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1

VITUCCI, GIUSEPPE. "Advances in instruments and methods for neutron transmission imaging." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/241081.

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Il lavoro presentato in questa tesi si concentra sullo sviluppo e sul miglioramento della strumentazione e dei metodi applicati all'imaging a trasmissione di neutroni. Le attività di ricerca sono state svolte presso il laboratorio di "Imaging and Materials Science and Engineering" (IMAT). Questa struttura fa parte della sorgente di neutroni ISIS presso il Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK). I neutroni qui sono prodotti dalla spallazione di un bersaglio di tungsteno colpito da protoni con energia di 800 MeV. I neutroni risultanti vengono moderati e convogliati attraverso le guide dei fasci verso l'area sperimentale IMAT. Lo spettro dei neutroni è caratterizzato dalla presenza di neutroni termici e freddi con una lunghezza d'onda compresa tra 0,68 e 6,8 A. IMAT è stato progettato per acquisire impulsi di neutroni in modalità tempo di volo, registrando il tempo di arrivo dei neutroni, relativo alla loro energia, con una risoluzione temporale massima di 10 ns. Questa analisi viene eseguita con un rilevatore di nuova generazione, che è una combinazione di un convertitore di neutroni “MicroChannel Plate” e un readout elettronico “TIMEPIX”. Mediante questo apparato, radiografie e tomografie con un campo visivo di 28 mm^2 possono essere generate con una risoluzione spaziale di 55 um e a particolari energie dei neutroni incidenti. Una fotocamera CMOS di maggiori dimensioni può essere utilizzata in combinazione con gli scintillatori a 6LiF/ZnS per acquisire immagini fino a 200 * 200 mm^2 in modalità white-beam. Ciò apre diverse possibilità. Da una parte, la tecnica di imaging neutronico risolta in energia può essere utilizzata per studiare composizione e texture dei campioni tramite software di analisi dei Bragg Edge, a costo di un campo visivo ridotto. Dall’altra, i campioni più grandi possono essere studiati con fotocamere standard basate su CMOS o CCD, ma perdendo qualsiasi informazione sull'energia dei neutroni in ingresso. In questo lavoro, la prima parte è dedicata alla descrizione della strumentazione IMAT, incluso il progetto della beamline, l'area sperimentale e i rivelatori. La seconda parte è diretta a casi di studio basati su queste nuove tecniche di strumentazione e di imaging. In particolare, nel campo del patrimonio culturale, tali metodi non distruttivi sono utilizzati, in quanto i campioni sono spesso piccoli e delicati. Per esempio, abbiamo analizzato una perla "soufflè". La loro particolarità risiede nel fatto che sono vuote all'interno. L'ispezione della struttura morfologica della parte interna e l'individuazione dei diversi orientamenti dei cristalliti sono stati condotti con tecniche di imaging risolte in energia. Un secondo esperimento, presentato in questa tesi, riguarda lo studio di una serie di griglie metalliche con una dimensione fino a 200 * 10 mm^2. In questo caso, un modo rapido e non distruttivo per verificare lo spessore dello strato di carburo di boro di 1 um depositato sulle lamelle è stato implementato con successo, considerando un'incertezza di 120 nm. La terza parte è rivolta a mostrare due nuovi metodi sviluppati per migliorare la fotocamera del rivelatore MCP in termini di risoluzione spaziale e affidabilità. Per quanto riguarda la risoluzione spaziale, è stata testata una nuova procedura basata su un algoritmo di centroiding. Questo metodo di acquisizione consente di superare il vincolo fisico dato dalla dimensione dei pixel del readout elettronico e di acquisire immagini con risoluzioni fino a quattro volte superiori. Inoltre, è stato sviluppato un sistema per migliorare le immagini generate dal rivelatore MCP in post-elaborazione. Uno dei punti deboli del readout TIMEPIX installato sul rivelatore MCP è il fatto di essere costituito da quattro matrici di pixel assemblate insieme. Ciò porta a notevoli artefatti che possono causare problemi nell'analisi dei dati. Una procedure con software specifico è stata implementata per risolvere il problema.
The work presented in this thesis focuses on the development and improvement of instrumentation and methods applied to neutron transmission imaging. In particular, the research activities have been performed at the "Imaging and Materials Science and Engineering" (IMAT) instrument. This facility is a part of the ISIS neutron source at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, in UK. The neutrons here are produced by spallation of a tungsten target hit by protons with energy of 800 MeV. The resulting neutrons are then moderated and convoyed through beam guides towards the IMAT experimental area. The neutrons spectrum in this case is characterized by the presence of thermal and cold neutrons with a wavelength in the range of 0.68 - 6.8 A. IMAT has been designed to acquire neutron pulses in Time-Of-Flight mode, by recording the time of arrival of neutrons, related to their energy, with a maximum of 10 ns timing resolution. This analysis is performed with a new generation detector, that is a combination of a MicroChannel Plate neutron converter with a TIMEPIX electronic readout. By means of this apparatus, radiographies and tomographies with a field of view of 28 mm^2 can be generated with a spatial resolution of 55 \textmu m and with respect to specific neutron energies. Beside this device, a larger CMOS camera can be used in combination with 6LiF/ZnS based neutron screen scintillators to acquire images up to 200 * 200 mm^2 in white-beam imaging. Such configuration opens several possibilities in different case scenarios. In one hand, the energy-resolved neutron imaging technique can be used to investigate the phase fraction composition and texture of the samples via Bragg Edge analysis software tools, at the cost of a reduced field of view. On the other hand, bigger samples can be studied with standard CMOS or CCD based white-beam imaging cameras, but loosing any information about the energy of the incoming neutrons. In this work, the first part is devoted to the description of the IMAT instrumentation, including the beamline design, the experimental area and the detectors. The second part is directed to case studies that made use of these novel instrumentation and imaging techniques. In particular, the cultural heritage takes advantage of such non-destructive methods where small and delicate specimens must be analysed. In this class of examples, a "soufflè" pearl was considered. The peculiarity of these cultured pearls resides in the fact that they are empty inside. The inspection of the morphological structure of the inner part, as well as the individuation of the different orientations of the nacres crystallites was conducted with energy-resolved imaging. A second experiment, presented in this thesis, regards the diagnosis of a series of metallic grids with a size up to 200 * 10 mm^2. For this case, a fast and non destructive way to verify the thickness of 1 um boron carbide layer deposited over the lamellae was successfully implemented, within an uncertainty of 120 nm. The third part is directed to show two new methods developed to improve the MCP detector camera in terms of spatial resolution and reliability. For what concerns the spatial resolution, a new procedure based on a centroiding algorithm has been tested. This acquisition method enables the possibility to go over the physical constraint given by the dimension of the pixels of the electronic readout and to acquire images with a resolutions up to four times higher. Furthermore, an improvement to the resulting images generated by the MCP detector has been developed, based on a post-processing approach. Actually, one of the weak spots of the TIMEPIX readout installed on the MCP detector is that it is constituted by four matrices of pixels assembled together. This brings to noticeable artifacts which, in some cases, may produce issues in the data analysis. A procedure, including a customized software, was implemented to fix such problem.
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2

Spiro, Giovanna. "Study of the contribution of muscle inflammation, IMAT origin and microenvironment to sarcopenic obesity." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422776.

