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Journal articles on the topic 'Image stereotype'
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Kondratyeva, Olga. "Jokes as the Source of Study Stereotypic Image of Region (On an Example of Jokes About Siberia)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 3 (November 2019): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2019.3.11.
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The humorous discourse is considered an important source of stereotypic images of the Russian regions. As it reflects territorial peculiarities and their inhabitants, reveals the attitude to various regions in the society, the linguistic analysis of regional stereotypes should become a starting point in the further formation of brands and images of regions. The jokes about Siberia are analyzed in the article and the stereotypic image of this region is reconstructed. Being based on content analysis and a framing method the study is aimed at presenting stereotypes about Siberia in the form of frames (knowledge structures) and their constituents (sub-frames and slots). It is stated that the stereotypic image of Siberia looks quiescent; the jokes reflect a deeply rooted conception of Siberia by residents of other regions of Russia and foreigners as a distant, huge area with severe climatic conditions, rich in natural resources, and an exile place of immigrants who are busy with hard work. Currently Siberia has got another stereotype and is perceived as an object of claims of some boarding countries. The stereotypic image of Siberia is depressive; the majority of regional characteristics that are reflected in jokes convey general negative comprehension. The revealed stereotypes point to necessity of creating a positive image of Siberia.
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Tokarska-Bakir, Joanna. "Hassliebe. Żydowska samonienawiść w ujęciu Sandera L. Gilmana (część pierwsza: od Hermana z Moguncji do Johannesa Pfefferkorna)." Studia Litteraria et Historica, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 27–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/slh.2013.003.
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Hassliebe. Jewish self-hatred as seen by Sander L. Gilman (part one: from Hermann of Mainz to Johannes Pfefferkorn)The present paper constitutes the first part of the analysis of Sander L. Gilman’s famous book Jewish Self-Hatred, and the pioneering interpretation of the concept of stereotype. According to Gilman, a stereotype emerges as a result of an active collaboration of the person who stereotypises and the outsider. The latter opposes the image imposed by the stereotype, and thus splits the stereotype into a positive and a negative part. By identifying himself with the positive part, the outsider delegates the purity of classification not only to the subgroup he does not feel any attachment to, but also involuntarily legitimises the stereotype, because without his authorisation, the stereotype would merely remain a racist insult. The article is based on the narrations of Jewish converts to Christianity from the Middle Ages to the 15th century. Hassliebe. Żydowska samonienawiść w ujęciu Sandera L. Gilmana (część pierwsza: od Hermana z Moguncji do Johannesa Pfefferkorna)Tekst jest pierwszą częścią omówienia głośnej książki Sandera L. Gilmana, Jewish Self-Hatred i przedstawionej w niej pionierskiej koncepcji stereotypu, powstającego w ramach aktywnego współdziałania stereotypizującego i outsidera. Ten ostatni, walcząc z narzuconym mu niesprawiedliwym wizerunkiem, dokonuje rozszczepienia stereotypu na pozytywny i negatywny, identyfikując się z tym pierwszym. W ten sposób nie tylko deleguje „nieczystość klasyfikacyjną” na podgrupę, z którą nie czuje związku, ale przede wszystkim niezauważalnie sam legitymizuje stereotyp, który bez jego autoryzacji miałby rangę rasistowskiego oszczerstwa. Materiał źródłowy artykułu stanowią narracje żydowskich konwertytów na chrześcijaństwo od średniowiecza po wiek XV.
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Alexander, Michele G., Marilynn B. Brewer, and Robert W. Livingston. "Putting Stereotype Content in Context: Image Theory and Interethnic Stereotypes." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31, no. 6 (June 2005): 781–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271550.
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Riemer, Brenda A., and Deborah L. Feltz. "The Influence of Sport Appropriateness and Image on the Status of Female Athletes." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 4, no. 1 (April 1995): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.4.1.1.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of stereotyped visual images (pictures) on the friendship status ranking of females in “gender-appropriate” and “gender-inappropriate” sports. The study employed a 2×2×3 (sex × sport × image) ANOVA between subjects design, with tennis and basketball being the “appropriate” and “inappropriate” sports chosen respectively. The visual image was manipulated by having a picture of a stereotypical feminine female versus a stereotypical androgynous female. The control group did not have a visual image. We hypothesized that image would interact with sport appropriateness such that the feminine image would enhance the friendship status of the hypothetical basketball player; whereas the androgynous image would lower the hypothetical tennis player’s status. A “sex-byimage” interaction as well as a “sex-by-sport” trend supported the hypothesis for males; males used the perceived femininity/androgyny stereotype to influence their decision about friendship status.Over the last two decades, women’s active involvement in sport has increased. For example, since the 1972 passage of Title IX, participation has increased by over 600% for girls in interscholastic school programs (Boutilier & SanGiovanni, 1983). Despite an increase in the sport opportunities available to women, stereotypes about what is socially appropriate influence how females in sport are perceived. Gender-role stereotypes have been identified as some of the influencing factors in the perception of appropriate sports for males and females (Metheny, 1965) and in one’s social status (Coleman, 1961). Avariable which may enhance the perception of appropriate sports for males and females is the addition of a visual image. Duncan & Sayaovong (1990) have suggested that visual images have the ability to reinforce or contradict gender-role stereotypes. The purpose of this study was to determine how visual images may affect the perceived status of female high school athletes in “gender-appropriate” and “gender-inappropriate” sports.
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Hartenberger, Marta. "Pole Image in the Light of Media Texts Created in the Internet Space by Residents of Neighbouring Countries." Vilnius University Open Series, no. 5 (December 4, 2020): 389–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/vllp.2020.19.
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The issue of national stereotypes requires, in the situation of dynamic changes in Europe and in the world, to update and consider new sources. A new area for tracking changes in the mutual perception of neighbouring nations are the texts of media culture, combining verbal and visual code. In the article, I elaborate on the legitimacy of using such intersemiotic messages, such as memes, demotivators, posters, advertisements, to study stereotypes. The Internet stereotype of a Pole functions on two levels, language and imagination, therefore it is a continuation of the national stereotype in a changed form.
