Journal articles: 'Imaging marker'

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Joensuu, R. P. J., R. E. Sepponen, A. E. Lamminen, and C. G. M. Standertskjöld-Nordenstam. "Interventional Mr imaging." Acta Radiologica 38, no. 1 (January 1997): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841859709171240.

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Purpose: The poor localization facility of interventional instruments in MR imaging has been one of the major obstacles to the popularization of interventional MR imaging. It has been suggested that the Overhauser enhancement be used to generate markers of small size and high visibility. This article studies the feasibility of a localization marker based on this method. Material and Methods: A small Overhauser marker was constructed on the tip of a coaxial cable and comparative images were taken by a 0.23 T imager with and without electron spin irradiation. Results: During irradiation an enhanced signal intensity from the marker was observed. The signal from the marker also exceeded the signal from a 0.25 mmol MnCl2 reference phantom. Conclusion: Its small size and high signal-to-noise ratio, together with immunity to most system nonlinearities and imaging errors, makes the Overhauser marker a promising localization method for the accurate positioning of interventional devices. The method may be applied at any field strength, and markers are visible in images obtained with any practical imaging sequence.

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Fonseca, Adriana, Caihong Xia, Armando J. Lorenzo, Mark Krailo, Thomas A. Olson, Farzana Pashankar, Marcio H. Malogolowkin, et al. "Detection of Relapse by Tumor Markers Versus Imaging in Children and Adolescents With Nongerminomatous Malignant Germ Cell Tumors: A Report From the Children’s Oncology Group." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 5 (February 10, 2019): 396–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.18.00790.

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PURPOSE To investigate relapse detection methods among children and adolescents with nongerminomatous malignant germ cell tumors (MGCTs) and to determine whether tumor markers alone might be sufficient for surveillance. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed all patients enrolled in a phase III, single-arm trial for low-risk and intermediate-risk MGCTs. The method used to detect relapse was assessed based on case report forms, tumor markers, imaging, and pathology reports. Relapses were classified into one of two categories on the basis of whether they were (1) detectable by tumor marker elevation or (2) not detectable by tumor markers. RESULTS A total of 302 patients were enrolled, and 284 patients had complete data for review. Seven patients had normal tumor markers at initial diagnosis, and none experienced a relapse. At a median follow-up of 5.3 years, 48 patients (16.9%) had experienced a relapse. After central review, 47 of 48 relapses (98%) were detected by tumor marker elevation. Of the 47 patients, 16 (33.3%) had abnormal tumor markers with normal/unknown imaging, 31 patients (64.6%) had abnormal tumor markers with abnormal imaging, and one patient (2.1%) had abnormal imaging with unknown marker levels at relapse. CONCLUSION Tumor marker elevation is a highly sensitive method of relapse surveillance, at least among children and adolescents with tumor marker elevation at initial diagnosis. Eliminating exposure to imaging with ionizing radiation may enhance the safety of relapse surveillance in patients treated for MGCT.

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Hansen, Anders E., Jonas R. Henriksen, Rasmus I. Jølck, Frederikke P. Fliedner, Linda M. Bruun, Jonas Scherman, Andreas I. Jensen, et al. "Multimodal soft tissue markers for bridging high-resolution diagnostic imaging with therapeutic intervention." Science Advances 6, no. 34 (August 2020): eabb5353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb5353.

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Diagnostic imaging often outperforms the surgeon’s ability to identify small structures during therapeutic procedures. Smart soft tissue markers that translate the sensitivity of diagnostic imaging into optimal therapeutic intervention are therefore highly warranted. This paper presents a unique adaptable liquid soft tissue marker system based on functionalized carbohydrates (Carbo-gel). The liquid state of these markers allows for high-precision placement under image guidance using thin needles. Based on step-by-step modifications, the image features and mechanical properties of markers can be optimized to bridge diagnostic imaging and specific therapeutic interventions. The performance of Carbo-gel is demonstrated for markers that (i) have radiographic, magnetic resonance, and ultrasound visibility; (ii) are palpable and visible; and (iii) are localizable by near-infrared fluorescence and radio guidance. The study demonstrates encouraging proof of concept for the liquid marker system as a well-tolerated multimodal imaging marker that can improve image-guided radiotherapy and surgical interventions, including robotic surgery.

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Lee, Christine, Chenyun Zhou, Brenda Hyde, Pengfei Song, and Nicholas Hangiandreou. "Techniques for Improving Ultrasound Visualization of Biopsy Markers in Axillary Lymph Nodes." Journal of Clinical Imaging Science 10 (April 18, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/jcis_9_2020.

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Objective: Biopsy markers are often placed into biopsy-proven metastatic axillary lymph nodes to ensure later accurate node excision. Ultrasound is the preferred imaging modality in the axilla. However, sonographic identification of biopsy markers after neoadjuvant therapy can be challenging. This is due to poor conspicuity relative to surrounding parenchymal interfaces, treatment-related alteration of malignant morphology during neoadjuvant chemotherapy, or extrusion of the marker from the target. To the authors’ knowledge, the literature provides no recommendations for ultrasound scanning parameters that improve the detection of biopsy markers. The purpose of this manuscript is 3-fold: (1) To determine scanning parameters that improve sonographic conspicuity of biopsy markers in a phantom and cadaver model; (2) to implement these scanning parameters in the clinical setting; and (3) to provide strategies that might increase the likelihood of successful ultrasound detection of biopsy markers in breast imaging practices. Materials and Methods: An ex vivo study was performed using a phantom designed to simulate the heterogeneity of normal mammary or axillary soft tissues. A selection of available biopsy markers was deployed into this phantom and ultrasound (GE LOGIQ E9) was performed. Scanning parameters were adjusted to optimize marker conspicuity. For the cadaver study, the biopsy markers were deployed using ultrasound guidance into axillary lymph nodes of a female cadaver. Adjustments in transducer frequency, dynamic range, cross-beam (spatial compound imaging), beam steering, speckle reduction imaging, harmonic imaging, colorization, and speed of sound were evaluated. Settings that improved marker detection were used clinically for a year. Results: Sonographic scanning settings that improved biopsy marker conspicuity included increasing transducer frequency, decreasing dynamic range, setting cross-beam to medium hybrid, turning on beam steering, and setting speckle reduction imaging in the mid-range. There was no appreciable improvement with harmonic imaging, colorization, or speed of sound. Conclusion: On a currently available clinical ultrasound scanning system, ultrasound scanning parameters can be adjusted to improve the conspicuity of biopsy markers. Overall, optimization requires a balance between techniques that clinically increase contrast (dynamic range, harmonic imaging, and steering) and those that minimize graininess (spatial compound imaging, speckle reduction imaging, and steering). Additional scanning and procedural strategies have been provided to improve the confidence of sonographic detection of biopsy markers closely associated with the intended target.

