Relevant bibliographies by topics / Imaging marker

Academic literature on the topic 'Imaging marker'

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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Imaging marker"

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Joensuu, R. P. J., R. E. Sepponen, A. E. Lamminen, and C. G. M. Standertskjöld-Nordenstam. "Interventional Mr imaging." Acta Radiologica 38, no. 1 (January 1997): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841859709171240.

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Purpose: The poor localization facility of interventional instruments in MR imaging has been one of the major obstacles to the popularization of interventional MR imaging. It has been suggested that the Overhauser enhancement be used to generate markers of small size and high visibility. This article studies the feasibility of a localization marker based on this method. Material and Methods: A small Overhauser marker was constructed on the tip of a coaxial cable and comparative images were taken by a 0.23 T imager with and without electron spin irradiation. Results: During irradiation an enhanced signal intensity from the marker was observed. The signal from the marker also exceeded the signal from a 0.25 mmol MnCl2 reference phantom. Conclusion: Its small size and high signal-to-noise ratio, together with immunity to most system nonlinearities and imaging errors, makes the Overhauser marker a promising localization method for the accurate positioning of interventional devices. The method may be applied at any field strength, and markers are visible in images obtained with any practical imaging sequence.
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Fonseca, Adriana, Caihong Xia, Armando J. Lorenzo, Mark Krailo, Thomas A. Olson, Farzana Pashankar, Marcio H. Malogolowkin, et al. "Detection of Relapse by Tumor Markers Versus Imaging in Children and Adolescents With Nongerminomatous Malignant Germ Cell Tumors: A Report From the Children’s Oncology Group." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 5 (February 10, 2019): 396–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.18.00790.

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PURPOSE To investigate relapse detection methods among children and adolescents with nongerminomatous malignant germ cell tumors (MGCTs) and to determine whether tumor markers alone might be sufficient for surveillance. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed all patients enrolled in a phase III, single-arm trial for low-risk and intermediate-risk MGCTs. The method used to detect relapse was assessed based on case report forms, tumor markers, imaging, and pathology reports. Relapses were classified into one of two categories on the basis of whether they were (1) detectable by tumor marker elevation or (2) not detectable by tumor markers. RESULTS A total of 302 patients were enrolled, and 284 patients had complete data for review. Seven patients had normal tumor markers at initial diagnosis, and none experienced a relapse. At a median follow-up of 5.3 years, 48 patients (16.9%) had experienced a relapse. After central review, 47 of 48 relapses (98%) were detected by tumor marker elevation. Of the 47 patients, 16 (33.3%) had abnormal tumor markers with normal/unknown imaging, 31 patients (64.6%) had abnormal tumor markers with abnormal imaging, and one patient (2.1%) had abnormal imaging with unknown marker levels at relapse. CONCLUSION Tumor marker elevation is a highly sensitive method of relapse surveillance, at least among children and adolescents with tumor marker elevation at initial diagnosis. Eliminating exposure to imaging with ionizing radiation may enhance the safety of relapse surveillance in patients treated for MGCT.
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Hansen, Anders E., Jonas R. Henriksen, Rasmus I. Jølck, Frederikke P. Fliedner, Linda M. Bruun, Jonas Scherman, Andreas I. Jensen, et al. "Multimodal soft tissue markers for bridging high-resolution diagnostic imaging with therapeutic intervention." Science Advances 6, no. 34 (August 2020): eabb5353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb5353.

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Diagnostic imaging often outperforms the surgeon’s ability to identify small structures during therapeutic procedures. Smart soft tissue markers that translate the sensitivity of diagnostic imaging into optimal therapeutic intervention are therefore highly warranted. This paper presents a unique adaptable liquid soft tissue marker system based on functionalized carbohydrates (Carbo-gel). The liquid state of these markers allows for high-precision placement under image guidance using thin needles. Based on step-by-step modifications, the image features and mechanical properties of markers can be optimized to bridge diagnostic imaging and specific therapeutic interventions. The performance of Carbo-gel is demonstrated for markers that (i) have radiographic, magnetic resonance, and ultrasound visibility; (ii) are palpable and visible; and (iii) are localizable by near-infrared fluorescence and radio guidance. The study demonstrates encouraging proof of concept for the liquid marker system as a well-tolerated multimodal imaging marker that can improve image-guided radiotherapy and surgical interventions, including robotic surgery.
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Lee, Christine, Chenyun Zhou, Brenda Hyde, Pengfei Song, and Nicholas Hangiandreou. "Techniques for Improving Ultrasound Visualization of Biopsy Markers in Axillary Lymph Nodes." Journal of Clinical Imaging Science 10 (April 18, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/jcis_9_2020.

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Objective: Biopsy markers are often placed into biopsy-proven metastatic axillary lymph nodes to ensure later accurate node excision. Ultrasound is the preferred imaging modality in the axilla. However, sonographic identification of biopsy markers after neoadjuvant therapy can be challenging. This is due to poor conspicuity relative to surrounding parenchymal interfaces, treatment-related alteration of malignant morphology during neoadjuvant chemotherapy, or extrusion of the marker from the target. To the authors’ knowledge, the literature provides no recommendations for ultrasound scanning parameters that improve the detection of biopsy markers. The purpose of this manuscript is 3-fold: (1) To determine scanning parameters that improve sonographic conspicuity of biopsy markers in a phantom and cadaver model; (2) to implement these scanning parameters in the clinical setting; and (3) to provide strategies that might increase the likelihood of successful ultrasound detection of biopsy markers in breast imaging practices. Materials and Methods: An ex vivo study was performed using a phantom designed to simulate the heterogeneity of normal mammary or axillary soft tissues. A selection of available biopsy markers was deployed into this phantom and ultrasound (GE LOGIQ E9) was performed. Scanning parameters were adjusted to optimize marker conspicuity. For the cadaver study, the biopsy markers were deployed using ultrasound guidance into axillary lymph nodes of a female cadaver. Adjustments in transducer frequency, dynamic range, cross-beam (spatial compound imaging), beam steering, speckle reduction imaging, harmonic imaging, colorization, and speed of sound were evaluated. Settings that improved marker detection were used clinically for a year. Results: Sonographic scanning settings that improved biopsy marker conspicuity included increasing transducer frequency, decreasing dynamic range, setting cross-beam to medium hybrid, turning on beam steering, and setting speckle reduction imaging in the mid-range. There was no appreciable improvement with harmonic imaging, colorization, or speed of sound. Conclusion: On a currently available clinical ultrasound scanning system, ultrasound scanning parameters can be adjusted to improve the conspicuity of biopsy markers. Overall, optimization requires a balance between techniques that clinically increase contrast (dynamic range, harmonic imaging, and steering) and those that minimize graininess (spatial compound imaging, speckle reduction imaging, and steering). Additional scanning and procedural strategies have been provided to improve the confidence of sonographic detection of biopsy markers closely associated with the intended target.
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Le Bras, Alexandra. "A new imaging marker for MS." Lab Animal 50, no. 11 (October 25, 2021): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41684-021-00880-2.

