Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Imagerie à haut contenu'
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Mau, Adrien. "Développements pour l'imagerie quantitative et à haut contenu en microscopie de fluorescence classique et super-résolue." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASP016.
Full textFluorescence and Single Molecule Localization Microscopy (SMLM) allows for thespecific labeling and imaging of biological samples, and are an essential tool for biologists.However, images are generally non-quantitative and limited in feld of view, as well as in imagingtimes. These limits are fundamentally linked to the illumination scheme, which should be optimized both in term of uniformity, but also in control of the irradiance. We propose a novelillumination scheme named ASTER, which allow for a versatile and uniform illumination and is compatible with classical optical sectioning schemes. We first apply ASTER to fluorescence microscopy and particularly the imaging of live dynamic samples. Then we show the ability toobtain uniform resolution in SMLM, as well as the potential of ASTER's versatility. One mayreduce the uorescent background, image wide200 x 200 µm² fields, or realize a SMLM image under a minute. Finally, we present theimplementation of a multicolor SMLM experiment, allowing for the simultaneous imaging ofdifferent structures with cross-talks around 2%.This method is quanti ed and optimized, andthen applied to two and three color imaging, aswell as 3D imaging. Different perspectives for ASTER and multicolor imaging are then proposed
German, Yolla. "L'imagerie cellulaire à haut débit révèle le contrôle de la synapse immunologique par le cytosquelette d'actine." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30015.
Full textCytotoxic lymphocytes rely on actin cytoskeleton remodeling to achieve their function. In particular cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells assemble the immunological synapse (IS), a complex actin-rich structure that allows the interaction with target cells, such as infected cells or tumor cells, and permits the polarized delivery of lytic granules. Although actin cytoskeleton remodeling is known to be a driving force of IS assembly and dynamics, our understanding of the molecular control of actin remodeling sustaining IS dynamics remains fragmented. This PhD project consisted in developing a high-content imaging approach to unbiasedly define the metrics of IS from human T and NK lymphocytes and to characterize the requirements for actin cytoskeleton integrity in organizing the IS architecture.For that purpose, the stimulation and staining of cell lines and primary cells in multiwell plates and acquisition of a unique set of >100.000 confocal images with a fully automatized high-content imager was optimized. The images were analyzed with two complementary CellProfiler analytical pipelines to characterize the morphological features associated with different treatments and disease status. We first extracted 16 morphological features pertaining to F-actin, LFA-1 or lytic molecules based on prior knowledge of IS assembly, and included features pertaining to the nucleus. We show that IS assembly in Jurkat and NK-92 cells is characterized by increased F-actin intensity and cell area. For Jurkat cells, we report an increase in LFA-1 intensity and surface area, and for NK-92 cells an increase in lytic granule detection at the IS plane. We then treated NK-92 cells with seven drugs known to affect different aspects of actin dynamics and investigated the associated effects on IS features. We report concentration dependent effects, not only on F-actin intensity, as expected, but also on lytic granule polarization. Furthermore, using a high-resolution morphological profiling based on >300 features, we show that each drug inflicts distinct alterations of IS morphology. In a next step, we applied our experimental pipeline to primary NK cells isolated from the blood of healthy donors. Distinct morphological features were characterized among the NK cells from different donors, highlighting the sensitivity of our approach, but also revealing an unsuspected variability of immune cell morphologies among donors. We then further applied our approach to primary CD8+ T cells from patients with a rare immunodeficiency due to mutations in the gene encoding the actin regulator ARPC1B. ARPC1B deficiency results in decreased F-actin intensity, as well as in lytic granule polarization. This prompted us to assess the ability of these cells to kill target cells, which was markedly reduced. These results illustrate how the systematic analysis of the IS might be used to assist the exploration of fonctional defects of lymphocyte populations in pathological settings. In conclusion, our study reveals that although assembly of the IS can be characterized by a few features such as F-actin intensity and cell spreading, capturing fine alterations of that complex structure that arise from cytoskeleton dysregulation requires a high-content analysis. The pipeline we developed through this project holds promises for the morphological profiling of lymphocytes from primary immunodeficiency patients whose genetic defect has not yet been identified. Moreover, the discriminative power of our high-content approach could be exploited to characterize the response of lymphocytes to various stimuli and to monitor lymphocyte activation in multiple immune-related pathologies and treatment settings
Schoenauer, Sebag Alice. "Développement de méthodes pour les données de cribles temporels à haut contenu et haut débit : versatilité et analyses comparatives." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0035/document.
Full textBiological screens test large sets of experimental conditions with respect to their specific biological effect on living systems. Technical and computational progresses have made it possible to perform such screens at a large scale - up to hundreds of thousands of experiments. Live cell imaging is an excellent tool to study in detail the consequences of chemical perturbation on a given biological process. However, the analysis of live cell screens demands the combination of robust computer vision methods, efficient statistical methods for the detection of significant effects and robust procedures for quality control. This thesis addresses these challenges by developing analytical methods for the analysis of High Throughput time-lapse microscopy screening data. The developed frameworks are applied to publicly available HCS data, demonstrating their applicability and the benefits of HCS data remining. The first multivariate workflow for the study of single cell motility in such large-scale data is detailed in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 presents this workflow application to previously published data, and the development of a new distance for drug target inference by in silico comparisons of parallel siRNA and drug screens. Finally, chapter 4 presents a complete methodological pipeline for performing HT time-lapse screens in Environmental Toxicology
Reboud, Julien. "Mise au point d'un format innovant de puces à cellules pour l'analyse phénotypique à haut-contenu." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10047.
