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1
Abd Alamer, Iman Sabah, Ali Athafah Tomah, Bin Li, and Jing-Ze Zhang. "Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Rhizobacteria Strains for Biological Control of Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) of Eggplant in China." Agriculture 10, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10020037.
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Bacterial wilt of eggplant is the most destructive disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum throughout the world. Eleven bacterial strains with high antagonistic activity were obtained from 245 rhizobacteria. Based on analysis of morphology, 16S rRNA sequences, fatty acid profiles, gyrA and rpoB genes, they were identified as Pseudomonas putida (IMA3), Paenibacillus polymyxa (IMA5), Bacillus cereus (IMA4, IMA7 and IMA11) and the “operational group Bacillus amyloliquefaciens” (IMA1, IMA2, IMA6, IMA8, IMA9 and IMA10). The lipopeptide compounds produced by each strain also were determined. The biocontrol tests demonstrated that co-inoculation by strain IMA5 and the pathogen gave the greatest biocontrol efficiency of 87.0% and 69.2% 30 and 40 days after co-inoculation, respectively. Plant growth promotion tests revealed that IMA5 markedly promoted eggplant growth, enhancing aboveground seedling length and biomass by 60.8% and by 107.6% and underground root length and biomass by 33.0% and 69.2%, respectively. Hence, strain IMA5 could be considered for developing potential biocontrol agents and for promoting plant growth characteristics, to aid the management of the pathogen R. solanacearum in eggplants.
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Bogie, Kath M., Katelyn Schwartz, Youjin Li, Shengxuan Wang, Wei Dai, and Jiayang Sun. "Exploring adipogenic and myogenic circulatory biomarkers of recurrent pressure injury risk for persons with spinal cord injury." Journal of Circulating Biomarkers 6, no. 1 (September 21, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33393/jcb.2020.2121.
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Purpose: To investigate linkages between circulatory adipogenic and myogenic biomarkers, gluteal intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT), and pressure injury (PrI) history following spinal cord injury (SCI).
Methods: This is an observational repeated-measures study of 30 individuals with SCI. Whole blood was collected regularly over 2-3 years. Circulatory adipogenic and myogenic gene expression was determined. IMAT was defined as above/below 15% (IMATd) or percentage (IMAT%). PrI history was defined as recurrent PrI (RPrI) or PrI number (nPrI). Model development used R packages (version 3.5.1). Univariate analysis screened for discriminating genes for downstream multivariate and combined models of averaged and longitudinal data for binary (RPrI/IMATd) and finer scales (nPrI/IMAT%).
Results: For adipogenesis, Krüppel-like factor 4 was the top RPrI predictor together with resistin and cyclin D1, and sirtuin 2 was the top IMAT predictor. For myogenesis, the top RPrI predictor was dysferlin 2B, and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 was the top IMAT predictor together with dystrophin.
Conclusion: Circulatory adipogenic and myogenic biomarkers have statistically significant relationships with PrI history and IMAT for persons with SCI. Biomarkers of interest may act synergistically or additively. Variable importance rankings can reveal nonlinear correlations among the predictors. Biomarkers of interest may act synergistically or additively, thus multiple genes may need to be included for prediction with finer distinction.
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Tuttle, Lori J., David R. Sinacore, and Michael J. Mueller. "Intermuscular Adipose Tissue Is Muscle Specific and Associated with Poor Functional Performance." Journal of Aging Research 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/172957.
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Purpose. People with obesity, diabetes, and peripheral neuropathy have high levels of intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) volume which has been inversely related to physical function. We determined if IMAT is muscle specific, if calf IMAT is different between a healthy obese group (HO), a group with diabetes mellitus (D), and a group with diabetes mellitus and peripheral neuropathy (DN), and if IMAT volume or the ratio of IMAT/muscle volume is related to physical function in these groups.Methods. 10 healthy obese people, 11 with type 2 diabetes, 24 with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy, had assessments of muscle morphology, physical function and muscle performance.Results. The gastrocnemius muscle had a higher ratio of IMAT/muscle volume than any other muscle or compartment. There were no differences between groups in calf muscle or IMAT volumes. Calf IMAT was inversely related to physical performance on the 6-minute walk test (r=−0.47) and physical performance test (r=−0.36). IMAT/muscle volume was inversely related to physical performance (PPT,r=−0.44; 6 MWr=−0.48; stair power,r=−0.30).Conclusions. IMAT accumulation varies in calf muscles, is highest in the gastrocnemius muscle, and is associated with poor physical performance.
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Sachs, Stephan, Simona Zarini, Darcy E. Kahn, Kathleen A. Harrison, Leigh Perreault, Tzu Phang, Sean A. Newsom, et al. "Intermuscular adipose tissue directly modulates skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in humans." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 316, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): E866—E879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00243.2018.
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Intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is negatively related to insulin sensitivity, but a causal role of IMAT in the development of insulin resistance is unknown. IMAT was sampled in humans to test for the ability to induce insulin resistance in vitro and characterize gene expression to uncover how IMAT may promote skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Human primary muscle cells were incubated with conditioned media from IMAT, visceral (VAT), or subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) to evaluate changes in insulin sensitivity. RNAseq analysis was performed on IMAT with gene expression compared with skeletal muscle and SAT, and relationships to insulin sensitivity were determined in men and women spanning a wide range of insulin sensitivity measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Conditioned media from IMAT and VAT decreased insulin sensitivity similarly compared with SAT. Multidimensional scaling analysis revealed distinct gene expression patterns in IMAT compared with SAT and muscle. Pathway analysis revealed that IMAT expression of genes in insulin signaling, oxidative phosphorylation, and peroxisomal metabolism related positively to donor insulin sensitivity, whereas expression of macrophage markers, inflammatory cytokines, and secreted extracellular matrix proteins were negatively related to insulin sensitivity. Perilipin 5 gene expression suggested greater IMAT lipolysis in insulin-resistant individuals. Combined, these data show that factors secreted from IMAT modulate muscle insulin sensitivity, possibly via secretion of inflammatory cytokines and extracellular matrix proteins, and by increasing local FFA concentration in humans. These data suggest IMAT may be an important regulator of skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and could be a novel therapeutic target for skeletal muscle insulin resistance.
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Bergia, Robert E., Jung Eun Kim, and Wayne W. Campbell. "Differential Relationship between Intermuscular Adipose Depots with Indices of Cardiometabolic Health." International Journal of Endocrinology 2018 (September 4, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2751250.
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Background. Globally, accumulation of intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is positively associated with insulin resistance. Whether this association is observed consistently in different skeletal muscles and encompasses other markers of cardiometabolic health is not well known. Objectives. The purpose of this secondary analysis study was to investigate associations among thigh or calf IMAT stores and indices of cardiometabolic health in adults who are overweight and obese participating in dietary interventions. A subset of calf data was analyzed to assess relations between IMAT in the gastrocnemius (type II fiber predominance) and soleus (type I fiber predominance) with markers of cardiometabolic health. Materials and Methods. Thigh and calf compositions were assessed via magnetic resonance imaging in 113 subjects (mean ± SD, age: 50 ± 16 y (range: 21–77 y), BMI: 31 ± 3 kg/m2), 103 of which completed dietary interventions with or without energy restriction-induced weight loss. A subset of data (n=37) was analyzed for relations between muscle compartments (gastrocnemius and soleus) and cardiometabolic health. IMAT was regressed separately against fasting serum glucose concentrations, insulin, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and lipids and lipoproteins. Results. In general, total thigh IMAT was predictive of markers of glucose control, while total calf IMAT was not. Specifically, baseline thigh IMAT was positively associated with fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR. IMAT content changes in any depot did not predict improvement in cardiometabolic health. Conclusions. The strength of the relationship between IMAT and glucose control-related indices of cardiometabolic health is dependent on IMAT location. Specifically, greater IMAT in the thigh is a better predictor of cardiometabolic risk than greater IMAT in the calf in adults who are overweight and obese.
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Jacobs, Janelle L., Robin L. Marcus, Glen Morrell, and Paul LaStayo. "Resistance Exercise with Older Fallers: Its Impact on Intermuscular Adipose Tissue." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/398960.
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Objective. Greater skeletal muscle fat infiltration occurs with age and contributes to numerous negative health outcomes. The primary purpose was to determine whether intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) can be influenced by an exercise intervention and if a greater reduction in IMAT occurs with eccentric versus traditional resistance training.Methods. Seventy-seven older adults (age 75.5 ± 6.8) with multiple comorbidities and a history of falling completed a three-month exercise intervention paired with either eccentric or traditional resistance training. MRI of the mid-thigh was examined at three time points to determine changes in muscle composition after intervention.Results. No differences in IMAT were observed over time, and there were no differences in IMAT response between intervention groups. Participants in the traditional group lost a significant amount of lean tissue (P=0.007) in the nine months after intervention, while participants in the eccentric group did not (P=0.32). When IMAT levels were partitioned into high and low IMAT groups, there were differential IMAT responses to intervention with the high group lowering thigh IMAT.Conclusions. There is no decrease in thigh IMAT after a three-month exercise intervention in older adults at risk for falling and no benefit to eccentric training over traditional resistance training for reducing IMAT in these individuals.
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Durheim, Michael T., Cris A. Slentz, Lori A. Bateman, Stephanie K. Mabe, and William E. Kraus. "Relationships between exercise-induced reductions in thigh intermuscular adipose tissue, changes in lipoprotein particle size, and visceral adiposity." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 295, no. 2 (August 2008): E407—E412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.90397.2008.