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Le Bras, Alexandra. "A new imaging marker for MS." Lab Animal 50, no. 11 (October 25, 2021): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41684-021-00880-2.

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Condon, B. R., and D. M. Hadley. "Solid localization marker for MR imaging." Radiology 204, no. 2 (August 1997): 577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.204.2.9240557.

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Adams Timothy, L. "5427099 Marker for magnetic resonance imaging." Magnetic Resonance Imaging 13, no. 7 (January 1995): XII. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0730-725x(95)99173-u.

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Tanaka, Osamu, Takayoshi Iida, Hisao Komeda, Masayoshi Tamaki, Kensaku Seike, Daiki Kato, Takamasa Yokoyama, Shigeki Hirose, and Daisuke Kawaguchi. "Initial experience of using an iron-containing fiducial marker for radiotherapy of prostate cancer: Advantages in the visualization of markers in Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging." Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering 22, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjmpe-2016-0016.

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Abstract Visualization of markers is critical for imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, the size of the marker varies according to the imaging technique. While a large-sized marker is more useful for visualization in MRI, it results in artifacts on CT and causes substantial pain on administration. In contrast, a small-sized marker reduces the artifacts on CT but hampers MRI detection. Herein, we report a new ironcontaining marker and compare its utility with that of non-iron-containing markers. Five patients underwent CT/MRI fusion-based intensity-modulated radiotherapy, and the markers were placed by urologists. A Gold Anchor™ (GA; diameter, 0.28 mm; length, 10 mm) was placed using a 22G needle on the right side of the prostate. A VISICOIL™ (VIS; diameter, 0.35 mm; length, 10 mm) was placed using a 19G needle on the left side. MRI was performed using T2*-weighted imaging. Three observers evaluated and scored the visual qualities of the acquired images. The mean score of visualization was almost identical between the GA and VIS in radiography and cone-beam CT (Novalis Tx). The artifacts in planning CT were slightly larger using the GA than using the VIS. The visualization of the marker on MRI using the GA was superior to that using the VIS. In conclusion, the visualization quality of radiography, conebeam CT, and planning CT was roughly equal between the GA and VIS. However, the GA was more strongly visualized than was the VIS on MRI due to iron containing.

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Wu, Hsu, Jhe-Cyuan Guo, Shih-Hung Yang, Yu-Wen Tien, and Sung-Hsin Kuo. "Postoperative Imaging and Tumor Marker Surveillance in Resected Pancreatic Cancer." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 8 (July 27, 2019): 1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081115.

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Background: Pancreatic cancer is a catastrophic disease with high recurrence and death rates, even in early stages. Early detection and early treatment improve survival in many cancer types but have not yet been clearly documented to do so in pancreatic cancer. In this study, we assessed the benefit on survival resulting from different patterns of surveillance in daily practice after curative surgery of early pancreatic cancer. Methods: Patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma who had received curative surgery between January 2000 and December 2013 at our institute were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were classified into one of four groups, based on surveillance strategy: the symptom group, the imaging group, the marker group (carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and/or carcinoembryonic antigen), and the intense group (both imaging and tumor marker assessment). Overall survival (OS), relapse-free survival (RFS), and post-recurrence overall survival (PROS) were evaluated. Results: One hundred and eighty-one patients with documented recurrence or metastasis were included in our analysis. The median OS for patients in the symptom group, imaging group, marker group, and intense group were 21.4 months, 13.9 months, 20.5 months, and 16.5 months, respectively (p = 0.670). Surveillance with imaging, tumor markers, or both was not an independent risk factor for OS in univariate and multivariate analyses. There was no significant difference in median RFS (symptom group, 11.7 months; imaging group, 6.3 months; marker group, 9.3 months; intense group, 6.9 months; p = 0.259) or median PROS (symptom group, 6.9 months; imaging group, 7.5 months; marker group, 5.0 months; intense group, 7.8 months; p = 0.953) between the four groups. Multivariate analyses identified poor Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG PS) (≥1), primary tumor site (tail), and tumor grade (poor differentiation) were poor prognostic factors for OS. Conclusions: Surveillance with regular imaging, tumor marker, or both was not an independent risk factor for OS of pancreatic cancer patients who undergo curative tumor resection.

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McMahon, C. J., V. Crowley, N. McCarroll, R. Dunne, and M. T. Keogan. "Elevated tumour marker: an indication for imaging?" Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 47, no. 4 (May 28, 2010): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/acb.2010.009235.

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Fyfe, Ian. "New imaging marker of brain leukocyte infiltration." Nature Reviews Neurology 13, no. 1 (November 25, 2016): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2016.183.

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van der Veldt, Astrid A. M., and Adriaan A. Lammertsma. "In Vivo Imaging as a Pharmacodynamic Marker." Clinical Cancer Research 20, no. 10 (May 14, 2014): 2569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2666.

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Montegrande, Valentino. "Ultrasound imaging marker and method of use." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 114, no. 4 (2003): 1725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1627579.