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Condon, B. R., and D. M. Hadley. "Solid localization marker for MR imaging." Radiology 204, no. 2 (August 1997): 577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.204.2.9240557.

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Adams Timothy, L. "5427099 Marker for magnetic resonance imaging." Magnetic Resonance Imaging 13, no. 7 (January 1995): XII. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0730-725x(95)99173-u.

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Tanaka, Osamu, Takayoshi Iida, Hisao Komeda, Masayoshi Tamaki, Kensaku Seike, Daiki Kato, Takamasa Yokoyama, Shigeki Hirose, and Daisuke Kawaguchi. "Initial experience of using an iron-containing fiducial marker for radiotherapy of prostate cancer: Advantages in the visualization of markers in Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging." Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering 22, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjmpe-2016-0016.

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Abstract Visualization of markers is critical for imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, the size of the marker varies according to the imaging technique. While a large-sized marker is more useful for visualization in MRI, it results in artifacts on CT and causes substantial pain on administration. In contrast, a small-sized marker reduces the artifacts on CT but hampers MRI detection. Herein, we report a new ironcontaining marker and compare its utility with that of non-iron-containing markers. Five patients underwent CT/MRI fusion-based intensity-modulated radiotherapy, and the markers were placed by urologists. A Gold Anchor™ (GA; diameter, 0.28 mm; length, 10 mm) was placed using a 22G needle on the right side of the prostate. A VISICOIL™ (VIS; diameter, 0.35 mm; length, 10 mm) was placed using a 19G needle on the left side. MRI was performed using T2*-weighted imaging. Three observers evaluated and scored the visual qualities of the acquired images. The mean score of visualization was almost identical between the GA and VIS in radiography and cone-beam CT (Novalis Tx). The artifacts in planning CT were slightly larger using the GA than using the VIS. The visualization of the marker on MRI using the GA was superior to that using the VIS. In conclusion, the visualization quality of radiography, conebeam CT, and planning CT was roughly equal between the GA and VIS. However, the GA was more strongly visualized than was the VIS on MRI due to iron containing.
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Wu, Hsu, Jhe-Cyuan Guo, Shih-Hung Yang, Yu-Wen Tien, and Sung-Hsin Kuo. "Postoperative Imaging and Tumor Marker Surveillance in Resected Pancreatic Cancer." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 8 (July 27, 2019): 1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081115.

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Background: Pancreatic cancer is a catastrophic disease with high recurrence and death rates, even in early stages. Early detection and early treatment improve survival in many cancer types but have not yet been clearly documented to do so in pancreatic cancer. In this study, we assessed the benefit on survival resulting from different patterns of surveillance in daily practice after curative surgery of early pancreatic cancer. Methods: Patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma who had received curative surgery between January 2000 and December 2013 at our institute were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were classified into one of four groups, based on surveillance strategy: the symptom group, the imaging group, the marker group (carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and/or carcinoembryonic antigen), and the intense group (both imaging and tumor marker assessment). Overall survival (OS), relapse-free survival (RFS), and post-recurrence overall survival (PROS) were evaluated. Results: One hundred and eighty-one patients with documented recurrence or metastasis were included in our analysis. The median OS for patients in the symptom group, imaging group, marker group, and intense group were 21.4 months, 13.9 months, 20.5 months, and 16.5 months, respectively (p = 0.670). Surveillance with imaging, tumor markers, or both was not an independent risk factor for OS in univariate and multivariate analyses. There was no significant difference in median RFS (symptom group, 11.7 months; imaging group, 6.3 months; marker group, 9.3 months; intense group, 6.9 months; p = 0.259) or median PROS (symptom group, 6.9 months; imaging group, 7.5 months; marker group, 5.0 months; intense group, 7.8 months; p = 0.953) between the four groups. Multivariate analyses identified poor Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG PS) (≥1), primary tumor site (tail), and tumor grade (poor differentiation) were poor prognostic factors for OS. Conclusions: Surveillance with regular imaging, tumor marker, or both was not an independent risk factor for OS of pancreatic cancer patients who undergo curative tumor resection.
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McMahon, C. J., V. Crowley, N. McCarroll, R. Dunne, and M. T. Keogan. "Elevated tumour marker: an indication for imaging?" Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 47, no. 4 (May 28, 2010): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/acb.2010.009235.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Imaging marker"

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Scott-Jackson, William. "Marker-less respiratory gating for PET imaging with intelligent gate optimisation." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2018. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/849418/.

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PET image degradation imposed by patient respiratory motion is a well-established problem in clinical oncology; strategies exist to study and correct this. Some attempt to minimise or arrest patient motion through restraining hardware; their effectiveness is subject to the comfort and compliance. Another practice is to gate PET data based on signals acquired from an external device. This thesis presents several contributions to the field of respiratory motion correction research in PET imaging. First and foremost, this thesis presents a framework which allows a researcher to process list mode data from a Siemens Biograph mCT scanner and reconstruct sinograms of which in the open source image reconstruction package STIR. Secondly, it demonstrates the viability of a depth camera for respiratory monitoring and gating in a clinical environment. It was demonstrated that it was an effective device to capture anterior surface motion. Similarly, it has been shown that it can be used to perform respiratory gating. The third contribution is the design, implementation and validation of a novel respiring phantom. It has individually programmable degrees of freedom and was able to reproduce realistic respiration motion derived from real volunteers. The final contribution is a new gating algorithm which optimises the number and width of gates based on respiratory motion data and the distribution of radioactive counts. This new gating algorithm iterates on amplitude based gating, where gates as positioned based on respiratory pose at a given instant. The key improvement is that it considers the distribution of counts as a consequence of the distribution of motion in a typical PET study. The results show that different studies can be optimised with a unique number of gates based on the maximum extent of motion present and can take into account shifts in baseline position due to patient perturbation.
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Nazari, Sharareh. "Investigation of Automatic/Semi-Automatic Registeration of Fiducial Markers in Medical Imaging." Thesis, KTH, Medicinsk teknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-145874.