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Bennett, Roger, and Rohini Vijaygopal. "Consumer attitudes towards electric vehicles." European Journal of Marketing 52, no. 3/4 (April 9, 2018): 499–527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-09-2016-0538.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of gamification on connections between consumers’ self-image congruence in relation to the purchasers of an environmentally friendly product electric vehicles (EVs) and their possession of a stereotype of EV owners as being “unconventional”, and their attitudes towards EVs, having regard to their levels of environmental concern and prior knowledge of EVs. Additionally, the research explored the link between attitudes towards and willingness to purchase EVs. Design/methodology/approach Participants completed a questionnaire and an Implicit Association Test (IAT) both before and after playing a computer game wherein the player assumed the identity of an EV driver. A structural equation model was constructed to predict attitude to EVs. The relationship between attitude and willingness to purchase was examined via a conditional process analysis. Findings The experience of playing the game improved the favourability of the respondents’ stereotype of EV owners by an average of 19 per cent, and their attitude towards EVs by 17 per cent. Self-image congruence in relation to EV ownership increased on the average by 14 per cent and reported EV product knowledge by 8 per cent. However, willingness to purchase an EV was not substantially affected. The link between attitude and willingness to purchase was weak, but was significantly moderated by stereotype favourability and self-image congruence with EV owners. Research limitations/implications As with any IAT study, it was necessary to pre-specify a particular form of stereotype. Future research could employ alternative stereotypes. The investigation took place in a single country and involved a single environmentally friendly product. Practical implications Gamification has much potential for helping manufacturers and government agencies to stimulate the mass market for EVs. To negate unfavourable images of EV owners, marketing communications promoting EVs might usefully employ celebrities, sports personalities and/or leading political figures as exemplars of the types of people who drive electric cars. Originality/value The research is the first to explore the effects of gamification on product user self-image congruence and stereotype formation. It is novel both in its employment of an IAT to measure the consumer stereotype of an environmentally friendly product and in its examination of the moderating influences of stereotype and product user self-image congruence on the attitude-willingness to purchase link.
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Sioridze, Marine, and Ketevan Svanidze. "Woman as a Stereotypical Image of National and Cultural Identity in the Context of Literary Comparativistics." Scientific knowledge - autonomy, dependence, resistance 29, no. 2 (May 30, 2020): 302–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v29i2.22.
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People live in a world of stereotypes that exist everywhere, in all spheres of human life and activity. A stereotype is a cultural phenomenon, that can be found in any society in the form of centuries-old experience of a given society, transmitted from generation to genera-tion by images transformed in accordance with the era and the level of society develop-ment.The culture and literature of any nation contain a rich gallery of stereotypes. The existence of a stereotype without culture is inconceivable. And culture itself is a certain set of stereotypes that defines and, therefore, limits human actions.One of the priority areas of modern anthropocentric and human sciences is the study of the formation and functioning of gender stereotypes, the identification and analy-sis of their intercultural specificity. Contrary to the objectives of the aforementioned study, our multilateral research is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of a woman, as repre-sentations of the stereotypical image of national-cultural identity in different literary eras. The present article deals with the study of the stereotypical image of a woman in medieval Western and Georgian literature.For this purpose we have identified and analyzed the rich material that exists in the culture and literature of different people. Our study is based on the depiction of a stereo-typical image of a woman from a different perspective, for example: woman - king, woman - diplomat, woman – public figure, woman - creator, woman - mother, woman - wife/lover, woman - strong/weak creature, woman - symbol of fidelity, etc.
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Bauer, Brittney C., Clark D. Johnson, and Nitish Singh. "Place–brand stereotypes: does stereotype-consistent messaging matter?" Journal of Product & Brand Management 27, no. 7 (November 19, 2018): 754–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-10-2017-1626.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address an overarching question: Does matching consumer place–brand associations with stereotype-consistent messaging affect consumer perceptions of an advertisement? Design/methodology/approach This paper presents two experiments that examine participants’ differing evaluations of advertisements under various experimental conditions. Study 1 examines the match of place–brand warmth versus competence stereotypes and the use of symbolic versus utilitarian advertising messaging for both new foreign and domestic brands. Study 2 examines this match for global brands. Findings The paper reveals that stereotype-consistent messaging increases the perceived fit between the advertisement and the brand for new foreign brands but not for new domestic or global brands. Furthermore, in a post-hoc analysis, this congruence is found to improve attitude towards the brand, purchase intentions and brand response, through the mediating effect of attitude towards the ad. Originality/value Place–brand stereotypes impact consumer attitudes and opinions regarding brands from different countries. This paper applies two universal social judgment dimensions from social psychology—warmth and competence—to the novel context of advertising messaging to examine previously unexplored facets of the place–brand image.
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Nurfajriani, Tsany. "CITRA DAN STEREOTIP PEREMPUAN SUNDA DALAM NOVEL MARJANAH KARYA S. DJODJOPUSPITO (Kajian Struktural dan Feminisme)." LOKABASA 9, no. 2 (October 19, 2018): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jlb.v9i2.15686.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan: (1) struktur cerita dalam novel Marjanah; dan (2) citra dan stereotip perempuan Sunda dalam novel Marjanah. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif analitik dengan menggunakan teknik telaah pustaka dan fokalisator. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah novel Marjanah karya S. Djojopuspito. Hasilnya, terdapat: (1) tema dalam novel Marjanah yaitu tentang kritik sosial terhadap keadaan jenis kelamin (laki-laki dan perempuan) yang tidak saling menghargai. Alurnya berurutan, saling berhubungan antara bagian awal, tengah, dan akhir. Latar dalam novel ini berkisah di perkampungan dan perkotaan, latar waktu yang digunakan lebah banyak waktu faktual. Karakter yang ada dalam novel ini ada 30 nama, sedangkan sifatnya ada yang pintar, kuat, malas, kritis, setia, dll; (2) citra dan stereotip perempuan yang muncul dari novel ini adalah tokoh perempuan priyayi yang mengenyam pendidikan memiliki citra positif, stereotip baik, pintar, kuat, kritis, dan cerdas. Tokoh perempuan priyyi yang tidak mengenyam pendidikan memiliki citra positif dalam pandangan kaum jelata, tapi negatif dalam pandangan lelaki priyayi. Stereotip dalam pandangan rakyat jelata, perempuan priyayi baik, pintar, dan tinggi derajatnya, tapi dalam pandangan lelaki priyayi, lemah, hanya untuk kebutuhan seks, hanya untuk mengurus urusan rumah tangga. Tokoh perempuan jelata yang tidak mengenyam pendidika citranya negatif, stereotipnya lemah, hina derajatnya, dan hanya untuk memenuhi kebutuhan seks. AbstractThis study aims to describe: (1) structure of story and (2) the image and stereotype of Sundanese women in Marjanah Novel. The method used in this study is the descriptive analysis method by using library techniques and focalist method. The data used obtain from Marjanah novel written by S.Djojopuspito. The results found are: (1) Marjanah Novel theme criticize social condition of gender (men and women) who didn’t respect each other. Sequential storyline, each plot connected between the beginning, the middle until the end section. The background of this novel was set in village near countryside, mostly in factual time. The novel has 30 main character names with different characteristic such as smart, forceful, weak, generous, loyal, etc; (2) images and stereotypes of women found the thoughts of educated women have a positive image, good stereotypes, smart, strong, critical, and intelligent. Noble women figure who got positive image respect from common people but disrespected by conglomerate. From common people view, she was smart, kind and has high profile, but in conglomerate view, she was so weak, full of desire, and only house worker. Pauper figure without educational background has negative image which stereotype is weak, vile, and only lust needs.