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Jones, R. G., J. H. Barth, and H. Mitchell. "Tumour Markers: Same Marker, Different Assay, Different Result." Clinical Oncology 11, no. 4 (August 1999): 221–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/clon.1999.9052.

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Henderson, J. Nathan, and S. James Remington. "The Kindling Fluorescent Protein: A Transient Photoswitchable Marker." Physiology 21, no. 3 (June 2006): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00056.2005.

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Passive fluorescent protein markers are indispensable for dynamic cellular imaging; however, they are unselective, introduce constant background fluorescence, and require continuous observation. Photoactivatable fluorescent proteins have now been developed whose fluorescence can be switched on and off by illumination, allowing selective and direct tracking of tagged objects without the need for continuous imaging. The “kindling fluorescent protein” is a photoactivatable marker with a novel twist: it turns itself off after a selectable period.

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Izatt, Maree T., Deborah Lees, Susan Mills, Caroline A. Grant, and J. Paige Little. "Determining a reliably visible and inexpensive surface fiducial marker for use in MRI: a research study in a busy Australian Radiology Department." BMJ Open 9, no. 8 (August 2019): e027020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027020.

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ObjectivesSingle-use commercial surface fiducial markers are used in clinical imaging for a variety of applications. The current study sought to find a new, reliably visible, easily sourced and inexpensive fiducial marker alternative for use with MRI.DesignFive commonly requested MRI sequences were determined (three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted, T1 coronal, 3D T2-weighted, T2 fat suppressed, proton density), to examine the visibility of 18 items (including a commercial fiducial marker).SettingClinical 3T MRI scanner in an Australian Tertiary Hospital and an Australian University Biomedical Engineering research group.Interventions18 marker alternatives were scanned using five common MRI sequences. Images were reformatted to obtain both an image through the mid-height of each marker and a maximum intensity z-projection image over the volume of the marker. Variations in marker intensity were profiled across each visible marker and a visibility rating defined.Main outcome measuresOutcome measures were based on quantitative assessment of a clear intensity contrast ratio between the marker and the adjacent tissue and a qualitative assessment of visibility via a 3-point scale.ResultsThe fish oil capsule, vitamin D capsule, paint ball pellet, soy sauce sushi tube and commercial markers were typically visible to a high quality on all the imaging sequences and demonstrated a clear differential in intensity contrast against the adjacent tissue. Other common items, such as plasticine ‘play doh’ and a soft ‘Jelly baby’ sweet, were surprise candidates, demonstrating high-quality visibility and intensity contrast for the 3D T1-weighted sequence.ConclusionsDepending on the basis for referral and MRI sequence chosen, four alternative fiducial markers were determined to be inexpensive, easily sourced and consistently visible. Of these, the vitamin D capsule provided an excellent balance between availability, size, cost, usability and quality of the visualised marker for all the commonly used MRI sequences analysed.

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Tichauer, Kenneth M., Sophie J. Deharvengt, Kimberley S. Samkoe, Jason R. Gunn, Marcus W. Bosenberg, Mary-Jo Turk, Tayyaba Hasan, Radu V. Stan, and Brian W. Pogue. "Tumor Endothelial Marker Imaging in Melanomas Using Dual-Tracer Fluorescence Molecular Imaging." Molecular Imaging and Biology 16, no. 3 (November 12, 2013): 372–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11307-013-0692-1.

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Barkhof, Frederik. "Imaging of remyelination." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 3, no. 2 (April 1997): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135245859700300212.

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Now that the concept of remyelination is gaining acceptance in MS, there is a need for a paraclinical marker to monitor remyelination in MS, for example to study the effect of therapeutical interventions. At present there is no known imaging marker for remyelination. While positron emission tomography (PET) has ample sensitivity and specificity, an appropriate tracer is lacking and spatial resolution is poor. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has superior sensitivity and spatial resolution, but the standard techniques lack specificity. Conventional T2-weighted images will most probably still appear abnormal in an area of remyelination. Among several newer MR techniques that are more specific, magnetization transfer contrast is the best candidate with regards to imaging remyelination. There is a strong need for an appropriate animal model and for histopathological confirmation to be able to further develop both PET and MR.

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Matsuno, Yosuke. "4.Active Imaging Technique for Lane Marker Detection." Journal of the Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers 68, no. 10 (2014): 785–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej.68.785.

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Thomson, J. L. G. "A simple skin marker for magnetic resonance imaging." British Journal of Radiology 61, no. 727 (July 1988): 638–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-61-727-638.

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Kašaová, Linda, Igor Sirák, Jan Jansa, Petr Paluska, and Jiří Petera. "Daily Prostate Volume and Position Monitoring Using Implanted Gold Markers and On-Board Imaging during Radiotherapy." Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic) 54, no. 4 (2011): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2016.39.

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Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate prostate volume changes and prostate motions during radiotherapy. Methods: In 2010, twenty-five patients were treated for prostate cancer by external beam radiotherapy with implanted fiducial markers. Coordinates of three gold markers on kilovoltage images were calculated daily. Volume changes in target structure were observed through changes in intermarker distances. Differences in patient position between laser-tattoo alignment and gold marker localization were evaluated. Intrafraction motion was assessed by measuring marker displacement on kilovoltage images acquired before and after fraction delivery. Results: Prostate shrinkage was observed in 60% of patients. The average shrinkage was 7% of the prostate’s initial volume. Corrections after laser-tattoo alignment remained mostly below 1 cm. The difference between marker centroid position on the actual images and the planning images was 2 ± 1 mm on average. The extension of intrafraction movements was 7.6 ± 0.2 mm on average. Conclusions: In our retrospective study, the possibility for prostate volume changes during radiotherapy was revealed. Intrafraction movements turned out to be the limiting factor in safety margin reduction.

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Kimbrel, Erin A., Tina N. Davis, James E. Bradner, and Andrew L. Kung. "In Vivo Pharmacodynamic Imaging of Proteasome Inhibition." Molecular Imaging 8, no. 3 (May 1, 2009): 7290.2009.00007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/7290.2009.00007.