Full textNowadays biology research is faced with a considerable amount of genomic data which has to be functionally characterised in order to bring new concepts, which will lead to new therapies. These studies approach molecular-based mechanisms, and need high-throughput and parallel data management. The multidisciplinary work presented here has allowed the development of a miniaturised technology of cell culture in liquid drops, matrixed on a plane solid substrate, to test the action of molecules or conditions on the cells behaviour. After the macroscopic demonstration of nucleic acid molecule transfection in living cells on such a device, we have developed a fabrication protocol for a miniaturised support, able to maintain 100 nano-drops per cm², based on differential surface tensions. A picoliter dispensing robot was integrated to make the cell culture drops automatically. The cells' behaviour in the drops is analysed by high-content fluorescence microscopy after fixation. Each cell of each drop is characterised by tenths of parameters individually. This new analytical approach, which has triggered the development of new bio-statistical tools, has been applied to a multipartner project of siRNA screening, aimed at studying the impact of genes on glioblastoma cells chemoresistance. We have also shown the use of mass spectrometry as a multiparametric phenotyping method. This cell-on-chip technology seems particularly well suited for the study of the precise behaviour of cells among a population at high-throughput. It will be the base of new lab-on-chip technologies
Beaulieu, Mathilde. "Imagerie optique à très haut contraste : une approche instrumentale optimale." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4040/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to optimize high-contrast imaging performance in visible and near infrared for exoplanet detection. The main study focuses on high-contrast at small separation, to image exoplanets in their habitable zone. This direct detection is achievable with the next Extremely Large Telescopes and with the development of coronagraph providing high performance at small separation. The approach adopted for this study creates a high-contrast region (a dark hole) with the combination of coronagraphy and wavefront shaping (wavefront control of both phase and amplitude with 2 deformable mirrors) but is limited by the Fresnel propagation of phase aberrations. The goal of this work is to define the wavefront shaping limitation in optical configuration (deformable mirrors location, component optical quality, beam diameter). A semi-analytic approach followed by a Monte-Carlo analysis of numerical end-to-end simulations is studied, resulting in the definition of the optimal configuration. Results are then applied to SPEED, a test bench to optimize and test high-contrast imaging at small separation with a segmented pupil. Another aspect of this thesis is a contribution to a stability study to treat the temporal stability as a crucial parameter in high-contrast imaging instrumentation, at the conception level. A preliminary work is initiated during the thesis to analyse the stability of the measuring instrument itself. A metrology tool and its thermal behaviour are thus studied. Finally, the last part of this thesis is a performance analysis of a new differential imaging technique, developed to improve high contrast with observations with different diaphragm sizes
Jai, Andaloussi Said. "Indexation de l'information médicale. Application à la recherche d'images et de vidéos par le contenu." Télécom Bretagne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TELB0150.
Full textThis PhD thesis addresses the use of multimedia medical databases for diagnostic decision and therapeutic follow-up. Our goal is to develop methods and a system to select in multimedia databases documents similar to a query document. These documents consist of text information, numeric images and sometimes videos. In the proposed diagnosis aid system, the database is queried with the patient file, or a part of it, as input. Our work therefore involves implementing methods related to Case-Based Reasoning (CBR), datamining, Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) and Content Based Video Retrieval (CBVR). These methods are evaluated on three multimodal medical databases. The first database consists of retinal images collected by the LaTIM laboratory for aided diabetic retinopathy follow-up. The second database is a public mammography database (Digital Database for Screening Mammography – DDSM –) collected by the University of South Florida. The third database consists of gastroenterology videos also collected by the LaTIM laboratory. This database is used to discover whether methods developed for fixed image retrieval can also be used for color video retrieval. The first part of this work focuses on the characterization of each image in the patient file. We continued the work started in our laboratory to characterize images globally in the compressed domain (vector quantization, DCT-JPEG, wavelets, adapted wavelets) for image retrieval. Compared to other compression methods, the wavelet decomposition led to a great improvement in terms of retrieval performance. However, the wavelet decomposition requires the specification of a kernel or basis function. To overcome this problem, we proposed an original image characterization method based on the BEMD (Bidimensionnal Empirical Mode Decomposition). It allows decomposing an image into several BIMFs (Bidimensionnal Intrinsic Mode Functions) that provide access to frequency information of the image content. An originality of the method comes from the self-adaptivity of BEMD: it does not require the specification of a basic function. Once images are characterized, a similarity search is performed by computing the distance between the signature of the query image and the signature of each image in the database, given a metric. This process leads to the selection of similar images, without semantic meaning. An optimization process, based on genetic algorithms, is used to adapt the distance metric and thus improve retrieval performance. Then, the problem of content based video retrieval is addressed. A method to generate video signatures is presented. This method relies on key video frames extracted by movement analysis. The distance between video signatures is computed using a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based technique. Finally, the proposed methods are integrated into the framework of patient file retrieval (each patient file consisting of several images and textual information). Three methods developed during a PhD thesis recently defended in our laboratory are used for patient file retrieval: the first approach is based on decision trees and their extensions, the second on Bayesian networks and the third on the Dezert-Smarandache theory (DSmT).
Benoit, Landry. "Imagerie multimodalité appliquée au phénotypage haut-débit des semences et plantules." Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0084.
Full textAlong this work, we have used the potentiality of different modalities of imagery that we apply to the plant domain so as to contribute to the high-throughput phenotyping of seeds and seedlings. We have mainly committed ourselves to the search for answers to two specific and important problematic in this domain. We begin by showing the applicability of visible imaging using an inactinic light and passive thermographic imaging to image the development of seeds and seedlings, a biological phenomenon usually occurring in soil and darkness. We present our contributions to this type of imaging through our contributions to the conception and the realization of a vision system using visible inactinic imaging, whose finality is the realization of individualized automated measurement on the seeds, the seedlings and the organs of the seedlings. This system handle seedling crossing, through the original use of anisotropic diffusion, which allowed us to multiply, without information loss, the output by ten. Furthermore, this system carries out the separation of the organs by means of a generic criterion based on gravitropism. The validation of the image processing algorithms of the vision system use original ways (numerical simulation and test of the influence of the uncertainty through agronomic simulation). Thermographic imaging, which captures the passive heat radiation of objects, allows us to visualize and to measure seeds and seedlings in the darkness. It also allows realizing the segmentation and the tracking of the organs of seedlings. This imaging technology also allowed us to demonstrate the feasibility of a non-destructive determination of sugar quantity in organs of beet seedlings. We then propose a generic methodology that allows the conception of spectrally optimized low-cost sensors, according to determined application tasks. This methodology uses information theory, to extract from, relatively expensive, hyperspectral imaging, the information needed for the conception of the dedicated low-cost sensors. The interest of this methodology for plant phenotyping has been shown and justifies its transfer to the world of research in plant biology
Stout, Jacques. "Spectroscopie et Imagerie RMN multi-noyaux à très haut champ magnétique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS312/document.
Full textBipolar disorder is a chronic affective disorder affecting 1 to 3% of the adult population worldwide and has a high level of comorbidity with suicide rates, substance abuse and other harmful conditions. The disorder has possible ties to schizophrenia and has been observed to have a strong genetic component. The exact biological underpinnings have not been firmly established, however abnormalities in limbic subcortical and prefrontal areas have been observed.Ever since its discovery more than half a century ago, a daily intake of Lithium salts has arguably become the most reliable treatment of the disorder, despite us possessing little to no understanding of its biochemical action. In order to shed some light on the effect of Lithium in the brain, we have developed Lithium-7 MR imaging at 7 and 17 Tesla in order to assess its cerebral concentration and distribution. Specifically, I worked on developing and validating several acquisition, reconstruction and quantification methods dedicated to 7Li MRI and MRS. Those methods were first applied to study ex vivo the cerebral distribution of lithium in rats. These rats were pretreated for 28 days with Li2CO3, sacrificed and their head fixated with PFA. Using a home-made 1H/7Li radiofrequency surface coil and a 7Li Turbo Spin echo acquisition and a modified phantom replacement method for quantification, we were able to measure Li concentration maps. Regional Li concentration values were then compared with those obtained with mass spectrometry.After this preclinical proof-of-concept study, an in vivo 7Li MRI protocol was designed to map the cerebral Li concentration in euthymic bipolar subjects at 7T. These individuals all followed a regular lithium treatment. For this study, we chose to use an ultra-short echo-time Steady State Free Precession sequence with non-Cartesian k-space sampling. A quantification and analysis pipeline similar to the one used for our preclinical study was applied for this study, with the addition of a correction step for B0 inhomogeneities. After conducting a statistical analysis at the cohort level, it was assessed that the left hippocampus, a major part of the limbic system that has been associated with BD on multiple occasions, exhibited systematically a high level of lithium. Finally, I developed a quantification method accounting for the different relaxation times of 7Li in the CSF and in the brain parenchyma. This method was applied to image lithium at 7T in a subset of bipolar patients reducing drastically the differences initially observed between the SSFP and bSSFP sequences
Po, Chrystelle. "Etude par IRM à haut champ de l'ischémie cérébrale transitoire chez le rat nouveau né." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EVRY0002.