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Image-guided neurosurgery interventions are becoming sur- gical procedure routines. We suggest a novel method for automatic marker localization in X-ray images for Leksell SurgiPlan® which is an image-based neurosergical treat- ment planning software provided by Elekta Instrument AB. We implemented an algorithm for fiducial marker localiza- tion based on feature detection, classification and prior geo- metrical knowledge of the markers. Automatic localization ca help to decrease the human error associated with manual registration of these fiducial markers which is the current applied method for X-ray images in Leksell SurgiPlan®.
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Kakigi, Takahide. "Subcutaneous fluid collection: An imaging marker for treatment response of infectious thoracolumbar spondylodiscitis." Kyoto University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215384.

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Kindberg, Katarina. "Regional Kinematics of the Heart: Investigation with Marker Tracking and with Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1735.

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The pumping performance of the heart is affected by the mechanical properties of the muscle fibre part of the cardiac wall, the myocardium. The myocardium has a complex structure, where muscle fibres have different orientations at different locations, and during the cardiac cycle, the myocardium undergoes large elastic deformations. Hence, myocardial strain pattern is complex. In this thesis work, a computation method for myocardial strain and a detailed map of myocardial transmural strain during the cardiac cycle are found by the use of surgically implanted metallic markers and beads. The strain is characterized in a local cardiac coordinate system. Thereafter, non-invasive phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) is used to compare strain at different myocardial regions. The difference in resolution between marker data and PC-MRI data is elucidated and some of the problems associated with the low resolution of PC-MRI are given.

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Kappadan, Vineesh [Verfasser]. "Ratiometric fluorescence imaging and marker-free motion tracking of Langendorff perfused beating rabbit hearts / Vineesh Kappadan." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1224681673/34.

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Al, Shakarchi Julien. "The use of infrared thermal imaging as a marker of tissue perfusion and predictor of arteriovenous fistula outcomes." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7878/.

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The gold standard of vascular access is the arteriovenous fistula (AVF). Unfortunately it is associated with high rates of failing to mature. Therefore the ability to predict AVF outcomes would change clinical practice. Predictive markers of AVF outcomes were assessed in chapter 2. The literature and our study showed numerous contradictions. In chapter 3 we assessed a multifactorial approach with a systematic review on predictive models of maturation. The review found few models and the disparity between each one limits the development of a unified model. Recent development in infrared thermal imaging (IRTI) technology has made it portable and easy to use. In Chapter 4, we proved that IRTI is a valid and user-friendly method of measuring skin temperature and is comparable to traditional methods of thermometry. IRTI can be used to quantity reactive hyperaemia following a vascular occlusion test (chapter 5). In Chapter 6 we showed that IRTI is an accurate tool in predicting AVF outcome. It was shown to have superiority to intra-operative thrill and other independent patient factors. In conclusion IRTI has a definite role in patients with vascular access. There is also potential for its use in patients with other conditions such as peripheral vascular disease.
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Gregoire, S. M. F. "Cerebral microbleeds as a marker of small vessel disease : new insights from neuro-imaging and clinical studies in stroke patients." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1437813/.

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Introduction: A portfolio of studies is presented aimed at understanding the clinical and pathophysiological significance of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) in stroke patients. CMBs are the radiological marker of microscopic haemosiderin deposits on iron-sensitiveMRI sequences (mainly gradient-recalled echo [GRE] T2* MRI). They are common in patients with cerebrovascular disease and are hypothesised to be a biomarker for brain small vessel diseases, including hypertensive arteriopathy and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Important questions relating to CMBs include their use as a prognostic marker for antithrombotic-related intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) and cognitive impairment. Our aims were to address the pathophysiological and clinical relevance of CMBs using longitudinal, case-control and cross-sectional studies. Methods: Patients were ascertained from prospective databases of admissions to the stroke service at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and at University College London Hospital’s (UCLH) NHS Trust. Magnetic resonance imaging data was collected and analysed for markers of small vessel disease including CMBs. Clinical and radiological associations of CMBs were determined using appropriate statistical tests. Objectives: First, ways of improving microbleed detection and reporting were explored through the development of a visual rating scale (theMicrobleed Anatomical Rating Scale, MARS) aimed at reliably rating CMBs. Second, the prognostic relevance of CMBs was investigated for antiplatelet-related ICH in a case-comparison study. Third, the detection of new CMBs over time and the factors that influence this were explored. Fourth, the impact of CMBs on cognitive impairment was studied in a cross-sectional study. Finally, the association between CMBs and acute silent ischaemia on diffusion-weighted MRI was investigated via a multi-centre cross-sectional MRI study of patients with ICH. Main findings: 1. MARS is a reliable scale with good intra- and inter-rater agreement for rating CMBs presence and number in any brain location. 2. Lobar CMBs, especially if numerous, are a risk factor for antiplatelet-related ICH independent of the extent of white matter changes. 3. CMBs accumulate over time in stroke patients, and the risk is related to baseline systolic blood pressure. 4. Lobar CMBs are an independent predictor of frontal executive impairment; this suggests that CAA is a potential underlying contributor to cognitive impairment. 5. Silent acute infarcts are frequent in patients within 3 months of ICH, especially in those with probable CAA, and are associated with markers of small vessel disease severity, including CMBs. Conclusion: These studies provide new information on detection, clinical impact and associations of CMBs in stroke patients. They suggest that CMBs have useful roles in understanding pathophysiology, diagnosis and prognosis in patients with small vessel diseases. Further studies are required to determine the direct therapeutic consequences of CMBs, but the present work suggests several promising areas for future research.
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Ljungkvist, Anna. "Imaging the tumor microenvironment : the dynamics and modification of hypoxia." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Univ, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-106.

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Busse, Harald. "Flexible Assistenztechnik für MRT-gesteuerte Interventionen in verschiedenen Körperregionen." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-219855.

