Academic literature on the topic 'Image-Based 3D Modelling'

Geometric modeling software that can realize two-dimensional medical image browsing, preprocessing, and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction is designed for modeling human organs. This software performs medical image segmentation using a method that combines the region growing and the interactive segmentation methods. The Marching Cubes surface reconstruction algorithm is used to obtain a 3D geometric model. The program is compiled using Visual Studio 2010. The software is employed to obtain the geometric model of the human femur, hipbone, and muscle. The geometric modeling results can accurately express the structural information of the skeleton and muscle.

High-resolution 3D modelling of lunar surface is important for lunar scientific research and exploration missions. Photogrammetry is known for 3D mapping and modelling from a pair of stereo images based on dense image matching. However dense matching may fail in poorly textured areas and in situations when the image pair has large illumination differences. As a result, the actual achievable spatial resolution of the 3D model from photogrammetry is limited by the performance of dense image matching. On the other hand, photoclinometry (i.e., shape from shading) is characterised by its ability to recover pixel-wise surface shapes based on image intensity and imaging conditions such as illumination and viewing directions. More robust shape reconstruction through photoclinometry can be achieved by incorporating images acquired under different illumination conditions (i.e., photometric stereo). Introducing photoclinometry into photogrammetric processing can therefore effectively increase the achievable resolution of the mapping result while maintaining its overall accuracy. This research presents an integrated photogrammetric and photoclinometric approach for pixel-resolution 3D modelling of the lunar surface. First, photoclinometry is interacted with stereo image matching to create robust and spatially well distributed dense conjugate points. Then, based on the 3D point cloud derived from photogrammetric processing of the dense conjugate points, photoclinometry is further introduced to derive the 3D positions of the unmatched points and to refine the final point cloud. The approach is able to produce one 3D point for each image pixel within the overlapping area of the stereo pair so that to obtain pixel-resolution 3D models. Experiments using the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera - Narrow Angle Camera (LROC NAC) images show the superior performances of the approach compared with traditional photogrammetric technique. The results and findings from this research contribute to optimal exploitation of image information for high-resolution 3D modelling of the lunar surface, which is of significance for the advancement of lunar and planetary mapping.

Nowadays, there are rapid developments in the fields of photogrammetry, laser scanning, computer vision and robotics, together aiming to provide highly accurate 3D data that is useful for various applications. In recent years, various LiDAR and image-based techniques have been investigated for 3D modelling because of their opportunities for fast and accurate model generation. For cultural heritage preservation and the representation of objects that are important for tourism and their interactive visualization, 3D models are highly effective and intuitive for present-day users who have stringent requirements and high expectations. Depending on the complexity of the objects for the specific case, various technological methods can be applied. The selected objects in this particular research are located in Bulgaria – a country with thousands of years of history and cultural heritage dating back to ancient civilizations. \this motivates the preservation, visualisation and recreation of undoubtedly valuable historical and architectural objects and places, which has always been a serious challenge for specialists in the field of cultural heritage. <br><br> In the present research, comparative analyses regarding principles and technological processes needed for 3D modelling and visualization are presented. The recent problems, efforts and developments in interactive representation of precious objects and places in Bulgaria are presented. Three technologies based on real projects are described: (1) image-based modelling using a non-metric hand-held camera; (2) 3D visualization based on spherical panoramic images; (3) and 3D geometric and photorealistic modelling based on architectural CAD drawings. Their suitability for web-based visualization are demonstrated and compared. Moreover the possibilities for integration with additional information such as interactive maps, satellite imagery, sound, video and specific information for the objects are described. This comparative study discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these three approaches and their integration in multiple domains, such as web-based 3D city modelling, tourism and architectural 3D visualization. It was concluded that image-based modelling and panoramic visualisation are simple, fast and effective techniques suitable for simultaneous virtual representation of many objects. However, additional measurements or CAD information will be beneficial for obtaining higher accuracy.