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Small LDL and HDL particle size are characteristic of a proatherogenic lipoprotein profile. Aerobic exercise increases these particle sizes. Although visceral adipose tissue (VAT) has been strongly linked with dyslipidemia, the importance of intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) to dyslipidemia and exercise responses is less well understood. We measured exercise-associated changes in thigh IMAT and VAT and examined their relationships with changes in LDL and HDL particle size. Sedentary, dyslipidemic, overweight subjects ( n = 73) completed 8–9 mo of aerobic training. Linear regression models were used to compare the power of IMAT change and VAT change to predict lipoprotein size changes. In men alone ( n = 40), IMAT change correlated inversely with both HDL size change ( r = −0.42, P = 0.007) and LDL size change ( r = −0.52, P < 0.001). That is, reduction of IMAT was associated with a shift toward larger, less atherogenic lipoprotein particles. No significant correlations were observed in women. After adding VAT change to the model, IMAT change was the only significant predictor of either HDL size change ( P = 0.034 for IMAT vs. 0.162 for VAT) or LDL size change ( P = 0.004 for IMAT vs. 0.189 for VAT) in men. In conclusion, in overweight dyslipidemic men, exercise-associated change in thigh IMAT was inversely correlated with both HDL and LDL size change and was more predictive of these lipoprotein changes than was change in VAT. Reducing IMAT through aerobic exercise may be functionally related to some improvements in atherogenic dyslipidemia in men.
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Kahn, Darcy, Simona Zarini, Emily Macias, Amanda Garfield, Kathleen Harrison, Melanie Cree-Green, Jonathan Schoen, and Bryan Bergman. "4126 Intermuscular adipose tissue secretes pro-inflammatory, extracellular matrix, and lipid signals related to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 4, s1 (June 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2020.73.
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) has been associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, yet mechanistic studies addressing the functional role of IMAT are lacking. The aim of this work was to identify novel mechanisms by which IMAT may directly impact skeletal muscle metabolism. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We quantified the secretome of IMAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) to determine if there are differences between depots in the secretion of cytokines, eicosanoids, FFAs and proteins that influence metabolic function. SAT and VAT biopsies from patients undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery and IMAT extracted from vastus lateralis biopsies of individuals with Obesity were cultured for 48 hours in DMEM, and the conditioned media was analyzed using nanoflow HPLC-MS, multiplex ELISAs and LC/MS/MS for proteins, cytokines and eicosanoids/FFA, respectively. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: IMAT secretion of various extracellular matrix proteins (fibrinogen-β, collagenV1a3, fibronectin) was significantly different than VAT and SAT. Pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion of IFNg, TNFa, IL-8 and IL-13 from IMAT was higher than VAT and significantly higher than SAT (p < 0.05). IMAT secretes significantly more pro-inflammatory eicosanoids TXB2 and PGE2 than VAT (p = 0.02, 0.05) and SAT (p = 0.01, 0.04). IMAT and VAT have significantly greater basal lipolysis assessed by FFA release rates compared to SAT (p = 0.01, 0.04). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: These data begin to characterize the disparate secretory properties of SAT, VAT and IMAT and suggest a metabolically adverse secretome of IMAT, that due to its proximity to skeletal muscle may play an important functional role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
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Yaskolka Meir, Anat, Ilan Shelef, Dan Schwarzfuchs, Yftach Gepner, Lilac Tene, Hila Zelicha, Gal Tsaban, et al. "Intermuscular adipose tissue and thigh muscle area dynamics during an 18-month randomized weight loss trial." Journal of Applied Physiology 121, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): 518–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00309.2016.
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It remains unclear whether intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) has any metabolic influence or whether it is merely a marker of abnormalities, as well as what are the effects of specific lifestyle strategies for weight loss on the dynamics of both IMAT and thigh muscle area (TMA). We followed the trajectory of IMAT and TMA during 18-mo lifestyle intervention among 278 sedentary participants with abdominal obesity, using magnetic resonance imaging. We measured the resting metabolic rate (RMR) by an indirect calorimeter. Among 273 eligible participants (47.8 ± 9.3 yr of age), the mean IMAT was 9.6 ± 4.6 cm2. Baseline IMAT levels were directly correlated with waist circumference, abdominal subdepots, C-reactive protein, and leptin and inversely correlated with baseline TMA and creatinine ( P < 0.05 for all). After 18 mo (86.3% adherence), both IMAT (−1.6%) and TMA (−3.3%) significantly decreased ( P < 0.01 vs. baseline). The changes in both IMAT and TMA were similar across the lifestyle intervention groups and directly corresponded with moderate weight loss ( P < 0.001). IMAT change did not remain independently associated with decreased abdominal subdepots or improved cardiometabolic parameters after adjustments for age, sex, and 18-mo weight loss. In similar models, 18-mo TMA loss remained associated with decreased RMR, decreased activity, and with increased fasting glucose levels and IMAT ( P < 0.05 for all). Unlike other fat depots, IMAT may not represent a unique or specific adipose tissue, instead largely reflecting body weight change per se. Moderate weight loss induced a significant decrease in thigh muscle area, suggesting the importance of resistance training to accompany weight loss programs.
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Konopka, Adam R., Christopher A. Wolff, Miranda K. Suer, and Matthew P. Harber. "Relationship between intermuscular adipose tissue infiltration and myostatin before and after aerobic exercise training." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 315, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): R461—R468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00030.2018.
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Intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is associated with impaired skeletal muscle contractile and metabolic function. Myostatin and downstream signaling proteins such as cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) contribute to the regulation of adipose and skeletal muscle mass in cell culture and animals models, but this relationship remains incompletely understood in humans. The purpose of this study was to determine if the infiltration of IMAT was associated with skeletal muscle myostatin and downstream proteins before and after 12 wk of aerobic exercise training (AET) in healthy older women (OW; 69 ± 2 yr), older men (OM; 74 ± 3 yr), and young men (YM; 20 ± 1 yr). We found that the infiltration of IMAT was correlated with myostatin and phosphorylated CDK2 at tyrosine 15 [P-CDK2(Tyr15)]. IMAT infiltration was greater in the older subjects and was associated with lower skeletal muscle function and exercise capacity. After 12 wk of AET, there was no change in body weight. Myostatin and P-CDK2(Tyr15) were both decreased after AET, and the reduction in myostatin was associated with decreased IMAT infiltration. The decrease in myostatin and IMAT occurred concomitantly with increased exercise capacity, skeletal muscle size, and function after AET. These findings demonstrate that the reduction in IMAT infiltration after AET in weight stable individuals was accompanied by improvements in skeletal muscle function and exercise capacity. Moreover, the association between myostatin and IMAT was present in the untrained state and in response to exercise training, strengthening the potential regulatory role of myostatin on IMAT.
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Gamboa, Jorge Luis, Daniel Carranza-León, Rachelle Crescenzi, Michael Pridmore, Dungeng Peng, Adriana Marton, Annette Oeser, et al. "Intermuscular adipose tissue in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus." Lupus Science & Medicine 9, no. 1 (November 2022): e000756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/lupus-2022-000756.
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ObjectivePatients with SLE frequently have debilitating fatigue and reduced physical activity. Intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) accumulation is associated with reduced physical exercise capacity. We hypothesised that IMAT is increased in patients with SLE and associated with increased fatigue, reduced physical activity and increased inflammation.MethodsIn a cross-sectional study, 23 patients with SLE and 28 control participants were evaluated. IMAT was measured in the calf muscles using sequentialT1-weighted MRI. Patient-reported physical activity and fatigue were measured and a multiplex proteomic assay was used to measure markers and mediators of inflammation.ResultsIMAT accumulation (percentage of IMAT area to muscle area) was significantly higher in SLE versus control participants (7.92%, 4.51%–13.39% vs 2.65%, 1.15%–4.61%, median, IQR, p<0.001) and remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, race and body mass index (p<0.001). In patients with SLE, IMAT accumulation did not differ significantly among corticosteroid users and non-users (p=0.48). In the study cohort (patients and controls), IMAT was positively correlated with self-reported fatigue score (rho=0.52, p<0.001) and inversely correlated with self-reported walking distance (rho=−0.60, p<0.001). Several markers of inflammation were associated with IMAT accumulation in patients with SLE, and gene ontology analysis showed significant enrichment for pathways associated with macrophage migration and activation in relation to IMAT.ConclusionPatients with SLE have greater IMAT accumulation than controls in the calf muscles. Increased IMAT is associated with greater fatigue and lower physical activity. Future studies should evaluate the effectiveness of interventions that improve muscle quality to alleviate fatigue in patients with SLE.
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Hassan, Saria, Alexis Cooke, Haneefa Saleem, Dorothy Mushi, Jessie Mbwambo, and Barrot Lambdin. "Evaluating the Integrated Methadone and Anti-Retroviral Therapy Strategy in Tanzania Using the RE-AIM Framework." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5 (February 28, 2019): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050728.
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There are an estimated 50,000 people who inject drugs in Tanzania, with an HIV prevalence in this population of 42%. The Integrated Methadone and Anti-Retroviral Therapy (IMAT) strategy was developed to integrate HIV services into an opioid treatment program (OTP) in sub-Saharan Africa and increase anti-retroviral therapy (ART) initiation rates. In this paper, we evaluate the IMAT strategy using an implementation science framework to inform future care integration efforts in the region. IMAT centralized HIV services into an OTP clinic in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania: HIV diagnosis, ART initiation, monitoring and follow up. A mixed-methods, concurrent design, was used for evaluation: quantitative programmatic data and semi-structured interviews with providers and clients addressed 4 out of 5 components of the RE-AIM framework: reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation. Results showed high reach: 98% of HIV-positive clients received HIV services; effectiveness: 90-day ART initiation rate doubled, from 41% pre-IMAT to 87% post-IMAT (p < 0.001); proportion of HIV-positive eligible clients on ART increased from 71% pre-IMAT to 98% post-IMAT (p < 0.001). There was high adoption and implementation protocol fidelity. Qualitative results informed barriers and facilitators of RE-AIM components. In conclusion, we successfully integrated HIV care into an OTP clinic in sub-Saharan Africa with increased rates of ART initiation. The IMAT strategy represents an effective care integration model to improve HIV care delivery for OTP clients.