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Introduction The optimal condition for skeletal muscle function is represented by an efficient activation of processes that regulate muscle development, growth, regeneration and metabolism. When the balance among these events is missing, a pathological condition arise. In particular, loss or decrease of skeletal muscle function and mass is linked with severe health diseases such as muscle dystrophies, cancer, obesity and aging process. In this context, sarcopenic obesity, a metabolic disorder followed by atrophy of muscle fibres and reduction of stem cell reservoir (satellite cells in muscle) is associated with increasing ectopic adipose tissue, impairing glucose tolerance and decreasing strength and mobility in old adults. This excess of fatty acids accumulated in several other organs, including skeletal muscle, induces metabolic dysfunctions, β-oxidative alterations, increase of ROS production, lipotoxicity and insulin resistance. Moreover this intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) acts as chemoattractant for inflammatory cells, chiefly macrophages, which produce high amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1, INFγ) and low of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) resulting in chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and muscle loss. Aims The aim of this work is to investigate the origin of intermuscular fat and the complex mechanisms regulating the crosstalk with the surrounding muscle. In the first part of the study we try to understand the differences in muscle inflammation in obese subjects both normoglycemic and diabetic versus healthy patients using muscle biopsies. Moreover, in the same groups of patients, we attempt to identify serum microRNAs as possible useful markers of muscle alterations in presence of obesity. Because it is well known that in chronic diseases, as obesity and diabetes, multifactorial components contribute to the pathology, we decided to investigate the microenvironment of skeletal muscle, represented by extracellular matrix (ECM). We aim to understand if it could have had a role in the deposition of IMAT and on associated inflammatory processes using an obese mouse model. Material and methods From healthy and obese patients either normoglycemic or diabetic, both muscle biopsies and serum samples were collected. By Real-time PCR the first were analysed for selected inflammation markers, whereas the second for the principal muscle circulating miRNAs. In the second part of the study, a detergent-enzymatic decellularization protocol for wild type (C57BL6J) and ob/ob (B6.Cg-Lepob/J) murine quadriceps were set and samples were characterized for DNA content and ECM structure preservation. After that, a volumetric muscle loss model on wild-type mice was created and ECMs from wt or ob/ob quadriceps mice were implanted. The ability of the matrices to be remodelled and reabsorbed was evaluated by immunofluorescence and molecular analysis after 7, 15 and 30 days. Results and discussion mRNA from three human rectus abdomins biopsies from obese patients both normoglycemic and diabetic and three peroneal muscle biopsies from healthy subjects indicate an increase in pro-inflammatory gene expression both in normoglycemic and diabetic patients in comparison with the controls. However, in contrast to what we expected, diabetic subjects, that were under Metformin treatment from at least 1 year, showed a reduction of inflammation. The serum miR133a, miR133b and miR1 levels of healthy and obese patients both normoglycemic and diabetic, display the same trend previously described for muscle biopsies. This suggests a possible direct correlation between muscle inflammation and the release of these circulating miRNAs, which could be used in the future as indicative markers of patient muscle alterations. On the other hand, the decellularization of wild type (wt) and ob/ob quadriceps did not show significant structural differences between the two samples. In vivo transplantation of the two decellularized muscle matrix (ECMs) in wt injured mice induced after 7 days a strong cells migration in the interface between the native tissue and the matrix that gradually diminished after 15 and 30 days. . Pan macrophages cells (CD68+ cells) were found in both ECM implantation, mainly in the area around the stitches and in the interface between the matrix and the native tissue, but in the inner part of the recipient absence of inflammatory infiltrate was evident at all time points. Alcian blue and Masson’s Trichrome stains highlighted similar GAG deposition and collagen components between wt and ob/ob donor ECM. In particular we observed that the scaffold derived from donor affected by a metabolic disease did no induce alteration in structural matrix deposition but promoted a premature M2 inflammation that was reduced or stabilised after 30 days. On the contrary healthy ECM in wt mice start later the tissue rebuilding leading to a more complete regeneration. No differences were also observed in activation or modulation of myogenic and adipogenic pathways after both implantations.
Introduzione La condizione ottimale attraverso cui il muscolo scheletrico può espletare la propria funzione è rappresentata da un’ efficiente attivazione dei processi che regolano lo sviluppo, la crescita, la rigenerazione e il metabolismo del muscolo stesso. Quando viene a mancare l’equilibrio tra questi eventi è il momento in cui insorge una condizione patologica. Nello specifico, una perdita o riduzione di massa e funzionalità muscolare è collegata a gravi malattie, quali distrofie, cancro, obesità e processi di invecchiamento. In questo contesto, l’obesità sarcopenica, una malattia metabolica che porta ad atrofia delle fibre muscolari e riduzione delle cellule staminali (chiamate nel muscolo cellule satelliti), è associata ad un aumento in zone ectopiche di tessuto adiposo, a riduzione della tolleranza al glucosio e a perdita di forza e motilità soprattutto in adulti e anziani. Questo accumulo di acidi grassi in altri distretti corporei, compreso il muscolo scheletrico, induce disfunzioni metaboliche, alterazioni nella β-ossidazione, aumento di produzione di ROS, lipotossicità e insulino-resistenza. Inoltre questo tessuto adiposo intermuscolare (IMAT) agisce come chemoattrattivo per le cellule infiammatorie, soprattutto macrofagi, che, una volta in sede, producono elevate quantità di citochine pro-infiammatorie (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1, INFγ) e basse quantità di citochine anti-infiammatorie (IL-4, IL-10). Tutto ciò porta ad un costante basso grado di infiammazione sistemica e a conseguente perdita di massa muscolare. Scopo Scopo di questo lavoro è quello di investigare l’origine del tessuto adiposo intermuscolare e i meccanismi che regolano il dialogo tra questo e il tessuto muscolare circostante. La prima parte dello studio ha lo scopo di capire, utilizzando biopsie muscolari, le differenze che ci sono a livello di infiammazione del muscolo in soggetti obesi normoglicemici e diabetici rispetto ai pazienti sani. Inoltre, analizzando i sieri di pazienti che appartengono alle stesse categorie sopraelencate, saranno individuati possibili miRNA da utilizzare come marcatori identificativi delle alterazioni muscolari in presenza di obesità. Poiché in malattie croniche, quali obesità e diabete di tipo2, diversi fattori contribuiscono alla patologia, abbiamo deciso di investigare anche il microambiente del muscolo scheletrico, inteso come matrice extracellulare (ECM). Utilizzando un modello murino di obesità cercheremo di capire se questo può avere un ruolo nella deposizione dell’IMAT e dei processi infiammatori ad esso associati. Materiali e metodi Sia biopsie muscolari sia campioni di siero sono stati prelevati da pazienti sani, obesi normoglicemici e obesi diabetici. Mediante l’utilizzo di analisi di Real-time PCR le prime sono state analizzate per i principali marcatori infiammatori, mentre i secondi per i principali miRNA muscolari circolanti. Nella seconda parte dello studio, invece, è stato settato un protocollo di decellularizzazione del tipo detergente enzimatico su quadricipiti murini di topi wild type (C57BL6J) e di topi ob/ob (B6.Cg-Lepob/J) e i campioni ottenuti sono stati caratterizzati per il contenuto di DNA e le componenti strutturali della matrice. In seguito è stato creato un modello di perdita consistente di massa muscolare in topi wild type (wt) ed è stata impiantata nelle sede di danno una porzione di matrice proveniente da topi wt o ob/ob. La capacità delle diverse matrici di essere rimodellate e riassorbite è stata analizzata dopo 7, 15 e 30 giorni mediante analisi di immunofluorescenza e molecolari. Risultati e discussione L’mRNA estratto da 3 biopsie di retto addominale di pazienti obesi normoglicemici e obesi diabetici, insieme a 3 biopsie di muscolo peroniere di soggetti sani indica la presenza di una maggiore espressione dei geni pro-infiammatori sia nei soggetti obesi normoglicemici sia diabetici in confronto a quelli sani. Tuttavia, in contrasto con quanto ci aspettavamo, i pazienti diabetici che erano in trattamento con Metformina da almeno 1 anno mostravano un grado infiammatorio inferiore. Osservando poi i livelli di miRNA 133a, miR133b e miR1 presenti nel siero di una coorte di pazienti sani, obesi normoglicemici e obesi diabetici abbiano notato lo stesso andamento descritto in precedenza per le biopsie muscolari. Questo ci suggerisce una possibile correlazione diretta tra infiammazione muscolare e rilascio di questi miRNA circolanti, che in futuro potranno essere utilizzati come marcatori della condizione muscolare del paziente. La decellularizzazione dei quadricipiti wt e ob/ob non ha evidenziato differenze strutturali tra le due matrici. Inoltre il trapianto in vivo di entrambe ha indotto a 7 giorni una forte migrazione cellulare all’interfaccia tra tessuto nativo e matrice, la quale diminuisce a 15 e 30 giorni dopo impianto. Cellule macrofagiche (CD68+) sono state trovate in entrambe le matrici, soprattutto nelle aree attorno ai punti di sutura e all’interfaccia con il tessuto nativo, tuttavia a nessun time point è evidente una condizione infiammatoria nella parte più interna del muscolo nativo. La colorazione Alcian Blue e quella della Tricromica di Masson hanno mostrato un’ induzione nella deposizione di glicosamminoglicani e di collagene simile tra le due matrici. Nello specifico, abbiamo osservato, quindi, che una matrice derivante da un donatore affetto da malattia metabolica non è in grado di indurre un’alterazione nella deposizione di componenti strutturali ma promuove una prematura risposta infiammatoria di tipo M2 che si riduce o stabilizza dopo 30 giorni dall’impianto. Al contrario, la matrice proveniente da topi sani induce una ricostruzione del tessuto più ritardata ma che porta a una miglior e completa rigenerazione. Nessuna differenza, infine, è stata osservata in termini di attivazione e modulazione dei segnali miogenici e adipogenici per entrambi gli impianti.
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Mu, Xiangkui. "Clinical application of intensity and energy modulated radiotherapy with photon and electron beams." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Strålningsvetenskaper, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-443.

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4

Sheta, Amal. "IMRT and Rotational IMRT (mARC) Using Flat and Unflat Photon Beams." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-208212.

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For more than 50 years attening filters have been inserted into the beam path oflinacs to produce a uniform energy fluence distribution of the photon beam and make it suitable for clinical use. Recently, linacs without flattening fifilter (Flattening FilterFree - FFF) are increasingly used in radiotherapy because of its benefifits, e.g. high dose rate (2000 MU/min), reduced scattered and leakage radiation. Hypofractionated radiotherapy is interested in the high dose rate of FFF beams to shorten the treatment delivery time (TDT) especially the FFF beams have acceptable flatness at small fifieldsizes. Radiotherapy techniques that deliver intensity-modulated beams (IMBs), e.g.Tomotherapy, intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), deal with the non-uniformity of the FFF beam profifile and produce homogeneous dose to the target as FF beams do. Siemens modified the Artiste linac in order to enable photon beam delivery with and without a flattening fifilter. The VMAT version developed by Siemens for Artiste linacs as a novel radiation technique is a modulated arc therapy (mARC). mARC technique is available with single, double and multiple complete or partial arcs. The aims of the current study were the determination of the main characteristics of 7 MV and 11 MV FFF photon beams in comparison with their corresponding 6 MV and 10 MV FF photon beams from Artiste digital linacs. Furthermore, IMRT planning comparisons using FF and FFF photon beams were performed using an Oncentra planning system. The performance of various mARC techniques were estimated and compared with Step and Shoot (S&S) IMRT by using a RayStation planning system. The mARC plans created by FF and FFF beams were evaluated to know which technique is the best. All the treatment plans were created for simple and complex shaped target volumes. The treatment plans are compared using two parameters - plan quality and treatment effi ciency. In addition to the planning study, the plan quality assurance of IMRT and mARC plans were performed using two difffferent volumetric quality assurance devices, Delta4 and Octavius 4D. Removal of the flattening fifilter causes changes in the dosimetric features of photon beams. IMRT plans with and without flattening fifilter were clinically acceptable where both plans have similar quality. In comparison with IMRT-FF, IMRT-FFF plansrequire more MUs and for some clinical cases require longer TDT. mARC technique can deliver dose distributions that are comparable to S&S-IMRT and could be an alternative with a potential to improve the effi ciency of the IMRT treatment delivery.
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Soyer, Alain Elie. "Ali imam et calife." Bordeaux 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR30046.

