rabia Mahmood. "A Gender-Sensitive Analysis of Social Integration Challenges. Evidence from the Pakistani Diaspora in Germany." Migration Letters 19, no. 4 (July 29, 2022): 437–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v19i4.1812.

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European Union (EU) countries are confronted with the integration challenges of an increasing number of immigrants from non-EU states who intend to stay because they find better economic conditions and quality of life. Poor integration creates problems for both, immigrants and the host society, policymakers are committed to fostering appropriate conditions. This requires sound databases to explore the situation. Our article contributes to that by considering the integration challenges of the Pakistani diaspora in Germany. It applies a gender-sensitive analysis as males and females face different forms of integration challenges. Our survey among 264 Pakistani immigrants revealed that English language competencies; interaction with other nationals; and the welcoming attitude of the host society are the most significant determinants of integration. The results are relevant beyond the narrow empirical context of the country focus considered here.

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Kim, Bok-Tae, and Cheon Geun Choi. "Understanding female marriage immigrants’ participation in economic activities and their working conditions in South Korea." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 27, no. 3 (August 27, 2018): 343–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196818793737.

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Using data from the 2012 National Multicultural Family Survey, this study examines various factors that influence female marriage immigrants’ participation in economic activities and their working conditions in South Korea. The results suggest that household characteristics, human capital and social relations–discrimination factors, as well as experience with employment support services, have significant positive effects on female marriage immigrants’ participation in economic activities and their working conditions. While the government’s employment support services positively affect marriage immigrants’ decision to participate in economic activities, they do not contribute toward improving their working conditions. There is a need for governmental employment support services to take specific actions to help improve the working conditions of immigrant women.

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Kokou-Kpolou, Kossigan, Daniel Mbassa Menick, Charlemagne S. Moukouta, Lucy Baugnet, and Dzodzo E. Kpelly. "A Cross-Cultural Approach to Complicated Grief Reactions Among Togo–Western African Immigrants in Europe." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 48, no. 8 (July 24, 2017): 1247–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022117721972.

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Many researchers have noted that bereavement is a major stress factor associated with the etiopathogeny of psychological disorders among immigrants, but until now, the grief reactions of these ethnic minorities have not been analyzed. This study aims to examine the impact of the migration trajectory (immigration status and duration) as well as the use of ritual support to cope with grief reactions in the context of migration. Fifty-four migrants and 20 refugees ( N = 74) in France and Belgium were surveyed regarding their experience of mourning a family member. The results showed that complicated grief is associated with the status and duration of immigration. A majority of refugees reported a deterioration of their social life when the duration of their immigration exceeded 10 years. Feeling guilty, dazed or stunned, loneliness, bitterness, numbness, and emptiness made up the spectrum of severe and persistent guilt reactions. Those who took part in bereavement rituals suffered less from feelings of guilt and despondency. Eldest siblings presented a very high rate of complicated grief. These findings were discussed using a psycho-cultural approach; they demonstrated that in the context of migration, grief reactions develop around the principle of debt, based on the parent–child relationship inextricably associated with a feeling of belonging to the ethnic group and collective memory.

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Yang, Philip Q. "Explaining Immigrant Naturalization." International Migration Review 28, no. 3 (September 1994): 449–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839402800302.

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Prior research on immigrant naturalization has focused mainly on the effects of immigrants’ adaptation experiences and demographic characteristics on their propensity to naturalize. This article proposes a broader analytical framework which incorporates immigrants’ individual characteristics and larger social contexts in the country of origin and the country of destination to explain the likelihood of citizenship acquisition. The framework is tested for a cohort of recent immigrants, using the PUMS data from the 1980 U.S. census. The results show that economic, political, social, cultural and geographical conditions in the country of origin, and immigrants ethnic communities and urban concentration in the country of destination, to a large extent influence immigrants’ propensity for naturalization and that, net of the contextual factors, many of the immigrants’ adaptation and demographic characteristics are also significant predictors of citizenship acquisition. The costs, benefits and meaning of naturalization and their intervening roles in the naturalization process are also discussed.

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Seabra, Teresa, and Sandra Mateus. "School achievement, social conditions and ethnicity: Immigrants’ children in basic schooling in Portugal." Portugese Journal of Social Sciences 10, no. 1 (March 17, 2011): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/pjss.10.1.73_1.

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Lee, Rennie. "Gendered Pathways: Employment Behavior among Family-Based and Skill-Based Immigrants in the United States." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 8 (January 2022): 237802312211443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231221144354.