Full textThe aim of this study was to characterize by in vivo MRI and MRS the short term and middle term developments of cerebral injuries following an experimental transient focal ischemia in the newborn rat (P7). The results show the efficiency of MRI to monitor the short term extent of the injured areas during ischemia and reperfusion and to predict the extent of the middle term extent of brain damage. The middle term monitoring has shown the development of a glial scar in the injured areas, by T2 weighted imaging, and the remodeling of the cerebral fiber networks, by Diffusion Tensor Imaging both in the glial scar and in ipsilateral adjacent areas. The monitoring of cerebral ischemia by these imaging methods will be thus a useful tool to evaluate the efficiency of therapeutic treatments directed toward these two processes
Hadam, Pawel. "Transports nouvelle génération dans les réseaux à très haut débit." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010643.
Full textOuellet, Mireille, and Mireille Ouellet. "Système optique d'imagerie haut contraste embarqué sur un ballon stratosphérique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37114.
Full textPlusieurs projets de télescopes spatiaux ont pour objectif d’étudier des exoplanètes en ayant recours à des techniques d’imagerie directe à haut contraste. Afin d’atteindre une différence de contraste requise entre la lumière de l’étoile et celle réfléchie par l’exoplanète, ses systèmes doivent utiliser un coronographe pour occulter la lumière de l’étoile et corriger en temps réel les erreurs de front d’onde avec des techniques d’optique adaptative. Les aberrations sont détectées par un analyseur de front d’onde, puis une boucle de contrôle envoie une commande qui modifie la surface d’un miroir déformable pour compenser les erreurs de front d’onde. Les performances des systèmes d’optiques adaptatives sont cependant souvent limitées par la présente d’erreurs quasi statiques qui sont causées par la différence de trajet optique entre la caméra de science et le senseur de front d’onde. Un système d’imagerie haut contraste a donc été développé pour démontrer le potentiel d’une technique de contrôle qui permet d’éliminer cette source d’erreur. Cette boucle de contrôle a la particularité d’utiliser un coronographe qui permet d’analyser les erreurs de front d’onde directement à partir de l’image de la caméra de science. Le système optique développé dans le cadre de ce mémoire a été testé en laboratoire et a également été optimisé pour réaliser une démonstration fonctionnelle dans des conditions similaires à l’espace lors d’un vol de ballon dans la stratosphère. Les résultats de vol ont permis de valider la maturité technologique de certaines composantes qui ont le potentiel d’être utilisées pour les prochaines générations de télescopes spatiaux.
Several space telescope projects aim to study exoplanets using high-contrast direct imaging techniques. In order to achieve the required difference in contrast between the light from the star and that reflected by the exoplanet, those systems must use a coronagraph to mask the light of the star and correct in real time wavefront errors with adaptive optics techniques.The aberrations are detected by a wavefront sensor, then a control loop sends a command that modifies the surface of a deformable mirror to compensate for the wavefront errors. However, the performance of adaptive optics systems is often limited by the present quasi-static errors that are caused by the optical path difference between the science camera and the wavefront sensor. A high contrast imaging system has been developed to demonstrate the potential of a control technique which enables the reduction of this kind of error. This control loop has the particularity of using a coronagraph which allows the analyze of the wavefront errors directly from the science camera’s image. The optical system developed within the frameworkof this master’s project has been tested in a laboratory and was also optimized to perform afunctional demonstration in space-like conditions during a balloon flight in the stratosphere.The flight results validated the readiness level of some components that could potentially beused for the next generation of space telescopes.
Several space telescope projects aim to study exoplanets using high-contrast direct imaging techniques. In order to achieve the required difference in contrast between the light from the star and that reflected by the exoplanet, those systems must use a coronagraph to mask the light of the star and correct in real time wavefront errors with adaptive optics techniques.The aberrations are detected by a wavefront sensor, then a control loop sends a command that modifies the surface of a deformable mirror to compensate for the wavefront errors. However, the performance of adaptive optics systems is often limited by the present quasi-static errors that are caused by the optical path difference between the science camera and the wavefront sensor. A high contrast imaging system has been developed to demonstrate the potential of a control technique which enables the reduction of this kind of error. This control loop has the particularity of using a coronagraph which allows the analyze of the wavefront errors directly from the science camera’s image. The optical system developed within the frameworkof this master’s project has been tested in a laboratory and was also optimized to perform afunctional demonstration in space-like conditions during a balloon flight in the stratosphere.The flight results validated the readiness level of some components that could potentially beused for the next generation of space telescopes.
Mazard, Angélique. "Bases neurales de l'imagerie mentale visuelle : effet du contenu de l'image mentale et implication de l'aire visuelle primaire." Caen, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CAEN3078.
Full textKazemi, Kamran. "L' intégration d'information bas et haut-niveau pour la segmentation optimisée d'images cérébrales 3D chez l'enfant nouveau-né." Amiens, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AMIED004.
Full textIn this thesis, as the first step, we created a neonatal brain probabilistic atlas consisting of atlas template and probabilistic models for brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and skull. The atlas is created based on high resolution T1 Magnetic Resonance images of 7 individuals with gestational ages between 39 and 42 weeks at date of examination. The atlas template was evaluated by i) determining the deviation of characteristic anatomical landmarks and ii) the total amount of local deformation needed for the different brain tissues to meet the normalized neonatal image. In the second part of the thesis, we constructed a neonatal cerebral MR image simulator based on our created 3D digital neonatal neurocranial phantom. The created neonatal brain phantom consists of 9 different tissue types: scalp, skull, fat, muscle, dura mater, gray matter, myelinated white matter, non-myelinated white matter and CSF. The digital phantom was used to map simulated nuclear magnetic resonance signal intensities to simulate MR images of the newborns' head. The simulated images with controlled degradation of image data may serve as an evaluation data set for evaluating neonatal MRI analysis methods, e. G. Segmentation/registration algorithms. In the last part of this thesis, we developed an automatic tissue segmentation method for newborn brains from magnetic resonance images. We applied an atlas based algorithm for brain, CSF and skull segmentation of the newborns from 3D T1 weighted MR images. We used the segmentation method based on EM algorithm and Markov random filed which is implemented in SPM toolbox and its VBM toolbox in conjunction with our created probabilistic atlas as prior information. The results demonstrate that our method realizes a tool capable to segment reliably brain, CSF and skull from MRI of neonates
Laou, Laetitia. "Bases neurales de l’imagerie mentale figurative et spatiale : effet de la présence de contenu sémantique et de l’utilisation de la réalité virtuelle." Caen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CAEN2058.
