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Relevant bibliographies by topics / IMCF

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Academic literature on the topic 'IMCF'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "IMCF"

1

Kadomskіy, Kirill. "USING SEQUENTIAL CLUSTERING TO IDENTIFICATION OF HYBRID TIMED AUTOMATA FROM ANALOG IIOT DATA." Journal of Automation and Information sciences 5 (September 1, 2021): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.34229/1028-0979-2021-5-3.

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In Industrial IoT (IIoT) systems, timed automata provide a highly useful abstraction for diagnosis and control tasks. Applying them requires automaton to be learned in passive online manner using positive samples only. Such kind of learning is supported by Hybrid timed Automata (HTA) and algorithm OTALA, but requireds a sequence of discrete events rather than continuous analog time series typically found in IIoT. Recent attempts to cover this gap, taken by A. von Birgelen, O. Niggemann, and others, involved pre-processing observations with a self-organized map (SOM) and watershed transform, yet resulting models have proven ineffective in some real-world systems. In this paper, incremental model-based clustering (IMCF) is employed to learn timed automaton from analog IIoT data. IMCF is a sequential algorithm that processes observed time-series online and splits them into a sequence of discrete states with either crisp or fuzzy transitions between them. Such transitions are then treated as events required for HTA identification with OTALA. Obtained models are evaluated in a case of IIoT system that has proved to be challenging for existing modelling techniques. Experimental results show 24,9–76,8% increase in model’s performance and suggest that discretizing obtained with IMCF has higher informativeness for HTA identification. Finally, wider perspectives of applying HTA in IIoT are discussed, and remaining principal limitations are identified as discrete nature of state transitions, and lack of long-term memory for transitions.

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Archilla, Ivan, Leire Pedrosa, Marta Garcia de Herreros, Laia Fernandez-Mañas, Francis Esposito, Pedro Jares, Carolina Figueras, et al. "An Immune-metabolic signature (IMMETCOLS) identifies three clusters in mCRC with different immune-phenotype distribution and potential clinical implications." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2022): e15534-e15534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.e15534.

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e15534 Background: The overall response rate following immune check-point blockade (ICB) is < 5% in microsatellite stable (MSS) advanced colorectal cancer (mCRC), and between 30-35% in MSI mCRC. We here evaluate the relationship between our immune-metabolic signature (IMMETCOLS) distribution (cluster (IMC) 1; mesenchymal glycolytic, IMC 2; epithelial-non glycolytic and IMC 3; epithelial mitochondrial oxidative) with immune phenotypes (inflamed (IF), immune-excluded (IE) and immune-desert (ID)) in MSS and MSI mCRC patients (pts). Methods: We have analyzed IMMETCOLS in a retrospective cohort of 128 mCRC pts enriched with MSI-H and BRAF genotype using the nCounter platform (Nanostring Technologies, US). Immune phenotypes were evaluated by immunohistochemistry using 7 immune markers (CD68, CD163, CD8, CD3, FOXP3, PD-L1 and PD1) in a subset of 47 mCRC pts (27 MSS and 20 MSI), in TMAs containing 4 cores from the center of the tumor (CT) and invasive front (IF). The number of stained immune cells was counted using a computerized image analysis system, and PD-L1 was evaluated using CPS score (< 1 vs > 1). Patients having a CD3 cell count below 572 cells/mm2 and a CD8 density below 175 cells/mm2 in IF or CT were considered as ID. (Halama Nils, 2011). CD3 density was also semi-quantitatively estimated in peritumoral stroma and intra-tumoral (range 1-4), defining as IE those cases with a difference > 1 between the two regions in both IF and CT (Brooks JM, 2019). Results: Cluster distribution was similar between MSI (IMC1-40%, IMC2-20% and IMC-40%) and MSS (IMC1-34%, IMC2-24%, IMC3-43%) pts. Patients with high LDH levels (> 1.5ULN) were enriched with IMC3 phenotype (p < 0.0001). MSI have increased CD3 (p = 0.002), CD68 (p = 0.002) and CD163 (p = 0.001) in CT than MSS patients. IMC1 pts had increased CD163/CD68 ratio in CT (p = 0.004). 75% of MSI pts were IE and 25% IF. 55% of MSS pts were IE, 38% ID and 7% IF. IMMETCOLS/ immune-phenotype distribution was: IMC1 (16% ID/ 84% IE), IMC2 (12% ID/ 63% IE/ 25% IF) and IMC3 (35%ID/ 47% IE/ 18% IF). PD1 immuno-expression > 1% (IF and CT) and PD-L1 positivity was observed in 38%, 30% and 28% of pts respectively. There were no differences in PD-L1 (CPS) and PD1 expression between MSS and MSI tumors. Inflamed tumors show higher PD-L1 expression compared with IE and ID immune-phenotypes (p = 0.014). PD1 > 1% expression at IF was significatively lower in IMC1 vs IMC2 and IMC3 tumors (p = 0.032). Conclusions: IMC1 subtype is associated with low PD1 expression, high CD163/CD68 ratio and IE phenotype even in MSI-H mCRC patients. Therefore, IMMETCOLS testing would be of value to identify MSI mCRC pts that do not benefit to ICB therapy.