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Inhibiting the proteolytic activity of the 26S proteasome has been shown to have selective apoptotic effects on cancer cells and to be clinically efficacious in certain malignancies. There is an unmet medical need for additional proteasome inhibitors, and their development will be facilitated by surrogate markers of proteasome function. Toward this end, ectopic fusion of the destruction domain from ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) to reporter proteins is often used for assessing proteasome function. For luciferase-based reporters, we hypothesized that the oxygen-dependent destruction domain (ODD) from hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) may provide improved sensitivity over luciferase-ODC, owing to its extremely rapid turnover by the proteasome (HIF-1α has a half-life of less than 5 minutes). In the current study, we show that ODD-luciferase affords a greater dynamic range and faster kinetics than luciferase-ODC in sensing proteasome inhibition in vitro. Importantly, ODD-luciferase also serves as an effective in vivo marker of proteasome function in xenograft tumor models, with inhibition being detected by noninvasive imaging within 3 hours of bortezomib administration. These data establish ODD-luciferase as a surrogate marker of proteasome function that can be used both in vitro and in vivo for the development of novel proteasome inhibitors.

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Kubota, Yuki, Yushan Ke, Tomohiko Hayakawa, Yushi Moko, and Masatoshi Ishikawa. "Optimal Material Search for Infrared Markers under Non-Heating and Heating Conditions." Sensors 21, no. 19 (September 29, 2021): 6527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196527.

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Research on optimal markers for infrared imaging and differences in their characteristics in the presence of heat sources has not yet been performed. This study investigates optimal material combinations for developing an accurate and detachable infrared marker for multiple conditions in the medium wave infrared (MWIR) region. Based on four requirements, 11 material combinations are systematically evaluated. Consequently, the optimal marker differs in relation to the presence of specular reflection components. Metal–insulator markers are suitable under non-heating and hot-air heating conditions without reflection components, although a printed marker made of copier paper is captured more clearly than metal–insulator markers during heating, using an optical radiation heating source with reflection components. Our findings can be applied in structural health monitoring and multi-modal projection involving heat sources.

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Tran, Thuy T., Jean-Dominique Gallezot, Lucia B. Jilaveanu, Christopher Zito, Gabriela Turcu, Keunpoong Lim, Nabeel Nabulsi, et al. "[11C]Methionine and [11C]PBR28 as PET Imaging Tracers to Differentiate Metastatic Tumor Recurrence or Radiation Necrosis." Molecular Imaging 19 (January 1, 2020): 153601212096866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536012120968669.

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Purpose: As stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and immunotherapy are increasingly used to treat brain metastases, incidence of radiation necrosis (RN) is consequently rising. Differentiating tumor regrowth (TR) from RN is vital in management but difficult to assess using MRI. We hypothesized that tumor methionine levels would be elevated given increased metabolism and high amino acid uptake, whereas RN would increase inflammation marked by upregulated translocator protein (PBR-TSPO), which can be quantified with specific PET tracers. Procedures: We performed a feasibility study to prospectively evaluate [11C]methionine and [11C]PBR28 using PET in 5 patients with 7 previously SRS-treated brain metastases demonstrating regrowth to differentiate TR from RN. Results: Sequential imaging with dual tracers was well-tolerated. [11C]methionine was accurate for detecting pathologically confirmed TR in 7/7 lesions, whereas [11C]PBR28 was only accurate in 3/7 lesions. Tumor PBR-TSPO expression was elevated in both melanoma and lung cancer cells, contributing to lack of specificity of [11C]PBR28-PET. Conclusion: Sequential use of PET tracers is safe and effective. [11C]Methionine was a reliable TR marker, but [11C]PBR28 was not a reliable marker of RN. Studies are needed to determine the causes of post-radiation inflammation and identify specific markers of RN to improve diagnostic imaging.

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Walsh, Andrew J., Gregg Blevins, R. Marc Lebel, Peter Seres, Derek J. Emery, and Alan H. Wilman. "Longitudinal MR Imaging of Iron in Multiple Sclerosis: An Imaging Marker of Disease." Radiology 270, no. 1 (January 2014): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.13130474.

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Wegner, Franz, Kerstin Lüdtke-Buzug, Sjef Cremers, Thomas Friedrich, Malte M. Sieren, Julian Haegele, Martin A. Koch, et al. "Bimodal Interventional Instrument Markers for Magnetic Particle Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Imaging—A Proof-of-Concept Study." Nanomaterials 12, no. 10 (May 21, 2022): 1758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12101758.

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The purpose of this work was to develop instrument markers that are visible in both magnetic particle imaging (MPI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The instrument markers were based on two different magnetic nanoparticle types (synthesized in-house KLB and commercial Bayoxide E8706). Coatings containing one of both particle types were fabricated and measured with a magnetic particle spectrometer (MPS) to estimate their MPI performance. Coatings based on both particle types were then applied on a segment of a nonmetallic guidewire. Imaging experiments were conducted using a commercial, preclinical MPI scanner and a preclinical 1 tesla MRI system. MPI image reconstruction was performed based on system matrices measured with dried KLB and Bayoxide E8706 coatings. The bimodal markers were clearly visible in both methods. They caused circular signal voids in MRI and areas of high signal intensity in MPI. Both the signal voids as well as the areas of high signal intensity were larger than the real marker size. Images that were reconstructed with a Bayoxide E8706 system matrix did not show sufficient MPI signal. Instrument markers with bimodal visibility are essential for the perspective of monitoring cardiovascular interventions with MPI/MRI hybrid systems.

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de Ridder, Mischa, Lara C. Gerbrandy, Theo M. de Reijke, Karel A. Hinnen, and Maarten C. C. M. Hulshof. "BioXmark® liquid fiducial markers for image-guided radiotherapy in muscle invasive bladder cancer: a safety and performance trial." British Journal of Radiology 93, no. 1111 (July 2020): 20200241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20200241.