Full textWe studied with fMRI the neural bases of visual mental imagery through its relations with two kinds of representation: one natural, language, the other artificial, virtual reality. Given that language is predominantly processed by the left hemisphere in right-handed subjects, we tested, in a first study, the hypothesis of a left hemispheric specialization for mental images including lexico-semantic information (objects) compared to meaningless images (non-objects). This work revealed that activation was stronger in a left occipito-temporo-frontal network during object imagery than non-object one, supporting our initial hypothesis. A second study investigated whether the real or virtual nature of the learnt environment affected the neural substrate of the topographical representation. Although behavioural performance was similar between Real and Virtual modalities, differences were reported at the brain level, especially in sensori-motor regions. Real learners showed greater activity in premotor areas related to actual locomotion of the subjects, while Virtual learners engaged more left-lateralized frontal and parietal regions involved in the use of a joystick, thus reflecting a neural trace of the learning modality. Overall, our work demonstrates that the recruitment of the left hemisphere in mental imagery would be modulated by the nature (meaningful vs meaningless) of the informations encoded and by the modality (virtual vs real) wherein these informations have been acquired
Song, Ok-Ryul. "Criblage phénotypique d'une banque d'ARN interférents par microscopie haut-débit haut-contenu d'informations appliqué à l'identification de facteurs cellulaires impliqués dans la colonisation du pneumocyte par Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Angers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ANGE0012.
Full textChaouch, Mohamed. "Recherche par le contenu d'objets 3D." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005168.
Full textChaouch, Mohamed. "Recherche par le contenu d'objets 3D." Phd thesis, Paris, ENST, 2009. https://pastel.hal.science/pastel-00005168.
Full textThis thesis deals with 3D shape similarity search. We focus on the main steps of the 3D shape matching process: normalization of 3D models, signature extraction from models, and similarity measure. The first part of the thesis concerns the normalization of 3D models, in particular the search for the optimal pose. We propose a new alignment method of 3D models based on the reflective symmetry and the local translational symmetry. We use the properties of the principal component analysis with respect to the planar reflective symmetry in order to select the eventual optimal alignment axes. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to the shape descriptors and the associated similarity measures. Firstly, we propose a new 3D descriptor, called 3D Gaussian descriptor, which is derived from the Gauss transform. Based on a partition of the enclosing 3D model space, this descriptor provides a local characterization of the boundary of the shape. Secondly, we study the multi-views based approaches that characterize the 3D model using their projection images. We introduce an augmented approach, named Enhanced Multi-views Approach, which can be applied in most of the multi-views descriptors. The relevance indices are defined and used in the similarity computation in order to normalize the contributions of the projections in the 3D-shape description. Finally, we propose a robust 3D shape indexing approach, called Depth Line Approach, which is based on the appearance of a set of depth-buffer images. To extract a compact signature, we introduce a sequencing method that transforms the depth lines into sequences. Retrieval is improved by using dynamic programming to compare sequence
Chauvin, Gaël. "Étude des environnements circumstellaires en imagerie à haut contraste et à haute résolution angulaire." Grenoble 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE10158.
Full textLn the context of the search for brown dwarfs and giant planets companions to stars, as well as circumstellar disks, a first part of my work has been devoted to the study ofthe detection capabilities performed by high contrast and high angular resolution instruments. 1 have been, mainly, interested by the instruments, which presently equip the large ground based telescopes, and which are composed of an adaptive optics system and an infTared camera, coupled with a stellar coronagraph. 1 have been particularly involved into the integration and test phases of the Nasmyth Adaptive Optics System NAOS, presently installed at the UT4 telescope of the ESO Very Large Telescope, in Chili. 1 also developed a model to study and to predict the detection capabilities performed by su ch instruments as a function of the detector modes, the instrument characteristics, the observing configurations or the atmospheric conditions. Thinking of the limitations and the optimization of the observing detection performances has been crucial for the second part of my work, dedicated to the search for low mass companions to stars and circumstellar disks. Two types of targets have been found ideal for this study: the young, nearby associations due to their evolutionary status and the stars with planets, indirectly detected by the radial velocity measurements. I present the detection of severa! substellar candidates in the young, nearby associations Beta Pictoris, MBM 12 and Tucana-Horologium, as well as an unprecedented work on the fraction of stellar companions and of brown dwarf companions among these stars. 1 also describe the recent results concerning the discovery of faint companions in the circumstellar environment of stars with planets and 1 present the detection capabilities performed thanks to our deep imaging strategy
Galicher, Raphaël. "Étude de techniques d'imagerie à haut contraste basées sur la cohérence." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00436293.
Full textMendes, Tiago. "Identification of the modulators of and the molecular pathways involved in the BIN1-Tau interaction." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S033/document.
Full textThe main neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are the extracellular senile plaques composed of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) and the intracellular neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated Tau. The mechanisms leading to the formation of these lesions is not well understood and our lab has recently characterized the bridging integrator 1 (BIN1) gene, the second most associated genetic risk factor of AD and the first genetic risk factor to have a potential link to Tau pathology. The interaction between BIN1 and Tau proteins has been described in vitro and in vivo, which suggests that BIN1 might help us to understand Tau pathology in the context of AD. However, the role of BIN1-Tau interaction in the pathophysiological process of AD is not known, and whether this interaction is a potential therapeutic target remains to be determined. The aim of this project is to better understand the actors of BIN1-Tau interaction through the identification of the modulators and the molecular pathways involved therein, as well as to understand how BIN1-Tau interaction is modulated in the context of AD. We employed biochemistry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and confocal microscopy. We used rat primary neuronal cultures (PNC) as the cellular model and developed the proximity ligation assay (PLA) as the main readout of the BIN1-Tau interaction in cultured neurons. We determined that the interaction occurs between BIN1’s SH3 domain and Tau’s PRD domain, and demonstrated that it is modulated by Tau and BIN1 phosphorylation: phosphorylation of Tau at Threonine 231 decreases its interaction with BIN1, while phosphorylation of BIN1 at Threonine 348 (T348) increases its interaction with Tau. We developed a novel, semi-automated high content screening (HCS) assay based on a commercial compound library, also using PNC as the cellular model and PLA as the readout of BIN1-Tau interaction. We identified several compounds that are able to modulate the BIN1-Tau interaction, most notably U0126, an inhibitor of MEK-1/2, which reduced the interaction, and Cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of Calcineurin, which increased the interaction through increasing the BIN1 phosphorylation at T348. Furthermore, Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) were also shown as regulator of this phosphorylation site. These results suggest that the couple Calcineurin/CDK regulates BIN1 phosphorylation at T348 and consequently the BIN1-Tau interaction. We also developed a mouse model of tauopathy in which we overexpressed human BIN1. We observed that the overexpression of BIN1 rescued the long-term memory deficits and reduced the presence of intracellular inclusions of phosphorylated Tau, caused by Tau overexpression, and this was associated with an increase of BIN1-Tau interaction. Also, using post-mortem human brain samples, we observed that the levels of the neuronal BIN1 isoform were decreased in AD brains, whereas the relative levels of BIN1 phosphorylated at T348 were increased, suggesting a compensatory mechanism. Altogether, this study demonstrated the complexity and the dynamics of BIN1-Tau interaction in neurons, revealed modulators of and molecular pathways potentially involved in this interaction, and showed that variations in BIN1 expression or activity have direct effects on learning and memory, possibly linked to the regulation of its interaction with Tau
Grisollet, Alain. "Contribution à une étude multinucléaire ¹H, ² ³ Na, ³¹ P, sur une machine d'imagerie médicale par résonance magnétique à haut champ (1. 5 tesla)." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112302.