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Ali ibn talib le gendre et le cousin de muhammad le prophete de l'islam ; fut le quatrieme calife de l'islam. Il fait son entree dans la vie publique de la communaute des les premiers episodes de l'hegire. Il etait l'homme de beaucoup le plus digne de la confiance de muhammad, et le confident de ses pensees les plus intimes. Ali est une personnalite universellement reconnue. On peut meme dire qu'aucune autre n'a fait l'objet de tant de discussion et de debats. Il fut source d'inspiration et d'enseignement pour beaucoup de mouvements revolutionnaires, politiques, spirituels et philosophiques. Il vivait dans un monde completement morcele et fragmentaire. Il a demande aux musulmans de vivre et de cooperer autrement ; qu'ils observent le monde sans projeter leurs convictions personnelles, leurs sentiments claniques, afin d'observer clairement. Dans cette these, nous avons essaye d'etudier la personne de ali, qui, au moins pendant une periode importante de sa vie fut profondement, sincerement religieux (imam) mais aussi homme politique (calife). Ce n'etait pas la deux plans separes, mais deux aspects d'une personnalite globale, aspects qui ne peuvent se distinguer que par l'analyse.
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Pohl, Marek. "Implementace IMAP v C++." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-237278.

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This thesis has focused on development of library of IMAP network protocol in C++ programming language. This work has focused on design and on interface of the library. Object design of this library is based on analysis of the IMAP protocol. Developed library contains implementation of a client and server part of the IMAP protocol. This work shows also the another IMAP libraries and evaluates pros and cons of the different solutions. Security of a network transfer is explained here in this thesis. This work deals with authentication methods, which are used to protect user credentials during authentication process. Created library can be easily used by software developers to develop an applications like an email client program and IMAP mail server. Part of this work has focused on testing of this developed library.
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Abdullah, Ismail Haji. "The influence of Imam al-Juwayni on the theology of Imam al-Ghazali." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2929.

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This thesis seeks to study in depth the influence of Imam al-Juwayni on Imam al-Ghazali's discussion of theology and whether or not the latter's ideas are properly derived from the former. The first chapter deals with an analysis of the life of both the Imams against the background of the religious milieu of their time. The second chapter discuss the views of the two Imams on Ilm al-Kalam. The third chapter attempts to compare and contrast Imam al-Juwayni's and Imam al- Ghazali's approach to the doctrine of the origin of the world and the existence of God. In the fourth chapter we assess the views of the two Imams on the problem of the attributes of God. The fifth chapter deals with the question of human actions and free will. The final chapter present their views on prophethood and messengership. While many Islamic scholars have a vague notion that Imam al-Ghazali's ideas on theology depend heavily upon Imam al-Juwayni, this thesis attempts to prove that Imam al-Ghazali's theological position and views have been greatly influenced by his teacher, Imam al-Juwayni. This work sets out to show this in detail.
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Borges, Charles Irapuan Ferreira. "Deleuze, ?tica e iman?ncia." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2013. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/2917.

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This work aims to present the core of the conceptual framework of Gilles Deleuze s imanent ethics. Imanent ethics is referred here as a moral theory derived from the post-critical ontology which claims the absense of any transcendent principle to the process of formation of rules or moral norms. Instead, the imanent ethics theory sees in the genetic origin of reason itself the foundations of the practical rationality and action.
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar os principais elementos conceituais constitutivos da ?tica imanente de Gilles Deleuze. Por ?tica imanente entende-se uma teoria moral derivada da ontologia p?s-cr?tica que postula a n?o ader?ncia a qualquer princ?pio transcendente para a forma??o de regras ou normas morais. Pelo contr?rio, a ?tica imanente busca na origem gen?tica da pr?pria raz?o os fundamentos da racionalidade pr?tica e da a??o.
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Getker, Karl L. "Your guide to the iMac /." View abstract, 1999. http://library.ctstateu.edu/ccsu%5Ftheses/1522.html.

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Khadija, Murshed. "A Comparative Analysis of Conventional MLC Based IMRT and Solid Compensator Based IMRT Treatment Techniques." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1264434257.

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Matsushima, Luciana Cardoso. "Determinação das curvas de isodose e confirmação do planejamento em Radioterapia de Intensidade Modulada - IMRT convencional empregando as técnicas de termoluminescência, luminescência opticamente estimulada e detectores semicondutores." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-24042015-095037/.

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A radioterapia é uma das três principais modalidades utilizadas no tratamento de doenças malignas como o câncer; as outras duas são a quimioterapia e a radiocirurgia. Em contraste com outras especialidades médicas que necessitam principalmente do conhecimento clínico e da experiência de especialistas, a radioterapia, com a utilização da radiação ionizante no tratamento do câncer, depende do investimento pesado em tecnologias modernas e dos esforços colaborativos de diversos profissionais, cuja equipe coordenada influencia, sobremaneira, o resultado do tratamento. A Radioterapia de intensidade modulada (IMRT) com o uso de colimadores multilâminas (multileaf collimators MLCs) tem o potencial para alcançar um alto grau de conformidade da dose no alvo (tumor a ser tratado) e ainda promover a proteção de tecidos normais do que a maioria de outras técnicas de tratamento, especialmente para volumes-alvo ou órgãos de risco com formatos complexos. Entretanto, estudos recentes mostraram que baixas doses de radiação podem causar tumores secundários. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo a determinação da distribuição de dose de radiação absorvida em diversas simulações de tratamentos radioterápicos com o uso de dosímetros compostos de LiF:Mg,Ti; CaSO4:Dy e Al2O3:C, utilizando um objeto simulador de polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) empregando as seguintes técnicas dosimétricas: termoluminescência (TL), luminescência opticamente estimulada (OSL) e detectores semicondutores (diodos).
Radiotherapy is one of three principal treatment modalities used in the treatment of malignant diseases such as cancer; the other two are chemotherapy and radiosurgery. In contrast to other medical specialties that rely mainly on the clinical knowledge and experience of medical specialists, radiotherapy, with its use of ionizing radiation in treatment of cancer, relies heavily on modern technology and the collaborative efforts of several professionals whose coordinated team approach greatly influences the outcome of the treatment. Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with the use of multileaf collimators (MLCs) has the potential to achieve a much higher degree of target conformity and normal tissue sparing than most other treatment techniques, especially for target volumes or organs at risk with complex shapes. However, recent studies show that low doses of radiation can cause secondary cancers. This work aims to determine the radiation dose distribution in several radiation therapy treatment simulations with use of LiF:Mg,Ti; CaSO4:Dy and Al2O3:C dosimeters using a PMMA phantom for the following dosimetry techniques: thermoluminescence, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and semiconductor detectors.
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12

Larsen, Rebekka Margrethe Dybwik. "En vill og poetisk reise imot Tomas Espedal : En lesning av Gå. Eller kunsten å leve et vilt og poetisk liv, Imot kunsten og Imot naturen." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for nordistikk og litteraturvitenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-21510.

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Denne oppgaven ser nærmere på romanene Gå. Eller kunsten å leve et vilt og poetisk liv, Imot kunsten og Imot naturen av Tomas Espedal. Oppgaven er delt inn i to hoveddeler, hvor den første delen ser på selvbiografiske virkemidler og essayistiske trekk, og den siste delen bruker dette i en nærlesning av de tre romanene. I tillegg ser oppgaven på hvordan reiselitteratur også er viktig i Espedals romanunivers.I kapittelet «Bakteppe» kommer jeg med en kort beskrivelse av romanene; gjennom blant annet å se på form og tematikk. Jeg kommer med en kort innføring om hvorfor Espedals romaner kan kalles hybridromaner og hvordan essayets, selvbiografien og reiselitteraturen blir blandet inn i hans fiksjonsunivers.«Selvbiografisk – det er jo et jævlig misvisende begrep» ser nærmere på selvbiografisk som sjanger og hvorvidt det finnes andre selvfremstillende sjangre som egner seg bedre for å beskrive Gå, Imot kunsten og Imot naturen. Jeg ser nærmere på begrepene selvfiksjon, selvportrett, selvbiografiske romaner og dobbeltkontrakt. Her har jeg en historisk tilnærming til de ulike begrepene, samtidig som jeg prøver å finne ut hvilke selvbiografiske grep Espedal benytter seg av.I kapittelet «Essayistiske trekk» ser jeg på diskusjonen omkring hvorvidt essayet er en sjanger, metode eller skrivemåte. Videre undersøker jeg hvilke virkemidler fra essayet som finnes i Gå, Imot kunsten og Imot naturen. I dette kapittelet har jeg også en historisk tilnærming til essayet, samtidig som jeg understreker at dette er en sjanger som er stadig i forandring og at det derfor er vanskelig å komme med en klar definisjon av essayet.Siste del av denne oppgaven er en nærlesning av Gå, Imot kunsten og Imot naturen. Jeg har valgt å ta for meg hver roman separat, men fordi de tre romanene har mange likhetstrekk, er det naturlig å understreke disse. Hovedfokuset er Espedals sjangerblanding, hvor jeg vektlegger essayet, selvbiografiske trekk og reiselitteraturen. Samtidig ser jeg på hvordan eksistensielle spørsmål påvirker både formen og tematikken i romanen. Spørsmålet: «Hvem er jeg?», går som en rød tråd gjennom de tre romanene og derfor er dette spørsmålet et viktig aspekt i nærlesningen av romanene.
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13

Schiefer, Hans. "Kontrollen des Planungs-Bestrahlungsprozesses bei IMRT /." Basel : [s.n.], 2009. http://edoc.unibas.ch/diss/DissB_8781.

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14

Flosi, Adriana Aparecida. "Desenvolvimento de cálculo de unidades monitoras para IMRT." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-03042012-092734/.