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Oldmeadow, Julian A., Clare A. M. Sutherland, and Andrew W. Young. "Facial Stereotype Visualization Through Image Averaging." Social Psychological and Personality Science 4, no. 5 (December 20, 2012): 615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550612469820.
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Wells, Paul K. "A comment on the paper “The Accountant: a Character in Literature” and an agenda for research on the accountant stereotype." Meditari Accountancy Research 25, no. 1 (April 10, 2017): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-11-2016-0091.
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Purpose This paper aims to explain the contextual basis for examining the accountant stereotype, describe the multiple influences on its development and propose directions for further research. Design/methodology/approach This paper takes the form of a review. It discusses a research paper published in the current issue of Meditari Accountancy Research which undertakes a content analysis using the General Inquirer to identify the image of accountants as represented in novels. Findings Several issues need to be considered when examining these results. The first of these is that the portrayal of accountants in the media has become more positive in recent times. Second, the media is just one influence on the development of stereotypes; third, the media may have limited influence on stereotype formation. Research limitations/implications The findings have implications for further research on the development and maintenance of the accountant stereotype. Originality/value This review contributes to the debate on possible interventions to create a more positive image of accountants.
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Stankevičiūtė, Kristina. "Stereotyping Scandinavia in popular spy films: The image of the female." Journal of Scandinavian Cinema 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 311–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jsca_00006_1.
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Stereotyping, though considered ‘politically incorrect’, is viewed by some as a culturally economical choice that helps us save energy by simplifying the process of perceiving the world and its people. Spy films, in turn, are often constructed from certain clichés that some viewers expect, while more sophisticated spectators find them discrediting. Yet intentional use of clichés, including national and cultural stereotypes, may serve the purpose of conscious criticism or cultural irony, as is often the case in spy film parodies or spoofs. Referring to the widespread spy narrative character typology embodied in James Bond films, the article considers the popular stereotype of the Scandinavian woman observed in twenty-first-century espionage films for wide audiences, focusing on the Hamilton and Kingsman series to examine the effects that serious or ironic use of the stereotype has on the representation of female characters.
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Lyubymova, Svitlana. "Associative Experiment in the Study of Sociocultural Stereotype." Studies About Languages, no. 36 (July 1, 2020): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.0.36.23814.
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As complex phenomena of social and cultural experience, sociocultural stereotypes manifest in behavioural, material and verbal spheres. Notable advances in the study of various aspects of sociocultural stereotypes in humanities have not eliminated the necessity of their study in research paradigm of cognitive-linguistics that incorporates psycholinguistic methods within interpretative framework. An in-depth study of sociocultural stereotypes requires rigorous empirical investigation of language evidence received from competent speakers in experimental situations. The experimental work provides a high level of empirical accuracy to verify emotional evaluation and pragmatic presuppositions conveyed by sociocultural stereotypes. The aim of this study was to unveil the meaning of a sociocultural stereotype flapper in contemporary culture and to model its cognitive structure on results of associative experiment. This sociocultural stereotype was chosen for its importance in changing standards of women behaviour in modern American culture. Flappers were young and daring American women, whose look and behaviour were criticised rigorously by traditionalists. An associative experiment conducted in the Lock Heaven College of Pennsylvania University showed the stereotype of flappers, though emerged in 1920s, still exists in national consciousness as a stereotypical image and a symbol of the epoch. The work contributes to the methodology of systematising experimental data in cognitive-linguistic research.
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Burtovaya, Jliya V. "Scientific capital in the context of gender." Vestnik of Samara State Technical University. Series Philosophy 4, no. 1 (May 11, 2022): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vsgtu-phil.2022.1.10.
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This article reveals the impact of the gender image of school science disciplines on career choices by young people. The article is aimed at analysing the gender stereotype of school science among female and male students and the influence of gender science stereotypes on the career aspirations of young people.
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Hassan, Dina. "Representation of the Other Reproduce Inequalities: A Case Study of the Dictator Film in Terms of Orientalism." Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences 4, no. 3 (December 20, 2021): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/jarss.v4i3.651.
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Representing the other in media is the process of exchanging culture, it gives us information about the unknown, ‘the other’ creating a certain image about them, this image evolves till it becomes their stereotype. Stereotypes are a form of media representation, which is often inaccurate, negative, partial and limited. Which is what happened with the Orient, as Edward Said in his pioneer work ‘Orientalism’ explains. This article focuses on the formation of stereotypes and misrepresentations of the Arabs in Hollywood movies taking Larry Charles’s film dictator (Charles, 2012) as a case study. The paper argues that increasing the representation of the other can reproduce inequality as it was the case in the film. The paper applies Edward Said’s Orientalism and Stuart Hall’s work to shed the light on the traditional stereotype of representing Arabs in the film. Textual analysis is used to analysis the representation of the character traits of the protagonists and the representation of the Arab countries in relation to Orientalism. The paper will focus on the representation of the character traits of the protagonist, representation of Arab countries in relation to Orientalism and creation of stereotypes.
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Roxburgh, Mark, and Elena Caratti. "The Design of Stereotype and the Image." International Journal of Art & Design Education 37, no. 3 (December 25, 2017): 454–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jade.12140.
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Luthmann, Abigail. "Librarians, professionalism and image: stereotype and reality." Library Review 56, no. 9 (October 16, 2007): 773–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00242530710831211.