Nowadays, there are rapid developments in the fields of photogrammetry, laser scanning, computer vision and robotics, together aiming to provide highly accurate 3D data that is useful for various applications. In recent years, various LiDAR and image-based techniques have been investigated for 3D modelling because of their opportunities for fast and accurate model generation. For cultural heritage preservation and the representation of objects that are important for tourism and their interactive visualization, 3D models are highly effective and intuitive for present-day users who have stringent requirements and high expectations. Depending on the complexity of the objects for the specific case, various technological methods can be applied. The selected objects in this particular research are located in Bulgaria – a country with thousands of years of history and cultural heritage dating back to ancient civilizations. \this motivates the preservation, visualisation and recreation of undoubtedly valuable historical and architectural objects and places, which has always been a serious challenge for specialists in the field of cultural heritage. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; In the present research, comparative analyses regarding principles and technological processes needed for 3D modelling and visualization are presented. The recent problems, efforts and developments in interactive representation of precious objects and places in Bulgaria are presented. Three technologies based on real projects are described: (1) image-based modelling using a non-metric hand-held camera; (2) 3D visualization based on spherical panoramic images; (3) and 3D geometric and photorealistic modelling based on architectural CAD drawings. Their suitability for web-based visualization are demonstrated and compared. Moreover the possibilities for integration with additional information such as interactive maps, satellite imagery, sound, video and specific information for the objects are described. This comparative study discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these three approaches and their integration in multiple domains, such as web-based 3D city modelling, tourism and architectural 3D visualization. It was concluded that image-based modelling and panoramic visualisation are simple, fast and effective techniques suitable for simultaneous virtual representation of many objects. However, additional measurements or CAD information will be beneficial for obtaining higher accuracy.

The main purpose of this work is to reconstruct 3D model of an entire scene byusing two ordinary cameras. We develop a mobile phone application, based onstereo vision and image analysis algorithms, executed either locally or on a remotehost, to calculate the dietary intake using the current questionnaire and the mobilephone photographs. The information of segmented 3D models are used to calculatethe volume -and then the calories- of a person’s daily intake food. The method ischecked using different solid food samples, in different camera arrangements. Theresults shows that the method successfully reconstructs 3D model of different foodsample with high details.

A new approach for object replacement in 3D space is presented. Introducing a technique that replaces the older two dimensional (2D) based facial replacement method performed by compositing artist in motion picture productions and video commercial industry.

This method uses 4 digital video cameras filming an actor from 360 degrees, the cameras are placed with 90 degrees in between, the video footage acquired is then used to produce a 3D video texture consisting of video segments taken from different angles representing the object from 3D point of view.

The video texture is then applied to a 3D modelled head matching the geometry of the original object.

Offering the freedom of showing the object from any point of view from 3D space, which is not possible using the current two dimensional method where the actormust at all time face the camera.

The method is described in details with images showing every stage of the process.

Results are presented as still frames taken from the final video footage and as a video file demonstrating them.