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Bildgesteuerte, perkutane Interventionen stellen bei vielen diagnostischen und therapeutischen Fragestellungen eine Alternative zum chirurgischen Vorgehen dar. Hierbei kommen bevorzugt die Sonographie und die Computertomographie (CT) zum Einsatz. Zu den Indikationen für eine gezielte Nutzung der Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) zählen Befunde, die sich mit anderen Modalitäten nicht ausreichend darstellen lassen, die fehlende Strahlenexposition (CT) sowie Alleinstellungsmerkmale wie der hervorragende native Weichteilkontrast oder die Möglichkeiten zur Darstellung von Temperaturen oder Diffusionsprozessen. Zu den Nachteilen zählen die langen Messzeiten, das starke Magnetfeld sowie die räumliche Enge in den meist röhrenförmigen Geräten, die ein interventionelles Vorgehen oft erschweren. Stereotaktische Führungs- und Navigationshilfen sind kein notwendiger Bestandteil der interventionellen Ausrüstung, ermöglichen jedoch oft eine gezieltere Planung, bessere Visualisierung oder vereinfachte Durchführung, insbesondere gegenüber einer rein kognitiven Einbeziehung der MRT-Informationen. Assistenzsysteme für geschlossene MRT-Geräte sind meist rahmenbasiert und beschränken sich auf bestimmte Regionen, z. B. die Mamma, die Prostata oder das muskuloskelettale System. Diese Arbeit beschreibt hingegen eine leistungsstarke rahmenlose Assistenztechnik (Navigation), die sich praktisch in beliebigen Körperregionen einsetzen lässt. Der Operateur orientiert sich dabei anhand von hochwertigen MRT-Ansichten, die gemäß der in Echtzeit erfassten Nadellage aus einem kurz zuvor erhobenen Referenzdatensatz reformatiert werden. Ausgehend von der Implementierung an einem speziellen offenen MRT-System (0,5 T) werden interventionelle Komponenten und Methoden beschrieben, die erfolgreich auf ein herkömmliches MRT-System (1,5 T) übertragen wurden. Die Einschränkungen des geschlossenen Systems führten dabei zu einer speziellen Registrierungstechnik mit Hilfe einer kompakten, frei positionierbaren Referenzplatte mit resonanten Miniatur-Hochfrequenzspulen (semiaktiv) als MR-Positionsmarker. Im Vordergrund stand die systematische Prüfung der Marker hinsichtlich Signalverhalten und Sicherheit sowie die Zuverlässigkeit und Genauigkeit einer vollautomatischen, bildbasierten 3D-Lokalisation unter experimentellen und klinischen Randbedingungen. Gegenüber herkömmlichen, passiven (Kontrastmittel-) Markern zeichnet sich die semiaktive Technik dadurch aus, dass sie gleichzeitig, auch mehrere, beliebig über das gesamte Messvolumen verteilte Marker, praktisch unabhängig von sämtlichen anatomischen Strukturen lokalisieren kann. Sowohl die Festlegung einer Position (ein Marker) oder einer Ebene (drei Marker) wie auch die navigierte Platzierung einer Nadel zeigten im Experiment ausreichend hohe Genauigkeiten. Auf Basis einer zeitlich optimierten (Subsekunden-) Markerbildgebung konnte experimentell eine robotisch geführte Nadel direkt im MRT bildgebend verfolgt werden, was weitere Anwendungen der Lokalisationstechnik in Aussicht stellt. Navigierte Biopsien an einem Gewebephantom zeigten nach ausschließlich stereotaktischer Positionierung – ohne Kontrollbildgebung – unabhängig vom Erfahrungsgrad der medizinischen Anwender ausreichend hohe Trefferquoten. Gleichzeitig lieferte die Studie wertvolle, auch anwenderspezifische Erkenntnisse über die Bedienbarkeit sowie den Zeitbedarf für einzelne Interventionsschritte. Im Vergleich mit anderen prototypischen oder kommerziellen Systemen zeigte sich die vorgestellte Assistenztechnik – am Beispiel muskuloskelettaler Interventionen – als klinisch flexibel einsetzbar.
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COGGI, DANIELA. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLASMA LEVELS OF PCSK9, VASCULAR EVENTS AND MARKERS OF SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND INFLAMMATION." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/811217.