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Jones, Michael, and Patricia Stanton. "Negative accounting stereotype: Enron cartoons." Accounting History 26, no. 1 (February 2021): 35–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1032373220981424.
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A sample of editorial cartoons published following the wave of accounting scandals in the United States culminating in the collapse of Enron and the demise of the auditors Arthur Andersen LLP was examined to explore the portrayal of accounting, accountants and auditors. The nature and importance of the cartoons was also investigated. While the examination revealed what cartoonists had to say about accounting, accountants and auditing, the purpose was to ascertain the stereotypes conveyed. The cartoonists working from established preconceptions of accounting and accountants redefined and reshaped accounting stereotypes. They replaced the dull but honest image with a negative one, the fraudulent accountant. However, the image of the male accountant survived. As social critics, the cartoonists focused on the consequences on employees and stockholders but neglected to address the consequences for business institutions.
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Jones, Robert A. "The Boffin: a stereotype of scientists in post-war British films (1945-1970)." Public Understanding of Science 6, no. 1 (January 1997): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-6625/6/1/003.
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The period between 1945 and 1970 was critical for the public reputation of British science. It was also a golden age for British cinema. Feature films of this period are used in this paper as a tool for investigating the public image of the scientist. Three main stereotypes are identified, but one of these, which I have called `the Boffin' forms the main focus of the paper. `Boffins' are scientists working with the government and/or armed forces in wartime. An analysis of the portrayal of Barnes Wallis in The Dam Busters provides the main characteristics of the stereotype, and fictional Boffins from other films are compared with this. The origins of the stereotype are traced to the actual situation of scientists in the British war effort, and to class and cultural divisions in post-war Britain. The persistence of the stereotype is also discussed. The implications of this analysis for our understanding of public attitudes to scientists during this period are considered.
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Djeric, Gordana. "Silent and a audible stereotypes: The constitution of "ethnic character" in Serbian epic poetry." Filozofija i drustvo, no. 26 (2005): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid0526105d.
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The article deals with the explanatory relevance of the concept of stereotype in one of its original meanings - as a "mental image". This meaning of the term is the starting point for further differentiations, such as: between linguistic and behavioral stereotypes (in the sense of nonverbal, expected responses); universal and particular stereotypes; self representative and introspective stereotypes; permanent and contemporary stereotypes; and finally, what is most important for our purposes, the difference between silent and audible stereotypes. These distinctions, along with the functions of stereotype, are discussed in the first part of the paper. In the second part, the relations of silent and audible stereotypes are tested against the introduction of "innovative vocabularies" in popular lore. In other words, the explanatory power of this differentiation is checked through an analysis of unconventional motives in Serbian epic poems. The goal of the argument is to clarify the procedure of self creation of masculinity as a relevant feature of the "national character" through "tactic games" of silent and audible stereotypes. The examination of these "poetic strategies" serves a twofold purpose: to illustrate the process of constructing particular features of the "ethno type", on one hand, and to check hypotheses and models which are taken as frameworks in analyzing stereotypes, on the other.
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Nagumanova, V. A. "Stereotype-forming potential of metaphors in creating the image of Russia in German mass media discourse." Professional Discourse & Communication 2, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2687-0126-2020-2-1-23-36.
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The paper considers metaphor as a tool of forming and/or maintaining stereotypes about Russia in German mass media discourse. The actualization of stereotypes in media texts plays a key role in creating the image of a country in the mind of the recipient, while researches pay attention to both extralinguistic factors and linguistic ways of introducing a stereotype into the text. Metaphor is one of the effective ways to actualize stereotypes, as it has the ability to influence the perception of information, it can have a strong effect on the recipient, including the formation of his/her world outlook. The author analyzes the implementation of stereotypes about Russia in German mass media through various metaphorical models. The empirical material comprises metaphorical statements selected from online versions of the most popular social and political newspapers and magazines in Germany.
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Kim, Namhoon, Eunha Chun, and Eunju Ko. "Country of origin effects on brand image, brand evaluation, and purchase intention." International Marketing Review 34, no. 2 (April 10, 2017): 254–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-03-2015-0071.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze how national stereotype, country of origin (COO), and fashion brand’s images influence consumers’ brand evaluations and purchase intentions regarding fashion collections. Korea (Seoul) and overseas (New York and Paris) collections are compared and analyzed. Design/methodology/approach The authors conduct a structural equation modeling and multi-group analysis using data collected from Seoul, New York, and Paris. Findings Consumers make higher brand evaluations and ultimately have stronger purchase intentions toward fashion collections from countries that have stronger COO and fashion brand images. In the context of fashion collections, COO image is greatly influenced by a nation’s political economic and cultural artistic images. In addition, comparing the domestic Seoul fashion collection with New York and Paris collections reveals that a national stereotype images, COO images of fashion collection, and fashion brand’s images cause different brand evaluation and purchase intention. Originality/value The overarching value of the study is that it expands COO research, which has been limited to actual products. Also, the results provide a basic foundation for establishing marketing strategy based on COO image as a way to enhance the development and image of fashion collection.
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Elmgren, Ainur. "“The Jesuits of our time”: The Jesuit Stereotype and the Year 1917 in Finland." Journal of Jesuit Studies 5, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00501002.
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The tenacious negative stereotypes of the Jesuits, conveyed to generations of Finnish school children through literary works in the national canon, were re-used in anti-Socialist discourse during and after the revolutionary year of 1917. Fear of the Bolshevik revolution in 1917 paradoxically strengthened the negative stereotype of “Jesuitism,” especially after the attempted revolution by Finnish Socialists that led to the Finnish Civil War of 1918. The fears connected to the revolution were also fears of democracy itself; various campaigning methods in the new era of mass politics were associated with older images of Jesuit proselytism. In rare cases, the enemy image of the political Jesuit was contrasted with actual Catholic individuals and movements.
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Paudel, Ram Chandra. "Ethnic and Racial Stereotypes: A Critical Appraisal of Identity Politics in Nepal." Crossing the Border: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 1, no. 1 (May 23, 2014): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ctbijis.v1i1.10471.