This thesis finalises a 5+3 PhD project within the joint doctoral programme in Digital Heritage established in collaboration between History, Archaeology and Classical Studies, Graduate School, the Faculty of Arts, Aarhus University and the University of York. The thesis deals with the overarching theme of spatial data in archaeological excavation recording. Spatial data are at the core of all archaeological observations, and are expressed in numerous ways, ranging from traditional hand drawings to digital two- and three-dimensional representations in Geographic Information Systems and proprietary 3D software. Yet, despite technological advances, state-of-the art digital spatial data are almost equally detached from textual archaeological interpretation as they were using conventional tools decades ago. The thesis presents a study of how technological advances influence archaeological excavation traditions and methodologies. Special emphasis is directed at exploring how the increased use of image-based 3D documentation may contribute to increased quality of field recording and, in particular, what theoretical conceptualisations and technical developments are needed to harness its full potential. The thesis is composed of four articles, which constitute individual chapters (2-5). Each chapter covers a theme within the underlying topic of integrating spatial data in archaeology, supplemented by an introductory chapter (1), a synthesis (6) and a conclusion (7). The first article (chapter 2) provides an introduction to the overarching research questions and their methodological and historical background. It offers some rudimentary impressions of differing excavation and recording traditions in Britain and Denmark, to critically assess the use of GIS in archaeology and the negotiation between state-of-the-art technology and archaeological practice. The article discusses how the adaptation of GIS may have contributed significantly to the detrimental effect of creating stand-alone silos of spatial data that are rarely fully integrated with non-spatial, textual data, and has acted to stifle the development of digital standards of recording by perpetuating outmoded analogue recording conventions from a previous century. The chapter outlines the potential of born-digital 3D recording technologies such as Structure From Motion (SFM), GPS, and laser scanning in current practice, while advocating for a conceptualisation of new types of data and data representation in archaeological documentation. This, however, requires changes in archaeological methodologies and workflows and that we redefine more explicitly what we actually want to do with spatial data in archaeology. The second article (chapter 3) seeks to advance the conceptual framework of 3D models within archaeological excavation recording. 3D documentation advocates for a new workflow with a more three-dimensional reasoning, allowing for the utilisation of 3D as a tool for continuous progress planning and evaluation of an excavation and its results. Just like the general use of models to form hypotheses, it is possible to use 3D models as spatial hypotheses of an ongoing excavation. This allows us to visually realise or spatially conceptualise our hypotheses as a virtual reconstruction and to combine it with our observational data. The article presents first-hand experiences of working with 3D reconstruction and visualisations during the excavations at Viking Age site Jelling, and explores how the concept of authenticity may facilitate negotiations between visualising what we know, and what we think we know. The third article (chapter 4) further addresses the challenges inherent to the integration of 3D documentation: specifically its inability to convey archaeological interpretations. Image-based 3D modelling is generally considered a superior tool for generating geometrically accurate and photo-realistic recording of an excavation, but does not immediately encourage reflexive or interpretative practice. This is a direct consequence of the technical limitations of currently available tools, but also reflects an archaeological methodology and spatial conceptualisation based on two-dimensional abstractions. Using the example of the excavations at the Iron Age site Alken Enge, this article takes a more technical approach to exploring how new tools developed for segmenting field-recorded 3D geometry allow embedding archaeological interpretations directly in the 3D model, thereby augmenting its semantic value considerably. This is considered a precondition for the successful integration of 3D models as archaeological documentation. Furthermore, the article explores how web-based 3D platforms may facilitate collaborative exchange of 3D excavation content and how the integration of spatial and attribute data into one common event-based data model may be advantageous. The event-based approach is used for conceptualising how digital spatial data are created, derived and evolve throughout the documentation and post-excavation process. This effectively means building a conceptualisation of excavation recording procedures and seeing them through to the data model implementation itself. The fourth and last article (chapter 5) further explores the technologies outlined in chapters two and four. In particular, it focuses on evaluating analytical capabilities and alternative visualisation end-goals for 3D excavation recording. The chapter presents a simple case study, demonstrating the pipeline from excavating an archaeological feature, through image-based documentation and processing, to volumetric visual representation, while exploring the potential of machine learning to aid in feature recognition and classification. Chapter six acts as a synopsis, which provides added context to the results of the preceding chapters and furthermore discusses archaeological data models in general, conceptual reference models and, finally, presents the data model and implementation developed during the research project. The research introduces several novel approaches and technical developments aimed at aggregating the fragmented excavation data throughout the archaeological sector. This includes developing software for harvesting 2D GIS data from file storage at local archaeological institutions, functions for 3D semantic segmentation, automated processes for pattern recognition (SVM), machine learning and volumetric visualisation, and database mappings to web-services such as the MUD excavation database - all of which feed into the development of the Archaeo Framework. The online database \url{www.archaeo.dk} provides an implementation of the proposed data model for complex spatial field recorded data, and demonstrates the achieved data management capabilities, analytical queries, various spatial and visual representations and data interoperability functions. The Archaeo Framework acts as a data repository for excavation data, and provides long-awaited integration of spatial and textual data in Denmark. The benefits of spatial integration are clearly evident, notably having all information in one system, available online for research, dissemination and data re-use. For the first time, it is possible to perform large-scale validation of digital excavation plans against the written record, and perform complex spatial queries at a much deeper level than merely a site on a map. This research frames the basis for further developments of dynamic data management approaches to the integration of complex spatial data in field archaeology. The data model is expected to assist archaeologists in implementing better conceptualised excavation data models, and to facilitate a better understanding and use of 3D for archaeological documentation and analysis. Ultimately, the implementation provides access to the inaccessible dimensions of archaeological recording by joining hitherto isolated and fragmentary archaeological datasets - spatial and textual. Future areas of investigation should seek to advance this further in order to facilitate the persistence of complex spatial data as integrated components of archaeological data models.