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A verificação de forma independente do cálculo de dose e de unidades monitoras num plano de tratamento de IMRT é um passo importante nos procedimentos de garantia de qualidade da técnica em questão. Atualmente este verificação é baseada apenas em medidas experimentais demoradas e trabalhosas. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido uma metodologia de cálculo de unidades monitoras de forma independente como uma nova ferramenta para garantir a qualidade e exatidão dos tratamentos de IMRT. Os valores encontrados se aproximam bastante dos valores calculados pelo sistema de planejamento utilizado, de forma que o algoritmo de cálculo desenvolvido apresentou uma concordância dentro de ± 1,8 % para uma geometria simples. Após diversos testes e com os níveis de ação devidamente estabelecidos, a verificação independente da unidade monitora para planos de tratamento de IMRT se tornará uma ferramenta efetiva e eficiente no controle de qualidade que ajuda a identificar e reduzir possíveis erros de tratamento em radioterapia. Como contribuição original deste trabalho, assegura-se aos serviços de Radioterapia a utilização da metodologia desenvolvida como ferramenta de controle de qualidade em tratamentos com IMRT. Em especial aos serviços que não dispõem de recursos econômicos para adquirirem softwares comercialmente disponíveis para o cálculo independente da unidade monitora.
Independent verification of dose calculations and monitor units settings of IMRT treatment plans is an important step in the quality assurance procedure for IMRT technique. At present, the verification is mainly based on experimental measurements, which are time consuming and laborious. In this work an independent methodology of monitor units calculation was developed as a new tool for IMRT treatments quality and precision assurance. The values found are near those calculated by the treatment planning system used, in a manner that the calculation algorithm demonstrated ± 1,8 % concordance in a simple geometry with the system. After several tests and the levels of action well established, the independent monitor units verification for IMRT treatment plans will become an effective and efficient tool in quality assurance, helping identification and the reduction of possible mistakes in radiotherapy treatments. To radiotherapy services is assured the use of the developed methodology as a tool of quality control in IMRT treatments as an original contribution of this work, specially those that do not dispose financial resources to acquire commercially available independent monitor unit calculus software.
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15

PLANCHE, FOURTHIN ISABELLE. "Trente-cinq ans d'imao en psychiatrie : etude retrospective d'une centaine de malades traites par les imao de premiere generation." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993CLF1M034.

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16

Shockley, Keith J. "Intelligent Maintenance Aid (IMA)." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2719.

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Technological complexities of current ground combat systems require advanced maintenance methods to keep the fleet in a state of operational readiness. Currently, maintenance personnel use paper Technical Manuals (TM) that are cumbersome and not easily transportable or updated in the field. This thesis proposes using the latest technology to support maintainers in the field or depot by integrating the TMs with the onboard diagnostics Built-In-Test (BIT) and Fault Isolation Test (FIT) of the vehicle, to provide the maintainer with an improved diagnostics tool to expedite troubleshooting analysis. This will be accomplished by connecting the vehicle, using the vehicle's 1553 multiplex bus, with the Graphical User Interface (GUI) of an Intelligent Maintenance Aid (IMA). The IMA will use Troubleshooting Procedure (TP) codes generated during BIT and FIT testing. Using the information provided by these TP codes, through the IMA GUI, information from the technical manuals will be displayed to aid the maintainers in their diagnostic work. The results of this thesis will serve as a baseline for further research and will be presented to the program management office for combat systems (PM-CS) for further consideration and development.
US Army RDECOM-TACOM author (civilian).
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Zakiuddin, Almas. ""Modernizing" Islam : the imam discourse in Bangladesh." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/40339.

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International development policies and practices are curiously silent on the subject of religion. It is an overt silence, in the sense that religion appears to be deliberately omitted from consideration. There is an implicit assumption that societies in the South will adopt the secular project of political modernity already perfected in and by the North. The paradox, however, as my dissertation demonstrates, is that development and religion are deeply imbricated at various local, national and transnational sites of power-knowledge. I adopt Foucauldian “discourse theory” and a post-colonial, post-modern, feminist theoretical framework to focus on Bangladesh, a “moderate” Muslim nation-state, as a case study of this paradox. My investigations reveal that international development organizations, in conjunction with a patriarchal Bangladeshi state, are targeting and trans(forming) tens of thousands of male Muslim imams as socio-political and religious authority figures or “Leaders of Influence” to constitute what I call the “Imam Discourse in Bangladesh”. I propose that in this newly constituted discourse, male Muslim imams are being instilled with new forms of authority and influence not only in relation to Islam, but also in relation to gender and women’s subject positions in society. In embracing the development project, trained imams are constituted simultaneously not only as non-modern men who are a potential challenge to the development mission, but as subjects being given opportunities to strengthen their gender and religious authority in the service of development, somewhat like “soldiers of secularism”. My conclusions emerge from an interdisciplinary, qualitative study that included fieldwork in Bangladesh in summer 2006. I show how the Imam Discourse emerges in a particular ethno-religious context and a post 9/11 “moment” when American hegemonic interests are dominating geo-political understandings of, and entanglements with Muslim subjects. I also explore emerging, new counter-discourses that pertain to development and Muslim society and reflect gender-aware, and Muslim feminist reinterpretations of political modernity, secularism and international development.
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Barros, Catarina da Silva. "Estudo, avaliação e optimização em radioterapia - IMRT." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/4797.

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Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Biomédica
O cancro continua ser um problema de saúde pública, apesar dos esforços e desenvolvimentos verificados na luta contra o mesmo. Estima-se que em 2030 a incidência do cancro na população mundial duplique, sendo o envelhecimento da população a principal causa apontada pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (WHO, do inglês World Health Organization Desta forma, os avanços tecnológicos na saúde têm sido constantes, trazendo desenvolvimentos essenciais no diagnóstico e tratamento das mais variadas patologias. No que concerne à radioterapia, especialidade terapêutica utilizada em cerca de 50% a 60% dos doentes oncológicos, o seu estado acompanha os panoramas mais vanguardistas. ). A radioterapia de intensidade modelada (IMRT, do inglês Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy), resultante da evolução da técnica de radioterapia conformacional tridimensional (3D-CRT, do inglês Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy), veio a acrescentar à conformação geométrica do feixe de radiação, a capacidade de utilização da modulação da intensidade do mesmo. Desta forma a IMRT permite uma conformação dosimétrica, que salvaguarda ao máximo a integridade das estruturas adjacentes, bem como, o escalonamento de dose, mais eficaz do ponto de vista de controlo tumoral. No entanto, este ganho em saúde faz-se acompanhar, muitas vezes, do aumento de custos. Neste contexto é essencial avaliar e quantificar os custos, e as respectivas consequências/benefícios clínicos inerentes à utilização da tecnologia. Com este projecto, realizado em contexto empresarial, pretendeu-se estudar, avaliar e elaborar propostas de optimização que visem a implementação clínica da IMRT, aplicada a patologias da próstata e mama, num Serviço de Radioterapia de um Prestador de Cuidados de Saúde (PCS) público. Neste prestador, foram analisados todos os procedimentos do workflow de 3D-CRT das patologias da cabeça e pescoço (C&P), mama e da próstata, incluindo a caracterização a nível dos recursos humanos (RH) com a respectiva duração característica de cada tarefa mapeada, quer dos recursos tecnológicos envolvidos. Visto este PCS já ter iniciado a aplicação clínica de IMRT ao cancro de C&P, foram também analisados os procedimentos referentes a esta patologia, de forma a servirem de base para a realização dos modelos de IMRT para a mama e próstata, tal como, para comparar os custos inerentes à realização desta técnica, em relação à técnica conformacional. Por último projectou-se cenários da realização IMRT ao invés da 3D-CRT no PCS em estudo, para a neoplasia que economicamente se mostrou mais favorável.
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Garcia, Aaron Nicholas. "Comparative Investigation of Dosimetric Tools in IMRT." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1187369612.

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20

Cruz, António Manuel Costa. "IMRT beam angle optimization using Tabu search." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/17714.

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Mestrado em Matemática e Aplicações
O número de pacientes com cancro continua a crescer no mundo e a Organização Mundial da Saúde considerou mesmo esta como uma das principais ameaças para a saúde e o desenvolvimento humano. Dependendo da localização e das especi cidades do tumor, existem muitos tratamentos que podem ser usados, incluindo cirurgia, quimioterapia, imunoterapia e radioterapia. A Radioterapia de Intensidade Modulada (IMRT | Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy) é uma das modalidades mais avançadas de radioterapia, onde a otimização pode ter um papel importante no que diz respeito à qualidade do tratamento aplicado. Em IMRT, o feixe de radiação pode ser visto como se fosse constituído por vários pequenos feixes, pelo uso de um colimador multifolhas, que permite que a intensidade seja modulada. Este complexo problema de otimização pode ser dividido em três subproblemas, que estão relacionados entre si e que podem ser resolvidos sequencialmente. Para cada paciente, os ângulos de onde a radiação ir a ocorrer têm de ser determinados (problema geométrico | otimização angular). Depois, para cada um desses ângulos, o mapa de intensidades (ou fluências) tem de ser calculado (problema das intensidades | otimização das fluências). Finalmente, e necessário determinar o comportamento do colimador multifolhas, de forma a garantir que as intensidades são, de facto, atribuídas (problema de realiza ção). Em cada um destes problemas de otimização, a qualidade do tratamento atribuído depende dos modelos e algoritmos usados. Neste trabalho, a nossa atenção estará particularmente focada na otimização angular, um problema conhecido por ser altamente não-convexo, com muitos mínimos locais e com uma função objetivo que requer muito tempo de computação para ser calculada. Tal significa, respetivamente, que os algoritmos que sejam baseados no cálculo de gradientes ou que requeiram muitas avaliações da função objetivo podem não ser adequados. Assim, os procedimentos metaheurísticos podem ser uma boa alternativa para abordar este problema, visto que são capazes de escapar de mínimos locais e são conhecidos por conseguirem calcular boas soluções em problemas complexos. Neste trabalho ser a descrita uma aplicação para Pesquisa Tabu. Serão ainda apresentados os testes computacionais realizados, considerando dez casos clínicos de pacientes previamente tratados por radioterapia, pretendendo-se mostrar que a Pesquisa Tabu e capaz de melhorar os resultados obtidos através da solução equidistante, cujo uso e comum na prática clínica.
The number of cancer patients continues to grow worldwide and the World Health Organization has even considered cancer as one of the main threats to human health and development. Depending on the location and speci cities of the tumor, there are many treatments that can be used, including surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and radiation therapy. Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) is one of the most advanced radiation therapy modalities, and optimization can have a key role in the quality of the treatment delivered. In IMRT, the radiation beam can be thought of as being composed by several small beams, through the use of a multileaf collimator, allowing radiation intensity to be modulated. This complex optimization problem can be divided in three related subproblems that can be solved sequentially. For each patient, the angles from which the radiation will be delivered have to be determined (geometric problem | beam angle optimization). Then, for each of these angles, the radiation intensity map is calculated ( uence or intensity optimization). Finally, it is necessary to determine the behavior of the multileaf collimator that guarantees that the desired radiation intensities are, indeed, delivered (realization problem). In each of these optimization problems, the quality of the treatment delivered depends on the models and algorithms used. In this work the attention will be focused in beam angle optimization, a problem known to be highly non{convex, with many local minima and with an objective function that is time expensive to calculate, which, respectively, means that algorithms that are gradient{based or that require many objective function evaluations will not be adequate. Metaheuristics can be the right tool to tackle this problem, since they are capable of escaping local minima and are known to be able to calculate good solutions for complex problems. In this work, an application of Tabu Search to beam angle optimization is described. Computational results considering ten clinical cases of head{and{neck cancer patients are presented, showing that Tabu Search is capable of improving the equidistant solution usually used in clinical practice.
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21

Al-Blezi, Mosa Khalil. "Imam Al-Juwayni's contribution to Islamic economics." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683264.

