Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Imagerie par résonance magnétique moléculaire'
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Charpigny, Delphine. "Quantification de nanoparticules à base d’oxyde de fer pour l’IRM moléculaire : approche basée sur la déconvolution du défaut de champ magnétique." Lyon, INSA, 2011. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2010ISAL0129/these.pdf.
Full textIn magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), there are two types of contrast agents: paramagnetic, "positive" and superparamagnetic "negative" or the "magnetic susceptibility". Contrast agents are increasingly used in MRI for many medical applications (monitoring cell, marking inflammation, therapeutic targeting. . . ). They have become a valuable tool to aid diagnosis. Locate and quantify the contrast agents have become a major issue of the so-called molecular MRI. In this thesis, we focus on superparamagnetic contrast agents like USPIO (Ultrasmall Iron Oxide particles SuperParamagnetic). We propose quantification based on the estimation of the magnetic susceptibility. This approach is based on the deconvolution of the map of non-magnetic field induced by the contrast agent through the local change of magnetic susceptibility. We define the method that implements a model SYMDEF déconvolutif regulated by a filter type CLS (Constrained Least Squares). This approach redefines and quantification of this type of contrast agent within a framework of image restoration. We present an analysis of the method SYMDEF according to various parameters that govern it and a study on the impact of the difference between a lack of ideal field and model integrated with the default method SYMDEF. The method is evaluated on SYMDEF card default magnetic field synthesis. These maps were obtained: by calculating the defect field theory from anatomical and pathological models that we have designed, from the simulation of MR images of these models is by calculating the susceptibility gradient map (SGM) is the map of phase difference. SYMDEF method was also tested on real MR images in vitro and in vivo aggregates of USPIOs. The results demonstrate the feasibility of this method of quantification, including its robustness against noise and the quality of the quantification of the magnetic susceptibility induced by contrast agents as soon as the fault information of field given with good spatial resolution
Quenault, Aurélien. "Apport de l'imagerie par résonance magnétique dans l'accident ischémique transitoire : imagerie moléculaire de l'inflammation et imagerie du système glymphatique." Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN3150.
Full textTransient ischemic attack (TIA) is a transient episode of neurological dysfunction caused by focal ischemia without acute infarction on brain imaging. TIA is major sign of ischemic stroke. Therefore TIA requires rapid assessment to evaluate and manage this risk. However, TIA diagnosis is difficult due to many differential diagnoses. This results in a waste of opportunity for some patients and unnecessary consumption of expensive resources for other. Therefore it is necessary to identify new tools and new approaches to understand the pathophysiology of AIT and for better evaluation. We have developed a preclinical model of TIA in which, thanks to two non-invasive and semi-quantitative techniques of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) we have: I) shown a deficit of the glymphatic system, a key regulator of the exchanges of metabolites in the extracellular spaces of the brain parenchyma; ii) developed molecular imaging of P-selectin, which can reveal cerebrovascular inflammation after TIA. Imaging of the glymphatic system unmasks tissue abnormalities and may improve the risk assessment after TIA. Molecular imaging of P-selectin could identify vascular territories at risk and areas impacted by the ischemia. The clinical application of these results could improve diagnosis and management in the context of TIA
Lebel, Réjean. "Imagerie moléculaire de la MMP-2." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6644.
Full textBonnard, Thomas. "Mise au point de microparticules polysaccharides injectables pour l'imagerie moléculaire de pathologies artérielles." Thesis, Paris 13, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA132015/document.
Full textCardiovascular diseases and their consequences constitute nowadays a major health issue. Their treatment could be substantially improved with the development of new non invasive diagnostic techniques. The aim of this doctoral project is to develop injectable into blood stream polysaccharide microparticles that would permit molecular imaging of arterial pathologies. From an emulsion- crosslinking process, we synthesized these microparticles which are on the one hand functionalized with fucoidan to target P-Selectin which is expressed at damaged arterial wall, and on the other hand combined with contrast agents to bring an imaging signal. We developed 2 molecular imaging tools dedicated to 2 classical medical imaging modalities. In order to track the microparticles by single photon emission computed tomography, we radiolabeled them with technetium 99m and to detect them by MRI, we loaded them with superparamagnetic nanoparticles of iron oxide. We then have validated the efficiency of these 2 molecular imaging tools with preclinical studies of in vivo small animal imaging of arterial disease models. The obtained results are very promising and these 2 molecular imaging tools have a strong clinical potential for the diagnosis of arterial pathologies. We also have observed that the microparticles tend to migrate though the damaged arterial wall. This specific property could turn out to be very interesting for future works which will consist in using this technology to convey therapeutic molecules directly into the core of the arterial pathologies
Robert, Rémy. "Recherche de biomarqueurs pour l'imagerie moléculaire de l'athérosclérose." Bordeaux 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR21324.
Full textThis thesis is divided in two parts. Its aim is the development of human monoclonal antibodies of cardiovascular interest. The first part involves the production, the purification and the biochemical analysis of human antibody fragments directed against the αIIbβ3 integrin. The second part described the in vivo selection by phage display of human scFvs targeting atherosclerotic lesions. We have screened in vivo the atherosclerotic plaques of this model with two different combinatorial libraries of human antibodies. Our strategy is based on a substractive screening with normal and atherosclerotic protein-coated filters, allowing the detection of scFvs after one round of in vivo biopanning. This substractive aproach has permitted us to isolate two scFvs specific to atherosclerotic proteins. The development of such antibodies could be useful : (1) in diagnosis for the early detection of atherosclerotic lesions by MRI, (2) in gene therapy, to improve the molecular targeting
Beilvert, Anne. "Synthèse, caractérisation et évaluation in vitro et in vivo d'agents de contraste pour l'imagerie moléculaire du coeur lipidique de la plaque d'athérosclérose." Paris 13, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA132004.
Full textImaging and quantifying the lipid core is a key to evaluate the risk of rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque. My goal is to develop MR contrast agent that will target the lipid core inside the atherosclerotic plaque. Our hypothesis is to mimic apolipoprotein A1 and mimetic D-4F behavior with lipids. D-4F is a soluble alpha helix peptide that binds to lipids via a cluster of aromatic amino acids. We believe that using a single aromatic amino acid or a combination of aromatic amino acids on a MR platform will efficiently target the lipid core. First, we developed a micellar platform functionalized with tyrosin-O-methylester. This compound was successfully tested in an ApoE-/- mouse model under western diet that develops atherosclerotic plaque. Then, we generalized this approach with a polysaccharide based MR contrast agent. Tyrosine-O-methylester was coupled to this platform as well as trityrosine and L-4F peptide. These compounds were evaluated first by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) on immobilized lipoproteins and then in the ApoE-/- mouse model. In vivo results indicate an enhancement in the atherosclerotic plaque and in the lipid core that validates our hypothesis
Tassali, Nawal. "IRM moléculaire à base de xénon hyperpolarisé par laser." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0030.
Full textMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has a high importance in medicine as it enables the observation of the organs inside the body without the use of radiative or invasive techniques. However it is known to suffer from poor sensitivity. To circumvent this limitation, a key solution resides in the use of hyperpolarized species. Among the entities with which we can drastically increase nuclear polarization, xenon has very specific properties through its interactions with its close environment that lead to a wide chemical shift bandwidth. The goal is thus to use it as a tracer. This PhD thesis focuses on the concept of 129Xe MRI-based sensors for the detection of biological events. In this approach, hyperpolarized xenon is vectorized to biological targets via functionalized host systems, and then localized thanks to fast dedicated MRI sequences. The conception and set-up of a spin-exchange optical pumping device is first described. Then studies about the interaction of the hyperpolarized noble gas with new cryptophanes susceptible to constitute powerful host molecules are detailed. Also the implementation of recent MRI sequences optimized for the transient character of the hyperpolarization and taking profit of the xenon in-out exchange is described. Applications of this approach for the detection of metallic ions and cellular receptors are studied. Finally, our first in vivo results on a small animal model are presented
Sirol, Marc. "Caractérisation de l'athérothrombose en imagerie par résonance magnétique : rôle de l'imagerie moléculaire pour l'évaluation de la plaque vulnérable." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077177.