The aim of the thesis is to analyse new technologies for integrated architectural surveys, studying the advantages and limitations of each in different architectural contexts, providing a global vision and unifying terminology and methodology in the field of architecture and engineering. The new technologies analyzed include laser scanning (both time-of-flight and triangulation), image-based 3-D modelling and drone-based photogrammetry, along with their integration with classical surveying techniques. With this goal, some case studies were examined, using different survey techniques with several advanced applications, in the field of architectural heritage. The case studies enabled us to analyze and study these techniques, however having quite clear that Image- and Range-based Modelling techniques, rather than compared, must be analysed for their integration, which is essential for the rendering of models with high levels of morphological and chromatic detail. On the other hand, thanks to the experience of the two different faculties (Architecture in Valencia, Spain and Civil Engineering in Pisa, Italy), besides the issues of interpretation between the two languages, divergence was found between the terminology used by the different specialists involved in the process, be they engineers (although dealing with different branches), architects and archaeologists. It is obvious that each of these profiles has a different view of architectural heritage, general construction and surveys. The current trend to form multidisciplinary teams working on architectural heritage, leads us to conclude that an unified technical terminology in this field could facilitate understanding and integration between the different figures, thus creating a common code.
Martínez-Espejo Zaragoza, I. (2014). PRECISIONES SOBRE EL LEVANTAMIENTO 3D INTEGRADO CON HERRAMIENTAS AVANZADAS, APLICADO AL CONOCIMIENTO Y LA CONSERVACIÓN DEL PATRIMONO ARQUITECTÓNICO [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/37512
TESIS

3D environment reconstruction has received great interest in recent years in areas such as city planning, virtual tourism and flood hazard warning. With the rapid development of computer technologies, it has become possible and necessary to develop new methodologies and techniques for real time simulation for virtual environments applications. This thesis proposes a novel dynamic simulation scheme for flood hazard warning. The work consists of three main parts: digital terrain modelling; 3D environmental reconstruction and system development; flood simulation models. The digital terrain model is constructed using real world measurement data of GIS, in terms of digital elevation data and satellite image data. An NTSP algorithm is proposed for very large data assessing, terrain modelling and visualisation. A pyramidal data arrangement structure is used for dealing with the requirements of terrain details with different resolutions. The 3D environmental reconstruction system is made up of environmental image segmentation for object identification, a new shape match method and an intelligent reconstruction system. The active contours-based multi-resolution vector-valued framework and the multi-seed region growing method are both used for extracting necessary objects from images. The shape match method is used with a template in the spatial domain for a 3D detailed small scale urban environment reconstruction. The intelligent reconstruction system is designed to recreate the whole model based on specific features of objects for large scale environment reconstruction. This study then proposes a new flood simulation scheme which is an important application of the 3D environmental reconstruction system. Two new flooding models have been developed. The first one is flood spreading model which is useful for large scale flood simulation. It consists of flooding image spatial segmentation, a water level calculation process, a standard gradient descent method for energy minimization, a flood region search and a merge process. The finite volume hydrodynamic model is built from shallow water equations which is useful for urban area flood simulation. The proposed 3D urban environment reconstruction system was tested on our simulation platform. The experiment results indicate that this method is capable of dealing with complicated and high resolution region reconstruction which is useful for many applications. When testing the 3D flood simulation system, the simulation results are very close to the real flood situation, and this method has faster speed and greater accuracy of simulating the inundation area in comparison to the conventional flood simulation models