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Lanza, Marcel, Vicki Gray, Alice Ryan, Will Perez, and Odessa Addison. "Role of Intramuscular Fat and Lean Muscle in Surface Electromyography Amplitude of the Gluteus Medius in Older Adults." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.417.
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Abstract Surface electromyography (sEMG) is frequently used to assess muscle activation in older individuals. Subcutaneous fat is one well-known factor that influences sEMG amplitude. The amount of intramuscular fat (IMAT) may negatively impact the muscles ability to produce force with aging, while high density lean tissue (HDL; fat free muscle) has an opposite effect. However, influence of IMAT or HDL on sEMG amplitude remains unclear. Thus, the aim was to investigate the influence of IMAT and HDL on sEMG amplitude of the gluteus medius (GM) muscle during a maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) in older adults. Twelve older adults (7 females; age: 71±3 y; BMI= 29±4 Kg/m2; X ± SD) underwent a CT scan to determine IMAT and HDL cross-sectional area in the GM. IMAT and HDL were normalized as a percentage of the total muscle area. Maximal hip abduction MVIC was measured at 30□ hip abduction in standing, while sEMG was recorded from the GM muscle. Spearman correlations showed a positive association between GM HDL and sEMG amplitude (r = 0.692, P = 0.013) and negative between GM IMAT and sEMG amplitude (r = -0.683, P = 0.014). This is the first study to demonstrate the amount of IMAT may limit the ability to activate the hip abductor muscle. Given that muscle activation is a determinant of strength, interventions to lower levels of IMAT and increase levels of lean muscle may be important to slowing decreases in strength with aging.
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Popkonstantinov, Kazimir. "Zaklinatelni molitvi v'rhu olovni amuleti ot srednovekovna B'lgarija i paralelite im v trebnici ot srednovekovna S'rbija." Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, no. 46 (2009): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi0946341p.
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(bugarski) Prez poslednite petnadeset godini v B'lgarija bjaha otkriti okolo osemdeset olovni amuleti s's zaklinatelni, evangelski, psaltirni tekstove na gr'cki, starob'lgarski (s kirilsko i glagolicesko pismo). Te doprinasjat za obogatjavane na nasite predstavi za duhovnija zivot na srednovekovnija b'lgarin, t'j kato po-goljamata cast ot tjah sa ot X-XI v. Znacitelen interes predstavljavat cast ot tezi tekstove, koito imat mnogo blizko paraleli s redica zaklinatelni molitvi v Trebnici ot XV-XVI v. Sred tjah sa i sr'bski Trebnici ot tozi period, cast ot koito imah v'zmoznost da izsledvam v r'kopisnite otdeli v Sofija, Sankt-Peterburg i Moskva. V nastojasceto izsledvane se spiram samo na njakolko molitvi protiv nezit, ciito tekstove sa izpisani v'rhu olovni amuleti namereni v B'lgarija i imat blizki paraleli s's zaklinatelni molitvi ot sr'bski Trebnici.
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Sparks, Lauren Marie, Bret H. Goodpaster, and Bryan C. Bergman. "The Metabolic Significance of Intermuscular Adipose Tissue: Is IMAT a Friend or a Foe to Metabolic Health?" Diabetes 70, no. 11 (October 22, 2021): 2457–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dbi19-0006.
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Adipose tissues are not homogeneous and show site-specific properties. An elusive and understudied adipose tissue depot, most likely due to its limited accessibility, is the intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) depot. Adipose tissue is a pliable organ with the ability to adapt to its physiological context, yet whether that adaptation is harmful or beneficial in the IMAT depot remains to be explored in humans. Potential reasons for IMAT accumulation in humans being deleterious or beneficial include 1) sex and related circulating hormone levels, 2) race and ethnicity, and 3) lifestyle factors (e.g., diet and physical activity level). IMAT quantity per se may not be the driving factor in the etiology of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, but rather the quality of the IMAT itself is the true puppeteer. Adipose tissue quality likely influences its secreted factors, which are also likely to influence metabolism of surrounding tissues. The advent of molecular assessments such as transcriptome sequencing (RNAseq), assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATACseq), and DNA methylation at the single-cell and single-nucleus levels, as well as the potential for ultrasound-guided biopsies specifically for IMAT, will permit more sophisticated investigations of human IMAT and dramatically advance our understanding of this enigmatic adipose tissue.
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Villedon de Naide, Marc, Bruno Pereira, Daniel Courteix, Frederic Dutheil, Lucie Cassagnes, Yves Boirie, Martin Soubrier, and Anne Tournadre. "Assessment of Intramuscular Fat and Correlation with Body Composition in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Spondyloarthritis: A Pilot Study." Nutrients 13, no. 12 (December 17, 2021): 4533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13124533.
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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA) are associated with changes in body composition. Ectopic intramuscular fat (IMAT) may alter muscle function and contribute to cardiometabolic disorders. In a pilot study, we analyzed IMAT in the calf with peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and examined correlations between IMAT quantity and body composition parameters. In 20 patients with active RA and 23 with active SpA, IMAT was correlated with visceral fat (VAT; r = 0.5143 and 0.6314, respectively; p < 0.05) and total lean mass (r = 0.5414 and 0.8132, respectively; p < 0.05), but not with whole body fat mass. Total lean mass mediated 16% and 33% of the effects of VAT on IMAT in RA and SpA, respectively. In both RA and SpA, calf muscle area was correlated with total lean mass (r = 0.5940 and r = 0.8597, respectively; p < 0.05) and fat area was correlated with total body fat (r = 0.6767 and 0.5089, respectively; p < 0.05) and subcutaneous fat (r = 0.6526 and 0.5524, respectively; p < 0.05). Fat area was inversely correlated with handgrip and walking tests, and it was associated with disease activity and disability. We showed that ectopic IMAT, measured with pQCT, was correlated with VAT, but not with total body fat, in RA and SpA. This result suggests that metabolically active fat was specifically associated with IMAT.
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Chow, Simon Kwoon-Ho, Marloes van Mourik, Vivian Wing-Yin Hung, Ning Zhang, Michelle Meng-Chen Li, Ronald Man-Yeung Wong, Kwok-Sui Leung, and Wing-Hoi Cheung. "HR-pQCT for the Evaluation of Muscle Quality and Intramuscular Fat Infiltration in Ageing Skeletal Muscle." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 6 (June 20, 2022): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12061016.
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Myosteatosis is the infiltration of fat in skeletal muscle during the onset of sarcopenia. The quantification of intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) can be a feasible imaging modality for the clinical assessment of myosteatosis, important for the early identification of sarcopenia patients and timely intervention decisions. There is currently no standardized method or consensus for such an application. The aim of this study was to develop a method for the detection and analysis of IMAT in clinical HR-pQCT images of the distal tibia to evaluate skeletal muscle during the ageing process, validated with animal and clinical experimentation. A pre-clinical model of ovariectomized (OVX) rats with known intramuscular fat infiltration was used, where gastrocnemii were scanned by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) at an 8.4 μm isotropic voxel size, and the images were analyzed using our modified IMAT analysis protocol. IMAT, muscle density (MD), and muscle volume (MV) were compared with SHAM controls validated with Oil-red-O (ORO) staining. Furthermore, the segmentation and IMAT evaluation method was applied to 30 human subjects at ages from 18 to 81 (mean = 47.3 ± 19.2). Muscle-related parameters were analyzed with functional outcomes. In the animal model, the micro-CT adipose tissue-related parameter of IMAT% segmented at −600 HU to 100 HU was shown to strongly associate with the ORO-positively stained area (r = 0.898, p = 0.002). For the human subjects, at an adjusted threshold of −600 to −20 HU, moderate positive correlations were found between MV and MD (r = 0.642, p < 0.001), and between MV and IMAT volume (r = 0.618, p < 0.01). Moderate negative correlations were detected between MD and IMAT% (r = −0.640, p < 0.001). Strong and moderate associations were found between age and MD (r = −0.763, p < 0.01), and age and IMAT (r = 0.559, p < 0.01). There was also a strong correlation between IMAT% and chair rise time (r = 0.671, p < 0.01). The proposed HR-pQCT evaluation protocol for intramuscular adipose-tissue produced MD and IMAT results that were associated with age and physical performance measures, and were of good predictive value for the progression of myosteatosis or sarcopenia. The protocol was also validated on animal skeletal muscle samples that showed a good representation of histological lipid content with positive correlations, further supporting the clinical application for the rapid evaluation of muscle quality and objective quantification of skeletal muscle at the peripheral for sarcopenia assessment.
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Ruan, Xiang Yan, Dympna Gallagher, Tamara Harris, Jeanine Albu, Steven Heymsfield, Patrick Kuznia, and Stanley Heshka. "Estimating whole body intermuscular adipose tissue from single cross-sectional magnetic resonance images." Journal of Applied Physiology 102, no. 2 (February 2007): 748–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00304.2006.