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As per the scope of this paper, it attempts, in its first part, to offer an operational definition of the term "stereotype." Then it scrutinizes three visual images to demonstrate how racial /ethnic stereotypes are constructed. The first image is extracted from Jo Sharp's Geographies of Postcolonialism. The second image comes from Mike Chappel's The Gurkhas and the third carton sketch is taken from The Kathmandu Post. In its final part, the paper explains how some ethnocentric elites in Nepal, motivated and funded by western agencies, are attempting to homogenize /stabilize the complex social racial and ethnic texture. The paper concludes that such stereotypical and monolithic representations can provoke racial and ethnic issues resulting in disintegration, xenophobia and conflict in Nepali society. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ctbijis.v1i1.10471 Crossing the Border: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Vol.1(1) 2013; 79-84
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Pitchford, Susan R. "Image-Making Movements: Welsh Nationalism and Stereotype Transformation." Sociological Perspectives 44, no. 1 (April 2001): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389808.
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Kamińska, Aleksandra. "La puissance des clichés langagiers dans La Cousine Bette de Balzac : entre le dévoilement de stéréotypes et leur reconnaissance par le lecteur contemporain." Romanica Silesiana 16, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/rs.2019.16.05.
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The aim of this article is to examine the stereotypy in Balzac’s novel Cousin Bette, by relying on the scene of a famous confrontation between Célestin Crevel and his metaphysical opposite – Baroness Hulot d’Ervy. José-Luis Diaz underlines that the Balzacian stereotype imposes itself as the imitation of the social norm and all kinds of linguistic, sartorial, behavioral automatisms etc. His research justifies the use of the concept of stereotype in relation to Balzac’s creation, especially because the nineteenth century only knows its meaning in printing. Thanks to the notion of stereotype, we can question on its influence on the behavior of the protagonists. We are also able to identify the character of the social norm of the time and its regulatory mechanisms. On the one hand, the excessively fixed language, like the cliché, allows the writer to imitate the material preoccupations of the bourgeoisie under the July Monarchy by forging, in the reader’s mind, his negative image. On the other hand, this analysis shows that the protagonist’s expression goes beyond linguistic mimicry. The stereotype allows a certain stylistic originality by which the protagonists give the reader a look into their belief systems. In this sense, the stereotype is a mechanism of regulation : it complicates the characters, creates an impression of reality. Finally, this stylistic enity capture the reader’s attention with logically permissible ideas that are morally unacceptable.
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Van de Walle, Steven. "Context-Specific Images of the Archetypical Bureaucrat: Persistence and Diffusion of the Bureaucracy Stereoptype." Public Voices 7, no. 1 (December 12, 2016): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/pv.192.
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This article demonstrates how stereotyping theory can help to explain citizens' images of government, and how, by approaching the stereotype of civil servants as a social norm, the image of civil servants is diffused and preserved.
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Espinosa-Pike, Marcela, Edurne Aldazabal, and Itsaso Barrainkua. "Undergraduate business students’ perception of auditing: impact of proximity and knowledge on auditors’ stereotype." Managerial Auditing Journal 36, no. 5 (July 22, 2021): 699–723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/maj-07-2020-2739.
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Purpose This study aims to explore undergraduate students’ stereotypes of auditing and the influence of knowledge of the profession and its sources on the stereotype. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on a questionnaire distributed among 360 undergraduate business students at 21 higher education institutions in Spain. Findings The study reveals that undergraduate business students consider auditors competent and ethical. Auditing is viewed as an interesting and rigorous activity, which requires high responsibility and contributes significantly to society. Students perceive that the auditing career is difficult but contributes to professional development. The knowledge acquired through business studies influences the creation of a positive image of the profession and of auditors. Practical implications The profession could benefit from the fact that having more information about the profession improves students’ perceptions of it. The provision of auditing courses through the degree and related activities to increase the visibility of the profession during the first years of the degree could improve the auditor stereotype and enhance students’ intentions to enter this profession. Originality/value Previous studies have analyzed the image of the accounting professional as a homogeneous professional status. This study specifically addresses the image of auditors, who are at the core of the traditional accounting domain. It analyzes the influence of sources of knowledge (academic training, having familiars and media) on auditors’ stereotypes. Moreover, it provides evidence concerning the perceptions of the new generations (Gen Z).
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Leskinen, Maria. "The Plot of the Oleg’s Shield in Russian Culture of the 19th – early 20th centuries." Slavianovedenie, no. 5 (2021): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869544x0016745-2.
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The article reconstruct the ideologema based on the chronicle story about Prince Oleg (Prophet Oleg) hoisting a shield on the “gates of Tsaregrad”. This action as a sign of victory acquired a symbolic status becauseof Pushkin's «The Song of Prophet Oleg»(1822) and later, due to the inclusion of «The Song» in the literary anthologies for children, this plot became a stereotype image of Tsaregrad / Constantinople. It became very popular during the Russian-Turkish wars of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The author analyzed the main interpretational trends of the legendary story about Oleg's shield in the context of the history of ideas and images, which had a direct impact on the stereotypes of the mass consciousness.
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Ding, Guijin, and Jinfeng Wu. "Influence of Tourism Safety Perception on Destination Image: A Case Study of Xinjiang, China." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 31, 2022): 1663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031663.
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Tourism safety perception is one of the factors influencing destination image, but there is a lack of systematic research on the multidimensional influence of tourism safety perception on destination image. In this paper, based on the survey data collected from 623 tourists traveling in Xinjiang, China, we classified the respondents into three types of high, medium, and low levels of tourism safety perception by cluster analysis, and studied the influence of tourism safety perception on destination image in multiple dimensions by means of content analysis, diversity index, one-way ANOVA, and factor analysis. We found that tourism safety perception significantly affects the cognitive image, affective image, and conative image of the destination. Tourists with a high safety perception evaluate and affectively experience destination attributes more positively with higher satisfaction and stronger willingness to revisit and recommend. Tourism safety perception affects the stereotype image of the destination to a certain extent. Tourists in general produce a broadly homogeneous stereotype image, but there are differences in diversity and emotions. Tourists with a high safety perception have a richer and more positive stereotype image. This study enriches and deepens the theory regarding the influence of tourism safety perception on destination image, and also provides a richer theoretical basis for destination image construction and precision marketing.
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Tornstam, Lars. "Stereotypes of Old People Persist. A Swedish “Facts on Aging Quiz” in a 23-year Comparative Perspective." International Journal of Ageing and Later Life 2, no. 1 (July 9, 2007): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.072133.