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The United States is the only country to admit the majority of its immigrants on the basis of kinship ties. Although policy makers typically view family migration as less favorable and assume that family immigrants do not contribute to the U.S. economy, this argument is oversimplified and ignores the role of gender and the various ways that family immigration works. This study captures the multiple aspects of immigrants’ entry visas and its intersection with gender to examine the employment behavior of college-educated immigrant men and women who arrived in the United States via several family-based and skill-based categories. Using nationally representative data from 2010, 2013, and 2015 National Survey of College Graduates, the author finds that immigrants’ initial entry pathways into the United States continue to stratify their employment behavior and trajectories, especially for immigrant women. The conditions of family-sponsored immigration matter; temporary migration as a spouse is negatively associated with immigrant women’s employment but not permanent family migration.

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Badanta, Bárbara, María González-Cano Caballero, Elena Fernández-García, Rocío de Diego-Cordero, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Rafael-Jesús Fernández-Castillo, and Sergio Barrientos-Trigo. "“Work Like a Chinese”: Aspirations, Patterns of Work, and Working Conditions of the Chinese Immigrant Community in Southern Spain." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19 (September 27, 2020): 7063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197063.

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Expanding businesses was the main reason for the immigration of Chinese people in Spain, which consists the fifth largest nationality of immigrants in this country. Nevertheless, few studies have been carried out to understand the working conditions of this population. Using an ethnographic design, this study examined the work patterns and working conditions among Chinese immigrants living in southern Spain and how these factors affected their health. Observing participants, field notes, and semi-structured interviews with question script were conducted with 133 Chinese immigrants. Five main themes were defined: “Economic improvement as a migratory reason”, “Conception to Work”, “Labor Sector”, “Work conditions”, and “Occupational health”. Our results showed that Chinese immigrants worked in the provision of services, with long working hours and little rest. Although they had low rates of unemployment, the working conditions had an important impact on their dietary patterns and their family life. Ergonomic and psychosocial risks also explained high rates of musculoskeletal problems and stress. In conclusion, Chinese immigrants living in southern Spain work actively in the service sector of the economy, but with many work hours. These characteristics seem to impact their health at a physical, psychological, and social level.

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Elisabeth Koch, Ida. "Twelve Years of Poverty in Denmark – A Human Rights Perspective." Nordic Journal of International Law 81, no. 2 (2012): 205–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181012x638089.

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The article concerns the situation of refugees and immigrants from countries outside the European Union /European Economic Area with regard to social cash benefits in Denmark. At present these immigrants are treated different than inhabitants of Danish origin since their social cash benefits are reduced to a considerable extent. The conditions of these immigrants are discussed from an international human rights perspective and the article applies two approaches: a poverty threshold approach and a non-discrimination approach. The author concludes that the reduced social cash benefits are in violation of Denmark’s human rights obligation under socio-economic as well as civil-political treaties. In this way the article confirms that human rights are indivisible, interrelated and interdependent. The circumstances in Denmark during the last 12–14 years with regard to immigrants’ rights to social cash benefits has made it natural and even necessary to consider the situation from a legal as well as a political perspective. Thus it seems that the problems in Denmark for immigrants with regard to social cash benefits will be solved by politicians in Parliament in a foreseeable future whereas the human rights machinery because of its sluggishness has only to a limited extent been able to demonstrate its effectiveness.

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de Diego-Cordero, Rocío, Manuel Romero-Saldaña, Ana Jigato-Calero, Bárbara Badanta, Giancarlo Lucchetti, and Juan Vega-Escaño. "“Looking for Better (Job) Opportunities”: A Qualitative Analysis of the Occupational Health of Immigrants in Southern Spain." Workplace Health & Safety 69, no. 5 (January 29, 2021): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165079920988005.

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Background: Spain hosts the fourth largest number of immigrants in Europe, resulting in a large proportion of migrant workers. To date, few studies have examined the working conditions of immigrants in Southern Spain who are known to be at risk for adverse working conditions. This study aimed to investigate the patterns of work and working conditions of immigrants living in southern Spain and to understand how these factors may affect their health. Methods: A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews was conducted throughout 2019 and included 93 immigrants. Transcription, literal reading, and theoretical categorization were performed and a narrative content analysis was carried out. Results: Three themes emerged on working conditions of this study population, including social and labor-related characteristics, working conditions, and occupational health issues. Four employment sectors were most commonly occupied by these immigrants, including caregiving and food service for women and agriculture and construction for men. Most immigrants were from Latin America, unemployed or working part-time jobs, and not hired under an employment contract. Most worked in low-qualified jobs, and were exposed to occupational hazards such as falls from heights, manual handling of materials, and psychological strain. The lack of training on occupational risk prevention and labor rights was related to a low identification of work situations having a negative impact on the health of immigrants. Conclusions/Application to Practice: These findings should be taken into account by the government and public health managers to provide better assistance to immigrant workers in Europe.