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Contesto e scopo: La proproteina convertasi subtilisina/kexina di tipo 9 (PCSK9), uno dei principali regolatori del metabolismo del recettore delle LDL, è stata associata allo sviluppo di aterosclerosi. Diversi studi hanno confermato tale associazione attraverso vie lipidiche e non lipidiche. Tuttavia, le relazioni dirette tra PCSK9 circolante e marcatori di aterosclerosi subclinica e clinica sono ancora da chiarire. Pertanto, abbiamo valutato le relazioni tra i livelli plasmatici di PCSK9 ed alcuni indici di aterosclerosi subclinica (marcatori di imaging) e clinica (eventi vascolari; EV). Un altro obiettivo è stato l'identificazione dei determinanti indipendenti di PCSK9, con particolare attenzione ai lipidi e ai biomarcatori infiammatori. Infine, abbiamo anche valutato la relazione tra alcuni marcatori di imaging e quattro SNPs del gene PCSK9, noti per essere associati alla presenza di bassi livelli di colesterolo LDL. Per validare i risultati ottenuti in quest’ultima parte, le analisi genetiche sono state replicate in una coorte indipendente reclutata nel Regno Unito (UK). Metodi: Lo studio è stato realizzato sfruttando le banche dati, biobanche e la banca di immagini dello studio IMPROVE. 3,703 soggetti europei (54-79 anni; 48% uomini), privi di EV al basale e definiti ad alto rischio per la presenza di almeno tre fattori di rischio vascolare, sono stati reclutati e seguiti per 36 mesi. PCSK9 è stata misurata tramite ELISA e trasformata in logaritmo prima delle analisi. I marcatori di imaging convenzionali [spessore medio-intimale carotideo (cIMT, dall’inglese intima-media thickness) e dimensione della placca carotidea] ed emergenti [cambiamento di cIMT nel tempo, ecolucenza dello spessore del complesso medio intimale della carotide comune misurato in zone libere da placca (PF CC-IMTmean), ecolucenza della placca più grande rilevata in tutto l'albero carotideo e punteggio di calcio carotideo (cCS, dall’inglese carotid calcium score)] sono stati misurati su scansioni ultrasonografiche conservate nella banca di immagini. In particolare, l'ecolucenza è stata misurata in termini di mediana della scala dei grigi (GSM, dall’inglese grey scale median) della distribuzione dei pixel di una specifica regione d’interesse, mentre il cCS è stato calcolato come somma delle lunghezze dei coni d’ombra acustici generati dal calcio all'interno delle placche carotidee. I lipidi sono stati misurati con metodi enzimatici (ad eccezione del colesterolo LDL che è stato calcolato con la formula di Friedewald). Tra i marcatori infiammatori, la proteina C reattiva ad alta sensibilità (hs-PCR) è stata misurata con la turbidimetria, mentre il conteggio dei globuli bianchi (WBC, dall’inglese white blood cells) e la formula leucocitaria sono stati misurati localmente. Tutti i soggetti dello studio IMPROVE e della coorte UK (n=22,179; 48 % uomini) sono stati genotipizzati. Risultati: Nell'analisi univariata, PCSK9 correlava positivamente con colesterolo totale, LDL e HDL e con trigliceridi e basofili (tutte le p <0.0001), mentre correlava negativamente con neutrofili ed eosinofili (entrambe le p=0.04). Le correlazioni positive osservate con hs-PCR e con il conteggio dei WBC erano solo vicine alla significatività statistica (p=0.060 e 0.064, rispettivamente). Le terapie con fibrati o statine (positivamente; entrambe le p <0.0001), così come sesso maschile e storia familiare di diabete (negativamente; entrambe le p <0.05) erano i predittori indipendenti più forti dei livelli plasmatici di PCSK9. Nell'analisi non aggiustata, si osservava una correlazione negativa tra PCSK9 e variabili basali di cIMT (IMTmean, IMTmax, IMTmean-max, e PF CC-IMTmean), una correlazione negativa tra PCSK9 e la variazione di cIMT nel tempo (Fastest-IMTmax-progr) e cCS (tutte le p ≤0.01), mentre si osservava un trend positivo tra PCSK9 e GSM sia del PF CC-IMTmean che della placca carotidea (entrambe le p ≤0.0001). Il cCS (positivamente) e il GSM del PF CC-IMTmean (positivamente) erano associati significativamente (o vicini alla significatività) a PCSK9 in diversi modelli multivariati (tutte le p ≤0.064). Tutte le correlazioni osservate all’analisi univariata tra PCSK9 e le variabili basali di cIMT, Fastest-IMTmax-progr e GSM della placca carotidea perdevano la significatività statistica dopo aggiustamento delle stesse per età, sesso, latitudine ed altri potenziali confondenti. Durante il follow-up [mediana (intervallo interquartile): 3.01 (2.98; 3.12) anni], sono stati registrati 215 EV: 125 coronarici, 73 cerebrali e 17 EV periferici. Tra questi, 37 erano eventi hard (infarto miocardico, morte improvvisa ed ictus). Nell'analisi non aggiustata, PCSK9 era associata positivamente ad eventi combinati e coronarici (entrambe le p <0.01), ma non ad eventi cerebrovascolari. Anche in questo caso, tuttavia, tutte le associazioni osservate perdevano la significatività statistica dopo aggiustamento delle analisi per età, sesso e stratificazione per latitudine. La mancanza di associazione con EV era confermata anche nel modello aggiustato per tutti i fattori confondenti considerati e nelle analisi focalizzate sugli eventi hard. Per quanto riguarda il ruolo delle varianti genetiche, nessuno dei quattro SNPs considerati correlava con cIMT (IMTmean, IMTmax, IMTmean-max) quando l'analisi era effettuata nei soggetti reclutati nello studio IMPROVE. La variante rs11591147, invece, correlava negativamente con l’IMTmax misurato nella popolazione UK (p=0.002). Combinando le quattro varianti genetiche in uno score, la relazione con cIMT era non significativa nello studio IMPROVE, mentre era negativa e significativa nella popolazione UK (tutte le p <0.01). Conclusioni: I livelli plasmatici di PCSK9 non sono associati a EV. Per quanto riguarda i marcatori dell'aterosclerosi subclinica, i livelli plasmatici di PCSK9 non sono associati né alla dimensione della lesione, né all'ecolucenza della placca carotidea, ma sono associati all'ecolucenza dello spessore della parete carotidea e al carotid calcium score. Ulteriori studi sono pertanto necessari per comprendere meglio il ruolo di tale proproteina nell'ecolucenza dello spessore della parete carotidea e nel carotid calcium score. La terapia con fibrati o statine, così come il sesso maschile e la storia familiare di diabete sono i predittori indipendenti più forti di PCSK9 circolante. È stata inoltre confermata l'associazione, precedentemente osservata, tra PCSK9 circolante e alcuni marcatori lipidici ed infiammatori. La relazione tra i livelli plasmatici di PCSK9 ed altri marcatori infiammatori (neutrofili, basofili ed eosinofili) merita ulteriori indagini, così come merita ulteriori indagini l’associazione tra le quattro varianti genetiche di PCSK9 selezionate e il cIMT nella coorte britannica, in quanto lascia intravvedere un possibile ruolo di SNPs o polimorfismi genici di PCSK9 nell’aterosclerosi e nelle strategie della sua prevenzione.
Background and purpose: Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), one of the main regulators of LDL receptor metabolism, has been associated with atherosclerosis development. Several studies have confirmed such association through both lipid and non-lipid pathways. However, the direct relationships between circulating PCSK9 and markers of subclinical and clinical atherosclerosis are still matter of debate. Therefore, we investigated the relationships between plasma PCSK9 levels and some indexes of subclinical (imaging markers) and clinical (vascular events; VEs) atherosclerosis. Another objective was the identification of the independent determinants of PCSK9, with particular attention to lipids and inflammatory biomarkers. Finally, we also assessed the relationship between some imaging markers and four SNPs of the PCSK9 gene, known to be associated with the presence of low levels of LDL-cholesterol. In order to validate the results obtained in this last part, the genetic analyses were replicated in an independent cohort recruited in the United Kingdom (UK). Methods: The study was carried out taking advantage of databases, biobanks and imaging-bank of the IMPROVE study. 3,703 European subjects (54-79 years; 48% men), free of VEs at baseline and defined at high risk for the presence of at least three vascular risk factors, were recruited and followed-up for 36 months. PCSK9 was measured by ELISA and log-transformed prior to analyses. Conventional imaging markers [carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and carotid plaque-size], and emerging imaging markers [cIMT change over time, echolucency of the intima-media thickess of common carotid measured in plaque free areas (PF CC-IMTmean), echolucency of the biggest plaque detected in the whole carotid tree, and carotid calcium score (cCS)] were measured on ultrasonographic scans stored in the imaging-bank. In particular, echolucency was measured in terms of grey scale median (GSM) of pixels distribution of a specific region of interest, whereas cCS was calculated as sum of lengths of acoustic shadow cones generated by calcium within carotid plaques. Lipids were measured with enzymatic methods (except for LDL-cholesterol, which was calculated by Friedewald's formula). Among inflammatory markers, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was measured by turbidimetry, whereas white blood cells (WBC) count and the leukocyte formula had already been measured locally. All the IMPROVE study and UK (n=22,179; 48% men) subjects have been genotyped. Results: In the univariate analysis, PCSK9 was positively correlated with total, LDL-, and HDL-cholesterol, and with triglycerides and basophils (all p <0.0001), whereas was negatively correlated with neutrophils and eosinophils (both p=0.04). The positive correlations observed with hs-CRP and WBC count were just close to the statistical significance (p=0.060 and 0.064, respectively). Fibrates or statins therapies (positively; both p <0.0001), as well as male sex and family history of diabetes (negatively; both p <0.05) were the strongest independent predictors of plasma PCSK9 levels. In the unadjusted analysis, a negative correlation was observed between PCSK9 levels and basal cIMT variables (i.e. carotid IMTmean, IMTmax, IMTmean-max, and PF CC-IMTmean), a negative correlation between PCSK9 and cIMT change over time (Fastest-IMTmax-progr) and cCS (all p ≤0.01), whereas a positive trend was observed between PCSK9 and GSM of both PF CC-IMTmean and carotid plaque (both p ≤0.0001). The cCS (positively) and the GSM of PF CC-IMTmean (positively) were significantly (or almost significantly) associated with PCSK9 in several multivariate models (all p ≤0.064). All correlations observed in the univariate analysis between PCSK9 and basal cIMT variables, Fastest-IMTmax-progr and GSM of carotid plaque lost the statistical significance after adjustment for age, sex, latitude, and other potential confounders. During the follow-up [median (interquartile range): 3.01 (2.98; 3.12) years], 215 VEs were recorded: 125 coronary, 73 cerebral and 17 peripheral VEs. Among these, 37 were hard events (i.e. myocardial infarction, sudden death and stroke). In the unadjusted analysis, PCSK9 was positively associated with combined and coronary events (both p <0.01), but not with cerebrovascular events. Also in this case, however, all the associations observed lost the statistical significance after adjustment of the analyses for age, sex, and stratification for latitude. The lack of association with VEs was confirmed also in the model adjusted for all confounding factors considered, and in the analyses focused on hard events. With regard to the role of genetic variants, none of the four SNPs considered was correlated with cIMT (i.e. IMTmean, IMTmax, IMTmean-max) when the analysis was performed in the subjects recruited in the IMPROVE study. The rs11591147 variant, by contrast, was negatively correlated with IMTmax measured in the UK population (p=0.002). By combining the four genetic variants in a score, the relationship with cIMT was not significant in the IMPROVE study, whereas was negative and significant in the UK population (all p <0.01). Conclusions: Plasma PCSK9 levels are not associated with VEs. Regarding markers of subclinical atherosclerosis, PCSK9 levels are associated neither with lesion size, nor with carotid plaque echolucency, but are associated with echolucency of carotid wall thickness and with carotid calcium score. Therefore, further studies are needed to better understand the role of such circulating proprotein in carotid wall thickness echolucency and in carotid calcium score. Fibrates or statins therapies, as well as male sex and family history of diabetes are the strongest independent predictors of PCSK9 levels. The associations, previously observed, between circulating PCSK9 and some lipid and inflammatory markers have been confirmed. The relationship between plasma levels of PCSK9 and other inflammatory markers (neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils) deserves further investigation, as does the association between the four selected PCSK9 variants and cIMT in the UK cohort, as it suggests a possible role of PCSK9 SNPs or gene polymorphisms in atherosclerosis and in its preventive strategies.
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Books on the topic "Imaging marker"