Full textQuellec, Gwenole. "Indexation et fusion multimodale pour la recherche d'informations par le contenu : Application aux bases de données d'images médicales." Télécom Bretagne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TELB0078.
Full textIn this Ph. D thesis, we study methods for information retrieval in databases made of multidimedia documents. Our objective is to select in a database documents similar to a query document. The aimed application is computer aided diagnosis in a medical framework: the database is made up of several images together with clinical contextual information about the patient. We firts try to characterize each image in the patient file individually. We have thus proposed two original indexing methods derived from the wavelet transform of images: 1) a global method, modeling the distribution of wavelet coefficients in the image, 2) a local method, based on the extraction of lesions. Once images are characterized, we try to used all the information in the file to retrieve the closest patient files. In addition to the heterogeneity of the data, with have to cope with missing information in patient files. We propose three new approaches, derived from data mining and information fusion theory. The first approach is based on decision trees, the second one on Bayesian networks and the third one on the Dezert-Smarandache theory (DSmT). The results obtained on two multimodamedical databases are satisfying and superior to existing methods. Thus, the mean precision at five research 81. 78 % on a retinal image database and 92. 90 % on a mammography database
Zaaraoui, Wafaa. "Développements méthodologiques en imagerie et en spectrométrie RMN à haut champ magnétique : du cerveau de la souris à celui de l'homme." Bordeaux 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR21444.
Full textThis work was designed to implement several NMR methodological developments to study the human and the mouse brain in vivo. In the first study, magnetization transfer imaging and localized MR spectroscopy were set up at 9,4 T. These techniques were used to analyze an animal model of demyelinisation and remyelinisation. The MR results were verified by histological examinations. The magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) was found to be a relevant sensitive marker of myelin content changes. A surrogate metabolic marker of these phenomena was not yet identified. The second study was devised to determine the transverse relaxation time T2 of human brain metabolites at 3 T. An optimized two-point method for the least error per given experimental time was proposed. This method was combined to a three-dimensional MR spectroscopic sequence to examine, within 1 hour, 320 voxels at 1 cm3 spatial resolution. T2 of NAA, cretatine and choline were assessed for different brain structures. To our knowledge, these values were obtained for the first time at 3 T with this spatial resolution, coverage and precision. These results are essential for reliable absolute metabolic quantification
Guignard, Léo. "Analyse quantitative de la morphogenèse animale : de l'imagerie laser haut-débit à l'embryon virtuel chez les ascidies." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS048/document.
Full textAscidian embryos develop with stereotyped and evolutionarily conserved invariant cell lineages to produce in a few hours or days tadpole larvae with a small number of cells. They thus provide an attractive framework to describe with cellular resolution the developmental program of a whole organism. During my PhD, I developed a quantitative approach to describe the evolution of embryonic morphologies during the development of the ascidian Phallusia mammillata. I then used this approach to systematically characterize in detail the logic of cell fate induction events. To quantitatively characterize cell behaviors during embryogenesis, we used multi-angle light-sheet microscopy to image with high spatio-temporal resolution entire live embryos with fluorescently labeled plasma membranes. To extract biological information from this imaging dataset, I then developed a conceptually novel automated method for 4D cell segmentation, ASTEC. Applied to a Phallusia mammillata embryo imaged for 6 hours between the 64-cell and the initial tailbud stages, this method allows the accurate tracking and shape analysis of 1030 cells across 640 cell divisions. The resulting 4D digital embryo can be formalized as a dynamic graph, in which cells are represented by nodes, linked within a time point by edges that represent their spatial neighborhood, and between time points by temporal edges describing cell lineages.Based on this quantitative digital representation, we systematically identified cell fate specification events up to the late gastrula stage. Computational simulations revealed that remarkably simple rules integrating measured cell-cell contact areas with boolean spatio-temporal expression data for extracellular signalling molecules are sufficient to explain most early cell inductions. This work suggests that in embryos establishing precise stereotyped contacts between neighboring cells, the genomic constraints for precise gene expression levels are relaxed, thereby allowing rapid genome evolution
Vallat, Raphaël. "Fréquence et contenu du rapport de rêve : approches comportementales et neurophysiologiques." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1335/document.
Full textSince the dawn of time, humans have sought to understand the nature and meaning of their dreams. However, despite millennia of philosophical speculation and more than a century of scientific exploration, several questions regarding dreams remain pending.One question that constitutes the core problematic of this thesis relates to why there are such individual differences in the frequency of dream recall, or in other words, why some people remember up to several dreams per morning (High-recallers, HR) while some hardly ever recall one (Low-recallers, LR). To characterize the cerebral and behavioral correlates of this variability, we compared the sleep microstructure (Study 1), as well as the brain functional connectivity in the minutes following awakeningfrom sleep, a period marked by sleep inertia (Study 2). Among other results, we have shown that just after awakening, HR demonstrated a greater functional connectivity within regions involved in memory processes (default mode network). We proposed that this reflect a differential neurophysiological profile, which could facilitate in HRthe retrieval of dream content upon awakening. Second, the numerous answers to the recruitment questionnaire of this study allowed us to conduct an epidemiological survey to characterize the sleep and dream habits of a large sample of French college students from Lyon 1 University (Study 3). In another study, we focused on the relationships between waking-life and dream content (Study 4). Our results enhanced and refined our comprehension of the factors influencing the likelihood of incorporation of waking-life elements into dreams, and provided support for the hypothesis of an active role of dreaming in emotional regulation.Lastly, we designed a free and open-source software dedicated to the visualization and analysis of polysomnographic recordings (Study 5), which aims at providing an intuitive and portable graphical interface to students and researchers working on sleep
Donadieu, Maxime. "Spectroscopie par résonance magnétique à haut (3 Tesla) et très haut champ (7 Tesla) : développements méthodologiques et applications à la sclérose en plaques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0651/document.