Full textDespite advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications remain the leading cause of mortality in Western societies. Identification of high-risk atherosclerotic lesions prone to rupture and thrombosis may greatly decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with atherosclerosis. High-resolution MRI has recently emerged as one of the most promising techniques for the non-invasive study of atherothrombotic disease, as it can characterize plaque composition and monitor its progression. The development of MRI contrast agents that specifically target components of the atherosclerotic plaque may enable non-invasive detection of high-risk lesions. This research focuses on the use of molecular imaging for the identification of high risk or vulnerable plaques in vivo. We demonstrated the ability of fibrin-targeted MR contrast agent (EP-2104R) for detection and age determination of carotid thrombus. In addition, Gadofluorine-enhanced MRI demonstrated its ability of identifying lipid-rich plaques as well as neovessel high density areas in vivo. We established the superiority of molecular imaging compared to high resolution MRI or contrast-enhanced MRI for plaque characterization. This technique allow for allow the identification of high-risk atherosclerotic lesions in-vivo, using a variety of molecules present in atherosclerotic plaques that may serve as targets for specific contrast agents. Ultimately, such agents may enable treatment of "high-risk" patients prior to lesion progression and occurrence of complications, and may allow for better stratification of "high-risk" plaque and "high-risk" patients
Girard, Olivier Maciej. "Apport d’antennes miniatures en matériau supraconducteur en Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique du ciblage moléculaire et cellulaire chez le petit animal." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112037.
Full textMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) on small animal models is increasingly needed in biomedical research to develop new diagnostic means. However this technique suffers from a lack of specificity which is still to be improved to detect early degenerative diseases such as cancer. Molecular imaging using targeted Contrast Agents (CA) is a promising tool to reach this goal. We present hereby a cross-disciplinary work with this purpose. A first issue of this work deals with contrast physical principles involved in MRI. A theoretical study allows evidencing the presence of an optimal field strength (~1-1. 5 T) for paramagnetic targeted CA detection. This is validated experimentally. Highly sensitive detection coils made of superconductive material are presented and fully implemented in a clinical 1. 5 T MRI system. An original characterization method of such coils is developed to manage their performances and in order to be used as a tool for new coil designs. This method accounts for the nonlinear behavior of the material. Two in vivo experimental studies are presented in the last part of this work. They were performed on mouse-implanted human tumor models using a new generation of CA developed by Guerbet, a firm involved in this work. It was not possible to validate undoubtedly the specificity of this CA from these first results. However the methodological improvements of this work will allow rationalizing imaging protocols in the near future, and will lead to significant progress in this field of research
Le, Bihan Denis. "Imagerie par résonance magnétique nucléaire des mouvements incohérents microscopiques : application à l'imagerie de la diffusion moléculaire et de la microcirculation dans le domaine biomédical." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112089.
Full textHamraoui, Khalid. "Contrôle quantique de la rotation moléculaire et de processus de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCK020/document.
Full textThe goal of this thesis is to apply quantum control techniques to manipulate molecular rotation and to enhance the efficiency of processes in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.These techniques have been used theoretically and experimentally to control the orientation of a symmetric top molecule by means of THz laser fields. This study has been extended to the case of a long interaction distance between the field and the sample. In this case, the molecule cannot be approximated as isolated. We have also shown the extend to which the time evolution of the degree of orientation can be shaped. Optimal control techniques were used to design the THz field which allows to reach the corresponding dynamics, both at zero and non zero temperatures. Another chapter proposes a new optimization algorithm in the case of periodic quantum dynamics. We apply this algorithm to the maximization of the SNR in NMR. A last chapter is dedicated to a popular paper about the tennis racket effect. This geometric effect can be observed in any asymetric rigid body
Rouzet, François. "Développement de l'imagerie moléculaire du thrombus artériel." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1116.
Full textArteriel or intra-luminal thrombus (ILT) is involved to various degrees in most of the degenerative cardiovascular diseases. Its detection and characterization is currently based on morphological imaging techniques that do not provide information about its possible evolution in relation to biological activities profile. In this context, molecular imaging of thrombus has three main objectives: (1) detection of the initial thrombus and of secondary locations, (2) evaluation of the thrombus evolutive potential and its impact on surrounding tissues in relationship with its biological activity, and (3) early assessment of therapeutic efficacy (before morphological changes). The aim of this work was to develop molecular imaging agents of biological activities of ILT. Regarding the proaggregant activity, we demonstrated a relationship between annexin A5 signal intensity and vegetation proaggregant activity in a model of infective endocarditis. We also developed a novel P-selectin imaging agent based on a natural high affinity ligand (fucoidan), and validated its ability to detect ILT in vivo. Regarding the plasminergic activity of ILT, we used radiolabelled aprotinin to detect plasmin in human aneurysmal thrombus ex vivo; we also initiated a collaboration to optimize its radiolabelling using a cystein-free tag peptide in N-terminal position. In parallel we developed a new approach based on a peptide inhibitor conjugated with a bifunctional chelating agent
Gauberti, Maxime. "Impact de la thrombolyse sur l'unité neurovasculaire : de l'imagerie moléculaire à la mise au point de nouvelles stratégies thrombolytiques." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN3134.
Full textThrombolysis using tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the only approved treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Clinical studies demonstrated that some patients present tPA-resistant thrombi. Moreover, thrombolysis increases the risk of intracranial hemorrhages and malignant oedema. The aim of the present work was to study the impact of tPA on the neurovascular unit, in order to unveil new therapeutic and diagnostic targets to improve thrombolysis efficiency. We demonstrated using that thrombus composition influences the sensitivity to tPA-induced thrombolysis. We also showed that these tPA-resistant thrombi could be disaggregated by targeting the GpIb-VWF interaction. Thus, our data suggest that inhibitors of GpIb-VWF interaction or N-Acetylcysteine (which can cleave the VWF) could be used to restore vessel patency after occlusive thrombosis. Besides its well described deleterious effects in the grey matter, we demonstrated for the first time that tPA protects oligodendrocytes and neurones from apoptotic cell death. This mechanism is driven by the EGF-like domain of tPA. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ketamine (a clinically used NMDA antagonist) increases the therapeutic window of thrombolysis by inhibiting the deleterious effects of tPA. Finally, we developed a molecular MRI method allowing to reveal the cerebrovascular inflammation associated with stroke. This method could be used to select individuals who could benefit from anti-inflammatory treatments
Fournier, Antoine. "Imagerie par résonnance magnétique moléculaire et inflammation des barrières biologiques dans les modèles de sclérose en plaques." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC410/document.
Full textDeveloping new strategies to detect disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS) is essential to improve the diagnosis and follow-up of this pathology. To this aim, we used microparticles of iron oxide (MPIO) coupled to an antibody specific to the P-selectin or MAdCAM-1 protein. In this thesis, we establish that molecular MRI specific to P-selectin protein is able to detect the pathological events that take place in the spinal cord of chronic and relapsing-remitting models of MS in mice. Interestingly, we show here that this MRI technique can predict the apparition of relapses and recoveries in EAE. Moreover, we demonstrate that MRI specific to MAdCAM-1 protein is able to detect the gut inflammation that takes place in models of bowel diseases or MS. The innovative MRI techniques developed in this study could bring new advances in the diagnosis and prognosis of MS relapses by targeting gut inflammation. In the last part of this work, we report that the glymphatic system also exists in the spinal cord parenchyma of the mouse. In EAE, the activity of this system is reduced in the spinal cord but not in the brain or cerebellum. This alteration is associated to inflammatory cell accumulation within the perivascular space, AQP4 disorganization and leads to a large increase of ventricular volume. These disruptions could contribute to the MS pathophysiology. Our results hold significant promise for the development of new therapeutic strategies
Richard, Sophie. "Elaboration de nanoplateformes bimodales pour l’imagerie moléculaire des cancers." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCD099.