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22

Markovic, Miljenko. "Comparison of IMRT delivery methods a thesis /." San Antonio : UTHSC, 2008. http://learningobjects.library.uthscsa.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/theses&CISOPTR=58&CISOBOX=1&REC=13.

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23

Chevez, Marañón Luis Felipe, and Esquén Maria Ysabel Ramos. "Mentoring en el uso de la Imac." Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/624115.

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24

Heeger, Jonas [Verfasser]. "Bestrahlung von Kopf-Hals-Tumoren mit fluenzmodulierter Radiotherapie (IMRT) : Vergleich zweier IMRT-Techniken mit 3D-konformaler Bestrahlung / Jonas Heeger." Köln : Deutsche Zentralbibliothek für Medizin, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1042333823/34.

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25

Borges, Leandro Federiche. "Validação da metodologia de controle da qualidade in vivo com auxílio de filme radiocrômico, aplicados à teleterapia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17159/tde-04012017-155803/.

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A aferição da dose por técnica de dosimetria in vivo garante que a dose calculada pelo sistema de planejamento seja àquela entregue pelo acelerador linear (AL) durante a radioterapia, garantindo assim os processos de controle de qualidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi validar a técnica de controle de qualidade em IMRT utilizando filme radiocrômico. Foram analisados 47 planejamentos de IMRT de três regiões: próstata, cabeça e pescoço e crânio. Para cada planejamento utilizouse um filme radiocrômico EBT2 acoplado ao cabeçote do acelerador linear através de uma bandeja preparada para o filme. A leitura e posterior análise da dose pontual e distribuição de dose após 24 horas, foi realizada em sofware desenvolvido em MatLab. O índice de aprovação foi de 92%. Quatro planos foram reprovados em pelo menos 1 critério, sendo 3 de cabeça e pescoço e 1 de crânio. Os resultados da dosimetria in vivo com filme radiocrômico foi validada, podendo ser considerada uma técnica confiável e prática na aferição da dose em radioterapia.
The measurement of dose, using the in vivo technique dosimetry, ensures that the dose calculated by the planning system is exactly the same as the dose delivered in linear accelerator, this ensures quality assurance in radiotherapy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality control techinique of IMRT treatments using radiochromic film. We analyzed 47 IMRT plans, which divided into three regions: Prostate, head and neck, and skull. For each plan, we used a radiochromic film coupled in linear accelerator head by a tray prepared to film placement. The film was stored for 24 hours after irradiation. Reading and analysis of point dose and 2D dose distribution were performed after this period. ll plans analyzed, the approval rating was 92%, and the others were flunked at least one criterion. Based on the results obtained in vivo dosimetry with radiochromic film was validated. This technique is reliable and practical to measure the dose delivered by linear accelerator.
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26

Gu, Jiesi. "New applications of immobilised metal ion affinity chromatography for pharmaceutics processing and drug discovery." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/16722.

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The development of more efficient extraction methods is the key to improving access to natural products with therapeutic uses. Immobilised metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) has conventionally been used to purify proteins from biological mixtures. This thesis aimed to expand the applications of IMAC beyond protein purification by developing two new innovations of IMAC. First, multi-dimensional IMAC (MD-IMAC) was developed for the simultaneous purification of multiple non-protein-based bacterial secondary metabolites from a single culture. The MD-IMAC system, comprised of two in-series IMAC resins charged with different metal ions, was designed to exploit differences between the coordination chemistries of different compounds. A system was optimised for two clinical metabolites, desferrioxamine B (DFOB) and bleomycin (BLM). Retention of compounds was dependent on the metal ion used to charge the resin, the immobilised chelating ligand denticity, and column order. The technique was used successfully to resolve native DFOB and BLM from a culture of Streptomyces verticillus. Second, the utility of IMAC as a method of screening natural sources for metalloenzyme inhibitors was examined. Three microbial sources (Penicillium citreonigrum, Streptomyces incarnatus, Salinispora tropica) were processed on Ni(II)-, Cu(II), and Zn(II)-IMAC, followed by assay screens for inhibition against histone deacetylases (HDACs), 5-lipoxygenase and tyrosinase. Proof-of concept was established, with a putative HDAC inhibitor ([M + H+]+, m/z = 827.2800) identified from S. incarnatus. More material and further analyses are required to structurally characterise the bioactive species. This study is the first to demonstrate these applications of IMAC. As IMAC is an aqueous-compatible, green technology, MD-IMAC could be used to expedite pharmaceutics processing and reduce reliance on organic solvents. IMAC could also provide a new way of screening natural sources for metalloenzyme inhibitors.
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Ashmawy, Iman Karam Imam Mohamed [Verfasser], Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Gessler, and Marc [Akademischer Betreuer] Thielen. "The Effect of Education Decentralization on School Leadership in the Vocational Schools: A Comparative Study between the German and the Egyptian Practice / Iman Karam Imam Mohamed Ashmawy. Gutachter: Michael Gessler ; Marc Thielen. Betreuer: Michael Gessler." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1072078090/34.

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Boakes, Norma J., and Katie Juliani. "iMath- Reaching the iGeneration in the Mathematics Classroom." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-82334.

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FLOSI, ADRIANA A. "Desenvolvimento de cálculos de unidades monitoras para IMRT." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2011. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10087.

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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Perin, Wagner de Andrade. "iMap : um mecanismo de inferência para mapas conceituais." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFES, 2014. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/1484.

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Mapas Conceituais são representações gráficas do conhecimento de uma pessoa num dado momento e área de conhecimento. Por sua natureza investigativa, são utilizados como ferramentas de apoio em abordagens pedagógicas que objetivam promover a aprendizagem significativa. No entanto, o processo de avaliação de um mapa tende a ser custoso pois acarreta uma pesada carga de processamento cognitivo por parte do avaliador, já que este precisa mapear os conceitos e relações em busca de nuances de conhecimento alí presentes. Essa pesquisa tem por objetivo aumentar o nível de abstração nas interações entre o avaliador e os mapas conceituais fornecendo uma camada intermediária de inteligência computacional que favoreça a comunicação por meio de perguntas e respostas em linguagem natural, fornecendo ao avaliador ferramentas que lhe permita examinar o conteúdo do mapa conceitual sem exigir deste o mapeamento visual dos conceitos e relações presentes nos mapas avaliados. Uma ferramenta é prototipada e uma prova de conceito apresentada. A análise da arquitetura proposta permitiu definir uma arquitetura final com características que permitem potencializar o uso de mapas conceituais e facilitar diversas operações pedagógicas com estes. Essa pesquisa situa-se na área de investigação de sistemas de perguntas e resposta, aplicando técnicas de processamento de linguagem natural para análise da pergunta e interpretação do mapa conceitual e aplica técnica de inteligência artificial para inferir respostas às perguntas.
Concept maps are graphical representations of a person’s knowledge at a given time and area of expertise. For his investigative nature, they are used as tools to support pedagogical approaches that aim to promote meaningful learning. However, the maps evaluation process tends to be costly because it causes a heavy load of cognitive processing on the part of the evaluator, since it needs to map out the concepts and relations in order to find nuances of knowledge present there. This research aims to increase the level of abstraction in the interactions between the evaluator and the concept maps by providing an intermediate layer of computational intelligence that favors the communication through questions and answers in natural language, producing tools that allow the evaluator to examine the content of the concept map without requiring the visual mapping of concepts and relations present in the evaluated maps. A tool is prototyped and a proof of concept is presented. The analysis of the proposed architecture has led to the definition of a final architecture with features that allow enhancing the use of concept maps and facilitating various pedagogical applications. This research is dedicated to the investigation of Question Answering Systems, by applying natural language processing techniques to analyze the question and interprete the concept map, as well as applying techniques of artificial intelligence to infer answers to the questions.
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31

PERIN, W. A. "iMap - Um Mecanismo de Inferências para Mapas Conceituais." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/4266.

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Mapas Conceituais são representações gráficas do conhecimento de uma pessoa num dado momento e área de conhecimento. Por sua natureza investigativa, são utilizados como ferramentas de apoio em abordagens pedagógicas que objetivam promover a aprendizagem significativa. No entanto, o processo de avaliação de um mapa tende a ser custoso pois acarreta uma pesada carga de processamento cognitivo por parte do avaliador, já que este precisa mapear os conceitos e relações em busca de nuances de conhecimento alí presentes. Essa pesquisa tem por objetivo aumentar o nível de abstração nas interações entre o avaliador e os mapas conceituais fornecendo uma camada intermediária de inteligência computacional que favoreça a comunicação por meio de perguntas e respostas em linguagem natural, fornecendo ao avaliador ferramentas que lhe permita examinar o conteúdo do mapa conceitual sem exigir deste o mapeamento visual dos conceitos e relações presentes nos mapas avaliados. Uma ferramenta é prototipada e uma prova de conceito apresentada. A análise da arquitetura proposta permitiu definir uma arquitetura final com características que permitem potencializar o uso de mapas conceituais e facilitar diversas operações pedagógicas com estes. Essa pesquisa situa-se na área de investigação de sistemas de perguntas e resposta, aplicando técnicas de processamento de linguagem natural para análise da pergunta e interpretação do mapa conceitual e aplica técnica de inteligência artificial para inferir respostas às perguntas.
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32

Lundin, Sigrid, Johan Schedin, Robin Olsson, Andrea Sundh, and Adam Wegelius. "Smarta val av metall‐kelatorkomplex optimerar proteinrening med IMAC." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-175255.