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Objective: This study evaluated the performance of the novel liquid fiducial marker (BioXmark®) in IGRT for bladder cancer. Methods: 20 patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer were entered in this prospective, single center, Phase I-II study. The novel BioXmark® liquid markers were injected around the tumor using a flexible cystoscopy. Visibility and stability of the markers were evaluated on planning-CT and CBCT. Prospectively defined threshold for success was set at a visibility of 75%. Results: In total, 76 markers were implanted in 20 patients. Of those, 60 (79% 95% CI ± 9%) were visible on CT scan. Due to the learning curve of the technique, the visibility improved in the last 75% of patients (86% visibility) compared to the first 25% of patients with 58% visibility. Concerning stability of the BioXmark® marker, all visible markers after CT acquisition were still detectable at the last CBCT without displacement. In 15/20 (75%) of the patients, three or more markers were visible on CT. No BioXmark® related adverse events were reported. Conclusion: The success rate of this novel fiducial marker was 79%, which is above the prospectively defined threshold rate. A distinct learning curve of the injection of the liquid marker was seen over the study period. The marker showed sustained visibility and positional stability during treatment phases and also appears to be safe and easy to inject. Advances in knowledge: This novel liquid BioXmark® marker seems to be a very promising tool in daily-adaptive IGRT for bladder preserving chemoradiotherapy in muscle invasive bladder cancer.

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Beucher, Serge. "Marker-controlled segmentation: an application to electrical borehole imaging." Journal of Electronic Imaging 1, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.55184.

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Geisler, Claudia, Thomas Hotz, Andreas Schönle, Stefan W. Hell, Axel Munk, and Alexander Egner. "Drift estimation for single marker switching based imaging schemes." Optics Express 20, no. 7 (March 15, 2012): 7274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.20.007274.

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Frisoni, Giovanni B., Alberto Redolfi, David Manset, Marc-Étienne Rousseau, Arthur Toga, and Alan C. Evans. "Virtual imaging laboratories for marker discovery in neurodegenerative diseases." Nature Reviews Neurology 7, no. 8 (July 5, 2011): 429–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2011.99.

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Pasterkamp, Gerard, and A. F. W. van der Steen. "Intraplaque Hemorrhage: An Imaging Marker for Atherosclerotic Plaque Destabilization?" Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 32, no. 2 (February 2012): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/atvbaha.111.241414.

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Kuo, Frank, Stephanie Histed, Biying Xu, Veerendra Bhadrasetty, Lawrence P. Szajek, Mark R. Williams, Karen Wong, et al. "Immuno-PET Imaging of Tumor Endothelial Marker 8 (TEM8)." Molecular Pharmaceutics 11, no. 11 (July 11, 2014): 3996–4006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/mp500056d.

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Ward, Robert C., Doreen L. Wiggins, Linda Donegan, Scott Collins, Ana P. Lourenco, and Martha B. Mainiero. "BioZorb tissue marker as seen on multiple imaging modalities." Breast Journal 24, no. 2 (August 14, 2017): 207–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tbj.12870.

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Madaschi, Camila, Tatiana Carvalho de Souza Bonetti, Daniela Paes de Almeida Ferreira Braga, Fabio Firmbach Pasqualotto, Assumpto Iaconelli, and Edson Borges. "Spindle imaging: a marker for embryo development and implantation." Fertility and Sterility 90, no. 1 (July 2008): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.05.071.

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Stojanović, Ivan, Carolina F. Ruivo, Thomas J. G. van der Velden, Richard B. M. Schasfoort, and Leon W. M. M. Terstappen. "Multiplex Label Free Characterization of Cancer Cell Lines Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging." Biosensors 9, no. 2 (May 27, 2019): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios9020070.

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Rapid multiplex cell surface marker analysis can expedite investigations in which large number of antigens need to be analyzed. Simultaneous analysis of multiple surface antigens at the same level of sensitivity is however limited in the current golden standard analysis method, flow cytometry. In this paper we introduce a surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi)-based technique for 44-plex parameter analysis using a single sample, in less than 20 min. We analyzed the expression on cells from five different cancer cell lines by SPRi on a 44-plex antibody array including 4 negative controls and compared the output with flow cytometry. The combined correlation of the markers that showed expression by flow cytometry was 0.76. The results demonstrate as a proof of principle that SPRi can be applied for rapid semi-quantitative multiplex cell surface marker analysis.

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Luukinen, Jean-Marc, Daniel Aalto, Jarmo Malinen, Naoko Niikuni, Jani Saunavaara, Päivi Jääsaari, Antti Ojalammi, Riitta Parkkola, Tero Soukka, and Risto-Pekka Happonen. "A Novel Marker Based Method to Teeth Alignment in MRI." Measurement Science Review 18, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msr-2018-0012.

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AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can precisely capture the anatomy of the vocal tract. However, the crowns of teeth are not visible in standard MRI scans. In this study, a marker-based teeth alignment method is presented and evaluated. Ten patients undergoing orthognathic surgery were enrolled. Supraglottal airways were imaged preoperatively using structural MRI. MRI visible markers were developed, and they were attached to maxillary teeth and corresponding locations on the dental casts. Repeated measurements of intermarker distances in MRI and in a replica model was compared using linear regression analysis. Dental cast MRI and corresponding caliper measurements did not differ significantly. In contrast, the marker locationsin vivodiffered somewhat from the dental cast measurements likely due to marker placement inaccuracies. The markers were clearly visible in MRI and allowed for dental models to be aligned to head and neck MRI scans.

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Kreizenbeck, Karma L., Tracy Wong, Barbara Jagels, Julie C. Smith, Blair Billings Irwin, Barbara Jensen, Kathryn Egan, Heather Noble, and Scott David Ramsey. "A pilot study to increase adherence to ASCO Choosing Wisely recommendations for breast cancer surveillance at community clinics." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 29_suppl (October 10, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.29_suppl.18.