Full textEarly diagnosis of cancer and development of personalized medicine is a major challenge. These issues require the development of new tools which are able to target relevant biomarkers in order to access of diagnostic using imaging techniques. The objective of this work is to develop new contrast agents for molecular imaging of cancers. To this aim, the functionalized iron oxide nanoplateformes with caffeic acid were synthesized and coupled to an antibody labeled with a fluorophore. These nanoplateformes were characterized by different techniques and evaluated on in vitro and in vivo conditions. An improvement was made with the use of PEG chains and a novel antibody. Results of this work is the obtention of a T₂ MRI contrast agents targeting endothelin receptor. Using a new wayof synthesis, different sizes of iron oxide nanoparticles have been developed and coupled to apeptide for targeting the neoangiogenesis : the cycloRGD. These nanoparticles have proven to be excellent T₂ MRI contrast agents managing a passive targeting. Persistent luminescence nanoparticles were also synthesized. These 6 nm nanoparticles offer the advantage of limiting the absorption of luminescence by the tissues and prevent the excitation in situ, limiting the autofluorescence of the tissues. Finally, the combination of these two types of nanoparticles has been studied to obtain bimodal nanoparticles combining MRI and persistent luminescence imaging
Robert, Fabrice. "Etude chez le rat, de l'influence de la masse moléculaire sur la pharmacocinétique de polymères Dextran-Dota-Gadolinium utilisés comme produits de contraste en imagerie par résonance magnétique." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05P146.
Full textBonnet, Samuel. "Ciblage moléculaire de l'athérosclérose par des nanoparticules fonctionnalisées avec des anticorps humains : développement et applications d'un protocole d'IRM paramétrique chez le petit animal." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0436.
Full textThe project will address the problem of unstable atherosclerotic plaque rupture, which is the mechanistic cause of about 70 % of all sudden and often fatal heart attacks. Atherosclerotic lesions are lipid-rich focal thickenings in the walls of the arteries. Engineering targeted contrast agents to assess the components that underlie the risk of rupture is of crucial interest. Molecular imaging requires highly sensitive and specific probes grafted with ligands for targeting. Here single chains fragments variables of human antibodies (scFv) are proposed as specific ligands to functionalize multi-modal nanoparticles loaded with (1) iron oxide for non-invasive in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and (2) Near InfraRed (NIR) fluorophores for fluorescence imaging at the tissular and cellular level. Iron oxide-based particles (USPIOs) are used in MRI for their superparamagnetic properties which locally induce (in the tissues where they accumulate) an hyposignal. These particles are also characterized by their ability to reduce the tissue values of a temporal physical parameter called T2 *. The quantitative evaluation of the accumulation of USPIOs in atheroma plaque by parametric MRI has been a growing field of investigation for about ten years. Although the pre-clinical research of new molecular imaging probes dedicated to atherosclerosis is very active, it also requires the development and validation of robust parametric imaging protocols dedicated to small animals. The aim of this thesis was to develop imaging tools allowing the preclinical characterization of atheromatous plaque in small animals (imaging protocol and targeting contrast agents). The first part of the project allowed the synthesis and characterization of different multimodal contrast agents (MRI / PIR). In a second step, work has been devoted to the production of recombinant human antibodies specific for atheroma plaque (scFv). In a quality state of mind approach inspired by the "Six Sigma" method, a parametric MRI imaging protocol was developed and validated to allow a robust characterization of the T2 * values of atheromatous plaque in ApoE-/- mice. In a final step, the scFv products were functionalized on the USPIOs by different grafting pathways. Thanks to the validated imaging protocol, the accumulation of targeting contrast agents into the atheroma plaque during time was finally assessed in vivo in ApoE-/- mice
Montagne, Axel. "L'activateur tissulaire du plasminogène dans le système nerveux central : de la neuroprotection à l'imagerie moléculaire." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN3137.
Full textFibrinolysis with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is currently the only approved treatment in the acute phase of stroke. However, many experimental studies plead for a pro-excitotoxic effect of tPA on neurons. Through experimental studies, we demonstrated that tPA has pro-neurotoxic effects by interacting with GluN-2D-containing extrasynaptic NMDA receptors. We show that, during thrombolysis, the use of antagonists (UBP145 or memantine) specifically targeting NMDA receptors involved in the pro-excitotoxic effect of tPA would be an efficient adjunctive strategy. Molecular imaging allows early revealing and analyzing molecular events accompanying diseases that conventional imaging often evidences too late. Among contemporary methods of imaging, MRI has the unique advantage to be non-invasive and to provide a high spatial resolution. From this observation, we developed and optimized molecular imaging of endothelial activation with a contrast agent targeting molecules associated with inflammation, especially VCAM-1. Our works show that it is possible to evaluate inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) with non-invasive and semi-quantitative manners, and a high sensitivity. This approach would allow selecting patients the most likely to benefit of anti-inflammatory treatment in the subacute phase of ischemic stroke
Lapert, M. "Développement de nouvelles techniques de contrôle optimal en dynamique quantique : de la Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à la physique moléculaire." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00639508.
Full textRucher, Guillaume. "Imagerie moléculaire des lésions d'athérosclérose vasculaires et valvulaires chez la souris." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC401/document.
Full textAtherosclerosis lesions are a leading cause of cardiovascular events. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease including complex molecular and cellular mechanisms. Mineralization process within the atherosclerosis lesions is a key feature of the disease development. Using a mouse model of accelerated atherosclerosis and imaging optimisation study, we showed the feasability of sodium fluoride positron emission tomography combined to magnetic resonance imaging to assess molecular activity in a mouse model of accelerated atherosclerosis. We showed that uremic animals had an early and sustained mineralization activity associated to an advanced inflammatory state. Furthermore, we developped a new mouse model of calcified aortic stenosis using targeted radiation exposure
Lapert, Marc. "Développement de nouvelles techniques de contrôle optimal en dynamique quantique : de la Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à la physique moléculaire." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00728830.
Full textRenard, Emma. "Conception d’agents d’imagerie moléculaire et théranostiques pour la détection et la thérapie ciblée de cancers." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCK029.
Full textDespite significant advances in cancer detection and treatment, cancer is now the second leading cause of death worldwide. The aim of this thesis project was to design and optimize imaging agents for the diagnosis and/or therapy of various cancers.The first axis of this thesis focused on the development of a bimodal PET/fluorescence imaging agent capable of targeting neurotensin NTS1 receptors overexpressed in certain cancers. PET imaging would allow efficient detection of tumors and their metastases, while fluorescence imaging would facilitate the evaluation of tumor margins during surgery. Several compounds were synthesized, labelled with gallium-68 and studied in preclinical studies in a pancreatic cancer model. Very promising results were obtained for one compound, making it a good candidate for the diagnosis and fluorescence guided surgery of pancreatic cancer.The second line of research was devoted to the design of a PET radiotracer targeting NTS1. A molecule named [177Lu]Lu-IPN01087 is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for targeted radiotherapy. The identification of a diagnostic companion agent would facilitate the selection of patients eligible for this therapy. We synthesized and evaluated in vivo, in a colorectal cancer model, different gallium-68 labelled tracers, highlighting a potential candidate for the diagnosis by PET imaging of NTS1 overexpressing cancers.Finally, the last part of this thesis focused on the development of a theranostic SPECT/PDT imaging agent targeting the EGFR receptor. SPECT imaging would allow the diagnosis and staging of patients, while the PDT probe would facilitate the surgical resection of the tumor and eradication of cancer cells. We used a trivalent platform, dichlorotetrazine, that allowed us to introduce an indium-111 chelating agent and a photosensitizer via a site-specific bioconjugation reaction on a nanobody. The resulting conjugate was evaluated in vitro and the biodistribution and efficacy of the photodynamic therapy were investigated in preclinical studies
Canovas, Coline. "Développement de stratégies de bioconjugaison innovantes : Application à l’élaboration d’agents d’imagerie moléculaire." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCK058.