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På beställning av GE Healthcare AB har en sammanställning gjorts över interaktionen mellan metalljoner och kelatorer samt metalljoner och proteiner vid immobiliserad metalljonsaffinitetskromatografi (IMAC). Kelatorer är kemiska föreningar som kan användas för att binda metalljoner. Denna sammanställning kan användas som en vägledning för optimering av IMAC. Det är ett vedertaget faktum att bindningsstyrkan mellan metalljoner och proteiner, bland annat, beror på hur många bindningsställen på metalljonen som finns kvar för proteiner att binda till. Desto fler bindningsställen kelatorn upptar på metalljonen, desto svagare blir interaktionen med proteinet. Denna sammanställning är begränsad till ett antal metalljoner, som till exempel Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Zn2+ och Fe3+, och kelatorerna ”Iminodiacetic acid” (IDA), ”tris(2-aminoethyl)amine” (TREN), ”1,4,7-triazacyclononane” (tacn), ”tris(carboxymethyl)ethylenediamine” (TED) och ”nitrilotriacetic acid” (NTA). Några intressanta skillnader i bindningsstyrkan mellan ett antal intermediära metalljoner, kopplade till en kelator, och proteiner har framkommit i denna studie. Dessa relationer, för kelatorerna IDA, TREN och tacn, finns redovisade nedan (starkast bindningsaffinitet längst till vänster). IDA: Cu2+ > Ni2+>Zn2+>Co2+ TREN: Cu2+ > Ni2+ Tacn: Cu2+ > Ni2+ > Zn2+ > Co2+ > Cr2+ ≈ Mn2+
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33

Reza, Soltani Iman. "Utveckling av SAAB 340 Linjeunderhåll för flygbolaget NextJet." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-14847.

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Flygbolaget NextJet fick i januari 2012 eget Part-145 godkännande för att till en början bedriva linjeunderhåll. Detta examensarbete har gått ut på att skapa ett förslag för hur A-checkspaketen kan se ut för flygplanstypen SAAB 340. För att göra detta, gavs det av NextJet flera manualer och dokument kring SAAB 340. Processen har därefter delats upp i fyra olika faser för att slutligen få det önskade resultatet. I fas ett gjordes en initial kartläggning av de enskilda arbetena, s.k. taskar som var kvalificerade som A-checkstaskar. I fas två gjordes en bekräftelse av kartläggningen som fas ett genererade, därefter gjordes en ny kartläggning som blev mer lovande. I den tredje fasen gjordes en zonfördelning av kartläggningen för att få en bättre överblick. I den fjärde och sista fasen valdes taskarna för respektive paket ut. Resultatet blev ett illustrerande stapeldiagram där A-checkspaketen, dess tidsåtgång och intervall framgår. Detta stapeldiagram finns att se i kapitel 3 av detta examensarbete.
In January 2012, the airline company NextJet got its own Part-145 approval to initially carry out line maintenance. The purpose of this thesis work has been to create a proposal for how the A-check packages could look like for the airplane SAAB 340. To do this NextJet supplied several manuals and documents on SAAB 340. The process was then divided into four different phases to finally get the desired result. In phase one an initial mapping of the A-check qualified tasks was done. Phase two was to confirm the mapping that phase one generated, then a new more promising mapping was done. In the third phase a zone breakdown of the phase two mapping was done in order to get a better overview of the tasks. In the fourth and final phase the selection of tasks for their respective packages was conducted. The result became a bar graph illustrating the A-checkpackages, its required time and intervals between them. This bar graph can be seen in chapter 3 of this thesis work.
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34

Ковальчук, Віктор Миколайович. "Захист населення від небезпек пов’язаних з вибухонебезпечними предметами." Thesis, Національний університет кораблебудування імені адмірала Макарова, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/5321.

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35

Ковальчук, Віктор Миколайович. "Захист населення від небезпек пов’язаних з вибухонебезпечними предметами." Thesis, Національний університет кораблебудування імені адмірала Макарова, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/5317.

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36

Watanabe, Érika Yumi. "Avaliação do dispositivo eletrônico de imagem portal \"Portal Dosimetry\" no controle de qualidade de radioterapia de intensidade modulada." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-08082011-110213/.

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No presente trabalho serão apresentados testes de comissionamento e de avaliação da utilização do portal dosimetry, da Varian, no controle de qualidade dos planejamentos de radioterapia de intensidade modulada. Os testes de comissionamento foram realizados para caracterizar o portal dosimetry em termos dosimétricos e para avaliar a sua possível aplicação em radioterapia. Esses testes demonstraram que o portal dosimetry possui todas as características necessárias para ser utilizado em dosimetria na radioterapia tais como linearidade da resposta com a dose, independência com a taxa de dose, reprodutibilidade, dentre outras. A avaliação da utilização do portal dosimetry no controle de qualidade de IMRT foi realizada em duas etapas: avaliação da capacidade do dispositivo em detectar erros propositalmente introduzidos em fluências simples e em fluências complexas. Foram introduzidos erros de magnitude conhecida em áreas determinadas das fluências e foi realizado o controle de qualidade dessas fluências com o portal dosimetry e com mais três sistemas dosimétricos: câmara de ionização, filme e matriz de câmaras de ionização. Os dados obtidos com o portal foram comparados com os dos outros dispositivos e todos foram capazes de identificar os erros introduzidos de maneira satisfatória, sendo os valores, normalizados para a fluência original, obtidos com o dosímetro portal indênticos aos da câmara de ionização e aos da matriz de câmaras de ionização (seven29) e diferindo em até 2% dos valores obtidos com os filmes. As fluências medidas com o portal dosimetry foram avaliadas em termos quantitativos e qualitativos. Os índices da função gama fornecidos pelo software de análise do portal dosimetry não apresentaram regras definidas de comportamento em relação aos erros introduzidos e por essa razão a análise qualitativa se mostrou indispensável nos casos avaliados.
In this paper we present commissioning testing and evaluation of the use of Varians portal dosimetry in the quality assurance of intensity-modulated radiotherapy. The commissioning tests were performed to characterize the portal dosimetry in terms dosimetric and to assess the its possible application in radiotherapy. These tests demonstrated that portal dosimetry has all the characteristics to be used for dosimetry in radiotherapy such as linear response with dose, the independence of dose rate, reproducibility, and others. The evaluation of the use of portal dosimetry in quality control of IMRT was performed in two steps: assessing the ability of the device to detect errors deliberately introduced in simple and complex fluences. Errors of known magnitude were introduced in certain areas of fluences and was carried out quality control of these fluences with portal dosimetry and three dosimetric systems: ionization chamber, film and array of ionization chambers. The data obtained from the portal were compared with those of other devices and all were able to identify errors introduced satisfactorily, the values, normalized to the original fluence, obtained with the portal dosimetry were similar to the ionization chamber and the array of ion chambers (seven29) and differing in up to 2% of the values obtained with the films. The fluences measured with the portal dosimetry were evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively. The index of the gamma function provided by software analysis of portal dosimetry showed no defined rules of behavior in relation to the errors introduced and for this reason the qualitative analysis has proved indispensable in cases evaluated.
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37

Haukås, Solveig. ""Optimalisering av IMRT-planar for øyre-nase-hals-kreft"." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-6259.

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In the dose planning system Oncentra MasterPlan there is a module for IMRT planning (IMRT - Intensity modulated radiation therapy). This module optimizes the plan based on given requirements for doses given to target volumes and organs at risk. The new enhanced algorithm (PBE), which is implemented in MasterPlan, is supposed to make the IMRT planning more exact and effcient. A cylindrical shaped target volume, with an organ at risk inside, was defined in MasterPlan to evaluate the dose distribution modeled by the PBE algorithm. A uniform dose of 2 Gy for the target volume and a maximum dose of 0.5 Gy for the organ at risk were set for the optimization. The plans were optimized with different angles of the collimator system, and film measurements were done according to the plans. It was found that the PBE algorithm gives a good description of the dose distribution, “tongue and groove" included, for IMRT optimization.

 The principle of IMRT is to treat the patient with non-uniform beams from different directions around the patient. The beams are being optimized to give a high dose to the target volume and an acceptable low dose to the normal tissue and the organs at risk. An !IMRT value" is given as a measure of the quality of the optimization in MasterPlan. This value is used to compare treatment plans, to evaluate the quality of the optimization for different parameters.

 The parameters which were examined were the angle of the collimator system, the number of beams given, number of segments, minimum number of MU per segment and minimum field size per segment. It was of interest to see how the parameters affect the IMRT optimization in MasterPlan. 11 patient plans were therefore replanned by varying these parameters. The “IMRT values" for the optimized plans were compared with the one-way ANOVA test Tukey HSD.

 No significant differences were shown between the “IMRT values" of the plans with different angles of the collimator system. Nor were any significant differences shown between plans with 5, 7 or 9 beams equally spaced around the patient. Treatment plans containing beams equally spaced were significantly better than plans containing beams given only in front of the patient. The treatment plans containing 30 segments were significantly worse than the plans containing 50, 70 or 150 segments, according to the Tukey test. Although there was no porvable significant difference between the “IMRT values" for 50 and 70 segments, all the tested patients had a lower value (indicating better optimization) for plans containing 70 segments. The improvement of the optimization of plans with more than 70 segments was found to be small. There was no significant difference between the optimization of plans with 2 or 4 MU.