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Post, Richard F. "Resource Letter IMCF-1: Inertially and magnetically confined fusion." American Journal of Physics 68, no. 2 (February 2000): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.19397.

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Allen, Brian. "Stability of the PMT and RPI for asymptotically hyperbolic manifolds foliated by IMCF." Journal of Mathematical Physics 59, no. 8 (August 2018): 082501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5035275.

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François, Aurélien, Nicolas Scelles, and Maurizio Valenti. "Gender Inequality in European Football: Evidence from Competitive Balance and Competitive Intensity in the UEFA Men’s and Women’s Champions League." Economies 10, no. 12 (December 11, 2022): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies10120315.

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Competitiveness of sporting contests is key to attract fan interest. However, limited research compared levels of competitiveness in men’s and women’s sports. This study focuses on the evolution of intra-match competitive balance (IMCB) and competitive intensity (IMCI) in the UEFA Men’s and Women’s Champions League (UMCL and UWCL). Data were initially collected for 3299 games over 2001–2019 (2314 in UMCL; 985 in UWCL) to analyse the evolution within and between each tournament. In addition, 989 matches played in UMCL over 1955–1973 were added to compare both competitions in their early stages. Results show a deterioration in IMCB and IMCI between 2001–2009 and 2009–2019 for the UMCL. Conversely, the UWCL benefitted from an increase in IMCB but not in IMCI, except for the final. The UWCL is still less competitive than the UMCL. This result holds true even when comparing the early stages of both competitions, i.e., replacing 2001–2019 by 1955–1973 for the UMCL. However, the UWCL has become closer to the UMCL in terms of IMCB and IMCI over time, a result linked to the development of women’s football. From a theoretical perspective, this article advances knowledge of IMCB and IMCI, appropriate for competitions with knockout stages. It underlines the role of the pool of players as an explanatory factor for the gap in competitiveness between European men’s and women’s football.

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Allen, Brian. "IMCF and the Stability of the PMT and RPI Under $$L^2$$ L 2 Convergence." Annales Henri Poincaré 19, no. 4 (December 8, 2017): 1283–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00023-017-0641-7.

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Ferrier, Ever, Mariana Garrido, Gustavo Luján, and Camila Del Rosario Pagani. "P39 Evaluación de los resultados del tratamiento integral de la obesidad en pacientes de la Clínica Privada Vélez Sarsfield." Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes 54, no. 3Sup (November 21, 2020): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.47196/diab.v54i3sup.425.

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Introducción: la cirugía bariátrica produce una pérdida de peso sostenida a largo plazo y reduce la comorbilidad y mortalidad en pacientes con obesidad severa. La evaluación de la pérdida ponderal debe realizarse con las herramientas adecuadas desarrolladas: porcentaje de IMC perdido (PIMCP), porcentaje de exceso de IMC perdido (PEIMCP) y el IMC final (IMCF) esperable a los tres años de la cirugía.Objetivos: 1) evaluar la pérdida ponderal en los pacientes sometidos al tratamiento integral de la obesidad en la CPVS durante el período de agosto de 2012 a agosto de 2019; 2) determinar asociación entre los factores demográficos, comorbilidades y reducción de peso logrado; 3) determinar asociación entre el mantenimiento de la actividad física y plan alimentario, y resultado a largo plazo; 4) determinar factores de riesgo para reganancia de peso.Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional, longitudinal y analítico. Tipo de muestreo: consecutivo.Se analizó la historia clínica electrónica de los pacientes, posteriormente se realizó una entrevista telefónica y se obtuvieron las variables en la actualidad. Procedimiento quirúrgico: gastrectomía vertical en manga. El análisis estadístico: Infostat.

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Sawant, Miss Pratiksha Yuvraj, and Mr Mangesh D. Salunke. "Personalized Mobile App Recommendation by Learning User’s Interest from Social Media." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 448–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41246.

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Abstract: In social media, user interests and knowledge are vital but often overlooked resources. There are a few ways to get a sense of what people are known for, such as Twitter lists and LinkedIn Skill Tags, but most people are untagged, so their interests and expertise are effectively hidden from applications like personalised recommendation and community detection and expert mining. We obtain personalised app recommendations by learning the interest's association between applications and tweets by introducing an unique generative model called IMCF+ to convert user interest from rich tweet information to sparse app usage. We analyse the performance of this technique predicts the top ten apps with an 82.5 percent success rate using only 10% training data. Furthermore, in the high sparsity situation and user cold-start scenario, this purpose technique outperforms the other six state-of-the-art algorithms by 4.7 percent and 10%, demonstrating the effectiveness of our technology. All of these findings show that our method can reliably extract user interests from tweets in order to aid in the solution of the personalised app recommendation problem. Keywords: Social Media, User Profile, deep learning, Privacy, matrix factorization,App recommendation.