Full textMagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) allows to characterize, in vivo and non-invasively, the cerebral metabolism in Human. Nevertheless, use MRS in clinical routine is marginal and it is impossible to obtain whole brain metabolic topography, mandatory step in order to understand diffuse pathology like Multiple Sclerosis (MS).First of all, we aimed to transpose a fast 3D-MRSI sequence acquired in two different orientations. We observed significant decrease in metabolites linked with neuronal health and activity, in important motor and cognitive areas, and also increase in glial activation, inside white matter T2 lesions but also outside in normal appearing white and grey matter.Secondly, we aimed to characterize the metabolic counterpart of cerebral sodium accumulations observed, using 23Na MRI, in MS patients. We observed significant correlations between sodium accumulations and decrease in NAA highlighting a strong link between sodium accumulations and neuronal suffering.Finally, we attempted to improve spatial resolution of proton MR spectroscopy using 7 Tesla scanner. We also addressed ultra-high field artifacts like B0 and B1 inhomogeneities as well as chemical shift displacement error. We obtained metabolic profiles of NAA, Choline and Creatine for 4 big thalamic nuclei. Moreover, statistical analysis evidencing metabolic differences between nuclei in same hemisphere but also for some nuclei left/right differences
Benmokhtar, Rachid. "Fusion multi-niveaux pour l'indexation et la recherche multimédia par le contenu sémantique." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005321.
Full textQuillon, Kevin. "Les amphores à salaisons et sauces de poissons de Bétique et de Tarraconaise : typologie et contenu (fin de la République – Haut-Empire)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3039.
Full textDedicated to fish sauces and salted fish amphoras of Hispania Ulterior/Baetica and Hispania Citerior/Tarraconensis from the end of the Republic and the Early Roman Empire, this thesis is established on two main problematics. The first one is the identification of amphora forms by a review of the current typology. Our classification is built on a precise study, morphological and chronological, of amphoras from reference contexts. It has been used for some shipwrecks materials located on the French coast and the amphoras from the Rhone context, including thoses from the Arles-Rhône 3 shipwreck deposits collected during the salvage operation.The second problematic focuses on the study of fisheries commodity (fish sauces and salted fish) carried out in theses ceramic containers through the analysis of antique texts and direct data which are organic residues and painted inscriptions. The novelty of this research lies in the critical reading and interpretation of theses tituli picti, genuine advertising on amphoras. It involves the existence of different business forms suitable for a particular type of commodity
Laugier, Romain. "Observables robustes pour la détection haut-contraste à faible séparation angulaire." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ4046.
Full textThe study of exoplanets has been a very active topic in the past years. Despite the indirect nature of most detections to date, those already provide us with a wealth of information on the properties of these exoplanetary systems, like their mass, size, and orbital elements. However, the direct detection of the light emitted or reflected by those planets provides some even more precious information. Coronagraphic instruments that would allow this are generally limited by the wavefront quality at their input, which prevents them from reaching their theoretical performance. Conversely, techniques employing observables designed to be robust to those aberrations are limited by photon noise. These two methods are made incompatible because coronagraphy breaks the convolution relationship betwen the object and its image. The works described in this thesis explore different avenues aiming to sidestep this incompatibility and to combine the performance of coronagraphic and interferometric methods though technology transfers as well as the development of new methods. The development of angular differential kernel phases (ADK) that make use the principles of angular differential imaging (ADI), transfering them for kernel and closure phases observables. The experimentation of kernel phases behind shaped pupil apodization masks. The exploitation kernel phases extracted from archival saturated images. The development of architectures for kernel nulling for an arbitrary number of apertures for Fizeau and long-baseline interferometry. These works push the contrast performance of robust observables at small angular separations and begin the exploration of new methods of robust high-contrast observations
Islas-Perez, Carlos. "Etude, réalisation et évaluation des performances d'une station de transport réseau haut débit pour un réseau d'imagerie médicale dans un environnement multimédia /." Paris : Ecole nationale supérieure des télécommunications, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34998510z.
Full textYgouf, Marie. "Nouvelle méthode de traitement d'images multispectrales fondée sur un modèle d'instrument pour la haut contraste : application à la détection d'exoplanètes." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00843202.
Full textCapri, Arnaud. "Caractérisation des objets dans une image en vue d'une aide à l'interprétation et d'une compression adaptée au contenu : application aux images échographiques." Orléans, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ORLE2020.
Full textPolge, Géraldine. "Etude de la faisabilité d'un système de cartographie de dose par stimulation optique et application à la radiothérapie à haut gradient de dose." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20190.
Full textLaprie, Anne. "Imagerie métabolique par spectrométrie de résonnance magnétique des tumeurs gliales de haut-grade irradiées de l'adulte et de l'enfant." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30332.
Full textVOLK, ANDREAS. "Imagerie spectroscopique et spectroscopie localisee "in vivo" par resonance magnetique nucleaire : nouvelles methodes pour l'experimentation a haut champ magnetique." Paris 6, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA066510.
Full textLa, Rochefoucauld-Rossier Ombeline de. "Résolution du problème inverse spatio-temporel en imagerie acoustique de champ proche : application au rayonnement de sources industrielles instationnaires." Le Mans, 2002. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2002/2002LEMA1006.pdf.