Full textThe preparation of targeted imaging agents suitable for cancer diagnostic involves the coupling of an imaging probe to a vector, generally a protein, able to specifically target cancerous tissues. Unfortunately, this bioconjugation step is often problematic. Indeed, proteins present a large variety of reactive functions that can potentially interfere with the coupling reaction. The purpose of this work is the design of innovative selective bioconjugation strategies that can facilitate the synthesis of molecular imaging agents.Our research led to the development of a simple and efficient approach allowing the modification of a protein with a fluorophore by using a site-specific bioconjugation reaction. Thanks to this technique, it is possible to obtain near infrared fluorescent agents in a single step.We also focused our work on the design of bimodal nuclear/fluorescent imaging tracers based on protein vectors. These bimodal imaging agents show high potential for numerous medical applications. However, their synthesis requires the coupling of two distinct imaging molecules to the protein, which makes the bioconjugation step even more challenging. In this context, we developed different strategies suitable for the site-specific dual-modification of proteins. These approaches are based on a highly modular trifunctional platform, dichlorotetrazine. Several bimodal nuclear/optical imaging agents were obtained and shown convenient in vivo diagnostic properties.This thesis also presents the elaboration of a new PSMA-specific radiotracer able to detect prostate cancer. The promising results obtained during the preclinical evaluation of this compound labeled with copper-64, make it an interesting candidate for the diagnosis of prostate cancer by positron emission tomography in human
Jahanbin, Tania. "Conception et développement in vitro d'agents de contraste hautement efficace en IRM : apport de la dynamique moléculaire sur le signal RMN." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2566/.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is design and development of two types of MRI contrast agents (CA) with high efficiency, including macromolecule and nanoparticles. The first substance is Gd(III)-meso-tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrin (Gd(TPyP)). Its efficiency has been compared with two metalloporphyrin compounds, Mn(III)-meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin (Mn(TSPP)) and Fe(II)-meso-tetra(N-methylpyridiniumyl)porphyrin (Fe(TMPyP)) in presence of two magnetic field of 20 and 60 MHz. Among the metallated porphyrins, Gd(TPyP) exhibits the highest r1 of 24 mM-1s-1 (6-fold higher compared to r1 of Gd-DOTA). In the next step, Gd(TPyP) has been conjugated to chitosan nanoparticles in order to improve its biocompatibility and water solubility. The small water-soluble Gd(TPyP)-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles (~40 nm) show higher (56%) r1 of 38 mM-1. S-1 at 3T than the one of Gd(TPyP) in ethanol and 9-fold greater than r1 of Gd-DOTA. The second complex developed as CA is MnxZn1-xS ( 0. 1 =x=0. 3) nanoparticles while the majority of Mn atoms localized on/ or close to the surface of ZnS nanoparticles to enhance their efficiency as MRI CA. Mn:ZnS nanoparticles exhibits higher r1 compared with the one of commercial Mn-DPDP (r1=2. 8 mM-1s-1 at 42 MHz), which significantly increases from 20. 34 to 75. 5 mM-1s-1 with Mn content in the range of 0. 1-0. 3. Thereafter, effect of particle size on relaxivity of Mn0. 3Zn0. 7S has been investigated. We observed that r1 decreases with increasing particle size due to decreasing the surface to volume ratio from 75. 5 to 42. 81 mM-1s-1. In order to obtain the insight through the relaxivity of Mn:ZnS nanoparticles, computational technique has been carried out to predict the interaction and dynamic of Mn:ZnS and solvent (water) via molecular dynamic simulations (MDs). Thereby, MnxZn1-xS with different dopnat contents ( 0. 1 =x=0. 3) has been modeled via MDs. We achieved to reproduce the crystal structure of MnZnS precisely, within a few percent of experimental values. The study has been completed successfully by adding MnZnS nanoparticles in aqueous solution
Gargam, Nicolas. "Banc microfluidique d’histologie IRM pour la modélisation in vitro du marquage moléculaire : effet du choix du marqueur et du champ magnétique sur les seuils de détection." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112118.
Full textFollowing the recent advances in nuclear medicine, magnetic resonance imaging has rapidly become an emerging technique for molecular imaging since it constitutes a contemporary issue for the improvement of the diagnosis and the post-treatment follow-up of pathologies such as cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. However, this technique suffers from both the weak amount of in vivo receptors and the low sensitivity of MRI for the detection of exogenous contrast agents. Thus, the literature shows an increasing interest for the development of novel contrast agents which can carry several thousands of contrastophores and new techniques are needed to evaluate the efficiency of these contrast agents. Indeed, when a targeted contrast agent is injected intraveneously, many biochemical process can occur simultaneously (extravasation, specific binding on receptors, internalization inside cells, …), which can make the contrast uptake mechanisms difficult to investigate. Hence, we developed a new method of cellular observation allowing to characterize the contrast agent by MRI, by imitating some of the in vitro mechanisms that occur in vivo. Using this technique, we also avoided problems that are linked to the experimentation on small animal in terms of resolution, signal to noise ratio and inter-animal reproducibility.Our approach was based on the design and fabrication of a microhistological device that allows to detect a living cells’ monolayer - whose thickness is above 10 microns - in a microfluidic environment. After having fully characterized our method with cells that had internalized a commercial contrast agent (Dotarem), we used it to evaluate the dynamic uptake of a new contrast agent developed and synthetized in Guerbet : a paramagnetic nanoemulsion functionalized with RGD peptides to target the avb3 integrins that play a capital role in the tumor angiogenesis process. In a microfluidic channel, we prepared an endothelial cell monolayer and applied a flow of contrast agent over the cell layer. We were able to follow-up by MRI the uptake of the contrast agent by the cell surface receptors. Besides demonstrating the specificity of the contrast agent as well as traditional in vitro techniques, our technique provides an additional information level since it is able to evaluate the kinetic constants and the affinity of the contrast agents toward the receptors. These experiments were done under physiological conditions close to the ones existing in vivo in terms of cell arrangement, concentration and flow velocity of the contrast agent
Gao, Bo. "Conception et synthèse de nouveaux cryptophanes pour des applications en l'imagerie moléculaire par RMN du xénon." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS283/document.
Full textAmong all the imaging techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers several advantages owing to its low invasiveness, its harmlessness and its spatial in-depth resolution but suffers from poor sensitivity. To address this issue, different strategies were proposed, including the utilization of hyperpolarizable species such as ¹ ² ⁹ Xe.Xenon is an inert gas with a polarizable electronic cloud which leads to an extreme sensitivity to its chemical environment. Its capacity of being hyperpolarized makes it possible to obtain a significant gain of sensitivity. Nevertheless, xenon has no specificity to any biological target therefore it needs to be encapsulated and vectorized. Different molecular cages were proposed and we are particularly interested in cryptophane which is one of the best candidates for xenon encapsulation.In this context, the objective of this thesis is to design new cryptophanes which can be used as molecular platforms to construct novel ¹ ² ⁹ Xe MRI biosensors usable for in vivo imaging. To meet this demand, these cryptophanes should be mono-functionalizable and enough soluble in water.In this thesis, the polyethylene glycol (PEG) group is used to improve the poor solubility of the hydrophobic molecular cage. And there is a systematic discussion of how to break the symmetry of cryptophanes and different strategies were attempted to synthesize mono-functionalized cryptophanes.As a result, several PEGylated mono-functionalized cryptophanes were obtained and their properties for encapsulating xenon were tested
Soustelle, Lucas. "Imagerie de la myéline par IRM à temps d'écho ultracourt." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAD009/document.