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Nishiyama, Seiya, João da Providência, and Hiromasa Ohnishi. "Thermal resonating Hartree–Bogoliubov theory based on the projection method." International Journal of Modern Physics B 28, no. 20 (June 19, 2014): 1450131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979214501318.

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We propose a rigorous thermal resonating mean-field theory (Res-MFT). A state is approximated by superposition of multiple MF wavefunctions (WFs) composed of non-orthogonal Hartree–Bogoliubov (HB) WFs. We adopt a Res-HB subspace spanned by Res-HB ground and excited states. A partition function (PF) in a SO (2N) coherent state representation (CS Reps) |g 〉(N: Number of single-particle states) is expressed as Tr (e-βH) = 2N-1∫〈g|e-βH|g〉dg (β = 1/kBT). Introducing a projection operator P to the Res-HB subspace, the PF in the Res-HB subspace is given as Tr (Pe-βH), which is calculated within the Res-HB subspace by using the Laplace transform of e-βH and the projection method. The variation of the Res-HB free energy is made, which leads to a thermal HB density matrix [Formula: see text] expressed in terms of a thermal Res-FB operator [Formula: see text] as [Formula: see text]. A calculation of the PF by an infinite matrix continued fraction (IMCF) is cumbersome and a procedure of tractable optimization is too complicated. Instead, we seek for another possible and more practical way of computing the PF and the Res-HB free energy within the Res-MFT.

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Yousif, Hayder A., Abdul Rahim Norasmadi, Ahmad Faizal Bin Salleh, Zakaria Ammar, and Khudhur A. Alfarhan. "Assessment of Muscles Fatigue during 400-Meters Running Strategies Based on the Surface EMG Signals." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 42 (July 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.42.1.

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The aim of this research work is to assess the muscles fatigue of the male runner during 400 meters (m) running with three types of running strategies. The Electromyography (EMG) signals from the Rectus Femoris (RF), Biceps Femoris (BF), Gluteus Maximus (GM), Gastrocnemius Lateralis (GL), and Gastrocnemius Medialis (GMS) were collected by using bipolar electrodes from the right lower extremity’s muscles. EMG signals were collected during the run on the tartan athletic track. Five subjects (non-athletes) had run 400m with three various types of running strategies. The first type: the first 200m running 85-93% of full speed and the last 200m sprinting (full speed), second type: the first 300m running 85-93% of sprinting and the last 100m sprinting, and third type: running 85-93% of sprinting for 400m. The EMG signals were transformed to the time-frequency domain using Short Time Fourier Transform to calculate the instantaneous mean frequency (IMNF) and instantaneous median frequency (IMDF). The less index fatigues were during 1st strategy, while the RF, BF, GM, and GL muscles got recovered with IMNF and IMDF with the three strategies, and the GMS muscle has less negative regression slope value with IMNF with 1st strategy during the 4th 100m of the 400m running event. From the results, it can be concluded the running with the 1st strategy get less fatigues compared with the 2nd and 3rd strategy based on the results of time-frequency domain features (IMNF and IMDF).

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "IMCF"

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Bamford, Lesley Jean. "Implementing IMCI supervision in South Africa." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409351.

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Arabaci, Mehmet Cengiz. "The IMF and the catalytic effect do IMF agreements improve access to international financial markets? /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2010. http://worldcat.org/oclc/646196889/viewonline.

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Kumar, Chandan. "Modelling intermittent microwave convective drying (IMCD) of food materials." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/85437/1/CHANDAN_KUMAR_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis develops comprehensive mathematical models for an advanced drying technology Intermittent Microwave Convective Drying (IMCD). The models provide an improved physical understanding of the heat and mass transport during the drying process, which will help to improve the quality of dried food and energy efficiency of the process, as well as will increase the ability of automation and optimization. The final model in this thesis represents the most comprehensive fundamental multiphase model for IMCD that considers 3D electromagnetics coupled with multiphase porous media transport processes. The 3D electromagnetics considers Maxwell's equation and multiphase transport model considers three different phases: solid matrix, liquid water and gas consisting water vapour and air. The multiphase transport includes pressure-driven flow, capillary diffusion, binary diffusion, and evaporation. The models developed in this thesis were validated with extensive experimental investigations.

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Sallander, Dan. "IMF conditionality, nationellt ägandeskap och statssuveränitet." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-74403.