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In 2005, as well as in 1982, almost 90 percent of Swedes subscribed to the stereotype that retirement pensioners suffer from loneliness and more than half of Swedes also believed that pensioners suffer from boredom and dissatisfaction with life. Little seems to have changed for the better, or even impaired with regard to the images of the psychological conditions of pensioners, at the same time as Swedes have become somewhat more knowledgeable about the physiological/material conditions associated with aging. This follows from a 2005 follow-up of a Swedish Facts on Aging Quiz, first given in 1982. The comparatively stable pattern of stereotypes over the 23-year period indicates that stereotypes – in old, well-known or permutated forms – will prevail as long as their ageist roots do. The changes observed indicate the possibility of a future pattern of stereotypes, which combines an exaggerated “positive” image of retirement pensioners’ health and wealth, with associated envy of the “greedy geezers”, and pity for their lonely and meaningless lives.
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Chusna, Inayatul. "Stereotip Dunia Ketiga dalam Film Bride and Prejudice." Buletin Al-Turas 22, no. 1 (January 31, 2016): 65–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/bat.v22i1.3013.
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Abstract The focus of this research is to expose the representation of the Third World (India) in a transnational film, Bride and Prejudice. By using the theory of representation and some concepts in postcolonial studies, the representation of the Third World are revealed through the characters of the First and Third World and their relationship. The representation of the Third World that creates center and peripheral, and the image of Center as everything confirm the stereotypical representation of the Third World. The love story of the film between the First and Third World characters actually creates prejudices which once again reflecting the First and Third World stereotypes. The genre of the film, the transnational genre, expected to give space for the Third World to be visualized equal cannot remove the stereotypical representation. Bride and Prejudice becomes a transnational film that presents colonial voices. Keywords: Postcolonialism, Representation, First and Third World, Stereotype. ------- Abstrak Fokus penelitian ini menjelaskan tentang representasi dunia ketiga (India) dalam sebuah film transnasional, Bride dan Prejudice. Dengan menggunakan teori representasi dan beberapa konsep kajian poskolonial, representasi dunia ketiga digambarkan melalui hubungan dunia pertama dan ketiga para tokoh film tersebut. Representasi dunia ketiga yang menyebabkan terjadinya pusat dan pinggiran, dan penggambaran pusat sebagai pengokohan stereotip representasi dunia ketiga. Cerita cinta dalam film tersebut, antara para tokoh dunia pertama dan ketigapada dasarnya menimbulkan praduga yang menggambarkan stereotipe dunia pertama dan ketiga. Genre film ini, genre transnasional, diharapkan dapat memberikan ruang bagi dunia ketiga mengenai kesetaraan tidak dapat menghapus stereotip terhadapnya. Bride dan Prejudice menjadi sebuah film transnasional yang merepresentasikan suara-suara kolonial. Katakunci: poskolonial, representasi, dunia pertama dan ketiga, stereotip.
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Załęcki, Jarosław. "Stereotypy i uprzedzenia wobec Niemców. Przypadek Gdańska." Kultura i Społeczeństwo 52, no. 2 (April 9, 2008): 189–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2008.52.2.9.
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The article presents the findings of a survey conducted on a representative sample of the Gdańsk population. The purpose of the research was to diagnose the attitude towards the Germans and identify the stereotype of a German rooted in the respondents’ minds. Gdańsk is a geographically highly interesting area of research for sociologists pondering the sphere of national stereotypes. What makes it specific is its location ‘at the frontier’, where the German and Polish elements met for ages. The conducted research reveals that the residents of Gdańsk are in the midst of a gradual but evident process of overcoming prejudice against the Germans. The changes are driven by generation succession and expanded mutual contacts. The young were observed to be more positive in their attitudes to the Germans. The image evoked in them was increasingly less connected with the spectre of the painful history and ever more frequently with a modern and well-organised society. The German stereotype is the function of several factors. The research proves that the positive image of a German correlates with the respondents’ age and their sense of well-being in life.
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Chen, Chun-Chu, Yueh-Hsiu Lin, and James F. Petrick. "International Stereotype and the Collective Construction of Destination Image." Tourism Analysis 17, no. 1 (May 1, 2012): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/108354212x13330406124133.
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Xie, Ying, Mingliang Chen, Wuke Zhang, and Fang Cui. "Neural correlates of country-of-origin image (COI) stereotype." Neuroscience Letters 687 (November 2018): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.045.
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Motsi, Terence, and Ji Eun Park. "National Stereotypes as Antecedents of Country-of-Origin Image: The Role of the Stereotype Content Model." Journal of International Consumer Marketing 32, no. 2 (August 26, 2019): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08961530.2019.1653241.
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Kozłowska, Anna. "O aktywności społeczno-ekonomicznej kobiet w czasopiśmie „Twój Styl”." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 3 (December 3, 2012): 113–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2012.3.6.
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The text is about the issue theme of socio-economic activity of women in the text analyzes the issue theme of socio-economic activity of women in the Polish magazine “Twój Styl”. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the image of modern woman is a bit fuzzy. Typical woman is torn between the private and public sphere and forced (through social practices and effective gender stereotypes) into an attempt at the collision-free fulfillment of the social roles. The prevailing stereotype that woman are limited to the private sphere is the one of the causes of female disadvantage on the labor market. At the same time that stereotype creates an impression that woman in the public sphere is a rarity and if she’s ever managed to enter it, it was only possible thanks to the support of her male partner or by limiting her personal life.
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Karmanov, Mikhail V. "Stereotype of crafty statistics: content, causes and consequences." Statistics and Economics 16, no. 1 (March 19, 2019): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2019-1-4-10.
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The purpose of the study: to consider comprehensively the stereotype of crafty statistics, a phenomenon widely spread in Russia in recent years. It implies that any officially published data supplied by ROSSTAT (Federal State Statistics Service) are not only inadequate and unrealistic, but also deliberately distorted. The paper scrutinizes the content, reasons and possible consequences of crafty statistics.Materials and methods. The paper attempts to unveil the genesis of the stereotype of crafty statistics as a response of civil society to sluggish efforts of government officials and politicians of different levels and ranks to stop declaring slogans and get down to real actions directed at improving living conditions and standards of the broad sectors of the populations. The paper suggests multiple reasons to explore the genesis of the stereotype of crafty statistics, which include complexity of methodology of statistical calculations, overwhelming average indicators, subjectivism in selecting indicators to describe socio-economic situation, data interpretation problems and others.Results. The conducted analysis revealed that it is due to overlay of the above factors that predetermines not only the mass character but also the resilience of this stereotype. Also, low statistical literacy of representatives of various segments of ordinary Russians, representatives of mass media, administration bodies of different level and political beau monde contribute to this phenomenon. The study describes possible negative consequences of the further development of this stereotype leading to serious damage to the government image, which the broad sectors of the population consider the initiator of this statistics, reflecting the improvement of the situation or actions in this direction.Conclusion. The paper reveals risks of any social stereotypes and stereotype of crafty statistics in particular thriving on the lack of trust from the population to any statistics data and turning it into an established negative trend of total distrust to any actions, projects and programs of the current government.