 In addition to optimize the weight and fluence of the beams, MasterPlan can also optimize the gantry angles. This has been done for plans of 5 beams and with two different set of initial angles. Gantry optimizations were performed with initial angles formed as a fan in front of the patient and with angles equally spaced around the patient. It was found that in MasterPlan, different angles are found to be optimal depending on the initial angles.

 One often wants to give a small part of the target volume a higher dose than the rest of the target, in treatment of head and neck cancer. This can be done in two ways. A boost plan can be made in addition to the original plan without boost, where a small part of the target volume is given a higher dose. This involves optimization and treatment of two plans. Another way is to integrate the boost plan in the original plan, and in this way make one plan. To see if it is possible to achieve more conform dose distributions for treatment with simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) than with the additional plan, 9 of the patients were planned with both methods. It was found that SIB enables more sparing of the organs at risk. A lower dose, closer to the predefined dose criterias of the target volume outside the boost volume is also achieved.


Planleggingsprogrammet Oncentra MasterPlan har ein modul for IMRT-planlegging (IMRT - Intensity modulated radiation therapy). Denne modulen optimaliserer planar på bakgrunn av førehandsgjevne dosekrav til målvolum og risikoorgan. Den nye ”enhanced"-algoritmen (PBE) som no er implementert i MasterPlan skal gjere IMRT-planlegginga meir korrekt og effektiv. For å sjekke kor bra dosefordelingane er modellert av PBE-algoritmen vart det definert eit sylinderforma, holt målvolum med eit risikoorgan inni. Det vart sett krav om uniform dose på 2 Gy for målvolumet og maks 0,5 Gy for risikoorganet. Planar vart optimalisert med omsyn til desse krava og med ulike vinklar på kollimatorsystemet. Deretter vart det bestrålt filmar i samsvar med planane, og desse vart samanlikna med dosefordelinga i planane. Det vart funne at PBE-algoritmen gjev ei svært bra beskriving av dosefordelingar med ”tongue and groove"-effektar ved IMRT-optimalisering. 

Prinsippet bak IMRT er å behandle ein pasient med ikkje-uniforme felt frå ulike retningar rundt pasienten. Desse felta har blitt optimalisert for å gje høg dose til målvolumet og akseptabel låg dose til det omkringliggjande normalvevet og risikoorgana. I MasterPlan vert det oppgjeve ein IMRT-verdi som er eit mål på kor god optimaliseringa er i forhold til dei gjevne dosekrava. Denne IMRT-verdien er nytta ved samanliking av planar, for å  finne ut kor god plan ein kan oppnå ved bruk av ulike parametrar under optimaliseringa.

 Parametrar som vart undersøkt var vinkel på kollimatorsystemet, tal på felt, feltretning, tal på segment, minimum MU per segment og minimum feltstorleik per segment. For å sjå korleis valet av desse parametrane påverkar IMRT-optimaliseringa i MasterPlan, vart 11 pasientplanar replanlagt ved å variere parametrane. IMRTverdien til dei optimaliserte planane vart deretter samanlikna ved hjelp av one-way ANOVA-testen Tukey HSD.

 Tukey-testen viste at det ikkje var nokon signifkant forskjell mellom IMRTverdiane til planane med ulike kollimatorvinklar. Det vart heller ikkje vist nokon signifkant forskjell mellom planar med 5, 7 og 9 felt jamt fordelt rundt pasienten. Planar med felt jamt fordelt rundt pasienten vart påvist å vere signifikant betre enn felt i vifteform framføre pasienten. I følgje Tukey-testen er planen med 30 segment signifikant dårlegare enn planane med 50, 70 og 150 segment. Det vart òg sett at optimaliseringa vart betre med 70 segment enn med 50 segment for alle dei testa pasientane. Ved å bruke fleire enn 70 segment vart det lita forbetring av optimaliseringa. For dei 11 pasientane vart det ikkje funne nokon signifikant forskjell for optimaliseringa av planar med 2 og 4 MU.

 I tillegg til å optimalisere vektinga og intensiteten til felta, er det i MasterPlan mogleg å optimalisere gantryvinklane som felta vert gjevne frå. Dette vart forsøkt for planar med 5 felt og med to ulike sett av gjevne startvinklar. Det vart gjort gantryoptimalisering med startvinklar i vifteformasjon framføre pasienten og med startvinklar jamt fordelt rundt pasienten. Det viste seg at MasterPlan kom fram til forskjellige optimale vinklar avhengig av startvinklane.

 I behandling av øyre-nase-hals-kreft er det ofte ynskjeleg å gje ein liten del av målvolumet høgare dose enn resten av volumet. Dette kan gjerast på to måatar. Ein kan lage ein boostplan i tillegg til den vanlege planen, der ein mindre del av målvolumet får høgare dose. I dette tilfellet må ein optimalisere to planar og behandle i samsvar med begge planane. Alternativt kan ein integrere boostplanen i den opphavlege planen slik at berre ein plan vert laga. For å sjå om ein kan oppnå meir konforme planar ved samstundes integrert boost (SIB) enn ved tilleggsboost, vart 9 av pasientane planlagt på begge desse måtane. Det vart funne at SIB gjev moglegheit for meir sparing av risikoorgan og at ein får jamt over ein lågare dose, som er meir i samsvar med krava, til målvolumet utanfor boostvolumet for desse planane.

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38

Potter, George Alexander. "Iphone to IMAX: the social implications of screen size." Thesis, Montana State University, 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/potter/PotterG1208.pdf.

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Screen size changes the way the moving image affects viewers and specific content is more likely to be influential if screened on the most appropriate media type. The ever-increasing popularity of portable devices, like the iPhone, means that viewers are watching more content on smaller screens than ever before. At the same time, movie theatres and Imax screens are still as popular as ever and seeing something on the big screen holds some kind of magic for the viewer. This fact has not been lost on environmental filmmakers who are increasingly finding ways of using different sized screens to promote their cause. Ultimately, the size of the screen not only determines what viewers watch, and how they are affected by what they see, but can actually be the deciding factor for whether they take action on an issue.
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39

Xian, Zheng. "Dose verification of a stereotactic IMRT treatment planning system." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/23810.

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In this project, ion chamber measurement and film dosimetry were used to verify dose distributions for a new stereotactic IMRT (Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy) treatment planning system. This technique combines the principles of stereotactic radiosurgery and IMRT to significantly increase the positioning accuracy compared with conventional IMRT . Ion chamber measurements reveal that the discrepancy between the measured and the calculated dose at the isocenter can be up to 2%. Angular dependence of ion chamber sensitivity and the tissue equivalence of the phantom material were determined to be the main sources of this discrepancy. Radiochromic film was used as the film dosimeter in the project. A set of performance tests of Gafchromic EBT film indicated that the uncertainty in Gafchromic EBT film dosimety was expected to be 2.5%. However, the discrepancies we found in measurements of clinical cases using the film were much larger than this. And further investigation into this discrepancy was beyond the scope of this thesis.
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40

Fraser, Danielle J. "Characterizing ionization chamber dosimetry in inverse planned IMRT fields." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84031.

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It is standard practice in radiation therapy to have two independent calculations for the number of monitor units used in patient treatment plans. The relationship between monitor units and absorbed dose to water is sophisticated for MLC-based IMRT. Verification measurements of absorbed dose to water with ionization chambers in MLC-based IMRT fields remains uncertain and the accuracy of computer modeling is limited by the physics assumptions used. In this thesis, point dose measurements from three cylindrical ionization chambers of different collecting volumes are evaluated against the CORVUS (NOMOS Corporation, Cranberry, PA) finite-size pencil beam algorithm and the PEREGRINE (NOMOS Corporation, Cranberry, PA) Monte Carlo calculation engine. After establishing the characteristics of the chambers and treatment planning system under various beam geometries, dynamic and step and shoot MLC deliveries were evaluated. Between detectors, the smallest volume chamber measured the greatest dose. Compared to measurements, CORVUS and PEREGRINE both underestimated the dose in IMRT fields by approximately 5%. On average PEREGRINE yielded better agreement than CORVUS by 2%.
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41

Boudreau, Chantal. "The use of inhomogeneity corrections for inverse planned IMRT /." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81268.

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In this thesis, the use of inhomogeneity corrections in intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) inverse treatment planning is investigated. Firstly, the dosimetric consequences of CT beam hardening artifacts present on images used for treatment planning are estimated and found to be of little clinical significance (<1% dose difference). Secondly, experiments to evaluate the PEREGRINE Monte Carlo system (Nomos, Cranberry, PA) are undertaken for a 6 MV photon beam. The use of inhomogeneity corrections in clinical treatment planning is assessed for five clinical head and neck cancer cases. The cases are planned with the CORVUS optimization module and the dose distributions are then calculated with CORVUS and PEREGRINE in order to compare the two calculation techniques with emphasis on how each method handles tissue inhomogeneities. The plans are assessed in terms of dose, dose-volume distributions and the biological indices of TCP and NTCP. On average, PEREGRINE calculates a 1% lower mean dose to the GTV and a 2% lower mean dose to the CTV compared to the CORVUS calculations with EPL inhomogeneity corrections. In the last part of this work, quality assurance (QA) measurements are performed for a clinical case to investigate how the CORVUS and PEREGRINE calculations agree with the dose measurements on a QA phantom.
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42

Anderson, J. W. "The Design and Optimisation of Novel Collimators for IMRT." Thesis, Institute of Cancer Research (University Of London), 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516269.

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43

Silva, Eduardo Pinto da. "Inst?ncias da representa??o imag?tica hiper-real." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13787.