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Intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT), a novel fat depot linked with metabolic abnormalities, has been measured by whole body MRI. The cross-sectional slice location with the strongest relation to total body IMAT volume has not been established. The aim was to determine the predictive value of each slice location and which slice locations provide the best estimates of whole body IMAT. MRI quantified total adipose tissue of which IMAT, defined as adipose tissue visible within the boundary of the muscle fascia, is a subcomponent. Single-slice IMAT areas were calculated for the calf, thigh, buttock, waist, shoulders, upper arm, and forearm locations in a sample of healthy adult women, African-American [ n = 39; body mass index (BMI) 28.5 ± 5.4 kg/m2; 41.8 ± 14.8 yr], Asian ( n = 21; BMI 21.6 ± 3.2 kg/m2; 40.9 ± 16.3 yr), and Caucasian ( n = 43; BMI 25.6 ± 5.3 kg/m2; 43.2 ± 15.3 yr), and Caucasian men ( n = 39; BMI 27.1 ± 3.8 kg/m2; 45.2 ± 14.6 yr) and used to estimate total IMAT groups using multiple-regression equations. Midthigh was the best, or near best, single predictor in all groups with adjusted R2 ranging from 0.49 to 0.84. Adding a second and third slice further increased R2 and reduced the error of the estimate. Menopausal status and degree of obesity did not affect the location of the best single slice. The contributions of other slice locations varied by sex and race, but additional slices improved predictions. For group studies, it may be more cost-effective to estimate IMAT based on one or more slices than to acquire and segment for each subject the numerous images necessary to quantify whole body IMAT.
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Murphy, Joan C., Jennifer L. McDaniel, Katherine Mora, Dennis T. Villareal, Luigi Fontana, and Edward P. Weiss. "Preferential reductions in intermuscular and visceral adipose tissue with exercise-induced weight loss compared with calorie restriction." Journal of Applied Physiology 112, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00355.2011.
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Intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) are associated with insulin resistance. We sought to determine whether exercise-induced weight loss (EX) results in greater reductions in IMAT and VAT compared with similar weight loss induced by calorie restriction (CR) and whether these changes are associated with improvements in glucoregulation. Sedentary men and women (50–60 yr; body mass index of 23.5–29.9 kg/m2) were randomized to 1 yr of CR ( n = 17), EX ( n = 16), or a control group (CON; n = 6). Bilateral thigh IMAT and VAT volumes were quantified using multi-slice magnetic resonance imaging. Insulin sensitivity index (ISI) was determined from oral glucose tolerance test glucose and insulin levels. Weight loss was comparable ( P = 0.25) in the CR (−10.8 ± 1.4%) and EX groups (−8.3 ± 1.5%) and greater than in the control group (−2.0 ± 2.4%; P < 0.05). IMAT and VAT reductions were larger in the CR and EX groups than in the CON group ( P ≤ 0.05). After controlling for differences in total fat mass change between the CR and EX groups, IMAT and VAT reductions were nearly twofold greater ( P ≤ 0.05) in the EX group than in the CR group (IMAT: −45 ±5 vs. −25 ± 5 ml; VAT: −490 ± 64 vs. −267 ± 61 ml). In the EX group, the reductions in IMAT were correlated with increases in ISI ( r = −0.71; P = 0.003), whereas in the CR group, VAT reductions were correlated with increases in ISI ( r = −0.64; P = 0.006). In conclusion, calorie restriction and exercise-induced weight loss both decrease IMAT and VAT volumes. However, exercise appears to result in preferential reductions in these fat depots.
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Yim, Jung-Eun, Stanley Heshka, Jeanine B. Albu, Steven Heymsfield, and Dympna Gallagher. "Femoral-gluteal subcutaneous and intermuscular adipose tissues have independent and opposing relationships with CVD risk." Journal of Applied Physiology 104, no. 3 (March 2008): 700–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01035.2007.
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Femoral-gluteal adipose tissue (AT) may be cardioprotective through fatty acids uptake. Femoral-gluteal AT has previously been defined as leg fat measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA); however, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) are inseparable using DXA. This study investigated the independent relationships between femoral-gluteal SAT, femoral-gluteal IMAT, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors [fasting serum measures of glucose, total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), triglycerides (TG) and insulin] and whether race differences exist in femoral-gluteal AT distribution. Adult Caucasians (56 men and 104 women), African-Americans (37 men and 76 women), and Asians (11 men and 35 women) had total AT (TAT) including femoral-gluteal AT (upper leg SAT and IMAT) and visceral AT (VAT) by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). General linear models identified the independent effects of femoral-gluteal SAT and femoral-gluteal IMAT on each risk factor after covarying for TAT, VAT, age, race, sex, and two-way interactions. Femoral-gluteal IMAT and glucose ( P < 0.05) were positively associated independent of VAT. There were also significant inverse associations between femoral-gluteal SAT and insulin ( P < 0.01) and TG ( P < 0.05), although the addition of VAT rendered these effects nonsignificant, possibly due to collinearity. Asian women had less femoral-gluteal SAT and greater VAT than Caucasians and African-Americans ( P < 0.05) and Asian and African-American men had greater femoral-gluteal IMAT than Caucasians, adjusted for age and TAT ( P < 0.05 for both). Femoral-gluteal SAT and femoral-gluteal IMAT distribution varies by sex and race, and these two components have independent and opposing relationships with CVD risk factors.
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Hassler, Eva Maria, Hannes Deutschmann, Gunter Almer, Wilfried Renner, Harald Mangge, Markus Herrmann, Stefan Leber, et al. "Distribution of subcutaneous and intermuscular fatty tissue of the mid-thigh measured by MRI—A putative indicator of serum adiponectin level and individual factors of cardio-metabolic risk." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 15, 2021): e0259952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259952.
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Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are associated with hypoadiponectinemia. On the contrary, studies revealed correlations between the amount of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and higher serum adiponectin levels. Furthermore, independent association of intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) deposit in the thigh with cardiometabolic risk factors (including total blood cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides), and decreased insulin sensitivity, as MetS components, are sufficiently described. The combined relationship of thigh IMAT and SAT with serum adiponectin, leptin levels, and cardiometabolic risk factors have not been investigated till date. Since both SAT and IMAT play a role in fat metabolism, we hypothesized that the distribution pattern of SAT and IMAT in the mid-thigh might be related to adiponectin, leptin levels, and serum lipid parameters. We performed adipose tissue quantification using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the mid-thigh in 156 healthy volunteers (78 male/78 female). Laboratory measurements of lipid panel, serum adiponectin, and leptin levels were conducted. Total serum adiponectin level showed a significant correlation with the percentage of SAT of the total thigh adipose tissue (SAT/ (IMAT+SAT)) for the whole study population and in sex-specific analysis. Additionally, SAT/(IMAT+SAT) was negatively correlated with known cardiometabolic risk factors such as elevated total blood cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides; but positively correlated with serum high-density lipoprotein. In multiple linear regression analysis, (SAT/(IMAT+SAT)) was the most strongly associated variable with adiponectin. Interestingly, leptin levels did not show a significant correlation with this ratio. Adipose tissue distribution in the mid-thigh is not only associated to serum adiponectin levels, independent of sex. This proposed quantitative parameter for adipose tissue distribution could be an indicator for individual factors of a person`s cardiometabolic risk and serve as additional non-invasive imaging marker to ensure the success of lifestyle interventions.
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Vitale, Jacopo Antonino, Carmelo Messina, Domenico Albano, Edoardo Fascio, Fabio Galbusera, Sabrina Corbetta, Luca Maria Sconfienza, and Giuseppe Banfi. "Appendicular Muscle Mass, Thigh Intermuscular Fat Infiltration, and Risk of Fall in Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Elder Women." Gerontology 67, no. 4 (2021): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000513597.
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<b><i>Background:</i></b> The association between the quantity and composition of skeletal muscle and the decline in physical function in elderly is poorly understood. Therefore, the primary aim of this cross-over study was to investigate the association between thigh intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) infiltration, appendicular muscle mass, and risk of fall in postmenopausal osteoporotic elder women. Second, we examined the differences in muscle mass, IMAT, and risk of fall in the same sample of older subjects after being classified as sarcopenic or nonsarcopenic on the basis of the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-based Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass Index (ASMMI). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Twenty-nine subjects (age: 72.4 ± 6.8; BMI: 23.0 ± 3.3; and T-score: −2.7 ± 0.2) completed the following clinical evaluations: (1) whole-body DXA to assess the ASMMI; (2) magnetic resonance to determine the cross-sectional muscle area (CSA) and IMAT of thigh muscles, expressed both in absolute (IMAT<sub>abs</sub>) and relative (IMAT<sub>rel</sub>) values; and (3) risk of fall assessment through the OAK system (Khymeia, Noventa Padovana, Italy). The existence of a correlation between the risk of fall (OAK scores, an automated version of the Brief-BESTest) and the clinical parameters (ASMMI, CSA, IMAT<sub>rel</sub>, and IMAT<sub>abs</sub>) was tested by the Pearson’s correlation index while data homogeneity between sarcopenic and nonsarcopenic subjects was tested through unpaired Student <i>t</i> tests or with the Mann-Whitney rank test. Effect sizes (ES) were used to determine the magnitude of the effect for all significant outcomes. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Eleven subjects were classified as sarcopenic and 18 as nonsarcopenic based on their ASMMI (cutoff value: 5.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). A positive correlation between OAK and CSA was observed (<i>r</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.19; <i>p</i> = 0.033), whereas a negative correlation between OAK and IMAT<sub>rel</sub> was detected (<i>r</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.27; <i>p</i> = 0.009). No correlations were observed between OAK and ASMMI and between ASMMI and IMAT<sub>rel</sub>. Sarcopenic subjects showed significantly lower weight (<i>p</i> = 0.002; ES = 1.30, large), BMI (<i>p</i> = 0.0003; ES = 1.82, large), CSA (<i>p</i> = 0.010; ES = 1.17, moderate), and IMAT<sub>abs</sub> (<i>p</i> = 0.022; ES = 1.63, large) than nonsarcopenic individuals, whereas OAK scores and IMAT<sub>rel</sub> were similar between groups. <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> Increased IMAT and lower CSA in the thigh muscles are associated with higher risk of fall while ASMMI, a value of appendicular muscle mass, was not associated with physical performance in older adults.