Questo lavoro è finalizzato alla ricostruzione delle modalità di gestione dello spazio da parte dei gruppi di cacciatori-raccoglitori neandertaliani all’interno dei loro accampamenti. Questo tema rientra all’interno di una più vasta problematica di ricerca (lo studio delle strategie insediative dei gruppi paleolitici), che riscontra un particolare interesse nel dibattito scientifico contemporaneo, coinvolgendo un variegato spettro di scale e metodi analitici. I siti-campione comprendono alcuni contesti insediativi dell’Italia Centro-Meridionale: Riparo il Molare – US 56 (MIS 5, Post-Tirreniano), Riparo l’Oscurusciuto – US 13, 11 (MIS 3, tra circa 55-43 ka BP) e Grotta dei Santi – US 150 (MIS 3, tra circa 47-40 ka BP). Sono stati selezionati in modo da coprire la presenza del Neandertal durante l’Ultimo Glaciale, in contesti paleoambientali differenti e, soprattutto, inquadrando entità stratigrafiche con differente valore in termini di tempi e modi di formazione. Le analisi spaziali sono state effettuate con una prospettiva multidisciplinare, includendo i risultati di altri studi all’interno di un ambiente GIS. Il protocollo analitico è comune a tutti i siti, tuttavia, le caratteristiche peculiari di ciascun sito e dei dati disponibili sono stati tenuti in conto, adattando di volta in volta i metodi analitici adottati e le specifiche finalità dello studio. I dati raccolti sono stati preliminarmente analizzati da un punto di vista tafonomico (al fine di determinare lo stato di conservazione dei contesti), e temporale (in modo da valutare quanto l’effetto palinsesto alteri il livello di “visibilità archeologica”). I risultati evidenziano chiaramente la problematicità del forte legame tra la variabile spaziale e quella temporale dell’effetto palinsesto. L’US 11 del Riparo l’Oscurusciuto (Ginosa – TA) è un grosso palinsesto di cui è difficile distinguere singoli eventi individuali o comprendere l’arco temporale in cui si colloca la sua formazione. L’analisi dei focolari e della distribuzione verticale dei reperti con coordinate cartesiane hanno consentito il riconoscimento di almeno due sottolivelli che, tuttavia, sembrano rappresentare essi stessi dei palinsesti in cui è registrato un numero di occupazioni relativamente elevato. Se ciò ostacola un’identificazione di aree di attività ad “alta risoluzione”, tuttavia non impedisce di cogliere delle regolarità generali. Alcuni indizi sembrano suggerire la presenza di una possibile sleeping area in corrispondenza dell’angolo NW del Riparo (dove la parete curva a gomito). L’evidente ridondanza di alcuni parametri, come il pattern spaziale dei focolari e gli addensamenti del micro-debris (funzionalmente collegati tra loro), sembra suggerire l’idea di una certa reiterazione di comportamenti secondo un modello comune. La suggestiva possibilità che ciò rifletta l’esistenza di una sorta di “memoria storica dei luoghi” tramandata nel corso degli spostamenti ciclici dell’accampamento trova un forte limite interpretativo nell’effetto palinsesto. Nella formazione di questi patterns, infatti, un ruolo importante può avere avuto la durata dei singoli episodi di accampamento, il modello insediativo, il pattern di mobilità e la stessa funzione dei siti. Ad ora, non si può escludere che, nella formazione di alcuni patterns spaziali ricorrenti, un ruolo quantomeno secondario possa essere stato giocato da forcing esterni come l’effettiva estensione dell’area riparata sotto roccia in termini di spazio disponibile per l’allestimento dell’accampamento (anche in rapporto alla dimensione dei gruppi umani). Un quadro completamente diverso deriva dai contesti in cui è riflessa una minore durata temporale (palinsesti brevi e vere e proprie paleo-superfici), come l’US 13 del Riparo l’Oscurusciuto, la prima paleosuperficie dello strato 150 di Grotta dei Santi (Monte Argentario – GR) e lo strato 56 del Riparo il Molare (S. Giovanni a Piro – SA). L’US 13, come suggerito dall’analisi delle RMU (Raw Material Units) e dagli stessi patterns spaziali, è interpretabile come uno short palimpsest, la sua formazione in altri termini, è inquadrabile entro una durata relativamente breve. Ciò ha consentito il riconoscimento di una complessa articolazione funzionale dello spazio, legata al rapporto tra la parete del Riparo e i focolari allineati (ad essa sub-paralleli). Da questo rapporto deriva una struttura dicotomica, con un settore “interno” spazialmente segregato tra la parete del Riparo e i focolari, presumibilmente adibito a sleeping area e la fascia “esterna” utilizzata per un set di attività domestiche correlate con i focolari (hearth-related activity areas). Di particolare interesse si è rivelata l’evidenza di attività di “preventive maintenance”. A suggerire ciò, l’esistenza di un settore “periferico” e in cui trovano un’insolita