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18 Background: ASCO 2012 Choosing Wisely recommends against serum tumor marker tests and advanced imaging for breast cancer survivors who are asymptomatic for recurrence. Our pilot aimed to measure and raise adherence to this recommendation through a patient video at regional community clinics. Methods: Eligibility for study included patients with 1+ long-term follow-up visit within 3 months of end of treatment in the pre- or post-intervention period: Clinic tumor registries were queried for stage I-IIIA breast cancer patients treated with curative intent. The intervention included 1) academic detailing for oncologists at a regular meeting and 2) a video about the recommendation shown to patients at end of active treatment. Surveillance data was manually abstracted. We define adherence as no asymptomatic tests in the first 13 months of surveillance. Results: Advanced imaging adherence was high before and after the intervention (99-100%). Tumor marker (TM) adherence is in the table. Six of seven providers with low (<60%) TM adherence before the intervention maintained low TM adherence after. One provider with low TM adherence and all 3 providers with moderate (60-90%) TM adherence increased to high TM adherence (>90%). TM adherence was better among patients who viewed the video (130 of 145, 90%) than those who did not (452 of 556, 81%) in the post-intervention period. The higher TM adherence among patients who viewed the video and the wide range in adherence among providers suggest that tumor marker use may be both patient- and provider-driven. Population characteristics may explain some of the variation in adherence. Conclusions: While adherence to recommendations regarding high-cost imaging was high, wide variation in tumor marker adherence among providers and high baseline adherence for advanced imaging suggests that interventions targeting surveillance testing may wish to focus primarily on tumor markers and provider outreach. [Table: see text]

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Yang, Katherine S., Hyungsoon Im, Seonki Hong, Ilaria Pergolini, Andres Fernandez del Castillo, Rui Wang, Susan Clardy, et al. "Multiparametric plasma EV profiling facilitates diagnosis of pancreatic malignancy." Science Translational Medicine 9, no. 391 (May 24, 2017): eaal3226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aal3226.

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Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is usually detected late in the disease process. Clinical workup through imaging and tissue biopsies is often complex and expensive due to a paucity of reliable biomarkers. We used an advanced multiplexed plasmonic assay to analyze circulating tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (tEVs) in more than 100 clinical populations. Using EV-based protein marker profiling, we identified a signature of five markers (PDACEVsignature) for PDAC detection. In our prospective cohort, the accuracy for the PDACEVsignature was 84% [95% confidence interval (CI), 69 to 93%] but only 63 to 72% for single-marker screening. One of the best markers, GPC1 alone, had a sensitivity of 82% (CI, 60 to 95%) and a specificity of 52% (CI, 30 to 74%), whereas the PDACEVsignature showed a sensitivity of 86% (CI, 65 to 97%) and a specificity of 81% (CI, 58 to 95%). The PDACEVsignature of tEVs offered higher sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy than the existing serum marker (CA 19-9) or single–tEV marker analyses. This approach should improve the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.

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Sasaki, Makoto, Mitsuhiro Nakamura, Tomohiro Ono, Ryo Ashida, Michio Yoshimura, Manabu Nakata, Takashi Mizowaki, and Naozo Sugimoto. "Positional repeatability and variation in internal and external markers during volumetric-modulated arc therapy under end-exhalation breath-hold conditions for pancreatic cancer patients." Journal of Radiation Research 61, no. 5 (July 28, 2020): 755–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rraa054.

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Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the positional repeatability of internal and external markers among multiple breath-hold (BH) sessions and evaluate the positional variation of these markers within BH sessions for volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for pancreatic cancer patients. A total of 13 consecutive pancreatic cancer patients with an internal marker were enrolled. Single full-arc coplanar VMAT was delivered under end-exhalation BH conditions while monitoring the internal marker with kilovoltage (kV) X-ray fluoroscopy. Positional repeatability of the internal and external markers was determined by the difference between the reference and zero position in all BH sessions, and positional variation was defined by the displacement from the reference position in each BH session during megavolt beam delivery. The overall positional repeatability was 0.6 ± 1.5 mm in the X-axis for the centroid of the internal marker (CoIM), −0.1 ± 2.2 mm in the Y-axis for the CoIM, and 0.8 ± 2.2 mm for the external marker. The frequency of an internal marker position appearing > 2 mm from the reference position in the Y-axis, despite the external marker position being ≤2 mm from the reference position, ranged from 0.0 to 39.9% for each patient. Meanwhile, the proportion of sessions with positional variation ≤2 mm was 93.2 and 98.7% for the CoIM and external marker, respectively. External marker motion can be used as a surrogate for pancreatic tumor motion during BH-VMAT delivery; however, margins of ~5 mm were required to ensure positional repeatability.

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Kurz, Alexander, Matthias Riemenschneider, and Anders Wallin. "Potential Biological Markers for Cerebrovascular Disease." International Psychogeriatrics 15, S1 (July 2003): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610203009025.

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Cerebrovascular diseases can causes cognitive impairment and dementia by loss of neurons and synaptic connections, destruction of axons, and demyelinization. Biological markers including genetic tests, brain imaging techniques, and biochemical assays in the CSF are valuable for the identification and quantification of cerebrovascular diseases. Genetic tests may be used to detect mutations that cause hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathies or cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Structural CT and MR imaging is routinely used to visualize and quantify infarcts and white-matter changes. Functional SPET and PET imaging can demonstrate focal and remote effects of vascular lesions on cerebral blood flow and metabolism. Biochemical imaging using proton MRS is a nonspecific marker for neuronal and axonal damage. Among biochemical markers in the CSF, tau protein, phospho-tau, and beta amyloid protein are helpful to differentiate vascular dementia from Alzheimer's disease.

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Oetjen, Karolyn A., Diane E. Bender, Marianna B. Ruzinova, Daniel A. C. Fisher, Stephen T. Oh, and Daniel C. Link. "Imaging Mass Cytometry Reveals the Spatial Architecture of Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Secondary Acute Myeloid Leukemias." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-142238.