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The approach that undertakes this work revolves around the emergence of iconic structures on reflecting about the meaning of different methods of image representation through which the contemporaneity reveals itself. At baseline, three aspects are considered looking for an analytical ontology of the act of representation and imagery: the transition of representation in the oral culture of societies for writing, from these to typography, and finally the creation of a representation device. Resorted to, therefore, the argument by some genealogy reference points that technological instances such as writing, printing and photography, the evolution of this process, correspond, in itself, a consequent shift technique, for each representation precedent. In the area of the image, the most salient aspect of this change in foward process is the emergence of hyper-reality: the instances of hyper-realistic representation. In the Western context, the 'simulation of the world' - essential idea of mimesis is the work of an autonomous an conventional system. It should be noted, then the fact that under unreflective of the post-industrial societies, the mass-media image is coating with natural or fake code including - according to Baudrillard - tends to replace the real world in the "perpetuation of a large chain of simulacra." Hence in modern times, in the postindustrial society, during the crisis of the representation regimen and perception, centered in the referent. In this limit, new settings are established by aesthetic representations of imagery in contemporary culture: establishing spaces of simulation [Jean Baudrillard] the spectacle [Guy Debord] and hypermodernity [Gilles Lipovetsky] in which they operate. In these assemblages, saps the emergence of Hyper-reality Representation Instances - as seen in this study aesthetic events to configure itineraries of a new sensibility. It is the nature of this practice sign-iconic, ingrained in the creation of current artistic expression, which this research engaged in peering: the hyper-realistic setting, taking empirical support central to contemporary imagery production, diverse formats of analog representation.
A abordagem que empreende este trabalho gira em torno da emerg?ncia de estruturas ic?nicas, reflexionando sobre o sentido de diferentes modalidades de representa??o imag?tica por meio das quais a contemporaneidade se revela. ? partida, tr?s aspectos s?o considerados para uma anal?tica em busca da ontologia do ato da representa??o imag?tica: a transi??o da representa??o nas sociedades de cultura oral para a escrita; destas para a tecnologia tipogr?fica e, finalmente, a constitui??o de dispositivo de representa??o fotogr?fica. Recorre-se, portanto, ? argumenta??o por meio de alguns pontos de refer?ncia geneal?gica de que inst?ncias tecnol?gicas como a escrita, a tipografia e a fotografia, na evolu??o desse processo, correspondem, per si, a uma viragem t?cnica consequente, em rela??o a cada representa??o precedente. No dom?nio da imagem, o aspecto mais proeminente dessa mudan?a no decurso avan?ado consiste na emerg?ncia da hiper-realidade: das inst?ncias de representa??o hiper-realista. No contexto ocidental, a simula??o do mundo ideia essencial da mimesis - ? obra de um sistema aut?nomo e convencional. Sublinha-se, ent?o, o fato de que, no ?mbito irreflexivo das sociedades p?s-industriais, a imagem mass-midi?tica se reveste com o falso c?digo de natural ou inclusive de acordo com Baudrillard tende a substituir o mundo real na perpetua??o de uma larga cadeia de simulacros . Da?, na modernidade, em plena sociedade p?s-industrial, decorrer a crise do regime de representa??o e de percep??o, centrado no referente. Neste limite instauram-se novas configura??es est?ticas de representa??es imag?ticas na cultura contempor?nea: instituindo espa?os da simula??o [Jean Baudrillard], do espet?culo [Guy Debord] e da hipermodernidade [Gilles Lipovetsky] em que operam. A estes agenciamentos, acode a emers?o das Inst?ncias de Representa??o Hiper-real vistas neste estudo como ocorr?ncias est?ticas a configurarem itiner?rios de uma nova sensibilidade. ? da natureza dessa pr?tica signo-ic?nica, incrustada na cria??o da express?o art?stica atual, que esta pesquisa se ocupou em perscrutar: a configura??o hiper-realista, tomando como suporte emp?rico central a produ??o imag?tica contempor?nea, em formatos diversificados da representa??o anal?gica.
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44

Osewski, Wojciech. "Rekonstrukcja rozkładu dawki w technikach dynamicznych : IMRT i VMAT." Doctoral thesis, Katowice : Uniwersytet Śląski, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12128/5389.

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Techniki dynamiczne IMRT i VMAT umożliwiają bardzo precyzyjne modulowanie rozkładu dawki w objętości guza nowotworowego przy jednoczesnym oszczędzaniu tkanek zdrowych - struktur krytycznych. Z jednej strony dysponujemy bardzo precyzyjnym systemem planowania rozkładu dawki, z drugiej za realizację planu odpowiada aparat terapeutyczny, który „obarczony” jest tolerancją działania: mechaniczną i elektroniczną. Konieczna jest zatem weryfikacja zgodności rozkładu dawki zaplanowanego ze zrealizowanym - rzeczywistym. W radioterapii każdy plan leczenia musi być zweryfikowany, czy to przed realizacją czy w trakcie terapii. Dlatego, konieczne jest sprawdzenie czy techniki dynamiczne realizowane są poprawnie, zgodnie z obliczonymi wartościami. W systemie planowania Eclipse - firmy Varian Medical Systems, w procesie planowania leczenia w technice dynamicznej generowane są mapy fluencji, na podstawie których wyliczany jest trójwymiarowy rozkład dawki oraz przeliczane są one na ruch listków kolimatora wielolistkowego. Złożenie map fluencji, a co za tym idzie również ruchów listków kolimatora, generuje trójwymiarowy rozkład dawki w ciele pacjenta. Listki kolimatora wielolistkowego poruszają się z pewną tolerancją. W przypadku, gdy taka tolerancja zostaje przekroczona promieniowanie jest wstrzymywane. Interesujące jest to, co dzieje się gdy błąd ruchu listków jest mniejszy od zakresu tolerancji. Jeżeli zaplanowany ruch listków kolimatora różni się od rzeczywistego, wówczas rzeczywisty rozkład dawki musi różnić się od zaplanowanego. Pytanie o ile? Czy można to wyliczyć?
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45

Pflugfelder, Daniel. "Risk adapted optimization in intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT)." Saarbrücken VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2008. http://d-nb.info/988728478/04.

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46

Hofmann, Tobias. "Evaluation der intensitätsmodulierten Bestrahlungstechnik für die stereotaktische Strahlentherapie im kraniellen Bereich." Master's thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1234514545566-63458.

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Die fraktionierte stereotaktisch geführte Radiotherapie stellt eine Möglichkeit der Behandlung intrakranieller Tumoren dar, bei denen eine chirurgische Resektion nicht oder nicht vollständig möglich ist. Ziel dieser Arbeit war der Vergleich der Dosisverteilung von Bestrahlungsplänen, die mittels fluenzmodulierter (IMRT) und 3D konformaler stereotaktisch geführter Bestrahlungstechnik (conformal beam) für Hypophysenadenome und petroclivale Meningeome erstellt wurden. Auf Basis des CT-Datensatzes eines Alderson-Phantoms erfolgten zunächst die systematische Untersuchung der IMRT Eingabeparameter und die Definition von Dosis-Volumen-Constraints für beide Tumorentitäten. Im Anschluss wurden die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse bei der fluenzmodulierten Bestrahlungsplanung von 10 realen Patienten, 5 je Tumorentität, angewendet. Zusätzlich wurde für jeden dieser Patienten ein 3D konformaler Bestrahlungsplan erstellt. Die Evaluation der Bestrahlungspläne erfolgte durch verschiedene quantitativer Parameter unter Einbeziehung der subjektiven Beurteilung der Dosisverteilung. Bei beiden Tumorentitäten lieferte in je 4 von 5 Fällen die IMRT einen Vorteil gegenüber der conformal beam Bestrahlung, der vor allem auf der besseren Erfassung, Dosishomogenität und höheren Median-Dosis im bestrahlten Zielvolumen (PTV) beruhte. Komplex geformte Zielvolumina profitierten dabei besonders von der Fluenzmodulation. Dem stand jedoch in einigen Fälle eine stärke Belastung der Risikoorgane (OAR) mit einer höheren Dosis und die generell höhere Anzahl notwendiger Monitoreinheiten gegenüber. Zuletzt wurde auf Basis von MatLAB eine Software entwickelt, welche die Verifikation von stereotaktisch geführten IMRT-Bestrahlungen und die Analyse von Winston-Lutz-Tests ermöglicht.
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47

Sheta, Amal [Verfasser], Ulrich [Akademischer Betreuer] Wolf, Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Kuhnt, Rolf-Dieter [Gutachter] Kortmann, and Tilo [Gutachter] Wiezorek. "IMRT and Rotational IMRT (mARC) Using Flat and Unflat Photon Beams / Amal Sheta ; Gutachter: Rolf-Dieter Kortmann, Tilo Wiezorek ; Ulrich Wolf, Thomas Kuhnt." Leipzig : Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1240627637/34.

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48

Aguillar, André Küll. "Desenvolvimento de um sistema computacional para projetos de um atuador magnético biestável monobobina." Florianópolis, SC, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/89927.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica.
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RESUMO: O presente trabalho aborda o desenvolvimento e a análise de um sistema computacional para o auxílio em projetos de atuador magnético linear biestável mono-bobina. O princípio de funcionamento, de forma geral e em detalhes deste tipo de atuador é explicado. Foi realizada a construção de um protótipo no laboratório bem como uma bancada experimental para que dados teóricos e práticos fossem comparados. Foram empregadas as equações de circulação de campos e conservação de fluxo na estrutura em duas dimensões (2D) para o cálculo dos parâmetros magnéticos, os quais foram calibrados através de uma análise através do Método de Elementos Finitos. Equações elétricas, magnéticas e mecânicas foram acopladas na realização da análise do comportamento dinâmico da estrutura. Os requisitos para o projeto de atuador como: as dimensões da estrutura, características da bobina, dos ímãs, forças, entre outros, foram relacionados com os cálculos dos parâmetros eletromagnéticos e com a simulação dinâmica da estrutura com a finalidade de fornecer resultados que variam de acordo com as características exigidas no projeto.
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Badr, Iman [Verfasser]. "Agent-based dynamic scheduling for flexible manufacturing systems / Iman Badr." Aachen : Shaker, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1010568159/34.

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50

Sarakbi, Iman [Verfasser]. "Stabilität und Kompatibilität applikationsfertiger Zytostatikazubereitungen ausgewählter neuer Zytostatika / Iman Sarakbi." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1105593487/34.

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