concentrazione particolari rifiuti (come ossa di grandi dimensioni e nuclei esauriti), lì “segregati” al fine di mantenere più pulite e operative le aree di lavoro. In questo caso, la persistenza di uno stesso modello di gestione dell’accampamento e i risultati emersi dalla dissezione del palinsesto, consentono di legittimare l’ipotesi di una “memoria storica” nell’uso degli spazi, per cui uno stesso gruppo di cacciatori-raccoglitori potrebbe essere l’artefice della/le occupazione/i riflessa/e in questo strato. Nonostante l’esigua porzione dell’area ad ora indagata, la superficie di occupazione superiore dello strato 150 di Grotta dei Santi (una vera e propria paleosuperficie), ha fornito risultati molto interessanti, poiché questo contesto è stato probabilmente sepolto in tempi relativamente rapidi e ha subito scarsi disturbi post-deposizionali. Anche in questo caso è stato possibile distinguere, ad alta risoluzione, aree destinate a funzioni differenti. Le due aree di attività domestiche individuate sono spazialmente separate da un settore a minore densità di reperti e sembrano entrambe correlate con focolari. Possibili indizi di “preventive maintenance” sono emersi a margine di una di queste aree di attività. Infine, lo strato 56 del Riparo il Molare è al tempo stesso una paleosuperficie e un palinsesto breve (in quanto sottile livello intercalato tra due spessi strati sterili di argilla, nel cui spessore è stato possibile riconoscere variazioni microstratigrafiche e significative differenze strutturali dei patterns spaziali). Il sottolivello corrispondente al momento iniziale è contraddistinto da un massiccio utilizzo del fuoco, quello successivo è caratterizzato dalla una struttura costruita da pietre allineate (ma mancano evidenze di focolari). L’organizzazione delle aree di attività e i patterns delle RMU sembrano suggerire la pertinenza di questi due sottolivelli a due occupazioni di breve durata reciprocamente poco lontane nel tempo. Tuttavia, non è al momento possibile escludere del tutto la possibilità che lo strato 56 rifletta una successione di due momenti con caratteri organizzativi completamente differenti da porre all’interno di una medesima fase di occupazione. In tutti i siti indagati sono emerse evidenze che indicano uno sfruttamento di risorse litiche e faunistiche entro una scala territoriale locale. All’interno di questo panorama di mobilità di breve raggio, i patterns tecnologici e spaziali delle RMU e il trasporto selettivo di alcune parti delle prede cacciate evidenziano un quadro dinamico, caratterizzato da un certo grado di frammentazione delle sequenze operative.
This work aims to the reconstruction of intra-site space management modalities among Neanderthal hunter-gatherers groups. This theme is part of a wider research issue: the study of Paleolithic settlements strategies. This is a topic of great interest in the present-day scientific debate and involves a varied range of methods and scales of analyses. The sample-sites here analyzed comprise some living contexts of Center-Southern Italy: Molare Rock shelter – SU 56 (MIS 5, Post-Tyrrhenian), Oscurusciuto Rock shelter – SU 13, 11 (MIS 3, approximately 55-43 ka BP) and Grotta dei Santi – SU 150 (MIS 3, approximately 47-40 ka BP). These sites were selected to cover Neanderthal presence throughout the Last Glacial, within different palaeo-environmental contexts. It was, in this way, possible to contextualize stratigraphic entities with different values in terms of formation modes and times. Spatial analyses were carried out with a multidisciplinary approach, integrating results from other disciplines into the GIS. The analytical protocol employed is common to all the sites, however, peculiarities of the different context and of the available data-set were taken into account, each time adapting the employed analytic methods and the specific aims of the study. Preliminarily, data collected were analyzed both from a taphonomic point of view (in order to determine the preservation state of the sites) and from a temporal one (in order to assess to which extent the palimpsest effect does alter the level of “archaeological visibility”). Results clearly highlight the problem of the strong link between the spatial variable and the temporal one arising from the palimpsest effect. SU 11 of Oscurusciuto Rock shelter (Ginosa – TA, Sothern Italy) is a large palimpsest where it is difficult to disentangle single events or to understand the time interval framing its formation. Analyses of hearths and of the vertical distribution of finds (by Cartesian coordinates) have allowed recognizing at least two sub-levels. These, however, appear to be themselves palimpsests in which a relatively high number of occupations is recorded. Even if this situation hinders the identification