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Detta är en teoretisk uppsats som jämför ett antal olika relevanta teoretikers problematisering av begreppen IMF conditionality, nationellt ägandeskap och statssuveränitet samt dessa teoretikers syn på relationen mellan dessa. Jag har analyserat innehållet i ett antal olika litterära källor och jag refererar till ett flertal antal teoretiker. De ekonomiska lån som IMF ger till stater är villkorade med åtaganden som mottagarlandet måste uppfylla. Dessa villkor hänvisas ofta till som IMF conditioanlity. Statssuveränitet och nationellt ägandeskap definieras som en stats kontroll av sin egen inhemska politik, i denna uppsats begränsad till att gälla den ekonomiska politiken. Statssuveränitet går att definiera i ett vidare och i ett snävare perspektiv. I den snävare så är det regeringens kontroll av dessa frågor som är avgörande medan det i den bredare handlar om folkets kontroll av dessa frågor. Vissa teoretiker anser att IMF conditionality underminerar statens suveränitet och statens nationella ägandeskap av sin inhemska ekonomiska politik och att dessa villkor därigenom också försvagar folkets möjlighet till självbestämmande. Dessa teoretiker anser med andra ord att staten håller på att förlora kontrollen över den politiska utvecklingen och då staten är det medium genom vilket folket är hänvisat till att utöva inflytande genom allmänna val så undermineras på samma gång folkens möjlighet att påverka den politiska utvecklingen. Statssuvuränitet undermineras således både i snäv och bred definition på grund av IMF conditionality. Vissa teoretiker anser att statssuveränitet endast försvagas i dess bredare och inte i dess snävare genom att folket förlorar i ägandeskap genom att regeringen genom IMF conditionality gör sig i högre grad oberoende av folkets vilja. Ytterligare andra teoretiker försvarar IMF conditionality och hävdar att det hela handlar om ett partnerskap mellan mottagare och givare där låntagarnationen inte har gett upp ägandeskap och att IMF conditionality finns som en garant för att reformerna genomförs på ett effektivt sätt. Mottagarnationen har frivilligt tecknat ett avtal med IMF och har frivilligt gått med på att genomföra dessa reformer så det nationella ägandeskapet har inte förminskats menar dessa teoretiker. Jag kommer i denna uppsats fram till att IMF conditionality de facto har en negativ inverkan på staters nationella ägandeskap och på dessa staters suveränitet både i bred och i snäv definition.

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Orsi, Maia. "Population synthesis models for IMF studies." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2014. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4525/.

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Population synthesis models (PSMs) are fundamental tools to study the star formation history and IMF of unresolved stellar populations using spectral features. This work presents a new set of PSMs constructed using theoretical isochrones and two state-ofthe- art synthetic spectral libraries. The BT-Settl and Munari libraries were chosen for their ability to predict the observed values of Lick-type and IMF-sensitive indices in individual stars of the solar neighbourhood. The BT-Settl library was used to sample the cool main sequence stars and the Munari library for the rest of the evolutionary phases. The PSMs cover a range of metallicities with [Fe/H]= 0, -1.31 and -1.81 for scaled-solar and α-enhanced metal mixtures. The models were used to study the behaviour of the IMF indices defined in the literature and the results are in good agreement with what other PSMs have determined. The PSMs in this work predict a strong degeneracy between age, metallicity and IMF. I used the models to study which are the main evolutionary phases contributing to each IMF-sensitive index and found that most indices reach their final integrated values before the turn off. The post-main sequence stars contribute mainly to the continuum of these bands. Uncertainties in the the effective temperature of the isochrones can affect IMF estimates. The PSMs were applied to extragalactic globular clusters (GCs) and early-type galaxies (ETGs) using data from the literature. I determined the ages, metallicities and IMFs of these systems using index combinations in the optical and infrared. I explored how the morphology of the Horizontal Branch (HB) and dynamical evolution (which are key uncertainties in the modelling of GCs) can affect the IMF predictions. In a population with a Milky Way IMF, dynamical evolution can make the IMF indices mimic a bottom-light IMF. HB morphology has no impact on the IMF estimates at low [Fe/H]. In the IMF index-index diagrams for GCs, the results are significantly affected by the unknown sodium abundances of these systems. Using the PSMs in this work the best index combination to determine the IMF is CaH1 and TiO2. The ETGs and the [Fe/H]=0 GCs appear to have a bottom-heavy IMF with x ~ 3:0. These results are discussed in the work.

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Woo, Byungwon. "The Strategic Politics of IMF Conditionality." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1275420293.

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Baechel, Nicholas J. "RELIEF AGENCY, HEGEMON, OR FAILURE? AN EVALUATION OF THE IMF AS CRISIS MANAGER." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1163097350.

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Hickson, Kevin Arthur. "The 1976 IMF crisis and British politics." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250108.

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Pete, Thobeka Portia. "Deformation processed IMC-reinforced metal matrix composites." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07112009-040418/.

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Mayombana, Charles Chrisostom. "Local understanding and practices related to IMCI interventions in eastern Tanzania." Basel : [s.n.], 2005. http://edoc.unibas.ch/diss/DissB_7175.