Full textNon-invasive evaluation of white matter myelin in the central nervous system is essential for the monitoring of pathologies such as multiple sclerosis. Myelin is essentially composed of lipids and proteins: because of the numerous interactions between these macromolecules, the transverse relaxation times are very short (T2 < 1 ms), and their signals are undetectable using conventional sequences. Standard MRI methods for the characterization of myelin rely on the modeling of the interactions of aqueous protons with myelinated structures. Nonetheless, the selectivity and robustness of such indirect methods are questionable. Ultrashort echo time sequences (UTE – TE < 1 ms) may allow to directly detect the signals arising from the semi-solid spin pool of myelin. The main objective of this thesis consists in developing such methods in order to generate a positive and selective contrast of myelin using a preclinical imaging system. Validation of each method was carried out using an ex vivo murine model by confronting healthy and demyelinated animals. Results show a significant selectivity of the UTE methods to demyelination, suggesting that the technique is promising for white matter myelin monitoring
Flores, Robin de. "Altérations structurales, fonctionnelles et moléculaires des sous-champs hippocampiques et de leurs réseaux dans le vieillissement normal et la maladie d’Alzheimer." Caen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CAEN1019.
Full textRecent advances in neuroimaging techniques allow to better understand the pathophysiological processes of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and are particularly promising for early diagnosis. The objectives of this thesis were to better characterize the structural, functional and molecular alterations of the hippocampal subfields and their associated networks in Alzheimer's disease and normal aging using in vivo multimodal neuroimaging. First, we evaluated the structural hippocampal subfields alterations in normal aging (NA) and AD using a manual delineation method developed in our laboratory. We then evaluated the validity of the automatic segmentation algorithm implemented in FreeSurfer. These analyses showed specific structural changes in NA and AD, while the FreeSurfer method appeared inappropriate to estimate hippocampal subfield volumes. In addition, our work suggests that the practice of physical or cognitive activities have a beneficial effect on hippocampal substructures particularly sensitive to NA. Secondly, we evaluated the specific intrinsic functional connectivity of hippocampal subfields with the rest of the brain, before assessing their alterations in a pre-dementia stage of AD. Our results highlighted the specificity of hippocampal subfield networks and their functional alterations in early AD. In addition, our results showed a hierarchy in the progression of tau pathology within hippocampal subfield networks over the course of AD
Salaam, Jeremy. "Sondes magnetogènes à base de Fe(II) répondantes à un analyte chimique par changement de spin électronique." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEN075.
Full textThis thesis deals with Fe(II) based molecules capable of a spin switch by interacting with an analyte in solution, which are used in the field of molecular imaging, in particular MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging). For several years now, the scientific community around MRI has become aware of two important issues: MRI’s low sensitivity and the toxicity of the contrast agents used to improve it. Our team responds to these two drawbacks by developing magnetogenic probes that are specific to a biological analyte and supposedly less toxic.For that purpose, the development of a reliable methodology allowing the incorporation of sulfonate units on the periphery of coordination complexes, offering a solubility and compatibility increase in biological media, was carried out. Then it was applied to a probe system already established in the team in order to increase its pH of activation. By expanding these peripheral decorative units to other functional groups, a series of derivatives have been synthesized, in order to extract a trend in the activation performance of the system in acidic conditions.With the aim of finding a system operating at physiological pH, two complexes were synthesized, carrying new activation motifs. The extensive characterization and activation studies of these complexes provided valuable data for the team in its understanding and optimization of the probe’s design.The in cellulo biocompatibility of the developed systems has been explored by studying their toxicity and their cellular absorption.An enzymatic activation project in the stomach of laboratory animals (rat), and the team's first in vivo proof of concept attempt, has been initiated. The preliminary manipulations are promising for the rest of the project. Finally, the difference in the MRI signal of the synthesized chemical objects, the difference between the probe before its encounter of the analyte and after, is unprecedented in the field. These results are encouraging for the development of a probe sensitive enough to allow application to routine molecular imaging experiments
Pépin, Jérémy. "Développement de l’imagerie métabolique par IRM-CEST : application à la maladie de Huntington." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS032/document.
Full textHuntington's disease (HD) is a inherited neurodegenerative disease affecting the brain. This disease is characterized by clinical symptoms such as psychiatric, cognitive and motor disorders worsening over time. These deficiencies are due to an abnormal increase in the size of the CAG repeats in the gene encoding the huntingtin protein. Thisaccumulates in the brain cells and causes their death. Previous studies have shown that the metabolic profile measured in ¹H NMR spectroscopy can be altered in patients with this disease as well as major atrophy of certain structures of the brain. Hypotheses involving defects in energy metabolism have been advanced to explain partially the pathophysiology of the disease. The metabolic actors could thus be biomarkers of interest. Using a promising MRI modality called Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST), it is possible to detect low-concentrated labile protons that are classically undetectable in MRI. It thus becomes possible to map in vivo the distribution of metabolites such as glutamate (which is a neurotransmitter) or glucose (which is the fuel of cells) which are potentially involved in neurodegenerative diseases. The methodological developments carried out during this thesis were then applied to rodent models of Huntington's disease (KI140 mice, R6/1 mice, BACHD rats) in order to identify potential biomarkers of the pathology and to evaluate the relevance of these innovative MRI methods. All of these results and methods implemented during this thesis show the potential of CEST imaging for the study of neurodegenerative diseases
Vaillant, Solenne. "Suivi in vivo de cellules immunitaires par imagerie multimodale." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS021/document.
Full textRecent clinical trial results have demonstrated the efficacy of immunotherapy in cancer patients. This type of therapy involves treating cancer cells by stimulating the patient's immune defenses. The aim of this thesis project is to develop a biomarker of efficacy for this therapy, in order to better understand the biological mechanisms involved, and to have an early and non-invasive indicator of the patient’s response to immunotherapy. To do this, two imaging techniques (MRI and PET) were used as in vivo monitoring tools for the biodistribution of different populations of immune cells. The first step of this work was to establish different protocols for labeling immune cells. For the PET approach, the immune cells were labeled with Zirconium 89; and for MRI, two labeling techniques were studied: the first uses iron nanoparticles, and the other uses micelles loaded with Fluorine 19. After validation of their non-toxicity, the sensitivity of each labeling was evaluated in vitro, then in vivo in a second step, thus making it possible to study the biodistribution of the immune cells after different types of injections. The labeling with Zirconium 89 was then tested on different animal models of immunotherapies (PD1/PDL1 for example). Finally, since direct markings do not allow optimal cellular monitoring in the long term, a cell labeling approach using reporter genes has been considered. It involved modifying the genome of the immune cells so that they could express an enzyme (for example the viral thymidine kinase HSV1-TK) or a transporter (such as the NIS iodine transporter) allowing the internalization of a radioactive tracer in vivo, and thus be able to carry out indirect labeling of the cells
Nunes, Dourado de Carvalho Victor. "Dipolar order relaxation (T1D) in myelin : a combined inhomogeneous MT (ihMT) MRI and Jeener-Broekaert NMR approach." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0195.