of “high resolution” activity areas, it is still possible to see some general regularities. There are clues to the presence of possible sleeping area by the NW corner of the Rock-Shelter (where the rock wall makes a U-bend). The evident redundancy of some parameter, such as hearths spatial pattern and the micro-debris accumulations (which are functionally linked together), suggests the idea of a reiteration of the same behavior following a common model. The fascinating possibility that this could reflect the existence of a sort of “historical memory of places”, handed down during the camp cyclical transfers, has a strong interpretive limit in the palimpsest effect. Indeed, in the formation of such patterns an important role could be played by the duration of each camp episode, by the settlement model, by the mobility pattern and by the site function itself. At the moment it is not possible to exclude that some external forcing, such as the actual extension of the rock shelter site in term of available space for setting up the camp (also in relation to human group size), could have played a role (a secondary one at least) in creating recurrent spatial patterns. A completely different picture derives from contexts where a short lifespan is reflected (short palimpsests and actual living floors), such as SU 13 of Oscurusciuto Rock shelter, the upper living floor in SU 150 of Grotta dei Santi (Monte Argentario – GR, Central Italy) and SU 56 of Molare Rock-shelter (S. Giovanni a Piro – SA, Southern Italy). SU 13, can be interpreted as a short palimpsest as suggested by RMU (Raw Material Units) analyses and by spatial patterns. To put it simply, its formation can be framed within a relatively short time period. This has allowed recognizing a complex functional articulation of space, linked to the relation between the Rock-Shelter wall and the hearths alignment which is sub-parallel to it. Deriving from this relation is a dichotomous structure, with a spatially isolated “inner” sector distinguished from an “external” one. The “inner sector”, between the Rock-Shelter wall and the hearths, was presumably used as a sleeping area. The “external” zone was used for a set of domestic activities linked to the presence of the hearths (hearth-related activity areas). The evidence of “preventive maintenance” activities is especially interesting. These are suggested by the presence of a “peripheral” sector with an unusual concentration of waste (such a large size bones and exhausted cores), “isolated” there in order to keep the working areas cleaner. In this case, the observed persistence of the same model of camp management and the results coming from the palimpsest dissection, allow to validate the hypotheses of a “historical memory” in the use of space, by which the same hunter-gatherers group could have been the maker of the occupation/s reflected in this layer. Despite the limited extension of the area excavated so far, the upper living floor of SU 150 of Grotta dei Santi (an actual living floor), yielded very interesting results. This context was in fact probably buried relatively rapidly and has undergone little post-depositional disturbances. In this case it was possible to make a high resolution distinction between areas devoted to different functions. Two areas of domestic activities are spatially separated by a sector with less density of finds and both appear to be related to hearths. Clues to possible “preventive maintenance” emerged at the edge of one of these activity areas. Finally, SU 56 of Molare Rock shelter is both a living floor and a short palimpsest (because interlayered between two thick sterile clay layers and because important structural variations of the spatial patterns and micro-stratigraphic variations could be recognized within its depth). The sub-level corresponding to the initial moment is characterized by a massive use of fire whereas the ensuing one is characterized by a structure made of aligned stones and hearth evidence is lacking therein. The activity areas organization and the RMU patters seem to suggest that these two sub-levels belong to two short term occupations, not very far from each other in time. All the same, it is not possible at the moment to exclude that layer 56 is instead the result of a succession of two moments with totally different managements but to be placed within a same occupational phase. Evidence indicating an exploitation of lithic and faunal resources within a local territorial scale have emerged in all of the investigate sites. Within this setting of short range mobility, the RMU spatial and technological patterns and the selective transportation of some body parts of hunted preys define a dynamic framework, characterized by a certain degree of fragmentation of the operational sequences.