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Histologic review of bone marrow trephine biopsies is a central component of the diagnostic and treatment response evaluation of hematologic malignancies. Well-validated antibody reagents are routinely used for immunohistochemistry of these samples to provide additional insight into abnormal antigen expression. However, current immunohistochemistry staining protocols are typically limited to only one or two markers simultaneously. Dysplastic changes in cellular morphology and dyssynchronous expression of lineage markers are common features of myelodysplastic syndromes, myeloproliferative neoplasms and secondary acute leukemias. We have integrated the use of multiple diagnostic validated antibody clones with additional antibodies for hematologic lineages and structural proteins to create a 30-marker panel for imaging mass cytometry (IMC). Antibodies included in this panel identify myeloid, lymphoid, erythroid, macrophage, vascular, megakaryocyte and stromal markers as well as markers of cellular proliferation and apoptosis. Through conjugation to elemental metal tags, the entire panel is stained simultaneously on the tissue sample, then acquired by time-of-flight mass spectrometry on a Hyperion instrument (Fluidigm). Antibody staining concentrations and antigen retrieval conditions were optimized for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) bone marrow to obtain consistent staining for all markers on the panel. Redundant markers for cell populations were selected to provide further internal validation of the observed staining patterns. After data acquisition, cell segmentation algorithms using CellProfiler and ilastik were applied to quantify marker expression in single cells and Phenograph in HistoCAT was used for cell population clustering. Cluster identities for all cells are associated with the original image location in order to plot the spatial arrangement of populations. Using this highly multiplexed panel, we have imaged sets of bone marrow specimens from patients with normal bone marrow morphology and those with myeloid malignancies. We initially confirmed the staining patterns expected for each antibody patterns of co-expression of lineage markers in normal bone marrow samples. We then extended this panel to examine biopsies from patients with myelodysplastic syndrome, myelofibrosis, and secondary acute myeloid leukemia. We found a clear population of CD71+ CD235a+ erythroid cells with strong expression of the proliferative marker Ki67 located within erythroid islands in normal bone marrow samples and MDS. Cell markers of apoptosis and DNA damage are scattered at low frequency throughout the bone marrow in samples with normal bone marrow morphology, but increased clusters of the DNA damage marker phospho-H2AX are observed in selected cases of myelodysplastic syndromes. Overall, this IMC imaging approach is able to extend the current clinical immunostaining for myeloid malignancies by identifying all major bone marrow cell populations. Through highly multiplexed analysis of bone marrow cell populations, the spatial architecture of cell populations and stromal structures can be elucidated, including erythroid islands, lymphoid aggregates and changes in vascular structures with increasing severity of myelofibrosis. In ongoing studies, the development of these imaging techniques for analysis of archived FFPE bone marrow samples is being applied to translational research on hematologic diseases. Disclosures Oh: Kartos Therapeutics: Consultancy; Disc Medicine: Consultancy; PharmaEssentia: Consultancy; Constellation: Consultancy; CTI Biopharma: Consultancy; Celgene/Bristol Myers Squibb: Consultancy; Blueprint Medicines: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy; Gilead Sciences: Consultancy; Incyte Corporation: Consultancy.

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Woerdeman, Peter A., Peter W. A. Willems, Herke J. Noordmans, Cornelis A. F. Tulleken, and Jan Willem Berkelbach van der Sprenkel. "Application accuracy in frameless image-guided neurosurgery: a comparison study of three patient-to-image registration methods." Journal of Neurosurgery 106, no. 6 (June 2007): 1012–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2007.106.6.1012.

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Object The aim of this study was to compare three patient-to-image registration methods in frameless stereotaxy in terms of their application accuracy (the accuracy with which the position of a target can be determined intraoperatively). In frameless stereotaxy, imaging information is transposed to the surgical field to show the spatial position of a localizer or surgical instrument. The mathematical relationship between the image volume and the surgical working space is calculated using a rigid body transformation algorithm, based on point-pair matching or surface matching. Methods Fifty patients who were scheduled to undergo a frameless image-guided neurosurgical procedure were included in the study. Prior to surgery, the patients underwent either computerized tomography (CT) scanning or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with widely distributed adhesive fiducial markers on the scalp. An extra fiducial marker was placed on the head as a target, as near as possible to the intracranial lesion. Prior to each surgical procedure, an optical tracking system was used to perform three separate patient-to-image registration procedures, using anatomical landmarks, adhesive markers, or surface matching. Subsequent to each registration, the target registration error (TRE), defined as the Euclidean distance between the image space coordinates and world space coordinates of the target marker, was determined. Independent of target location or imaging modality, mean application accuracy (± standard deviation) was 2.49 ± 1.07 mm when using adhesive markers. Using the other two registration strategies, mean TREs were significantly larger (surface matching, 5.03 ± 2.30 mm; anatomical landmarks, 4.97 ± 2.29 mm; p < 0.001 for both). Conclusions The results of this study show that skin adhesive fiducial marker registration is the most accurate noninvasive registration method. When images from an earlier study are to be used and accuracy may be slightly compromised, anatomical landmarks and surface matching are equally accurate alternatives.

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Zhang, Fangyuan, Menglan Zhai, Jinru Yang, Lei Zhao, Zhenyu Lin, Jing Wang, Tao Zhang, and Dandan Yu. "‘FLARE’ of tumor marker in advanced gastric cancer treated with first-line systemic therapy." Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology 15 (January 2022): 175628482211240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17562848221124029.