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Na, Hyeong Sik. "Non-Hierarchical Analysis on the Stereotype of Product Image and Supernormal Stimuli Image." Journal of Cultural Product & Design 57 (June 30, 2019): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18555/kicpd.2019.57.23.
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Howells, John M. "Employers' and Union Officers Views on the Ideal Mediator." Journal of Industrial Relations 28, no. 3 (September 1986): 428–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218568602800306.
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Most of the research on the factors considered important in a 'model' mediator been based on the vieivs of experienced mediators. This paper, instead, presents various dimensions of mediator background and behaviour considered important employers and union officers active inside the mediation process. The purpose is examine whether the contending parties do have a fixed stereotype image of the id mediator and, indeed, whether these two stereotypes coincide. Close agreement between employers and union officers can be taken as some evidence of the identifiable facte that distinguish the successful mediator from the poor mediator.
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Zemszał, Piotr. "An outline of a stereotype of a Catholic and Catholicism in a discourse of the radical Orthodox Church movement in modern Russia." Oblicza Komunikacji 12 (June 24, 2021): 169–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2083-5345.12.11.
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The paper is an attempt to compare a medieval stereotype of Catholics and Catholicism existing in Rus against a contemporary stereotype functioning in the radical Orthodox Church environment. The main source of the research material are publications available at the website Москва — Третий Рим (https://3rm.info/), which publishes and aggregates content generated by radical Orthodox Church circles. The starting point is an analysis of the image of Catholics presented in one of more important chronicles of medieval Rus, which was conducted by Marianna Andreitcheva. The text answers a question about the extent to which this image is preserved in a contemporary stereotype of Catholics and Catholicism found in a discourse of the contemporary ultra-radical Orthodox Church circles, based on a sense of confessional identity, similarly to the discourse of Ruthenian authors.
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Dudek, Karol, and Paweł Bernard. "POLISH LOWER AND UPPER SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ CONCEPTIONS OF A SCIENTIST." Problems of Education in the 21st Century 63, no. 1 (February 25, 2015): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/15.63.40.
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There is an increasing problem of a much smaller number of students in natural sciences or mathematics in Poland. The number of students is decreasing so dramatically that some courses are closed. Therefore, it becomes very important to look for the possible causes. The starting point for these considerations is the study on the image of a scientist. The image of a scientist and the factors that shape it have been the subject of research in various countries around the world for more than fifty years. The aim of the present research was to determine what the image of a scientist according to Polish students is. Additionally, the impact of the students’ age (in the range of 13-19 years old) on this image was analysed. The study involved 938 students of lower and upper secondary public schools from all over the country chosen randomly. The research was based on a questionnaire which was anonymous and community-based. The main questions were preceded by an enquiry about the respondent’s personal information such as gender, age, type of school they attend, and school locality. These data were needed for the analysis of such factors as, for example, the effect of gender. The obtained results showed that the image of a scientist according to Polish students is quite similar to the stereotype adopted by students from other countries. Contrary to some earlier reports, Polish students usually presented a scientist as a young person and paid more attention to personal safety equipment like a lab coat, gloves and goggles. It should be noted that this stereotype is quite archaic and is not associated with a real vision of a scientist. This lack of awareness may have an impact on shortage of students in the structure of science studies. Key words: Draw-A-Scientist Test (DAST), images of a scientist, stereotype of a scientist.
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Polakova, Silvia, Jozef Bruk, and Lenka Môcova. "Representation of the image of Russia and Central Europe in the British press. The impact of media on intercultural communication in global context." SHS Web of Conferences 129 (2021): 10010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112910010.
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Research background: Twenty-first century’s sees strong globalization trends in which mass media play crucial role in shaping public opinion which might saliently impact intercultural communication on the international level. Purpose of the article: This paper focuses on the representation of the image of Russia and Central and Eastern Europe in the British press and, besides, it sets out the role of stereotyping in intercultural communication. The article writers assume that the stereotypes play pivotal role in image shaping of a country in the media. Above all, the most efficient way to not stereotype is a straightforward communication of the participants alongside with the knowledge of the participant’s background, i. e. cultural knowledge. Drawing on the information from the British press, Russia, Central as well as Eastern Europe appears not solely as a geographical region. On the contrary, despite the fast economic, social and political development, its image abroad is still predominantly negative. Methods: The paper, in conjunction with the cultural linguistics and cognitive approach, reveals the range of metaphorical expressions, in particular cognitive aspect of metaphors used by British journalists, which, in turn form the image of Russia in the British press. Findings & Value added: The paper suggests that the analysis of the image of country in the mass media might apply to the investigation of images of other countries as well as to comparative studies.
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Mikhaylenko, Elizaveta I. "Problems and Possibilities of Image Construction in Historical Science (on the Example of an Image of a Siberian Bureaucrat of the Russian Empire)." Herald of Omsk University. Series: Historical Studies 7, no. 1 (25) (July 7, 2020): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2312-1300.2020.7(1).21-27.
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The article deals with the basic theories of the image in historical science, the mechanisms of its creation and the possibility of constructing the image of a bureaucrat. The concepts of image and stereotype are distinguished. The author proposes methods for searching for the image of a bureaucrat and assesses the role of the various components of this image.
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Pilarska, Justyna. "Stereotype of the Other and the Bosnian Cultural Borderland Research Assumptions." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 9, no. 2 (January 21, 2017): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v9i2.p123-135.