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Marcus, Robin L., Odessa Addison, Leland E. Dibble, K. Bo Foreman, Glen Morrell, and Paul LaStayo. "Intramuscular Adipose Tissue, Sarcopenia, and Mobility Function in Older Individuals." Journal of Aging Research 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/629637.
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Objective. Intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) and sarcopenia may adversely impact mobility function and physical activity. This study determined the association of locomotor muscle structure and function with mobility function in older adults.Method. 109 older adults with a variety of comorbid disease conditions were examined for thigh muscle composition via MRI, knee extensor strength via isometric dynamometry, and mobility function. The contribution of strength, quadriceps lean tissue, and IMAT to explaining the variability in mobility function was examined using multivariate linear regression models.Results. The predictors as a group contributed 27–45% of the variance in all outcome measures; however, IMAT contributed between 8–15% of the variance in all four mobility variables, while lean explained only 5% variance in only one mobility measure.Conclusions. Thigh IMAT, a newly identified muscle impairment appears to be a potent muscle variable related to the ability of older adults to move about in their community.
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Addison, Odessa, Robin L. Marcus, Paul C. LaStayo, and Alice S. Ryan. "Intermuscular Fat: A Review of the Consequences and Causes." International Journal of Endocrinology 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/309570.
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Muscle’s structural composition is an important factor underlying muscle strength and physical function in older adults. There is an increasing amount of research to support the clear disassociation between the loss of muscle lean tissue mass and strength with aging. This disassociation implies that factors in addition to lean muscle mass are responsible for the decreases in strength and function seen with aging. Intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is a significant predictor of both muscle function and mobility function in older adults and across a wide variety of comorbid conditions such as stroke, spinal cord injury, diabetes, and COPD. IMAT is also implicated in metabolic dysfunction such as insulin resistance. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide a review of the implications of increased IMAT levels in metabolic, muscle, and mobility function. Potential treatment options to mitigate increasing levels of IMAT will also be discussed.
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Rosano, Caterina, Anne Newman, Xiaonan Zhu, Adam Santanasto, Bret Goodpaster, and Iva Miljkovic. "INTERMUSCULAR ADIPOSITY: A NOVEL RISK FACTOR FOR COGNITIVE DECLINE IN A BIRACIAL COHORT OF OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1310.
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Abstract Skeletal muscle and brain health both decline with age. Poorer skeletal muscle characteristics may be early markers of cognitive decline. The Health ABC study obtained repeated measures of thigh intermuscular adiposity via CT (IMAT, Years 1 and 6) and Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE, Years 1 through 10), in 1634 adults (69-79 years, 48% women, 35% black). Linear mixed effects models accounted for change (Years 1 and 6) in weight, muscle (strength, area), and adiposity characteristics (abdominal subcutaneous, visceral, total fat mass) and for dementia risk factors (education, APOE4, diabetes, hypertension, physical activity). IMAT increased by 0.97 cm2/year (SD:1.16), and MMSE declined by 0.4 points/year (0.02). Each SD of IMAT corresponded to a MMSE decline of 0.22 points/year (p<0.0001), similar in adjusted models and stratified by race or gender. Aging-related IMAT increase may be a novel predictor of cognitive decline beyond traditional risk factors, with potential implications for muscle-brain cross talk.
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Iori, Mauro, Elisabetta Cagni, Alan E. Nahum, and Giovanni Borasi. "IMAT-SIM: A new method for the clinical dosimetry of intensity-modulated arc therapy (IMAT)." Medical Physics 34, no. 7 (June 12, 2007): 2759–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2739807.
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Lescut, Nicolas, Etienne Martin, Philippe Maingon, Magali Quivrin, Celine Mirjolet, Suzanne Naudy, Aurelie Petitfils, and Gilles Crehange. "Dependence of intrafraction prostate motion within the pelvis on fraction duration during whole pelvic intensity modulated arctherapy (IMAT) versus dynamic IMRT." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 6_suppl (February 20, 2013): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.6_suppl.190.
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190 Background: To compare the 3-dimensional intra-fraction variations of prostate position within the pelvis with whole-pelvic fixed-field intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) vs. intensity-modulated arc therapy (IMAT) in high-risk prostate cancer. Methods: Fifteen PCa patients underwent whole pelvic radiotherapy using either dynamic IMRT with a sliding window technique (n= 8) or IMAT (n= 7). All the patients had a kV cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) before and immediately after each fraction of IMRT or IMAT. Intra-fraction motions of the prostate were determined using a 2-step procedure performed on each pre- and post-treatment imaging: 1) planning CT and CBCT were matched on bony structures after automatic semi-rigid fusion alongside the 3 axis (x, y, z), 2) planning CT and CBCT were matched on the prostate with respect to intra-prostatic markers: xsoft, ysoft, zsoft. The position of the prostate within the pelvis for each pre- and post-treatment study points was defined as xpros= (xbone – xsoft), ypros= (ybone – ysoft) and zpros= (zbone – zsoft). Rectum and bladder were outlined on each CBCT with the aim to assess changes in rectal or vesical repletion during each fraction. Organ distension was assessed by measuring the average rectal cross-sectional area (rCSA; defined as the rectal volume divided by length), and the area of the bladder when evaluated 2.5cm above the prostate base (A-blad) on pre- and post-treatment CBCT. Results: Two hundred and ninety four CBCT were reviewed for this analysis. The average fraction duration was shorter with IMAT than with IMRT (4’49’’, vs. 11’00’’, p< 0.001). During fractions of IMRT the prostate showed statistically significant shifts in the longitudinal (p= 0,049) and lateral (p=0,013) axis while it was not statistically significant during fractions of IMAT. Intra-fraction rCSA increased neither during IMAT nor IMRT whereas A-blad increased only during fractions of IMRT but with no correlation with prostate displacements. Conclusions: The prostate moves within the pelvis during an IMRT course which could lead to a greater daily geographic miss when compared to the IMAT technique.
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Franco, Celina, Johannes D. Veldhuis, Ali Iranmanesh, John Brandberg, Lars Lönn, Björn Andersson, Bengt-Åke Bengtsson, Johan Svensson, and Gudmundur Johannsson. "Thigh intermuscular fat is inversely associated with spontaneous GH release in post-menopausal women with abdominal obesity." European Journal of Endocrinology 155, no. 2 (August 2006): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.02211.
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Context: The metabolic syndrome is characterized by an increased accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and blunted GH secretion. There are, however, no data on the association between GH secretion and other fat depots (in liver and muscle). Objective/design: The aim of this cross-sectional study, which included 20 post-menopausal women with abdominal obesity, was to determine the association between GH secretion and regional adipose tissue (AT) distribution. Twelve-hour GH profiles (2000–0800 h) were performed by blood sampling every 20 min. GH was analyzed using an ultra-sensitive assay followed by approximate entropy (ApEn) and deconvolution analysis. Results: In simple regression analyses, both basal and pulsatile GH secretions correlated negatively with VAT and thigh intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT), but not with hepatic fat content. There was no correlation between ApEn and the AT depots studied. In multiple regression analysis, pulsatile GH secretion correlated inversely with thigh IMAT (B-coefficient = −0.67; P < 0.01), whereas the correlation with VAT became non-significant. Furthermore, in multiple regression analysis, basal GH secretion correlated negatively with VAT (B-coefficient = −0.77; P = 0.001), but not significantly with thigh IMAT. Conclusion: In post-menopausal women with abdominal obesity, pulsatile GH secretion demonstrated an independent, negative association with thigh IMAT, whereas basal GH secretion showed an independent, negative association with VAT. These findings suggest that the neuroendocrine association between fat mass and somatotropic axis is depot-dependent. We have identified thigh IMAT to be important in this interplay.
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Schuler, John W., and Murray S. Korman. "Design and development of PC‐IMAT." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 103, no. 5 (May 1998): 2988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.421689.
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Fjørtoft, K. E., and Tony Haugen. "Integrated Maritime Autonomous Transport Systems (IMAT)." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1357 (October 2019): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1357/1/012034.
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Zur, Hadas, Eytan Ruppin, and Tomer Shlomi. "iMAT: an integrative metabolic analysis tool." Bioinformatics 26, no. 24 (November 15, 2010): 3140–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btq602.
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Kim, Jaehee, Stanley Heshka, Dympna Gallagher, Donald P. Kotler, Laurel Mayer, Jeanine Albu, Wei Shen, Pamela U. Freda, and Steven B. Heymsfield. "Intermuscular adipose tissue-free skeletal muscle mass: estimation by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in adults." Journal of Applied Physiology 97, no. 2 (August 2004): 655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00260.2004.
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Skeletal muscle (SM) is a large and physiologically important compartment. Adipose tissue is found interspersed between and within SM groups and is referred to as intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT). The study objective was to develop prediction models linking appendicular lean soft tissue (ALST) estimates by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) with whole body IMAT-free SM quantified by magnetic resonance imaging. ALST and total-body IMAT-free SM were evaluated in 270 healthy adults [body mass index (BMI) of <35 kg/m2]. The SM prediction models were then validated by the leave-one-out method and by application in a new group of subjects who varied in SM mass [anorexia nervosa (AN), n = 23; recreational athletes, n = 16; patients with acromegaly, n = 7]. ALST alone was highly correlated with whole body IMAT-free SM [ model 1: R2 = 0.96, standard error (SE) = 1.46 kg, P < 0.001]; age ( model 2: R2 = 0.97, SE = 1.38 kg, P < 0.001) and sex and race ( model 3: R2 = 0.97, SE = 1.06 kg, both P < 0.001) added significantly to the prediction models. All three models validated in the athletes and patients with acromegaly but significantly ( P < 0.01–0.001) over-predicted SM in the AN group as a whole. However, model 1 was validated in AN patients with BMIs in the model-development group range ( n = 11; BMI of >16 kg/m2) but not in those with a BMI of <16 kg/m2 ( n = 12). The DXA-based models are accurate for predicting IMAT-free SM in selected populations and thus provide a new opportunity for quantifying SM in physiological and epidemiological investigations.