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Books on the topic "IMCF"

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Durchholz, Reiner. Compositional data objects: The IMC/IMCL reference manual. Chichester: Wiley, 1992.

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Harinowo, Cyrillus. IMF: Penanganan krisis & Indonesia pasca-IMF. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2004.

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IMF wigi. Sŏul T'ŭkpyŏlsi: Ch'aek Sesang, 2009.

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Durcholz, Reiner, and Gernot Richter. Compositional Data Objects: The Imc/Imcl Reference Manual (Wiley Professional Computing). John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1992.

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Wilde, Michael. Impf Notizbuch. Independently Published, 2021.

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Wilde, Michael. Impf Notizbuch. Independently Published, 2021.

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Wilde, Michael. Impf Notizbuch. Independently Published, 2021.

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Wilde, Michael. Impf Notizbuch. Independently Published, 2021.

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Monetary, International. Progress Report to the IMFC on the Activities of the Independent Evaluation Office of the IMF. International Monetary Fund, 2022.

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Monetary, International. Progress Report to the IMFC on the Activities of the Independent Evaluation Office of the IMF. International Monetary Fund, 2022.

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Book chapters on the topic "IMCF"

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Fischer, R. X., and W. H. Baur. "IMF." In Zeolite-Type Crystal Structures and their Chemistry. 41 New Framework Type Codes, 180–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41452-7_15.

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Arroyo, Ignacio. "IMC." In Yearbook Maritime Law, 351–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3707-4_30.

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "IMC." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 1325. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43978-4_3963.

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "IMC." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27769-6_3963-1.

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Renneberg, Reinhard, and Iris Rapoport. "Impf-Pate Kuh." In Gene zum Frühstück, 223–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65956-4_55.

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Breen, Michael. "IMF Lending." In The Politics of IMF Lending, 85–104. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137263810_6.

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Breen, Michael. "IMF Conditionality." In The Politics of IMF Lending, 123–40. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137263810_8.

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Neumann, G., H. H. Feucht, W. Becker, and M. Späth. "Impf-Checkliste des Frauenarztes." In Gynäkologische Infektionen, 241–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-05268-2_61.

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Pleines, Heiko. "Opposition to the Washington Consensus: The IMF and Social Policy Reforms in Post-Soviet Russia." In International Impacts on Social Policy, 275–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86645-7_22.

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AbstractFinancial collapse forced Russia into an agreement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 1998. As part of its conditionality the IMF demanded severe cuts to the country’s social security system, which led to a public backlash against the agreement. However, six years later, after Russia had repaid all its debts to the IMF and started pursuing its economic policy independently, it re-introduced the monetisation of in-kind social benefits—one of the key reforms it had failed to implement as part of the earlier IMF agreement. The analysis of a similar reform attempt with and without IMF involvement shows that domestic policy-makers can genuinely subscribe to neoliberal reforms. It also helps to assess the IMF’s “mixed” approach to domestic opposition against its conditionality.

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Moosa, Imad A., and Nisreen Moosa. "The IMF at Face Value." In Eliminating the IMF, 1–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05761-9_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "IMCF"

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Chauhan, Preeti, Michael Osterman, and Michael Pecht. "Impact of Thermal Aging on the Growth of Cu-Sn Intermetallic Compounds in Pb-Free Solder Joints in 2512 Resistors." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10169.

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Interfacial intermetallic compounds (IMCs) in solder joints are formed during soldering and continue to grow after assembly. Excessive interfacial IMC growth may impact the reliability of solder interconnections due to changes in material behavior. The impact of thermal aging on IMC growth can be determined by subjecting assemblies to elevated temperatures and determining the interfacial IMC growth. This paper discusses the interfacial IMCs formed in the solder-Cu interface for SAC305, SAC105, and Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni+Ge (SN100C) assemblies. Test assemblies were produced using tin-finished 2512 resistors soldered onto OSP-finished copper lands. The assemblies were subjected to aging conditions of 100°C for 24 h and 600 h; and 150°C for 24 h and the impact of high temperature aging on the thickness of IMCs formed at solder-Cu interface was studied. Samples stored at room temperature for 600 h were the reference specimen for the experiment. The IMC growth observed in the lead-free solders was compared with that in eutectic SnPb. Interfacial IMCs formed in room temperature conditioned specimens were scallop shaped and non-uniform. The IMC structure evolved with aging temperature and duration resulting in smoother and more uniform IMCs in 100°C/600 h aged samples. A comparison of IMC thickness in the solders at given aging conditions revealed that SAC305 exhibited highest IMC thickness, followed by SAC105 and SN100C. SnPb showed the least IMC thickness at all aging conditions except at 150°C for 24 h. At this condition, SnPb showed IMC thickness comparable to SAC305 solder and was higher than other solders.

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2

Pang, John H. L., and Luhua Xu. "Board-Level Drop Reliability Performance Before and After Thermal Cycling Aging." In ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2007-33738.