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Zager, Masha. Medical imaging. Norwalk, CT: Business Communications Co., 2002.

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Company, Market Intelligence Research, ed. World diagnostic imaging markets. Mountain View, CA, USA (2525 Charleston Rd., Mountain View 94043): Market Intelligence Research Company, 1988.

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Company, Market Intelligence Research, ed. Ultrasound imaging markets. Mountain View, CA: Market Intelligence Research Co., 1988.

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Harper, Judith. The microelectronics market for imaging chemicals. Norwalk, CT: Business Communications Co., 1999.

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Zanrosso, Eddie Michael. Medical imaging: An evolving technology. Norwalk, CT: Business Communications Co., 2000.

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Company, Market Intelligence Research, ed. World magnetic resonance imaging markets. Mountain View, CA, USA (2525 Charleston Rd., Mountain View 94043): Market Intelligence Research Co., 1990.

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Agam, Giora. Contrast agents for medical imaging. Norwalk, CT: Business Communications, 2000.

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Frost & Sullivan., ed. World magnetic resonance imaging markets: Dedicated imaging coils lead shift towards lower-field systems. Mountain View, Calif: Frost & Sullivan, 1994.

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Inc, Biomedical Business International, ed. Diagnostic imaging technologies and markets. 3rd ed. Tustin, CA, U.S.A. (17722 Irvine Blvd., Tustin 92680): Biomedical Business International, 1987.

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Company, Market Intelligence Research, ed. U.S. diagnostic imaging equipment market: Niches refuel a maturing market. Mountain View, CA, USA (2525 Charleston Rd., Mountain View 94043): Market Intelligence Research Co., 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Imaging marker"

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Phan, Sonal Kothari, Ryan Hoffman, and May D. Wang. "Biomedical Imaging Informatics for Diagnostic Imaging Marker Selection." In Health Information Science, 115–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44981-4_8.