Full textThis work was focused on the Nearfield Acoustical Holography (NAH) in planar geometry, applied to non stationary sources. The pressure field can be forward and backward propagated which allows us to localize sources accurately. The advantage of this method is that the measurement is realized without contact : the microphone array is placed at a fevv centimetres from the source. Initially, four propagation methods have been developed and tested on the theoretical pressure field radiated by a baffled, planar piston. The more appropriate one is used to backward propagate the field. Filtering process such as Veronesi, Wiener and Tikhonov are necessary and regularisation methods (L-curve, Generalized Cross Validation) enable us to optimise the filtering parameters. The results obtained were in agreement \vith the theoretical pressure. Then, measurements of transient fields of audible sources were carried out : the pressure radiated by three baffled loudspeakers, an aluminium baffled plate, an aluminium hung plate and a plexiglas plate, was measured, using an array of microphones. The results of forward and backward propagation obtained with these sources are good. A collaboration with the firm PSA Peugeot-Citroen has allowed us to test them on the pressure radiated by an industrial source : a car engine
Collet, Anne-Claire. "Implication relative des traits de haut niveau et de bas niveau des stimuli dans la catégorisation, chez l'homme et le singe." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30118/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we explored the relative contributions of high level and low level features of stimuli used in object categorization tasks. This work consists of three studies in human and monkey. The originality of this thesis lies in stimuli construction. Our first study aimed to characterize neural correlates of image recognition in monkey, using ECoG recordings. For that purpose we developped a categorization task using SWIFT technique (technique created by Roger Koenig and Rufin VanRullen). Stimuli were visual sequences in which object contours (semantic content, high level feature) were cyclically modulated while luminance, contrasts and spatial frequencies (low level features) remained stable. By analyzing evoked potentials, we brought to light a late electrophysiological activity, in an " all or none " fashion, specifically related to the target recognition in monkey. But because in real condition objects are never isolated, we explored in a second study contextual congruency effect in visual categorization task in humans and monkeys. We compared the contribution of Fourier transform amplitude spectrum to this congruency effect in the both species. We found a strategy divergence showing that monkeys were more sensitive to the low level features of stimuli than humans. Finally, in the last study, we tried to quantify multisensory semantic congruency effect, during a audiovisual categorization task in humans. In that experiment, we equalized a maximum of low level features, in both sensory modalities which were always jointly stimulated. In the visual domain, we used again the SWIFT technique, whereas in auditory domain we used a snippets randomization technique. We highlighted a large multisensory gain in congruent trials (i.e. image and sound related to the same object), specifically linked to the semantic content of stimuli. This thesis offers new perspectives both for comparative cognition between human and non human primates and for the importance of controlling the physical features of stimuli used in object recognition tasks
Bonte, Y. "Effet du swash sur l'érosion d'un escarpement de haut de plage." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00903357.
Full textCohé, Aurélie. "Manipulation de contenu 3D sur des surfaces tactiles." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00789111.
Full textLabrousse, Marc. "Le contenu de l'angle ponto-cérébelleux : artères et mouvements : morphogenèse, anatomie statique et dynamique." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10078/document.
Full textSeveral vascular and nervous structures are located within the cerebello-pontine angle. In certain pathological conditions, microvascular compression syndroms may occur, where an artery or a vein is compressing a cranial nerve. The purpose of this work in three parts is to investigate some anatomical and physiological bases of these microvascular compression syndroms. The first part focuses on the vertebrobasilar system morphogenesis. A special designed 3D reconstruction original software allowed us to reformate four human embryos from histological serial sections. The three-dimensional views are confirming the classical features thus creating the basis of a larger study based on multiple embryos. The second part shows for the first time the physiological motion of the vestibulo-cochlear nerve at the level of the cerebello-pontine angle, with the help of a phase-contrast MRI sequence. The cranio-caudal and antero-posterior directions and their amplitudes have been studied. These motions are cardiac-cycle-dependant. We used an "oscillating string" model to explain the VCN motion between the brain stem and the fundus of the internal acoustic meatus. The third part of this work is focused on a preliminary study of the variability of the vertebro-basilar arterial fusion along the lifetime. An original software has been designed and allowing the normalisation from nine post-contrast cerebral CT scanners. A ?mean? brain stem was obtained and visualized in front of nine arterial fusion points
LAURENT, WILFRIED. "Determination des composantes structurales du muscle par imagerie rmn a haut champ : mise en correspondance avec l'image ultrasonore (doctorat : genie informatique)." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CLF1MM05.
Full textKoné, Fankroma Martial Thierry. "Méthode de criblage haut-débit pour l'évolution dirigée de glycosidases en transglycosidases : application à la β-glycosidase de Thermus thermophilus." Nantes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NANT2044.
Full textDirected evolution provides a new approach to explore the structure/function relationship in proteins and also provides an efficient strategy to generate new enzymatic activities. However, the engineering of transglycosidases by directed evolution methodologies is limited by the lack of high-throughput screening systems for these enzymatic activities. In this work we developed a new high-throughput screening method (HTS) which allows the detection of transferase activity of low hydrolytic glycosylhydrolases mutants in intact E. Coli cells. This method is based on the digital imaging monitoring of reactivation of mutants by an acceptor of glycosyl group. This approach has been applied to the glycosylhydrolases family 1 β-glycosidase from Thermus thermophilus (Ttβgly), in order to reveal evolution toward transglycosidase. From the best isolated clones obtained by this strategy, yields of transglycosylation up to 70 - 80 % were performed for trisaccharides synthesis (Gal-cellobiose). This strategy has also been tested for the screening of other transglycosidases activities in order to determine the limits of this screening. In particular, two export systems (TAT and SRP) of mutants in the periplasmic space have been tested to apply the screening on donor or acceptor substrates which do not penetrate in the bacterium. Finally, de novo N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activity has been generated on the Ttβgly by a mixed approach of directed and random mutagenesis. According to the mutations performed, we show that it is possible to control the type of mechanism used for the hydrolysis
Vigan, Arthur. "Détection et Caractérisation des Exoplanètes par Imagerie Directe avec IRDIS." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00460567.
Full textLeboulleux, Lucie. "Contrôle de front d'onde optimal pour l'imagerie à très haut contraste : application au cophasage de miroirs segmentés." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0561/document.
Full textDirect imaging of exo-Earths is extremely complex: the star is by far brighter and very close to the planet. Several tools have to be combined:- a giant primary mirror. For manufacturing and transportation reasons, we tend to use segmented mirrors, ie. mirrors made of smaller mirrors but that have to be well-aligned and stabilised.- a coronagraph, enabling to remove the starlight.- the smallest residual wavefront aberration into residual light that decreases the image quality. The measurement and control of the aberrations, including the ones due to the telescope segmentation, are crucial and consist in the topic of my thesis.First, I developed PASTIS, a model of the contrast of a coronagraphic system in presence of a segmented pupil, enabling to analyze the performance to set up constraints on the optical aberrations during the instrument design. PASTIS takes into account the specificities of high-contrast instruments: pupil structure, optical aberrations due to the segmentation, coronagraph. I applied it to the LUVOIR telescope to analyze the main modes limiting the contrast and therefore optimizing the repartition of the constraints on the segments. In parallel, I worked on the analysis of the coronagraphic wavefront in presence of a segmented telescope on the experimental testbed called HiCAT, with a first demonstration of the COFFEE sensor enabling to reconstruct phasing errors with a high precision.Eventually, I ran a comparative analysis of existing methods of wavefront control and experimentally validated one of them (Non Linear Dark Hole) in a simplified case on the MITHIC testbed at LAM
Ben, Cheikh Bassem. "Morphologie mathématique sur les graphes pour la caractérisation de l’organisation spatiale des structures histologiques dans les images haut-contenu : application au microenvironnement tumoral dans le cancer du sein." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066286/document.