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This paper tackles the issue of attitudes shaped in a culturally diverse environment, that can take form of a stereotype of the Other – a notion fundamental for the process of establishing own social identity. As far as culturally heterogeneous, complex societies are concerned, the image of the Other may acquire connotations different from those in culturally homogenous societies, hence it is worth to ponder over the way members of a cultural borderland construct their image of the Other, its features and specificity. Although the research is of preliminary, pilot character, it can provide with some assumption to a wider-scope project revealing the mechanisms of forming stereotypes and prejudices. Such knowledge, consequently, would be of great importance for pedagogues as well as formal and informal intercultural educators in determining the areas of compromise and conflict with given cultural codes, and cross-cultural practices. The theoretical framework of attitudes, stereotypes, and the concept of “the Other” is accompanied by the description of a cultural borderland as exemplified by Bosnia-Herzegovina, where the preliminary, qualitative research took place. Key impact in this regard is played by a relation between cultural pluralism and the process of shaping attitudes, as within given attitudes the individuals accept diversity and recognize it as an integral part of own, surrounding reality, crucially stimulating the process of opening to the understanding, cooperation and cross-cultural dialogue.
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Djeric, Gordana. "Stereotype: End of (a) story." Filozofija i drustvo, no. 28 (2005): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid0528071d.
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The paper is an analytic retrospective of the author?s work during the preceding research period, involving the study of role, meaning and place of stereotypes in identity discourses. In order to explain the reasons for and ways of dealing with stereotypes, she reviews the evolution of her own research approach and the alternative approaches to the topic from the perspective of various scholarly disciplines. Seeking to avoid the trap of ?interpreting (ethnic) stereotypes stereotypically?, the author chooses not to follow the usual method whereby ethnic stereotypes are ?deconstructed? as false and generalizing image of oneself and others, and exposed to social-psychological and political-anthropological critique. Instead, the author looks at stereotypes primarily in terms of their linguistic and social ?semiotics? and their theoretical and practical usability. Stressing the necessity of relativizing the binary structure of discourse, the author argues that stereotypes, though indispensable as elements of the ?economy? of language and thought, should be socially conceptualized and historicized in analysis.
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N'gatta, Severin. "Stereotype and Image of Postcolonial Africa in „White Spirit“ by Paule Constant." Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature 45, no. 7 (January 21, 2022): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/lsmll.2021.45.4.37-47.
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Kondratiev, Sergey V. "Lawyers in the Elizabethan and early Stuart England: stereotype image." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 419 (June 1, 2017): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/419/18.
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Karpukhina, T. P. "Hate Speech as a Manipulative Means of Forming the Inimical Image of Russia in British and American Mass-Media (viewed from the Aspect of the English Language Taught to Russian Students)." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 21, no. 1 (May 29, 2019): 212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2019-21-1-212-222.
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The research features manipulative technologies aimed at forming the inimical image of Russia in British and American mass-media. The inimical conception, when intentionally built, is predetermined by the already existing stereotype of an enemy, whose most evident and manifest features are singled out and enclosed into the image thus constructed. The stereotype, in its turn, can be traced back to the most ancient archetype of a hostile member of a different tribe, perilous to the group he intends to destroy. The image of Russia created by the British and American mass-media is overloaded with negative connotations as contrasted with a highly positive self-image of the British and Americans. Russia is presented as an aggressor that interferes with other countries’ affairs, while its opponents, as they claim, fight against terrorism and meet other global challenges. Nothing is farther from the truth but the manipulative technologies employed help to drive this idea into the readers’ heads. The British and American media-language turns to “hate speech” whenever they refer to Russia. Most effective, though over-exploited, is its constant repetition. All this serves as a substitute for actual facts, logic, and arguments. The question arises: what should EFL students do with the language material that often misinforms or insults their country? The answer is obvious: never degrade yourself by attacking or insulting the opponents. They might be entrapped in the war rhetoric or the stereotypes and be truly convinced of the Russians’ hostility. Consider the facts, but not emotions, and manipulation will miss you or your friendly attitude to Englishmen and Americans as a target.
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Smith, G. Stevenson. "The accountant: a character in literature." Meditari Accountancy Research 25, no. 1 (April 10, 2017): 2–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-03-2015-0014.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the accountants’ stereotype as it is developed within a sample of fiction novels. The descriptions of accountants in these novels are used to determine the attributes associated with the accountants’ image. Further, the purpose is to identify and compare the results of the present study with those images that have been identified in previous studies. Design/methodology/approach The descriptions in the novels are analyzed using context analysis and the corpus available through the General Inquirer (GI). A comparison is made between the results found in the present study using context analysis with previous studies using social-cultural methods to investigate stereotypes. The current paper attempts to avoid investigator bias based on social learning; lessens subjective interpretations; and rather than using a non-transferable rating scale unique to one article, it uses a widely accepted evaluation measure in the GI. Findings The image of accountants in the sample of novels was found to be positive rather than the negative image described in previous papers. The conclusion reached is that past studies of the accountants’ image have not eliminated social-cultural biases from their research results. The present study suggests that an image filled with negative characteristics may vary with the medium, and there may not be a universal image of the accountant. Research limitations/implications One weakness of content analysis is that positive words are used in phrases that may have negative connotations. For example, the word “cool” as related to a person may have the meaning that a person is really neat or that they are standoffish. Another limitation of context analysis is coding bias as a consequence of the subjectivity among the various individuals performing the coding. The corpus used in the GI attempts to overcome these issues. Practical implications Managers’ potential interactions with accountants are affected by their internal perceptions of the accounting profession. If accountants are associated with negative images as outlined in previous research, why is their decision-making input still widely used? An understanding of why a group of such professionals are considered to be important to decision-making needs to be analyzed. If managers truly believe accountants are weak, negative and short-sighted, as has been confirmed in previous research, accountants and their skill set would not be used by managers. Yet, their skills are sought out by managers. The dichotomy is investigated in the paper. Social implications Stereotypes affect members of the public in their support, approach and interactions with a profession. The job functions available to a profession are affected and restricted by its stereotype. Unfortunately, many people develop distortions and biases in their perceptions and react toward a group based on those internally held perceptions. It is worthwhile to understand how a group is viewed in society to be able to understand how they can deal with these stereotypes. Originality/value The approach in the paper is the first application of context analysis to the study of the accountant’s image. In this context, data identified in the structure of a text provide a basis to the underlying patterns in the text and by implication its attributes. Unlike the past studies, which rely on social learning to evaluate the accountants’ image, the current research combines content analysis with corpus linguistics to identify themes and the significance of relationships in the data set.