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Miller, Colin G. "The Metrics and New Imaging Marker Qualification in Medical Imaging Modalities." In Medical Imaging in Clinical Trials, 27–45. London: Springer London, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-710-3_2.

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Hayashi, Hideki, Taro Toyota, Shoichi Goto, Aki Oishi, Tao Gao, Lau Bik Ee, and Hisahiro Matsubara. "Development of a Non-blurring, Dual-Imaging (X-Ray/Fluorescence) Tissue Marker for Localization of Gastrointestinal Tumors." In Fluorescence Imaging for Surgeons, 223–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15678-1_23.

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Werner, Franziska, Caroline Jung, Martin Hofmann, Johannes Salamon, Rene Werner, Dennis Säring, Michael G. Kaul, et al. "Geometrieplanung und Bildregistrierung mittels bimodaler Fiducial-Marker für Magnetic Particle Imaging." In Informatik aktuell, 128–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49465-3_24.

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Hikita, Tomoya, and Chitose Oneyama. "Quantification and Imaging of Exosomes via Luciferase-Fused Exosome Marker Proteins: ExoLuc System." In Bioluminescence, 281–90. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2453-1_21.

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Wang, Junchen, Hideyuki Suenaga, Liangjing Yang, Hongen Liao, Etsuko Kobayashi, Tsuyoshi Takato, and Ichiro Sakuma. "Real-Time Marker-Free Patient Registration and Image-Based Navigation Using Stereovision for Dental Surgery." In Augmented Reality Environments for Medical Imaging and Computer-Assisted Interventions, 9–18. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40843-4_2.

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Kam, M., H. Saeidi, S. Wei, J. D. Opfermann, S. Leonard, M. H. Hsieh, J. U. Kang, and A. Krieger. "Semi-autonomous Robotic Anastomoses of Vaginal Cuffs Using Marker Enhanced 3D Imaging and Path Planning." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 65–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32254-0_8.

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Päuser, Sabine, Regina Reszka, Susanne Wagner, Karl-Jürgen Wolf, Heinz Johannes Buhr, and Gerd Berger. "Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Particles as Marker Substances for Searching Tumor Specific Liposomes with Magnetic Resonance Imaging." In Scientific and Clinical Applications of Magnetic Carriers, 561–68. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6482-6_42.

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Tarnaris, Andrew, J. Tamangani, O. Fayeye, D. Kombogiorgas, H. Murphy, Y. C. Gan, and G. Flint. "Virchow-Robin Spaces in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: A Surrogate Imaging Marker for Coexisting Microvascular Disease?" In Acta Neurochirurgica Supplementum, 33–37. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0923-6_7.

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Jia, Shuman, Loïc Cadour, Hubert Cochet, and Maxime Sermesant. "STACOM-SLAWT Challenge: Left Atrial Wall Segmentation and Thickness Measurement Using Region Growing and Marker-Controlled Geodesic Active Contour." In Statistical Atlases and Computational Models of the Heart. Imaging and Modelling Challenges, 211–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52718-5_23.

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Conference papers on the topic "Imaging marker"

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Outwater, Chris S., and Rick Tullis. "DNA as a security marker." In Electronic Imaging, edited by Rudolf L. van Renesse and Willem A. Vliegenthart. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.382211.

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Liu, Xiaofeng, Hakan Cevikalp, and J. Michael Fitzpatrick. "Marker orientation in fiducial registration." In Medical Imaging 2003, edited by Milan Sonka and J. Michael Fitzpatrick. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.480860.

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Toklu, Candemir, and Shih-Ping Liou. "Semiautomatic dynamic video object marker creation." In Electronic Imaging '99, edited by Minerva M. Yeung, Boon-Lock Yeo, and Charles A. Bouman. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.333837.

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Ganz, Melanie, Marleen de Bruijne, and Mads Nielsen. "MACD: an imaging marker for cardiovascular disease." In SPIE Medical Imaging, edited by Nico Karssemeijer and Ronald M. Summers. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.844164.

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Winterstein, A., K. März, A. M. Franz, M. Hafezi, N. Fard, F. Sterzing, A. Mehrabi, and L. Maier-Hein. "Navigated marker placement for motion compensation in radiotherapy." In SPIE Medical Imaging, edited by Robert J. Webster and Ziv R. Yaniv. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2081808.

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Kohm, Kevin S., Andrew W. Cameron, and Richard L. Van Metter. "Visual CRT sharpness estimation using a fiducial marker set." In Medical Imaging 2001, edited by Seong K. Mun. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.428067.

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Handel, Holger. "Accelerating sub-pixel marker segmentation using GPU." In IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging, edited by Nasser Kehtarnavaz and Matthias F. Carlsohn. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.806160.

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Pati, Sarthak, Okan Erat, Lejing Wang, Simon Weidert, Ekkehard Euler, Nassir Navab, and Pascal Fallavollita. "Accurate pose estimation using single marker single camera calibration system." In SPIE Medical Imaging, edited by David R. Holmes and Ziv R. Yaniv. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2006776.

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Xu, Ning, Duane A. Yoder, J. Michael Fitzpatrick, and Cynthia B. Paschal. "Compensating for distortion caused by marker susceptibility in MR images." In Medical Imaging 2004, edited by J. Michael Fitzpatrick and Milan Sonka. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.537307.

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Gibbs, Jason D., Lav Rai, Henky Wibowo, Serge Tsalyuk, and Eric D. Anderson. "Automated fiducial marker planning for thoracic stereotactic body radiation therapy." In SPIE Medical Imaging, edited by David R. Holmes III and Kenneth H. Wong. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.911466.

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Reports on the topic "Imaging marker"

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Choi, Julia. PET Imaging of a Marker for Breast Cancer Metastasis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada520724.

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Sinclair, Samantha, and Sandra LeGrand. Reproducibility assessment and uncertainty quantification in subjective dust source mapping. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41523.