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The combined sequential reliability test of thermal cycling aging followed by board level drop test for lead-free SnAgCu soldered assemblies were investigated. Interfacial IMCs, Kirkendall voids formation and interconnect failure mode are studied subject to TC aging. Kirkendall voids were observed with Ar+ sputtering etching. The failure sites and mechanism were examined and correlated with IMC and void formation. Significant decrease of drop life was observed for both SAC/ENIG and SAC/Cu-OSP assemblies after thermal cycling aging. Growth of Kirkendall voids and IMC significantly weakened the solder joint interface during TC aging. Drop impact crack path changed from the IMC to the IMC/Cu interface.

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3

Choudhury, Soud Farhan, and Leila Ladani. "Anisotropic Behavior of Single Grain Cu6Sn5 Intermetallic." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-40196.

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Intermetallic (IMC) layers (Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn) are an essential component of a solder joint for good metallurgical bonding. However, the mechanical and physical properties of IMC layers differ significantly from the solder and substrate, and excessive IMC layers can lower the reliability of solder joints due to their brittle nature. Moreover, continuous miniaturization of packages and joints has increased the volume fraction of IMCs to a point where smaller joints could be completely composed of IMCs. Further miniaturization of joints may result in statistical grain size effects. One of the most common types of IMCs in microelectronic joints is Cu6Sn5, which is formed in a variety of bonding materials with different compositions of Sn, Cu, and Ag. Due to its large percentage of volume in solder joint; to predict the reliability of micro solder joints, it is necessary to characterize single crystal Cu6Sn5 IMC completely. This study reports the information on grain growth orientation and elastic-plastic properties such as young’s modulus, hardness, yield strength and strain hardening exponent of single grain of Cu6Sn5 in Sn-3.5Ag/Cu solder alloy system. IMCs materials were grown using reflow process using an experiment in which the time and temperature of reflow process was varied. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis was conducted after the reflow to measure the grain size and determine the preferred grain orientation. It was found that the growth orientation is in the orientation of the c-axis. Nanoindentation was carried out in 4 individual grains with different crystallographic orientation along normal to the growth axis to determine the elastic properties of Cu6Sn5 single crystal. Plastic properties were predicted using the nanoindentation results and Dao reverse analysis model. The results indicate that the hardness for Cu6Sn5 grains with different orientation along normal to growth axis is statistically indistinguishable. Lower elastic modulus was observed for a grain with [010] direction parallel to the loading direction. Yield strength of a grain with (001) plane parallel to the loading direction was slightly lower than other grain orientations. Overall, the experimental results obtained were found to be within the range shown in the literature.

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4

Fahim, Abdullah, Sudan Ahmed, Jeffrey C. Suhling, and Pradeep Lall. "Nanoindentation Measurements of the Mechanical Properties of Individual Phases Within Lead Free Solder Joints Subjected to Isothermal Aging." In ASME 2018 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2018-8408.

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Exposure of lead free solder joints to high temperature isothermal aging conditions leads to microstructure evolution, which mainly includes coarsening of the intermetallic (IMC) phases. In our previous work, it was found that the coarsening of IMCs led to degradation of the overall mechanical properties of the SAC solder composite consisting of β-Sn matrix and IMC particles. However, it is not known whether the isothermal aging changes properties of the individual β-Sn and IMC phases, which could also be affecting to the overall degradation of properties. In this study, the aging induced variations of the mechanical properties of the β-Sn phase, and of Sn-Cu IMC particles in SAC solder joints have been explored using nanoindentation. SAC solder joints extracted from SuperBGA (SBGA) packages were aged for different time intervals (0, 1, 5, 10 days) at T = 125 °C. Nanoindentation test samples were prepared by cross sectioning the solder joints, and then molding them in epoxy and polishing them to prepare the joint surfaces for nanoindentation. Multiple β-Sn grains were identified in joints using optical polarized microscopy and IMCs were also observed. Individual β-Sn grains and IMC particles were then indented at room temperature to measure their mechanical properties (elastic modulus and hardness) and time dependent creep deformations. Properties measured at different aging time were then compared to explore aging induced degradations of the individual phases. The properties of the individual phases did not show significant degradation. Thus, IMC coarsening is the primary reason for the degradation of bulk solder joint properties, and changes of the properties of the individual phases making up the lead free solder material are negligible.

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5

Ma, Hong, Peihao Geng, and Guoliang Qin. "Effect of Alloying Elements of Al Alloy on the Interfacial Microstructure and Fracture Behaviour of Al Alloy/Steel Inertia Friction Welded Joint: A Comparative Study." In ASME 2022 17th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2022-85196.