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Sheazadi, Lubna, Robert Appleyard, Natalie Foley, and Bernadette Foran. "A retrospective comparison of intensity-modulated arc therapy and 3-dimensional conformal approaches in the planning of grade 3 gliomas." Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 17, no. 3 (May 28, 2018): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1460396918000079.
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AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the extent to which intensity-modulated arc therapy (IMAT) for high-grade gliomas is comparable with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) in relation to the dose delivered to normal brain tissue (NBT), planning target volume (PTV) conformity and the dose delivered to brainstem and optic chiasma.MethodA total of 16 randomly selected 3DCRT treatment plans of grade 3 gliomas were re-planned using an IMAT planning technique and dose–volume histograms were compared. Primary outcomes were maximum, mean, 1/3 and 2/3 doses to NBT outside the PTV. Also the maximum, mean, D50 and D20 doses to PTV. Secondary outcomes were maximum and mean doses to the brainstem and optic chiasm. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare data.ResultsIMAT led to a statistically significant increase in mean dose to NBT (34·4 versus 33·3 Gy, (p=0·047) but a statistically significant reduction in maximum dose to NBT (62·7 versus 63·8 Gy, p=0·004) compared with 3DCRT. IMAT led to statistically significant reductions in maximum, D50 and D20 doses to the PTV (63·3 versus 64·7 Gy, p=0·001; 60·0 versus 60·7 Gy, p=0·001 and 60·5 versus 61·8 Gy, p=0·002, respectively). No statistically significant differences were seen in doses to brainstem and optic chiasm.ConclusionIMAT is at least comparable with 3DCRT in relation to minimising dose to NBT and ensuring good PTV conformity. Doses delivered to organs at risk using IMAT were also comparable with 3DCRT. This study supports the continued use of IMAT for the treatment of high-grade gliomas.
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Ge, Penglei, Huayu Yang, Jingfen Lu, Wenjun Liao, Shunda Du, Yingli Xu, Haifeng Xu, et al. "Albumin Binding Function: The Potential Earliest Indicator for Liver Function Damage." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5120760.
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Background. Currently there is no indicator that can evaluate actual liver lesion for early stages of viral hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cirrhosis. Aim of this study was to investigate if albumin binding function could better reflect liver function in these liver diseases.Methods. An observational study was performed on 193 patients with early NAFLD, viral hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Cirrhosis patients were separated according to Child-Pugh score into A, B, and C subgroup. Albumin metal ion binding capacity (Ischemia-modified albumin transformed, IMAT) and fatty acid binding capacity (total binding sites, TBS) were detected.Results. Both IMAT and TBS were significantly decreased in patients with NAFLD and early hepatitis. In hepatitis group, they declined prior to changes of liver enzymes. IMAT was significantly higher in cirrhosis Child-Pugh class A group than hepatitis patients and decreased in Child-Pugh class B and class C patients. Both IMAT/albumin and TBS/albumin decreased significantly in hepatitis and NAFLD group patients.Conclusions. This is the first study to discover changes of albumin metal ion and fatty acid binding capacities prior to conventional biomarkers for liver damage in early stage of liver diseases. They may become potential earliest sensitive indicators for liver function evaluation.
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Colin-Leitzinger, Christelle, Daniel Jeong, Mahmoud Abdalah, Rikki Cannioto, Jing-Yi Chern, Evan Davis, Robert Gillies, et al. "Abstract 5886: Pre-treatment adiposity measured by computed tomography and survival of women with high-grade serous ovarian cancer." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 5886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-5886.
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Abstract The association of body mass index (BMI) with survival of women with ovarian cancer remains unclear due to mixed epidemiological evidence. This may be due, in part, to the fact that BMI is an imperfect measure of body fat as BMI does not distinguish weight from lean muscle versus adipose tissue. Here, we investigated the association of adiposity measured by computed tomography (CT) with survival among the most common histotype of ovarian cancer, high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). The present study included 383 women diagnosed with HGSOC from 2008 to 2019 who were evaluated at H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and had pre-treatment computed tomography scans available for analysis. The sliceOmatic v5.0 rev13 (Tomovision, Magog, Canada) medical image analysis software and accompanying ABACS module for segmentation was used to quantify subcutaneous (SAT), visceral (VAT), and intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) from the third lumbar (L3) axial slice including the transverse processes. We used Cox proportional hazard regression to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of each measure of adiposity with overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) while adjusting for age at diagnosis, stage, race and ethnicity, and first-line treatment. The degree of ascites was included in the VAT models as ascites fluid density can mask VAT. We also assessed these associations within first-line treatment groups (upfront chemotherapy [n=147], upfront surgery [n=236]). In the overall study population, we observed a positive but not statistically significant association with OS and RFS for the highest vs. lowest tertile of IMAT (HR= 1.18, 95% CI=0.83, 1.67 and HR=1.16, 95% CI=0.85, 1.58, respectively). Among women who received upfront surgery, the highest tertile of IMAT was associated with a 57% increased risk of recurrence compared to the lowest tertile (HR=1.57, 95% CI=1.04, 2.37), while the association between IMAT and OS was similar to the findings in the overall population (HR=1.14, 95% CI=0.73, 1.78). No association was observed between IMAT and OS or RFS among women who received upfront chemotherapy. No associations with OS or RFS were observed for SAT or VAT overall or within first-line treatment groups. In summary, we observed inferior RFS among HGSOC patients with higher IMAT. These findings suggest that IMAT measured from standard-of-care imaging may represent a biomarker of recurrence among HGSOC patients, and incorporating lifestyle and behavioral changes (e.g., diet, exercise) to decrease IMAT may be warranted for this patient population. Citation Format: Christelle Colin-Leitzinger, Daniel Jeong, Mahmoud Abdalah, Rikki Cannioto, Jing-Yi Chern, Evan Davis, Robert Gillies, Melissa McGettigan, Jaileene Perez-Morales, Natarajan Raghunand, Sweta Sinha, Olya Stringfield, Rajwantee Tirbene, Matthew Schabath, Lauren C. Peres. Pre-treatment adiposity measured by computed tomography and survival of women with high-grade serous ovarian cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5886.
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Hilton, Tiffany N., Lori J. Tuttle, Kathryn L. Bohnert, Michael J. Mueller, and David R. Sinacore. "Excessive Adipose Tissue Infiltration in Skeletal Muscle in Individuals With Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, and Peripheral Neuropathy: Association With Performance and Function." Physical Therapy 88, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 1336–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20080079.
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Background and Purpose The primary purpose of this study was to report differences in calf intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT), muscle strength (peak torque), power, and physical function in individuals with obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM), and peripheral neuropathy (PN) compared with those without these impairments. A secondary purpose was to assess the relationship between IMAT and muscle strength, power, and physical function. Subjects and Methods Six participants with obesity, DM, and PN (2 women, 4 men; mean age=58 years, SD=10; mean body mass index=36.3, SD=5; mean modified Physical Performance Test [PPT] score=22, SD=3) and 6 age- and sex-matched control subjects without these impairments were assessed and compared in muscle strength, muscle power, physical functioning, and muscle and fat volume, including IMAT in the calf muscles. Muscle, adipose tissue, and IMAT volumes of each calf were quantified by noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging. Muscle strength and power of the plantar-flexor and dorsiflexor muscles were quantified using isokinetic dynamometry. The modified PPT was used to assess physical function. Results Leg muscle and fat volumes were similar between groups, although IMAT volumes were 2.2-fold higher in the subjects with obesity, DM, and PN (X̅=120 cm3, SD=47) than in the control subjects (X̅=54 cm3, SD=41). Muscle strength, muscle power, ratio of leg muscle power to leg muscle volume, and modified PPT scores were lower in subjects with obesity, DM, and PN compared with the control subjects. Discussion and Conclusion The data indicate that excess fat infiltration in leg skeletal muscles is associated with low calf muscle strength, low calf muscle power, and impaired physical function in individuals who are obese with DM and PN.
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Hassler, Eva, Gunter Almer, Gernot Reishofer, Hannes Deutschmann, Wilfried Renner, Markus Herrmann, Stefan Leber, Alexander Staszewski, Felix Gunzer, and Harald Mangge. "Investigation of the Relationship between the Mid_Thigh Adipose Tissue Distribution Measured by MRI and Serum Osteocalcin—A Sex-Based Approach." Nutrients 14, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14010112.
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Osteocalcin, in its non-carboxylated form, has a positive effect on glucose metabolism. Additionally, osteocalcin levels are related to body composition, especially muscle mass. The relation to the distribution of different adipose tissue types, such as subcutaneous, intermuscular, and visceral adipose tissue, is unclear. This study aimed to investigate associations between serum osteocalcin and the distribution of subcutaneous and intermuscular adipose tissue of the mid-thigh. Furthermore, the influence of different training methods on osteocalcin levels was investigated. We performed adipose tissue quantification of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) using MRI measurements of the mid-thigh in 128 volunteers (63 male/65 female). Laboratory analysis included blood lipid panel, serum insulin, adiponectin, and osteocalcin measurements. The main observation was a significant correlation of total serum osteocalcin (TOC) and the distribution of adipose tissue of the mid-thigh (SAT/(SAT + IMAT)) (cc = −0.29/p-value = 0.002), as well as the cross-sectional muscle area (MA), increasing with the weekly resistance training duration in males. Additionally, TOC (p-value = 0.01) and MA (p-value = 0.03) were negatively related to serum insulin. The significant relationship between TOC and SAT/(SAT + IMAT) is a new finding and confirms the negative influence of IMAT on glucose metabolism in a sex-specific approach. We could substantiate this by the negative relation of TOC with serum insulin.