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Accurate dust-source characterizations are critical for effectively modeling dust storms. A previous study developed an approach to manually map dust plume-head point sources in a geographic information system (GIS) framework using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery processed through dust-enhancement algorithms. With this technique, the location of a dust source is digitized and recorded if an analyst observes an unobscured plume head in the imagery. Because airborne dust must be sufficiently elevated for overland dust-enhancement algorithms to work, this technique may include up to 10 km in digitized dust-source location error due to downwind advection. However, the potential for error in this method due to analyst subjectivity has never been formally quantified. In this study, we evaluate a version of the methodology adapted to better enable reproducibility assessments amongst multiple analysts to determine the role of analyst subjectivity on recorded dust source location error. Four analysts individually mapped dust plumes in Southwest Asia and Northwest Africa using five years of MODIS imagery collected from 15 May to 31 August. A plume-source location is considered reproducible if the maximum distance between the analyst point-source markers for a single plume is ≤10 km. Results suggest analyst marker placement is reproducible; however, additional analyst subjectivity-induced error (7 km determined in this study) should be considered to fully characterize locational uncertainty. Additionally, most of the identified plume heads (> 90%) were not marked by all participating analysts, which indicates dust source maps generated using this technique may differ substantially between users.
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Sinclair, Samantha, and Sandra LeGrand. Reproducibility assessment and uncertainty quantification in subjective dust source mapping. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41542.

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Accurate dust-source characterizations are critical for effectively modeling dust storms. A previous study developed an approach to manually map dust plume-head point sources in a geographic information system (GIS) framework using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery processed through dust-enhancement algorithms. With this technique, the location of a dust source is digitized and recorded if an analyst observes an unobscured plume head in the imagery. Because airborne dust must be sufficiently elevated for overland dust-enhancement algorithms to work, this technique may include up to 10 km in digitized dust-source location error due to downwind advection. However, the potential for error in this method due to analyst subjectivity has never been formally quantified. In this study, we evaluate a version of the methodology adapted to better enable reproducibility assessments amongst multiple analysts to determine the role of analyst subjectivity on recorded dust source location error. Four analysts individually mapped dust plumes in Southwest Asia and Northwest Africa using five years of MODIS imagery collected from 15 May to 31 August. A plume-source location is considered reproducible if the maximum distance between the analyst point-source markers for a single plume is ≤10 km. Results suggest analyst marker placement is reproducible; however, additional analyst subjectivity-induced error (7 km determined in this study) should be considered to fully characterize locational uncertainty. Additionally, most of the identified plume heads (> 90%) were not marked by all participating analysts, which indicates dust source maps generated using this technique may differ substantially between users.
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Yampolsky, Nikolai. Using superconducting undulator for enhanced imaging capabilities of MaRIE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1327983.

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Gullapalli, Rao P. Investigation of Prognostic Ability of Novel Imaging Markers for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada577060.

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Searcy, Stephen W., and Kalman Peleg. Adaptive Sorting of Fresh Produce. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568747.bard.

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This project includes two main parts: Development of a “Selective Wavelength Imaging Sensor” and an “Adaptive Classifiery System” for adaptive imaging and sorting of agricultural products respectively. Three different technologies were investigated for building a selectable wavelength imaging sensor: diffraction gratings, tunable filters and linear variable filters. Each technology was analyzed and evaluated as the basis for implementing the adaptive sensor. Acousto optic tunable filters were found to be most suitable for the selective wavelength imaging sensor. Consequently, a selectable wavelength imaging sensor was constructed and tested using the selected technology. The sensor was tested and algorithms for multispectral image acquisition were developed. A high speed inspection system for fresh-market carrots was built and tested. It was shown that a combination of efficient parallel processing of a DSP and a PC based host CPU in conjunction with a hierarchical classification system, yielded an inspection system capable of handling 2 carrots per second with a classification accuracy of more than 90%. The adaptive sorting technique was extensively investigated and conclusively demonstrated to reduce misclassification rates in comparison to conventional non-adaptive sorting. The adaptive classifier algorithm was modeled and reduced to a series of modules that can be added to any existing produce sorting machine. A simulation of the entire process was created in Matlab using a graphical user interface technique to promote the accessibility of the difficult theoretical subjects. Typical Grade classifiers based on k-Nearest Neighbor techniques and linear discriminants were implemented. The sample histogram, estimating the cumulative distribution function (CDF), was chosen as a characterizing feature of prototype populations, whereby the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic was employed as a population classifier. Simulations were run on artificial data with two-dimensions, four populations and three classes. A quantitative analysis of the adaptive classifier's dependence on population separation, training set size, and stack length determined optimal values for the different parameters involved. The technique was also applied to a real produce sorting problem, e.g. an automatic machine for sorting dates by machine vision in an Israeli date packinghouse. Extensive simulations were run on actual sorting data of dates collected over a 4 month period. In all cases, the results showed a clear reduction in classification error by using the adaptive technique versus non-adaptive sorting.
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Roland-Holst, David, Kamalbek Karymshakov, Burulcha Sulaimanova, and Kadyrbek Sultakeev. ICT, Online Search Behavior, and Remittances: Evidence from the Kyrgyz Republic. Asian Development Bank Institute, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/fepw3647.

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Infrastructure has always been a fundamental driver of long-term economic growth, but in recent decades information and communication technology (ICT) has supported and accelerated the growth of the global economy in ways beyond the imagining of our ancestors. We examine the role of ICT infrastructure in facilitating labor markets' access and remittance flows for workers from the Kyrgyz Republic. Using a combination of traditional high frequency macroeconomic data and real time internet search information from Google Trends, we take a novel approach to explaining the inflow of remittances to a developing country. In the first attempt to model remittance behavior with GTI data in this context, we use a gravity model. We also attempt to account for both origin and destination labor market conditions, using Kyrgyz language search words to identify both push and pull factors affecting migrant decisions.
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Wiersma, Rodney D. Real-Time Tracking of Implanted Markers During Radiation Treatment by Use of Simultaneous kV and MV Imaging. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada506274.

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9

Wang, Zhehui. Ultrafast imaging technology for MaRIE: Why it is a material challenge & opportunity. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1257097.

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10

Sumberg, James. Youth and Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa: Time to Reset Policy. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.038.

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Abstract:
Agriculture is widely promoted as the only economic sector capable of providing employment to the millions of rural Africans entering the labour market in the coming decades. Two competing visions vie for attention. The first is of innovative, entrepreneurial youth driving rural transformation; the second is of agriculture providing young people with little more than survival opportunities. Between these two visions are the young people themselves, actively building their livelihoods, which most often include some engagement with agriculture. Policy interventions need to better consider how young people engage with the rural economy and how they imagine their futures.
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