Full textInhomogeneous magnetization transfer (ihMT) is a MRI technique that enables accurate measurement of myelin content in the central nervous system in vivo. ihMT highlights the dipolar order effects and is weighted by the associated relaxation time T1D. T1D is modulated by molecular dynamics, however it provides additional sensitivity to slow motional processes. Hence assessing T1D is important to add new information to characterize biological tissues and associated pathophysiology. ihMT and other MRI techniques can be used to evaluate myelin in vivo, and help diagnosis and follow-up of multiple sclerosis patients. New experiments have suggested that myelinated tissues and membranes would exhibit multiple T1D components probably due to a heterogeneous molecular mobility and relatively slow magnetization mixing mechanisms. To better understand T1D relaxation, the presented work uses a NMR method, the Jeener-Broekaert sequence. With this sequence, multi-T1D relaxation was observed on synthetic lipid membranes, surrogate models of myelin. This work proposes a new ihMT model with two dipolar order reservoirs and associated T1Ds. Quantitative T1D maps were generated. Implementation of the proposed model found short and long T1D on the order of 500 μs and 10 ms, respectively, in fixed rat spinal cord. Combining NMR and MRI assessments of T1D may help understand what states of myelin, in terms of composition, structure and molecular dynamics, contribute to the ihMT signal in vivo
Gondrand, Corentin. "Étude chémobiologique de sondes magnétogènes et fluorogènes pour l'imagerie moléculaire." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEN070/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis deals with the design and evaluation of magnetogenic and fluorogenic probes for the in vivo detection of enzyme activities.Molecules capable of switching from a diamagnetic to a paramagnetic state in response to an enzyme stimulus would be of great interest for molecular magnetic resonance imaging. Two examples of such magnetogenic probes had been designed in a previous work : one can operate in physiological conditions, whereas the other needs an acidification of the water medium to become paramagnetic. I prepared new analogues of the first probe ; one molecule displayed fragmentation three times faster than the original compound. Then I designed and synthesized probes derived from the second example and responsive to enzyme activities ; such molecules are suitable for the in vitro quantification of enzyme biomarkers for diagnosis purposes. I participated to the conception of two proofs of concept of devices dedicated to the measurement of longitudinal relaxation times in micro-volumes. Finally, I started the development of a new family of molecules inspired by the second example but able to work at the physiological pH.I also worked on precipitating fluorogenic probes for the detection of glycosidase activities. A former probe for leucine aminopeptidase, based on the exceptional characteristics of the fluorophore ELF-97 in terms of solubility, luminescence and stability, had demonstrated great efficiency to label live HeLa cells. I designed a new architecture of probes responding to glycosidases via an original tandem of selfimmolative spacers. Two probes have been prepared, one targets beta-galactosidase and the second detects cellulase. The first probe performed a fast and sensitive labelling of beta-galactosidase-expressing cells. The second molecule was employed successfully to quantify the cellulase activity secreted by yeasts, which will be useful for the high-throughput screening of yeasts capable of producing bioethanol from vegetal waste
Delebarre, Thaddée. "Development of fast and robust metabolic imaging in humans at high magnetic field." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPAST001.
Full textChemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CEST MRI) represents a powerful tool for the study of metabolism, offering superior temporal and spatial resolution as well as increased sensitivity compared to Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). CEST MRI enables the indirect detection of certain metabolites through the interaction between their labile protons and those of bulk water. CEST can map glucose, glutamate, creatine, which are important metabolites involved in cancers, and neurodegenerative and musculoskeletal diseases, representing therefore a promising bioimaging tool. The rapid development of high magnetic field MRI ((≥7 T) in recent decades greatly benefits CEST, opening up new applications and generating growing interest.The aim of this thesis is to develop CEST MRI in a clinical context, taking full advantage of high magnetic fields to increase the robustness and speed of CEST acquisitions. To this end, we focus on two main objectives. The first is to develop the CEST imaging method in a clinical environment, overcoming the practical limitations associated with high-field clinical MRI scanners, notably the strict constraints of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and RadioFrequency (RF) field heterogeneities (B1).To achieve this first objective, a parallel transmission CEST sequence was developed. Parallel transmission uses a multi-channel RF transmit antenna, which can be controlled independently to reduce B1 heterogeneity. Moreover, parallel transmission also allows optimized energy management using virtual observation points (a strategy developed in the laboratory) By making use of parallel transmission we have implemented an acquisition strategy which allowed us to produce CEST images with three times less B1 heterogeneity, and two times faster than compared to the state of the art literature reports.The second objective is to evaluate the performance of CEST, glucose, and glutamate weighted, in detecting and characterizing normal and pathological aging. A clinical study was carried out, involving young and elderly healthy volunteers as well as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. The results showed that CEST can detect global variations in glutamate and glucose in the brain associated with aging. The acquisition and exploitation of data from AD patients is still in progress.In conclusion, this thesis has enabled the development of high-field CEST methods and the evaluation of their performance in the study of aging. These results open up encouraging prospects for the use of CEST as a biomarker of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases
Picot, Audrey. "Develοpment οf a theranοstic agent fοr micrοthrοmbοsis during ischemic strοke." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMC418.
Full textThere is emerging evidence suggesting that ischemic stroke is frequently associated with the formation of microthrombi in downstream microcirculation. These microthrombi are associated with increased lesion size, cognitive decline, and dementia. Unfortunately, these microthrombi are difficult to detect with current imaging methods. To address this, a novel theranostic agent was developed, IO@PDA@tPA, combining iron oxide microparticles (IO) coated with polydopamine (PDA) and conjugated with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (r-tPA). This agent exhibits in vitro clot lysis activity and reduces reactive oxygen species in neurons under oxygen-glucose deprivation. In vivo, administration of IO@PDA@tPA at one-quarter of the standard r-tPA dose enabled microthrombi visualization and degradation as detected by T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This treatment significantly reduced lesion size and promoted recanalization 24 hours after stroke onset. In a hyperglycemic mouse model of IS, the agent showed similar efficacy compared to r-tPA without increasing hemorrhagic risk, a common complication of free r-tPA. Additionally, full functional recovery was observed within five days post-stroke. Thus, IO@PDA@tPA represents a promising theranostic tool for targeting cerebral microthrombi, reducing the required r-tPA dose and associated side effects
Goursaud, Suzanne. "Étude de l'activation endothéliale post-hémorragie sous-arachnoïdienne : apport à la compréhension de la physiopathologie de l'ischémie cérébrale retardée." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMC403.
Full textSubarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a serious neurovascular pathology that most often requires admission to intensive care, because it causes high morbidity and mortality. Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is one of the main complications, which occurs in 30% of patients in the following days after SAH. DCI can be fatal, but is most often the leading cause of functional and/or cognitive disabilities. The pathophysiology of DCI is not elucidated and its treatment are currently limited. Following a review of the literature, we were able to highlight that no experimental murine SAH model currently meets the diagnostic criteria for DCI in humans, which makes research with poor clinical relevance. Early brain injury (EBI) includes several mechanisms involved in the occurrence of DCI. This early phase is a major predictor of clinical outcome, which is difficult to characterize with standard imaging tools. Recent studies have shown that endothelial activation plays a key role after SAH in the occurrence of DCI. Diagnosis approach using new molecular imaging devices to characterize this endothelial activation was the main objective of our work. Using molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic particle imaging (MPI), we highlighted an early endothelial activation associated with EBI post-SAH in mice. Using standard methods, we were able to observe the concomitant expression and release of von Willebrand factor (VWF), illustrating the existence of thrombo-inflammatory response at the acute phase. These data make it possible to characterize EBI and its early mechanisms involved in the occurrence of DCI, which offers promising clinical perspectives
Mutlu, Justine. "Connectivité fonctionnelle au repos : relation avec la topographie et la propagation des atteintes structurales, fonctionnelles et moléculaires dans la maladie d'Alzheimer." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC005/document.