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Abstract The present study highlighted the effect of alloying elements in Al alloy on the interfacial microstructure, and the corresponding fracture behaviour of the Al alloy/steel inertia friction welded joint by selectively adopting two types of Al alloys. A strong texture of <111>//radial direction was formed on the Al alloy side in both types of joints, while no obvious changes were identified on the steel side. Different types of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) were formed at the weld interface. In the Al-Mg-Si alloy/steel joint produced at a low heat input, the interfacial microstructure was composed of a nanoscale amorphous layer and partially crystallised layer, while it turned into a fully crystallised Fe2Al5 phase with Si enriched when the heat input was enhanced. In the Al-Cu alloy/steel joint, Cu was enriched at the weld interface, with the possible formation of Fe-Al-Cu based IMCs. Moreover, a two-layered structure of IMC with different compositions of Cu appeared when the joint was prepared at a high heat input. Such distinct interfacial microstructure caused different fracture behaviours of joints. An interfacial reaction layer less than 130 nm thick led to the failure of Al alloy rather than the weld interface which easily happened at a thicker IMC.

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6

Liu, J., P. Kumar, I. Dutta, C. M. Nagaraj, R. Raj, M. Renavikar, and R. Mahajan. "Effect of Interfacial Layers on the Performance of Cu-In Liquid Phase Sintered Composites as Thermal Interface and Interconnect Materials." In ASME 2011 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2011-52221.

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In this study, a novel architecture composed of uniformly distributed high melting phase (HMP, e.g. Cu) in a low melting phase (LMP, e.g. In) matrix, which can be produced via liquid phase sintering (LPS), is proposed to produce next generation thermal interface materials (TIMs) and interconnect (IC) materials. The LMP determines the shear compliance of these composites whereas the HMP determines its thermal and electrical conductivities. The volume fraction of In was optimized to produce a Cu-In solder with suitable mechanical, electrical and thermal properties for TIM and IC applications. Since, Cu and In react to form several Cu-In intermetallic compounds (IMCs), which may deteriorate the long-term performance of these solders, interfacial-layers of Au and Al2O3 were applied on Cu to further improve the performance of the Cu-In solders. The effect of interfacial-layers on the reaction between Cu and In, during sintering at 160°C and during aging at 125°C, was studied and its impact on the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties was evaluated. Au interfacial layer (50∼200nm) quickly reacted with In to form AuIn2 IMC, which acted as a tenacious diffusion-barrier and slowed down the reactions between Cu and In. 8-monolayer thick Al2O3 did not react with either Cu or In and inhibited reactions between Cu and In. During short-time sintering, the effect of interfacial layer on the thicknesses of IMCs was insignificant to affect the yield strength of the as-sintered composites. However, IMC layer thickened rapidly in the Cu-In composites without an interfacial-layer, which led to a drastic decrease in the volume fraction of unreacted In leading to an increase in the yield strength of the solder. On the other hand, the interfacial-layers effectively suppressed the growth of IMCs during aging and hence the yield strength of such composites increased at slower rates. Since, the IMCs formed at the interface radically affect the contact resistance, significant differences in the thermal and electrical conductivities were recorded for the solders with different interfacial-layers.

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7

Ko, K. H., J. O. Choi, and H. Lee. "Abnormal Intermetallic Compound Formation of Cold Sprayed Cu-Sn Coatings." In ITSC2011, edited by B. R. Marple, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and A. McDonald. DVS Media GmbH, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2011p0320.

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Abstract Cu-Sn composites coatings by cold spray with wide ranges of particle size and shape (round to flake) were investigated regarding their intermetallic compound (IMC) formation. It was found when certain size and shape combination of Cu-Sn composite raw materials were employed, the embedded Cu-Sn IMCs such as Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn were observed even in as-sprayed states without additional heat treatments. These results implied that the impact energy of colliding particles of the cold spraying could be enough to activate IMC compounding process. It seems that this can be also true in several composite systems that have relatively low activation energy of IMC compounding. After post annealing, the Cu6Sn5 formed in as-coated state were transformed into the Cu3Sn phase and the residue of unreacted Sn particles were fully changed into the Cu3Sn phase (Cu6Sn5 →Cu3Sn). These conversion processes also depended strongly on the choices of the shape and size combinations of Cu and Sn particles.

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8

Qin, Wentao, Harold Anderson, Tom Anderson, George Chang, and Denise Barrientos. "Corrosion Mechanisms of Cu Bond Wires on AlSi Pads." In ISTFA 2015. ASM International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2015p0418.

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Abstract Cu wires were bonded to AlSi (1%) pads, subsequently encapsulated and subjected to uHAST (un-biased Highly Accelerated Stress Test, 130 °C and 85% relative humidity). After the test, a pair of bonding interfaces associated with a failing contact resistance and a passing contact resistance were analyzed and compared, with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The data suggested the corrosion rates were higher for the more Cu-rich Cu-Al intermetallics (IMC) in the failing sample. The corrosion was investigated with factors including electromotive force (EMF), self-passivation of Al, thickness and homogeneity of the Al-oxide on the IMC, ratio of the Cu-to-Al surface areas exposed to the electrolyte for an IMC taken into account. The preferential corrosion observed for the Cu-rich IMC is attributed to the high ratios of the surface areas of the cathode and anode that were exposed to the electrolyte, and the passivation oxide of Al with the lower homogeneity. The corrosion of the Cu-Al IMC is just a manifestation of the well-known phenomenon of dealloying. With the understanding of the corrosion mechanisms, prohibiting the formation of Cu-rich IMCs is expected be an approach to improve the corrosion resistance of the wire bonding.