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Dennies, Daniel P., and Donald F. Susan. "IMAT 2021 ‘In Person’ Conference a Success!" Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis 10, no. 6 (December 2021): 725–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13632-021-00807-w.
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Minniti, T., A. S. Tremsin, G. Vitucci, and W. Kockelmann. "Towards high-resolution neutron imaging on IMAT." Journal of Instrumentation 13, no. 01 (January 25, 2018): C01039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/13/01/c01039.
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Wang, Zhe, Mingzhe Lu, Yujin Zhu, and Daqi Gao. "IMAT: matrix learning machine with interpolation mapping." Electronics Letters 50, no. 24 (November 2014): 1836–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2014.2747.
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Pishgar, Farhad, Mahsima Shabani, Thiago Quinaglia A. C. Silva, David A. Bluemke, Matthew Budoff, R. Graham Barr, Matthew A. Allison, et al. "Adipose tissue biomarkers and type 2 diabetes incidence in normoglycemic participants in the MESArthritis Ancillary Study: A cohort study." PLOS Medicine 18, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): e1003700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003700.
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Background Given the central role of skeletal muscles in glucose homeostasis, deposition of adipose depots beneath the fascia of muscles (versus subcutaneous adipose tissue [SAT]) may precede insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D) incidence. This study was aimed to investigate the associations between computed tomography (CT)–derived biomarkers for adipose tissue and T2D incidence in normoglycemic adults. Methods and findings This study was a population-based multiethnic retrospective cohort of 1,744 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) with normoglycemia (baseline fasting plasma glucose [FPG] less than 100 mg/dL) from 6 United States of America communities. Participants were followed from April 2010 and January 2012 to December 2017, for a median of 7 years. The intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) and SAT areas were measured in baseline chest CT exams and were corrected by height squared (SAT and IMAT indices) using a predefined measurement protocol. T2D incidence, as the main outcome, was based on follow-up FPG, review of hospital records, or self-reported physician diagnoses. Participants’ mean age was 69 ± 9 years at baseline, and 977 (56.0%) were women. Over a median of 7 years, 103 (5.9%) participants were diagnosed with T2D, and 147 (8.4%) participants died. The IMAT index (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.27 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15–1.41] per 1-standard deviation [SD] increment) and the SAT index (HR: 1.43 [95% CI: 1.16–1.77] per 1-SD increment) at baseline were associated with T2D incidence over the follow-up. The associations of the IMAT and SAT indices with T2D incidence were attenuated after adjustment for body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference, with HRs of 1.23 (95% CI: 1.09–1.38) and 1.29 (95% CI: 0.96–1.74) per 1-SD increment, respectively. The limitations of this study include unmeasured residual confounders and one-time measurement of adipose tissue biomarkers. Conclusions In this study, we observed an association between IMAT at baseline and T2D incidence over the follow-up. This study suggests the potential role of intermuscular adipose depots in the pathophysiology of T2D. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00005487
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Mathes, Sebastian, Alexandra Fahrner, Umesh Ghoshdastider, Hannes A. Rüdiger, Michael Leunig, Christian Wolfrum, and Jan Krützfeldt. "FGF-2-Dependent Signaling Activated in Aged Human Skeletal Muscle Promotes Intramuscular Adipogenesis." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A655—A656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1336.
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Abstract Background: A unique feature of muscle during aging, obesity and type 2 diabetes is the appearance of adipose tissue between skeletal muscle fibers, the intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT). IMAT is generally associated with systemic insulin resistance, decreased muscle strength and, in older adults, impaired mobility. A large body of work over the last years have addressed the origin of IMAT. Skeletal muscle contains preadipocyte progenitors termed fibro/adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) that normally do not form adipocytes, but proliferate during muscle injury to support the commitment of myogenic progenitor cells during muscle repair. However, under the conditions outlined above, FAPs differentiate to adipocytes and give rise to IMAT. The molecular cues that trigger this pathogenesis are unknown and strategies that can modulate the fate of FAPs and their propensity to differentiate to adipocytes in disease states are urgently needed. Methods: We have used molecular cloning and genome editing techniques together with a variety of biochemical, molecular, genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses in pre-adipocyte and muscle cell lines, primary cells isolated from human and mouse skeletal muscle, human skeletal muscle biopsies, and animal models. Results: Using multiple screening assays upstream and downstream of a master regulator of myogenesis, microRNA (miR)-29a, we located the secreted protein and adipogenic inhibitor SPARC to an FGF-2 signaling pathway that is conserved between skeletal muscle cells from mice and humans and that is activated in skeletal muscle of aged mice and humans. We identified FGF-2 as an upstream regulator that increases miR-29a promoter activity and gene expression via MEK1/2/MAPK signaling and consequently decreases the conserved miR-29a target SPARC. FGF-2 induces the miR-29a/SPARC axis through transcriptional activation of FRA-1, which binds and activates an evolutionary conserved AP-1 site element proximal in the miR-29a promoter. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genomic deletions of miR-29a recognition elements located in the Sparc 3′UTR of muscle cells and AAV-mediated overexpression of FGF-2 or SPARC in mouse skeletal muscle revealed that this axis regulates differentiation of FAPs in vitro and IMAT formation in vivo. Skeletal muscle from human donors aged > 75 years versus < 55 years showed activation of FGF-2-dependent signaling and increased IMAT. Conclusion: FGF-2 not only stimulates muscle growth, but also promotes intramuscular adipogenesis via targeting the fate of FAPs. Thus, our data highlights a disparate role of FGF-2 in adult skeletal muscle and reveals a novel pathway, which has the potential to provide innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to combat fat accumulation in aged human skeletal muscle.
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Tummers, Philippe, Amin Makar, Katrien Vandecasteele, Gert De Meerleer, Hannelore Denys, Pieter De Visschere, Louke Delrue, Geert Villeirs, Kathleen Lambein, and Rudy Van den Broecke. "Completion Surgery After Intensity-Modulated Arc Therapy in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer: Feasibility, Surgical Outcome, and Oncologic Results." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 23, no. 5 (June 2013): 877–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/igc.0b013e31828d1ec0.
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IntroductionSince the addition of chemotherapy to radiotherapy, the survival rates of locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) have improved but are still disappointing. Therefore, the idea of surgery after chemoradiation in case of LACC or bulky disease was adopted. One of the concerns regarding surgery following chemoradiotherapy is surgery-related morbidity.AimThe objectives of this study were to investigate the feasibility of surgery after advanced radiotherapy techniques such as intensity-modulated arc therapy (IMAT) and to describe the morbidity.MethodsThis was a prospective study of primary inoperable LACC patients primary treated with IMAT, in most cases combined with weekly cisplatin. Then the resectability was reevaluated. If resectable patients were treated with Wertheim type 2 surgery ± pelvic lymphadenectomy (on positron emission tomography–computed tomography indication). If tumor is not resectable, patients were treated with brachytherapy.ResultsSince 2006, 41 consecutive patients were included. After neoadjuvant IMAT, 34 were considered resectable and underwent surgery, whereas 7 proceeded with brachytherapy. The operative mortality rate was nil. There were no major perioperative complications. No ureter, bladder, or bowel injuries occurred. No postoperative urinary/digestive fistulae or stenoses were noted. Eleven patients had postoperatively urinary retention problems. At the time of discharge, 5 patients still needed self-catheterization. All problems resolved within 3 months. In 4 cases, we saw significant lymphoceles. In all patients intended to treat, overall survival and disease-free survival at 3 years were 63% and 74%. In the Wertheim group, overall survival and disease-free survival at 3 years were 81% and 91%.ConclusionsCompleting surgery after chemoradiation therapy (with IMAT) for LACC or bulky disease is feasible, and complication rates are comparable with those of primary surgery for cervical cancer.
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Fairfield, William D., Dennis M. Minton, Christian J. Elliehausen, Alexander D. Nichol, Taylor L. Cook, John A. Rathmacher, Lisa M. Pitchford, et al. "Small-Scale Randomized Controlled Trial to Explore the Impact of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate Plus Vitamin D3 on Skeletal Muscle Health in Middle Aged Women." Nutrients 14, no. 21 (November 4, 2022): 4674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14214674.
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β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), a leucine metabolite, can increase skeletal muscle size and function. However, HMB may be less effective at improving muscle function in people with insufficient Vitamin D3 (25-OH-D < 30 ng/mL) which is common in middle-aged and older adults. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that combining HMB plus Vitamin D3 (HMB + D) supplementation would improve skeletal muscle size, composition, and function in middle-aged women. In a double-blinded fashion, women (53 ± 1 yrs, 26 ± 1 kg/m2, n = 43) were randomized to take placebo or HMB + D (3 g Calcium HMB + 2000 IU D per day) during 12 weeks of sedentary behavior (SED) or resistance exercise training (RET). On average, participants entered the study Vitamin D3 insufficient while HMB + D increased 25-OH-D to sufficient levels after 8 and 12 weeks. In SED, HMB + D prevented the loss of arm lean mass observed with placebo. HMB + D increased muscle volume and decreased intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) volume in the thigh compared to placebo but did not change muscle function. In RET, 12-weeks of HMB + D decreased IMAT compared to placebo but did not influence the increase in skeletal muscle volume or function. In summary, HMB + D decreased IMAT independent of exercise status and may prevent the loss or increase muscle size in a small cohort of sedentary middle-aged women. These results lend support to conduct a longer duration study with greater sample size to determine the validity of the observed positive effects of HMB + D on IMAT and skeletal muscle in a small cohort of middle-aged women.