Full textAdvances in neuroimaging techniques have allowed considerable improvement of the understanding and the prediction of the pathophysiological processes of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent findings suggested a transneuronal spread hypothesis of neurodegeneration according to which neurodegenerative disease would target specific functional networks among which it would appear and spread. This thesis aimed at assessing this hypothesis in AD by studying the relationships between resting-state functional connectivity and structural, metabolic and molecular alterations. Firstly, we identified the functional, structural and metabolic alterations within the ventral and the dorsal posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) networks in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and AD. This transversal study suggested an early vulnerability (since the MCI stage) of the ventral network regarding atrophy and resting-state functional connectivity disruptions while hypometabolism concerned both ventral and dorsal networks in MCI and AD patients. Secondly, we assessed the relative influence of the specific connectivity (of the region the most disrupted) versus the global connectivity (of one region with the rest of the brain, especially high in hub regions) on the topography and the propagation of atrophy, hypometabolism and amyloid deposition over 18 months in AD. This longitudinal study revealed that atrophy would appear and propagate through the specific connectivity by avoiding hub regions which would be more vulnerable to the hypometabolism and amyloid deposition
Chapellet, Laure. "Conception et synthèse de nouvelles plateformes moléculaires de type cryptophane. Application à l’encapsulation du xénon et de cations métalliques en solution aqueuse." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL1050/document.
Full textCryptophanes are molecular receptors known for their complexation properties of various substrates. Over the last fifteen years, cryptophanes were the subject of numerous studies for they can be used to obtain biosensors for xenon MRI. This field has experienced significant growth and advances to the point were in vivo applications are now envisioned, provided that large amounts of biosensors can be synthesized. More recently, polyphenolic cryptophanes have been studied for their ability to encapsulate monovalent metallic cations like Cs+ and Tl+ in aqueous solution. This could lead to applications for depollution of contaminated water sources but would require, once again, the synthesis of large amounts of cryptophanes.The work carried out during this thesis focus on the conception and the synthesis of new molecular platforms that could either be used to obtain new hyperpolarized xenon biosensors or to encapsulate monovalent metallic cations as Cs+ and Tl+. Synthetic routes have been developed to produce good amounts of a variety of new hydrosoluble molecular platforms designed for each application. The encapsulation properties of these new host molecules were studied through NMR of the encapsulated nucleus, circular dichroism or isothermal calorimetry. In each case, the new platforms meet the expected requirements thus opening the door for the envisioned applications
Malikidogo, Kyangwi Patrick. "Agents de contraste pour la détection quantitative du Zn(II) par IRM." Thesis, Orléans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ORLE2074.
Full textMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has long been devoted to obtain anatomical and functional images. Recently the development of molecular imaging, which seeks to obtain biochemical and physiopathological information, requires the use of a probe specific to the molecular event to be detected. This has led to the development of new “smart” Gd(III)-based contrast agents.Zn(II) detection remains of prime importance due to its implication in biological processes and diseases. One of the major challenges is its quantitative detection. To this aim, we have developed an approach based on bimodal probes which differs only by the Ln(III) used : Gd(III) for MRI (responsive technique) and 165Er(III) forsingle photon emission computed tomography (quantitative technique). These probes are based on apyridine-Ln(III) unit linked to a DPA (dipicolylamide) motif for Zn(II) complexation through a spacer.First, we have optimized the Zn(II) response of the Gd(III) complexes. We have improved the thermodynamic stability of the Ln(III) complexes by adding a carboxylate function to the ligand. This family of complexes respond to Zn(II) in the presence of HSA (Human Serum Albumin) by changes of the rotational correlation time. We have then performed a structural study to point out important parameters to optimize the Zn(II)response and/or the selectivity, especially versus Cu(II). We have also developed a family of molecules responding to Zn(II) by modest variation of the hydration number q. Finally, we validated the use of 165Er(III) for the in vitro quantitative detection of Zn(II)
Boucher, Marianne. "Magnetosomes used as biogenic MRI contrast agent for molecular imaging of glioblastoma model." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS234/document.
Full textThis work takes place in the context of molecular imaging, which aims at tailoring medical treatments and therapies to the individual context by revealing molecular or cellular phenomenon of medical interest in the less invasive manner. In particular, it can be acheived with MRI molecular imaging using engineered iron-oxide contrast agent.This PhD thesis focuses on the study of a new class of iron-oxide contrast agent for high field MRI. Indeed, magnetosomes are natural iron-oxide vesicles produced by magnetotactic bacteria. These bacteria synthesized such magnetic vesicles and ordered them like a nano-compass in order to facilitate their navigation in sediments. This explains why magnetosomes are awarded with tremendous magnetic properties: around 50 nm, mono-crystalline, single magnetic domain and high saturation magnetization. Furthermore, a wide variety of bacterial strains exist in nature and size and shape of magnetosomes are highly stable within strain and can be very different between strains. Finally, magnetosomes are naturally coated with a bilipidic membrane whose content is genetically determined. Lately, researchers have unravelled magnetosomes membrane protein contents, opening the way to create functionnalized magnetosomes thanks to fusion of the gene coding for a protein of interest with the gene coding for an abundant protein at magnetosomes membrane.A new alternative path using living organisms to tackle the production of engineered high effciency molecular imaging probes have been investigated with magnetotactic bacteria in this PhD. The production and engineering of magnetosomes have been carried out by our partner, the Laboratoire de Bio-energétique Cellulaire (LBC, CEA Cadarache), and will be presented and discussed. We then characterized magnetosomes as contrast agent for high field MRI. We showed they present very promising contrasting properties in vitro, and assessed this observation in vivo by establishing they can be used as effcient blood pool agent after intravenous injection. Afterward, we applied the concept of producing engineered MRI molecular imaging probes in a single step by bacteria, to a mouse model of glioblastoma. Knowing that tumor cells can be actively targeted through anb3 integrins by RGD, we produced RGD functionnalized magnetosomes. We started from showing these RGD magnetosomes have a good affnity for U87 cell in vitro, prior to demonstrate it in vivo on orthotopic U87 mouse model. This in vivo affnity being fnally cross-validated with histology
Clement, Alexandra. "La caractérisation de la mutation IDH1R¹³²H dans un modèle de gliome humain de haut grade par imagerie multimodale, une étude translationnelle in vitro et in vivo." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0213.
Full textThe integration of molecular parameters in the classification of gliomas by the WHO in 2016, particularly IDH1R¹³²H mutational status, has significant diagnostic impact. This mutation is associated with a better prognosis but the physiopathological mechanisms underlying its expression remain poorly understood. Our work evaluates a multimodal imaging approach integrating multiparametric MRI and multiparametric multitracer PET to non-invasively characterize this mutation in gliomas. High grade human glioma cells (U87-MG) expressing or not the IDH1R¹³²H mutation (IDH1+ ; IDH1-), constructed using CRISP/Cas9 were studied in cell culture (in vitro), in a preclinical rat model after stereotactic grafting (in vivo) and after autopsy (ex vivo). In vitro, IDH1+ tumors expressed low levels of integrins αvβ3 and TSPO receptors which are considered to be biological markers of aggressiveness involving angiogenesis and tumor inflammation pathways. In vivo, MRIs (4.7T) of these IDH1+ tumors showed areas of high vascular densities which were characterized by functional neo-vascularizations, comparable to healthy cerebral vascular networks. Magnetic resonance spectra variations confirmed these results and revealed a less aggressive metabolite profile for these IDH1+ tumors. The combination of static and dynamic PET parameters with decreased uptake and a pronounced decrease in the PET slope of [⁶⁸Ga]NODAGA-(RGDyK)₂, as well as decreased PET uptake of [¹⁸F]DPA-714 in IDH1+ tumors, targeting αvβ3 integrins and TSPO receptors, yielded good diagnostic performances to discriminate the IDH1R¹³²H mutation. Ex vivo, spectroscopic analyses indicated less aggressive metabolic profile. This translational study demonstrates the benefits of multimodal and multiparametric imaging, and associates expression of the IDH1R¹³²H mutation, in high-grade human glioma cells with a less aggressive tumor profile. Validation of results from this pilot study in human primary cell cultures, may lead to a clinical multimodal imaging study to non-invasively characterize the IDH1R¹³²H mutation
Magnin, Rémi. "Développements précliniques de nouveaux outils utilisant les ultrasons transcraniens guidés par IRM haut champ pour la délivrance de médicaments dans le cerveau et la stimulation non invasive de circuits neuronaux." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS037/document.