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Pasupuleti, Samba Siva Rao, Santosh Jatrana, and Ken Richardson. "EFFECT OF NATIVITY AND DURATION OF RESIDENCE ON CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS AMONG ASIAN IMMIGRANTS IN AUSTRALIA: A LONGITUDINAL INVESTIGATION." Journal of Biosocial Science 48, no. 3 (July 3, 2015): 322–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932015000206.

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SummaryThis study examined the effect of Asian nativity and duration of residence in Australia on the odds of reporting a chronic health condition (cancer, respiratory problems, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus). Data were from waves 3, 7 and 9 of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) longitudinal survey, and multi-level group-mean-centred logistic regression models were used for the analysis. After covariate adjustment, Asian immigrants were less likely to report cancer and respiratory problem compared with native-born Australians. While there was no significant difference in reporting CVD, they were more likely to report diabetes than native-born people. Asian immigrants maintained their health advantage with respect to cancer regardless of duration of residence. However, after 20 years of stay, Asian immigrants lost their earlier advantage and were not significantly different from native-born people in terms of reporting a respiratory problem. In contrast, Asian immigrants were not measurably different from native-born Australians in reporting diabetes if their length of stay in Australia was less than 20 years, but became disadvantaged after staying for 20 years or longer. There was no measurable difference in the odds of reporting CVD between Asian immigrants and native-born Australians for any duration of residence. On the whole this study found that health advantage, existence of healthy immigrant effect and subsequent erosion of it with increasing duration of residence among Asian immigrants depends upon the chronic health condition.

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Knotz, Carlo, Flavia Fossati, Gemma Scalise, and Gerda Hooijer. "The roles of employers and trade unions in immigration and welfare state policymaking." Journal of European Social Policy 30, no. 5 (November 2020): 521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928720960592.

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Whether and under which conditions immigrants should be admitted and obtain access to employment and social security is an issue of continuously high political salience across the advanced democracies. Unions and employers, as traditionally influential actors in immigration and social policymaking, have important roles to play in this area, but their exact preferences, strategies and behaviour are theoretically difficult to determine and are still only partly understood. This article outlines a series of research problems regarding the roles of social partners in the social and economic integration of immigrants and discusses how the articles contained in this special issue address these problems.

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Kononirenko, Viktoriya A. "Migrants to the Post-Deportation Territories of the Volga Region, North Caucasus and Crimea in the 1940s: Ethnic Appearance and Social Portrait." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: History. International Relations 20, no. 3 (2020): 326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2020-20-3-326-331.

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The article analyzes the ethnic appearance and social portrait of immigrants to the post-deportation territories of the Volga region, the North Caucasus and the Crimea in the 1940s. It is proved that mostly Russians and Ukrainians moved to the settlements that were deserted after deportation. The conclusion is made about the successful adaptation of the majority of immigrants to new living conditions.

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Fleischmann, Fenella, and Karen Phalet. "Religion and National Identification in Europe: Comparing Muslim Youth in Belgium, England, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 49, no. 1 (November 30, 2017): 44–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022117741988.

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How inclusive are European national identities of Muslim minorities and how can we explain cross-cultural variation in inclusiveness? To address these questions, we draw on large-scale school-based surveys of Muslim minority and non-Muslim majority and other minority youth in five European countries (Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey [CILS]; Belgium, England, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden). Our double comparison of national identification across groups and countries reveals that national identities are less strongly endorsed by all minorities compared with majority youth, but national identification is lowest among Muslims. This descriptive evidence resonates with public concerns about the insufficient inclusion of immigrant minorities in general, and Muslims in particular, in European national identities. In addition, significant country variation in group differences in identification suggest that some national identities are more inclusive of Muslims than others. Taking an intergroup relations approach to the inclusiveness of national identities for Muslims, we establish that beyond religious commitment, positive intergroup contact (majority friendship) plays a major role in explaining differences in national identification in multigroup multilevel mediation models, whereas experiences of discrimination in school do not contribute to this explanation. Our comparative findings thus establish contextual variation in the inclusiveness of intergroup relations and European national identities for Muslim minorities.