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Background: Transient tumor marker elevations caused by chemotherapy were defined as ‘Flare’ and have been demonstrated in some solid tumors. In clinical practice, we observed that some patients were accompanied by elevated tumor markers during treatment, but subsequent imaging proved that the treatment they received was effective. Objectives: We aimed to study the Flare and the prognosis in advanced gastric cancer. Design: This is an observational retrospective study. A total of 167 patients were enrolled in this study. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 and CA125 values were obtained before the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth cycles of treatment, respectively. Methods: Imaging for the first efficacy assessment was reviewed according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors 1.1 (RECIST 1.1) criteria. Kaplan–Meier analyses and log-rank tests were performed for overall survival (OS) analyses. Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were used to determine the prognostic factor for OS and progression-free survival (PFS). Results: 37.1% of patients were accompanied with at least one tumor marker Flare during the course of treatment. The median time to tumor marker peak was 24–30 days and the Flare duration lasted 49–53 days. Patients with tumor markers Flare had a worse OS. Flare may be associated with the use of 5-fluorouracil. Baseline CEA and CA125 levels were the independent prognostic factors for OS and baseline CA125 level was the independent prognostic factor for PFS. Conclusion: Initial elevation of tumor markers during treatment is not an indication of tumor progression. Patients with tumor markers ‘Flare’ may had a worse OS.

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Kosmopoulos, Marinos, Stavroula A. Paschou, Julia Grapsa, Panagiotis Anagnostis, Andromachi Vryonidou, Dimitrios G. Goulis, and Gerasimos Siasos. "The Emerging Role of Bone Markers in Diagnosis and Risk Stratification of Patients With Coronary Artery Disease." Angiology 70, no. 8 (January 29, 2019): 690–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003319718822625.

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Molecules that govern bone metabolism, such as osteoprotegerin (OPG) and osteopontin (OPN), have been isolated from other tissues, including blood vessels. Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD) are leading causes of mortality worldwide. Despite novel biochemical and imaging techniques, early detection of CAD is still unsatisfactory. Experimental data indicate that bone turnover markers (BTMs) contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. This finding has sparked interest in their clinical use. This narrative review analyzed information from >50 human studies, which strongly suggest that OPG, OPN, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) serum concentrations are altered in patients with CAD. Osteoprotegerin seems to be more useful for the detection of early disease, while OPN and ALP are recruited in vessels after the establishment of disease. Osteocalcin may be used as a flow cytometry marker for endothelial progenitor cells and can constitute a marker to monitor response to interventional treatments and risk of restenosis. However, most data derive from observational studies. Incorporation of BTMs in multifactorial computational algorithms could further determine their role in CAD diagnosis and prognosis together with other imaging techniques and biochemical markers.

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Young, Richard M., Vikram Prasad, Joshua J. Wind, Wayne Olan, and Anthony J. Caputy. "Novel technique for preoperative pedicle localization in spinal surgery with challenging anatomy." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 20, no. 4 (April 2014): 400–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.12.spine13477.

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Accurately localizing a spine level in the thoracic spine is often not easily achieved with the existing imaging modalities available in the operating room. The coordination of the preoperative imaging pathology with intraoperative imaging is even more difficult in patients with challenging anatomy. Using standard percutaneous techniques, the authors placed a radiopaque embolization coil into the pedicle of interest under biplanar fluoroscopy in 1 patient. Thoracic spine MRI along with scout MRI was then performed to confirm coil marker placement in relation to the actual spine pathology prior to surgical intervention. No complications were observed during placement of the radiopaque marker. Intraoperatively, the marker was immediately and easily visualized, leading to a confident identification of the correct thoracic spinal level. The preoperative placement of a radiopaque marker into the vertebral pedicle of the identified pathological level combined with postplacement MRI verification provides an advantage over previously proposed techniques in the literature.

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De Guio, François, Eric Jouvent, Geert Jan Biessels, Sandra E. Black, Carol Brayne, Christopher Chen, Charlotte Cordonnier, et al. "Reproducibility and variability of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging markers in cerebral small vessel disease." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 36, no. 8 (May 11, 2016): 1319–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x16647396.

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Brain imaging is essential for the diagnosis and characterization of cerebral small vessel disease. Several magnetic resonance imaging markers have therefore emerged, providing new information on the diagnosis, progression, and mechanisms of small vessel disease. Yet, the reproducibility of these small vessel disease markers has received little attention despite being widely used in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. This review focuses on the main small vessel disease-related markers on magnetic resonance imaging including: white matter hyperintensities, lacunes, dilated perivascular spaces, microbleeds, and brain volume. The aim is to summarize, for each marker, what is currently known about: (1) its reproducibility in studies with a scan–rescan procedure either in single or multicenter settings; (2) the acquisition-related sources of variability; and, (3) the techniques used to minimize this variability. Based on the results, we discuss technical and other challenges that need to be overcome in order for these markers to be reliably used as outcome measures in future clinical trials. We also highlight the key points that need to be considered when designing multicenter magnetic resonance imaging studies of small vessel disease.

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Di Ceglie, I., N. van Kooten, D. Bos, P. Jimenez-Royo, M. van den Bosch, A. Blom, M. Koenders, P. Laverman, and P. Van Lent. "CD64 as marker for molecular imaging of synovitis in osteoarthritis." Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 29 (April 2021): S64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2021.02.091.

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Pope, Whitney B. "Predictive imaging marker of bevacizumab efficacy: perfusion MRI: Table 1." Neuro-Oncology 17, no. 8 (April 24, 2015): 1046–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nov067.

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Fuchs, Jochen, Susan Böhme, Franz Oswald, Per Niklas Hedde, Maike Krause, Jörg Wiedenmann, and G. Ulrich Nienhaus. "A photoactivatable marker protein for pulse-chase imaging with superresolution." Nature Methods 7, no. 8 (July 4, 2010): 627–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1477.

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Bausch, D., M. Mino-Kenudson, C. Fernandez-del Castillo, A. L. Warshaw, S. P. Thayer, and K. Kelly. "PLECTIN-1 AS A NOVEL IMAGING MARKER IN PANCREATIC CANCER." Pancreas 37, no. 4 (November 2008): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mpa.0000335374.49170.37.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Imaging marker'

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