Full textBy preventing most of the molecules from penetrating the brain in sufficient quantitiy, the Blood Brain Barrier represents a major obstacle for the development of new therapeutic drugs for brain diseases. A new technique introduced in the early 2000’s combining focused ultrasound and circulating microbubbles has however shown promising results, allowing to induce a local and transient permeabilization of the BBB in a non-invasive manner, thus significantly improving the amount of drugs delivered to the Central Nervous System (CNS). However, this protocol may present some risks (oedema, small hemorrages) which can be avoided by a good control of the acoustic beam properties. To do so, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) represents a very useful tool since it allows planning, monitoring and following the permeabilization effects by using MRI contrast agents and quantitative imaging sequences (T1/T2 relaxometry). During this PhD, we worked on developing new tools for the study of ultrasound induced BBB permeabilization in rodents. The first part of this work consisted in developing a MR compatible motorized device, allowing the displacment of the ultrasound transducer within a 7T preclinic MRI scanner, with a realtime feedback on the acoustic beam position thanks to MR Acoustic Radiation Force Imaging (MR-ARFI). We have shown that this system allowed performing a full BBB permeabilization protocol under MR-guidance, with an accurate and reproducible choice of the targeted anatomical structure. This system was also used to deliver drugs along arbitrary trajectories over extended regions of the brain. Another part of the work was dedicated to study and improve the safety of the procedure. The influence of different acoustic parameters (acoustic pressure, duty cycle) on the permeabilization efficacy was studied, as well as histologic investigations of short and mid-term effects of BBB permeabilization for different acoustic pressures on healthy rats. Finally, we investigated the diffusion process of contrast agents within the brain tissues following BBB permeabilization. We have shown that this technique allowed accurate measurements of brain tissues tortuosity in a non-invasive way, and found that the tortuosity was not modified by the ultrasound application
Chabran, Eléna. "Étude des bases cérébrales de la maladie à corps de Lewy par IRM multimodale." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ088.
Full textDespite being the second most common cognitive neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease (AD),dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is still poorly understood and represents a major scientific, clinical andpublic health problem. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as a non-invasive and multimodal technique,constitutes a promising approach to improve the understanding of the underlying cerebral bases of thisdisease. In this thesis project we addressed the functional, structural and microstructural cerebral changes inpatients in the early stages of DLB compared with AD patients and healthy elderly subjects. We alsoinvestigated the links between these changes and some key-symptoms of DLB such as cognitive fluctuations.For that purpose, we combined functional connectivity analyses during a visual-perceptual paradigm andduring resting-state, morphometric analyses and quantitative multiparametric analyses. DLB patients showedsignificant functional connectivity disturbances between the salience network, the default mode network andattentional networks, that could arise from early disconnections within the salience network. Theseconnectivity changes, along with subtle grey matter volume reductions in regions of the cholinergic system,could contribute to the fluctuations characterizing DLB. In addition, we found gray matter diffusion changesin frontal regions and in the anterior cingulate cortex, associated with white matter diffusion changes inparietal and occipital regions in DLB patients, that could contribute to the functional connectivityabnormalities
Sezille, Caroline. "Universalité et diversité de la perception olfactive humaine : approches psychophysique, moléculaire et neurobiologique." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10184.
Full textIn a society moving forward and wanting to cut with his animal side, olfactory perception has been judged unnecessary and limited to its simplest expression. Unsurprisingly, olfactory perception was found to be one of the most difficult dimensions to understand in our sensory universe. This dissertation examines the perception of odors in humans. The research effort has been focused on two important aspects of smell: the hedonic valence of odor (ie the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the sample) and odor quality (eg, its floral or fruity note). Olfaction is also known to be highly variable from one individual to another. Indeed, although some odors are perceived in the same way by the majority of the population, many others are perceived very differently between individuals. Thus, the main objective of the research was to provide some explanation on important factors of inter-individual variability in the qualitative and hedonic perception of odors. Without making the complete deterministic claim that olfactory perception is "written in the molecule", the results in this dissertation reinforce the idea that the hedonic and qualitative perceptions of smell are built through a hierarchy of treatments starting with the combination of molecular structure (or of a particular structural attribute) and a very specific set of olfactory receptors. The difference in expression of these olfactory receptors as individuals and populations, as well as learning by mere exposure or acquisition of expertise will then color in a personal way the valence and perceived quality of odors, leading to inter-individual heterogeneity in olfactory perception
Shi, Da. "Préparation et caractérisation de microbulles fonctionnelles stabilisées par des fluorocarbures et décorées de nanoparticules dendronisées : évaluation comme agents du contraste bimodaux pour l'IRM et l'imagerie par ultrasons." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAF053.
Full textThis Thesis focuses on the preparation and characterization of microbubbles stabilized with a fluorocarbon gas and decorated with dendronized magnetic nanoparticles. The impacts of perfluorohexane exposure mode on Langmuir monolayers formed by phospholipids and on the properties of microbubbles were evaluated. The behaviours of Langmuir monolayers formed by dendrons and of the mixtures of dendrons and phospholipids were investigated. The attractive fluorine-fluorine interactions that develop between the fluorocarbon gas and the fluorinated terminal group prompt the adsorption of nanoparticles grafted with dendrons to the air/water interface. Small and stable microbubbles decorated with dendronized iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared. The magnetic microbubbles were examined as bimodal contrast agents for MRI and ultrasound imaging on a murine model in collaboration with the Universitätklinikum in Freiburg. This work was supported by the INTERREG V (Nanotransmed)
Giret, Simon. "Nanoparticules de silice hybride à empreinte moléculaire comme transporteur pH-sensible de principes actifs." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENCM0006.
Full textThis thesis is part of the research against cancer, one of the major challenges for our society. The objective is to optimize the action of active compounds by reducing side effects for the patient. For this we want to develop pH-sensitive silicic nanocarriers able to accumulate specifically in solid tumors through the EPR effect.The work detailed in this manuscript describes the synthesis of new 5-Fluorouracil derivatives anticancer drugs able to complex via H-bonds hybrid silica precursor with triazine molecular recognition motif. This complex trapped in the solid through sol-gel process is then used to create autonomous and pH-controlled drug delivery system with non-premature release. These systems, evaluated in-vitro on breast cancer cells, have significant cytotoxicity.The encouraging results obtained suggest in-vivo experiments for our systems. For that, we are currently improving our nanomachines by introducing a heart of iron oxide for MRI imaging and confirm their efficiency on solid tumors
Trillaud, Hervé. "Imagerie fonctionnelle du rein par résonance magnétique." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR28439.
Full textVignaux, Olivier. "Imagerie tissulaire myocardique par résonance magnétique nucléaire." Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05CD05.
Full textMagnetic Resonance Imaging of myocardical tissue. In patients with known or suspected cardiac desease, an "all-in-one" cardiac imaging modality should theoretically include morphological and functional analysis of the heart, but also information on myocardical tissue in order to detect its infiltration by abnormal tissues or substances and to study its perfusion and viability in ischemic disease. The specific magnetic properties with changes of relaxations times (and thereby increased or decreased signal intensities) induced by some tissues such as fatty infiltration, fibrosis, edema or inflammation allow a characterization of the myocardical tissue. Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging also offers the potential for a complete functional study of the myocardium including contractility as well as perfusion and viability using cotrasts agents (Gadolinium-DTPA). The aim of this work was to demonstrate the ability of MR imaging to non-invasively characterize myocardical tissue and to assess its function. MR capacities of imaging the myocardical tissue have been applied to myocardical ischemia and to some specific cardiomyopathies
Kuhne, Francois. "Tumeurs choroïdiennes et imagerie par résonance magnétique." Bordeaux 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR25277.
Full textSerres-Cousiné, Olivier. "Imagerie par résonance magnétique de l'endométriose pelvienne." Montpellier 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON11003.
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