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9

Sepehrband, Panthea, and Maryam Gholamirad. "Analysis of Intermetallic Formation During Ultrasonic Ball Bonding." In ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2015-48812.

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During ultrasonic ball bonding of copper wire to aluminum pad, the two alloys are joined over an immensely short period of time (<100ms), at a relatively low temperature (< 200°C). Bond formation in such condition is related to accelerated diffusional processes and formation of intermetallic compounds (IMC). Despite the industrial importance of the phenomenon, the micro-mechanism of IMC formation is not clearly understood, nor deeply studied. One of the main barriers toward understanding the phenomena is the limited capability of experimental analysis for analyzing processes occurring over short period of time. In this research, a combination of theoretical analysis and finite element simulation is used to investigate the mechanisms that lead to diffusion enhancement and, as a result, IMCs formation.

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10

Talebanpour, Babak, and Indranath Dutta. "Fracture Mechanisms in Sn-Ag-Cu Solder Micro-Bumps for 3D Microelectronic Packages." In ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2015-48125.

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Solder micro-bumps, which serve as interconnects between stacked dies in 3D electronic packages, are typically very thin (25μm or less) and contain a high proportion of intermetallic compounds (IMCs). This makes micro-bumps brittle, and prone to fracture, particularly under drop conditions. In this paper, the fracture mechanics and mechanisms of SAC305 solder micro-bumps attached to Cu metallizations are studied as functions of the proportion of IMC in the joint. The effects of IMC content, IMC composition (i.e., the relative amounts of Cu3Sn and Cu6Sn5), strain rate, and mode mixity on both fracture toughness and fracture mechanism were investigated. The fracture mechanisms were studied via quantitative fractography. It was found that fracture toughness decreases dramatically (∼80%) with increase in IMC content (from ∼22% to 100%IMC). In all samples, the majority of the fracture surface comprised IMC/Sn interface failure, which constitutes the predominant fracture mechanism. With increasing aging, the proportion of ductile fracture of Sn decreases, fracture through Cu6Sn5 cleavage increases, and more Cu3Sn/Cu6Sn5 interface failure is observed. In general, bulk fracture properties of Cu3Sn plays little role in the fracture process. Thin joints also frequently display an alternating crack path between the two solder-substrate interfaces with the crack transitioning from one interface to the other, through the intervening Sn. Such crack transition between two surfaces increases with increase in IMC content, as long as there is intervening Sn, and may be utilized to improve the fracture toughness of thin joints. Finally, joint fracture toughness decreased with increase in both strain rate and mode mixity.

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Reports on the topic "IMCF"

1

Gentile, N. Smoothed Emission for IMC. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1018761.

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Abdo, Nabil, Dana Abed, Bachir Ayoub, and Nizar Aouad. The IMF and Lebanon: The long road ahead – An assessment of how Lebanon’s economy may be stabilized while battling a triple crisis and recovering from a deadly blast. Oxfam, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6652.

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Lebanon is extremely unequal and has been rocked by massive protests in recent months. The country is facing a financial crisis and is in talks with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) about a potential bailout programme. Other IMF programmes in the region have focused on austerity and have driven increases in poverty and inequality. A business-as-usual approach by the IMF in Lebanon could have serious and far-reaching adverse impacts. Any potential policies pushed by the IMF in Lebanon must first be shown not to impact negatively on economic and gender inequalities, and must be drawn up transparently in consultation with local communities, civil society organizations and social movements.

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3

Eichengreen, Barry, Poonam Gupta, and Ashoka Mody. Sudden Stops and IMF-Supported Programs. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12235.

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Not Listed. Implementation Plan for the Irradiated Materials Characterization Laboratory (IMCL). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1082401.

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5

Gentile, N. Summer Project on Exponential Convergence for IMC. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1255187.

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6

Krueger, Anne. Whither the World Bank and the IMF? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6327.

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Kho, Bong-Chan, and Rene Stulz. Banks, the IMF, and the Asian Crisis. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7361.

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Stephanie Austad. Conceptual Design Report for the Irradiated Materials Characterization Laboratory (IMCL). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/984533.

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9

Campbell, Anne, and Brian Eckhart. Validation of the IMCE RFDA System for Dynamic Elastic Moduli Measurements. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1865765.

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10

Kelley, Timothy M. Adapting an IMC Library to the Roadrunner Architecture. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1089475.

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