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Candela, Silvia, and Patrizia Carletti. "La misura delle differenze etniche nella salute." SALUTE E SOCIETÀ, no. 1 (March 2009): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ses2009-001010.

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- During the last ten years the number of immigrants has rapidly risen in Italy, reaching almost the 6% of the total population. Immigrants come from more than 190 different countries and their health is a crucial capital to enter the labour market, where they play an important role, even if the achievement of social integration is still a challenge. As the monitoring of immigrants health status is an important mean to plan the actions to tackle health inequalities and to improve their health conditions, it is necessary that the National Health System develops a common methodology and produces some shared indicators to perform it. To achieve this aim a national board on the project Promoting immigrants health in Italy has been established and it is now working to find the sources of data and a reduced number of useful health indicators, measurable all around the Country. This paper presents a summary of the main informations provided by the board up to now. Keywords: immigrants, health, socio-economic status, pregnancy, indicators, epidemiology. Parole chiave: immigrati, salute, condizione socio-economica, gravidanza, indicatori, epidemiologia.

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Godás Otero, Agustín, María José Ferraces Otero, Mar Lorenzo Moledo, and Miguel A. Santos Rego. "Satisfaction with social services in Spain: What weighs more for users of immigrant origin?" International Social Work 64, no. 1 (November 26, 2018): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872818814138.

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Since the beginning of this century, Spain has become a host country for immigrants. In many cases, due to their living conditions, they are under pressure to demand different services and programs that are crucial for their social integration. This work is basically aimed at analyzing the immigrants’ satisfaction with social services. This article proposes an explanatory model of these users’ satisfaction with social services. The proposed model reports five significant factors, although the results obtained indicate that the three main factors influencing the satisfaction of users with social services are responsibility, assurance, and empathy. Satisfaction differences were also found according to users’ gender and place of residence.

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Zammarchi, Lorenzo, Filippo Bartalesi, and Alessandro Bartoloni. "TUBERCULOSIS IN TROPICAL AREAS AND IMMIGRANTS." Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 6, no. 1 (May 31, 2014): e2014043. http://dx.doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2014.043.

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About 95% of cases and 98% of deaths due to tuberculosis (TB) occurs in tropical countries while in temperate low incidence countries, a disproportionate portion of TB cases is diagnosed in immigrants. Urbanization, poverty, poor housing conditions and ventilation, poor nutritional status, low education level, the HIV co-epidemic, the growing impact of chronic conditions such as diabetes are the main determinants of the current TB epidemiology in tropical areas. TB care in these contests is complicated by several barriers such as geographical accessibility, educational, cultural, socio-psychological and gender issues. High quality microbiological and radiological facilities are not widely available and erratic supply of anti-TB drugs may affects tropical areas from time to time. Nevertheless in recent years, TB control programs reached major achievements in tropical countries as demonstrated by several indicators. Migrants have an high risk of acquire TB before migration. Moreover, after migration, they are exposed to additional risk factors for acquiring new infection or reactivate it such as poverty, stressful living conditions, social inequalities, overcrowded housing, malnutrition, substance abuse, and limited access to health care. TB mass screening programs for migrants have been implemented in low endemic countries, but present several limitations. Screening programs should not represent a stand-alone intervention, but a component of a wider approach integrated with other healthcare activities to ensure the health of migrants.

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Montazer, Shirin, and Blair Wheaton. "Economic Conditions in Countries of Origin and Trajectories in Distress after Migration to Canada." Society and Mental Health 7, no. 1 (November 2, 2016): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156869316671372.

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This paper re-examines the study of immigrant mental health by arguing that the level of economic development of origin country alters both initial mental health status and subsequent trajectories of distress over time. Using five waves of longitudinal survey data from the National Population Health Survey of adults living in three metropolitan cities in Canada ( N = 2,887), results show an increase in distress with time, but mainly among immigrants from lower gross national product (GNP) origin countries and only for the first 5 years postarrival, followed by a decline among all immigrants, irrespective of origin-country GNP. Increases in chronic stress exposure fully explain the initial increase in distress among immigrants from less developed countries of origin. Results call into question the generalizability of the “immigrant health paradox” to all immigrant groups and point to the importance of macro-level social and economic factors, and the matching of conditions at origin and destination, in the migration process.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Immigrants – Belgium – Social conditions'

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