Full textOne of the most challenging problems in histological image analysis is the evaluation of the spatial organizations of histological structures in the tissue. In fact, histological sections may contain a very large number of cells of different types and irregularly distributed, which makes their spatial content indescribable in a simple manner. Graph-based methods have been widely explored in this direction, as they are effective representation tools having the expressive ability to describe spatial characteristics and neighborhood relationships that are visually interpreted by the pathologist. We can distinguish three main families of graph-based methods used for this purpose: syntactic structure analysis, network analysis and spectral analysis. However, another distinctive set of methods based on mathematical morphology on graphs can be additionally developed for this issue. The main goal of this dissertation is the development of a framework able to provide quantitative evaluation of the spatial arrangements of histological structures using graph-based mathematical morphology
Amalric, Marie. "Etude des mécanismes cérébraux d'apprentissage et de traitement des concepts mathématiques de haut niveau." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066143/document.
Full textHow does the human brain conceptualize abstract ideas? In particular, what is the origin of mathematical activity, especially when it is associated with high-level of abstraction? Is mathematical thought independent of language? Cognitive science has now started to investigate this question that has been of great interest to philosophers, mathematicians and educators for a long time. While studies have so far focused on basic arithmetic processing, my PhD thesis aims at further investigating the cerebral processes involved in the manipulation and learning of more advanced mathematical ideas. I have shown that (1) advanced mathematical reflection on concepts mastered for many years does not recruit the brain circuits for language; (2) mathematical activity systematically involves number- and space-related brain regions, regardless of mathematical domain, problem difficulty, and participants' visual experience; (3) non-verbal acquisition of geometrical rules relies on a language of thought that is independent of natural spoken language. Finally, altogether these results raise new questions and pave the way to further investigations in neuroscience: - is the human ability for language also irrelevant to advanced mathematical acquisition in schools where knowledge is taught verbally? - What is the operational definition of the fields of “mathematics” and “language” at the brain level?
Samrouth, Khouloud. "Représentation et compression à haut niveau sémantique d’images 3D." Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAR0025/document.
Full textDissemination of multimedia data, in particular the images, continues to grow very significantly. Therefore, developing effective image coding schemes remains a very active research area. Today, one of the most innovative technologies in this area is the 3D technology. This 3D technology is widely used in many domains such as entertainment, medical imaging, education and very recently in criminal investigations. There are different ways of representing 3D information. One of the most common representations, is to associate a depth image to a classic colour image called texture. This joint representation allows a good 3D reconstruction, as the two images are well correlated, especially along the contours of the depth image. Therefore, in comparison with conventional 2D images, knowledge of the depth of field for 3D images provides an important semantic information about the composition of the scene. In this thesis, we propose a scalable 3D image coding scheme for 2D + depth representation with advanced functionalities, which preserves all the semantics present in the images, while maintaining a significant coding efficiency. The concept of preserving the semantics can be translated in terms of features such as an automatic extraction of regions of interest, the ability to encode the regions of interest with higher quality than the background, the post-production of the scene and the indexing. Thus, firstly we introduce a joint and scalable 2D plus depth coding scheme. First, texture is coded jointly with depth at low resolution, and a method of depth data compression well suited to the characteristics of the depth maps is proposed. This method exploits the strong correlation between the depth map and the texture to better encode the depth map. Then, a high resolution coding scheme is proposed in order to refine the texture quality. Next, we present a global fine representation and contentbased coding scheme. Therefore, we propose a representation and coding scheme based on "Depth of Interest", called "3D Autofocus". It consists in a fine extraction of objects, while preserving the contours in the depth map, and it allows to automatically focus on a particular depth zone, for a high rendering quality. Finally, we propose 3D image segmentation, providing a high consistency between colour, depth and regions of the scene. Based on a joint exploitation of the colour and depth information, this algorithm allows the segmentation of the scene with a level of granularity depending on the intended application. Based on such representation of the scene, it is possible to simply apply the same previous 3D Autofocus, for Depth of Interest extraction and coding. It is remarkable that both approaches ensure a high spatial coherence between texture, depth, and regions, allowing to minimize the distortions along object of interest's contours and then a higher quality in the synthesized views
Magnin, Rémi. "Développements précliniques de nouveaux outils utilisant les ultrasons transcraniens guidés par IRM haut champ pour la délivrance de médicaments dans le cerveau et la stimulation non invasive de circuits neuronaux." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS037/document.
Full textBy preventing most of the molecules from penetrating the brain in sufficient quantitiy, the Blood Brain Barrier represents a major obstacle for the development of new therapeutic drugs for brain diseases. A new technique introduced in the early 2000’s combining focused ultrasound and circulating microbubbles has however shown promising results, allowing to induce a local and transient permeabilization of the BBB in a non-invasive manner, thus significantly improving the amount of drugs delivered to the Central Nervous System (CNS). However, this protocol may present some risks (oedema, small hemorrages) which can be avoided by a good control of the acoustic beam properties. To do so, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) represents a very useful tool since it allows planning, monitoring and following the permeabilization effects by using MRI contrast agents and quantitative imaging sequences (T1/T2 relaxometry). During this PhD, we worked on developing new tools for the study of ultrasound induced BBB permeabilization in rodents. The first part of this work consisted in developing a MR compatible motorized device, allowing the displacment of the ultrasound transducer within a 7T preclinic MRI scanner, with a realtime feedback on the acoustic beam position thanks to MR Acoustic Radiation Force Imaging (MR-ARFI). We have shown that this system allowed performing a full BBB permeabilization protocol under MR-guidance, with an accurate and reproducible choice of the targeted anatomical structure. This system was also used to deliver drugs along arbitrary trajectories over extended regions of the brain. Another part of the work was dedicated to study and improve the safety of the procedure. The influence of different acoustic parameters (acoustic pressure, duty cycle) on the permeabilization efficacy was studied, as well as histologic investigations of short and mid-term effects of BBB permeabilization for different acoustic pressures on healthy rats. Finally, we investigated the diffusion process of contrast agents within the brain tissues following BBB permeabilization. We have shown that this technique allowed accurate measurements of brain tissues tortuosity in a non-invasive way, and found that the tortuosity was not modified by the ultrasound application
Bouyeron, Laurent. "Optimisation et cophasage d'un dispositif d'imagerie directe à haute résolution et haut contraste : l'hypertélescope temporel." Phd thesis, Université de Limoges, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00870029.
Full textDaudé, Pierre. "Quantification du tissu adipeux épicardique à haut champ par IRM-Dixon, pour le phénotypage de la cardiomyopathie diabétique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0333.
Full textImproving the management of cardiac complications in metabolic diseases, obesity and diabetes, is a major challenge for our society. The measurement of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), a fat depot attached to the heart, is an emerging and promising diagnosis to identify patients at risk. We developed the automation of this measurement on routine MRI images by deep learning. Then, an innovative MRI technique was proposed to measure and characterize the EAT in 3D, combining: a free-breathing acquisition, an image reconstruction robust to cardio-respiratory motion and MRI imperfections, an optimized and validated fat characterization algorithm and the knowledge of the composition of ex-vivo EAT samples. Together, this allows for in vivo, non-invasive characterization of EAT, a novel diagnosis for cardiometabolic risk