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Finocchiaro, V., F. Aliotta, D. Tresoldi, R. C. Ponterio, C. S. Vasi, and G. Salvato. "The autofocusing system of the IMAT neutron camera." Review of Scientific Instruments 84, no. 9 (September 2013): 093701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4819793.
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Keane, J. T., D. P. Fontenla, and C. S. Chui. "Applications of IMAT to total body radiation (TBI)." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 48, no. 3 (January 2000): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3016(00)80274-6.
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Harris-Love, Michael, Nilo Avila, Bernadette Adams, June Zhou, Bryant Seamon, Catheeja Ismail, Syed Zaidi, Courtney Kassner, Frank Liu, and Marc Blackman. "The Comparative Associations of Ultrasound and Computed Tomography Estimates of Muscle Quality with Physical Performance and Metabolic Parameters in Older Men." Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 10 (October 10, 2018): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm7100340.
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Estimates of muscle tissue composition may have greater prognostic value than lean body mass levels regarding health-related outcomes. Ultrasound provides a relatively low cost, safe, and accessible mode of imaging to assess muscle morphology. The purpose of this study was to determine the construct validity of muscle echogenicity as a surrogate measure of muscle quality in a sample of older, predominantly African American (AA) participants. We examined the association of rectus femoris echogenicity with mid-thigh computed tomography (CT) scan estimates of intra- and intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT), basic metabolic parameters via blood sample analysis, muscle strength, and mobility status. This observational study was conducted at a federal medical center and included 30 community-dwelling men (age, 62.5 ± 9.2; AA, n = 24; Caucasian, n = 6). IMAT estimates were significantly associated with echogenicity (r = 0.73, p < 0.001). Echogenicity and IMAT exhibited similar associations with the two-hour postprandial glucose values and high-density lipoproteins values (p < 0.04), as well as grip and isokinetic (180°/s) knee extension strength adjusted for body size (p < 0.03). The significant relationship between ultrasound and CT muscle composition estimates, and their comparative association with key health-related outcomes, suggests that echogenicity should be further considered as a surrogate measure of muscle quality.
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Cui, Chang-Yi, Riley Driscoll, Yulan Piao, Chee Chia, Myriam Gorospe, and Luigi Ferrucci. "SKEWED MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION IN AGING SKELETAL MUSCLE." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.400.
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Abstract Skeletal muscle aging is a major cause of disability and frailty in the elderly. The progressive impairment of skeletal muscle with aging was recently linked to a disequilibrium between damage and repair. Macrophages participate in muscle tissue repair first as pro-inflammatory M1 subtype and then as anti-inflammatory M2 subtype. However, information on the presence of macrophages in skeletal muscle is still sporadic and the effect of aging on macrophage phenotype remains unknown. In this study, we sought to characterize the polarization status of macrophages in human skeletal muscle at different ages. We found that most macrophages in human skeletal muscle are M2, and that this number increased with advancing age. On the contrary, M1 macrophages declined with aging, making the total number of macrophages invariant with older age. Notably, M2 macrophages co-localized with increasing intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) in aging skeletal muscle. Old BALB/c mice showed increased IMAT and regenerating myofibers in skeletal muscle, accompanied by elevated expression of adipocyte markers and M2 cytokines. Collectively, we report that polarization of macrophages to the major M2 subtype is associated with IMAT, and propose that increased M2 in aged skeletal muscle may reflect active repair of aging-associated muscle damage.
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Ramadhan, Ranggi S., Winfried Kockelmann, Triestino Minniti, Bo Chen, David Parfitt, Michael E. Fitzpatrick, and Anton S. Tremsin. "Characterization and application of Bragg-edge transmission imaging for strain measurement and crystallographic analysis on the IMAT beamline." Journal of Applied Crystallography 52, no. 2 (March 26, 2019): 351–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576719001730.
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This paper presents a series of experiments to characterize the performance of the new IMAT beamline at the ISIS pulsed neutron source and provides examples to showcase the potential applications of Bragg-edge transmission imaging on the instrument. The characterization includes determination of the IMAT spectral and spatial resolutions through calibration measurements, and also determination of the precision and the accuracy of Bragg-edge analysis for lattice parameters of ceramics, metals and textured engineering alloys through high-temperature measurements. A novel Bragg-edge analysis method based on the cross-correlation of different Bragg edges has been developed to provide an estimate of the change in lattice parameter, which is especially useful for measurements of textured samples. Three different applications of the Bragg-edge transmission imaging technique are presented, including strain mapping, texture mapping and obtaining crystallographic information,i.e. the dependence on temperature of the Debye–Waller factor. The experimental results demonstrate the ability of the IMAT beamline to provide accurate strain measurements with uncertainties as low as 90 µ∊ with reasonable measurement time, while characteristic materials parameters can be mapped across the sample with a spatial resolution of 300–600 µm for a strain map and down to ∼90 µm for a texture map.
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Kurosawa, Shuhei, Yuichi Takeuchi, Marina Matsui, Masao Tsukada, Kanichi Iwama, Kazunari Yamada, Kouichi Kaziwara, Hideki Kodo, and Yasuzi Kouzai. "Clinical Impact of Pre-Transplant Intramuscular Adipose Tissue Content on Outcome of Cord Blood Transplantation." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 3392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-110691.
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Abstract Introduction Cord blood transplantation (CBT) is increasingly being used as an alternative transplant method for patients without human leukocyte antigen-compatible related or unrelated donors. However, the outcome for some patients is poor due to a high relapse rate or non-relapse mortality (NRM). Pre-transplant assessment is important, especially in older patients or those with medical comorbidities. An increase in intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is associated with skeletal muscle (SM) weakness. Recent studies showed that the quality of SM can be evaluated by measuring IMAT content (IMAC) using computed tomography (CT) and that IMAC was also an independent risk factor for survival in patients following liver transplantation. IMAC was calculated by dividing the mean CT value for the multifidus muscle by the mean CT value for the subcutaneous fat (both in Hounsfield units). Using this method, we investigated the association between the quality of SM evaluated by pre-transplant IMAC and the transplant outcomes. Patients and Methods We included 139 patients who underwent their first single-unit CBT at our institution between January 2002 and December 2017. Pre-transplant CT was performed within one month before conditioning. The mean CT values for the multifidus muscle and subcutaneous fat were measured at the umbilical level by cross-sectional imaging. Subfascial muscular tissue in the multifidus muscle was precisely traced (Figure 1, red line). The CT values for the subcutaneous fat were measured at four regions of interest (Figure 1, blue circle) and the mean value was used. In general, IMAC is shown with a negative value, with a higher IMAC indicating a lower quality of SM. Patients were classified into the low IMAC group (male, < -0.43; female, < -0.29) and the high IMAC group (male, >= -0.43; female, >= -0.29) by the IMAC cut-off value based on the receiver operating characteristic curve. We evaluated transplant outcomes such as overall survival (OS), relapse-free survival (RFS), NRM, and cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) between the two groups. OS and RFS were estimated using the Kaplan-Meiyer test. NRM and CIR were calculated using Gray's method. Factors found to be significant (p < 0.1) through univariate analysis were further subjected to multivariate analysis, which was performed using the Cox proportional hazards regression model for OS and RFS and the Fine-Gray proportional hazard regression model for NRM and CIR. Results Among the 139 patients, 68 (48.9 %) were in the low IMAC group and 71 (51.1 %) were in the high IMAC group. The median age was 46 (range, 17 - 70) years. The underlying diseases were acute myeloid leukemia (n = 61), malignant lymphoma (n = 34), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (n = 23), myelodysplastic syndrome (n = 13), adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (n = 5), and others (n = 3). We found no significant differences between the two groups in terms of clinical characteristics including age, gender, performance status, underlying disease, hematopoietic cell transplantation-specific comorbidity index, disease status at CBT, or conditioning regimen. The median follow-up period for survivors was 2,538 (range, 242 - 5,492) days. In total, 61 patients (43.9 %) died within three years after CBT: 26 (42.6 %) died of a relapse or progression of disease and 35 (57.4 %) died of non-relapse death. We observed a significant difference in OS, RFS and NRM between the high IMAC and low IMAC groups (high IMAC group vs. low IMAC group: three-year OS, 38.0 % vs. 73.0 %, p < 0.001; three-year RFS, 36.8 % vs. 63.9 %, p < 0.001; three-year NRM, 34.3 % vs. 16.6 %, p = 0.005; Figure 2). Multivariate analysis revealed that high IMAC was an independent adverse factor for OS (HR [95 % CI]; 2.95 [1.74 - 5.00], p < 0.001), RFS (HR [95 % CI]; 2.37 [1.45 - 3.87], p < 0.001), and NRM (HR [95 % CI]; 2.31 [1.14 - 4.72], p=0.020). Furthermore, in patients who received reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) (n=75), high IMAC was an independent adverse factor for OS (HR [95 % CI]; 4.03 [1.73 - 9.35], p = 0.001) and RFS (HR [95 % CI]; 3.61 [1.69 - 7.73], p = 0.001). Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first analysis that considers the prognostic impact of the quality of SM on the outcome of CBT. Our results indicate that increased IMAT is associated with a poor prognosis, especially in patients who received RIC. IMAC is a simple and objective measurement for evaluating the quality of SM and can be useful tool for predicting the outcome of CBT. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.