Despite advances in ground-based Mobile Mapping System (MMS), automatic feature reconstruction seems far from being reached. In this thesis, we focus on 3D roadmark reconstruction from images acquired by road looking cameras of a MMS stereo-rig in dense urban context. A new approach is presented, that uses 3D geometric knowledge of roadmarks and provides a centimetric 3D accuracy with a low level of generalisation. Two classes of roadmarks are studied: zebra-crossing and dashed-lines. The general strategy consists in three main steps. The first step provides 3D linked-edges. Edges are extracted in the left and right images. Then a matching algorithm that is based on dynamic programming optimisation matches the edges between the two images. A sub-pixel matching is computed by post processing and 3D linked-edges are provided by classical photogrammetric triangulation. The second step uses the known specification of roadmarks to perform a signature based filtering of 3D linked-edges. This step provides hypothetical candidates for roadmark objects. The last step can be seen as a validation step that rejects or accepts the candidates. The validated candidates are finely reconstructed. The adopted model consists of a quasi parallelogram for each strip of zebra-crossing or dashed-line. Each strip is constrained to be flat but the roadmark as a whole is not planar. The method is evaluated on a set of 150 stereo-pairs acquired in a real urban area under normal traffic conditions. The results show the validity of the approach in terms of robustness, completeness and geometric accuracy. The method is robust and deals properly with partially occluded roadmarks as well as damaged or eroded ones. The detection rate reaches 90% and the 3D accuracy is about 2-4 cm. Finally an application of reconstructed roadmarks is presented. They are used in georeferencing of the system. Most of the MMSs use direct georeferencing devices such as GPS/INS for their localisation. However in urban areas masks and multi-path errors corrupt the measurements and provide only 50 cm accuracy. In order to improve the localisation quality, we aim at matching ground-based images with calibrated aerial images of the same area. For this purpose roadmarks are used as matching objects. The validity of this method is demonstrated on a zebra-crossing example

Malgré les récentes avancées des Systèmes de Cartographie Mobile, la reconstruction automatique d’objets à partir des données acquises est encore un point crucial. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéresserons en particulier à la reconstruction tridimensionnelle du marquage au sol à partir d’images acquises sur le réseau routier par une base stéréoscopique horizontale d’un système de cartographie mobile, dans un contexte urbain dense. Une nouvelle approche s’appuyant sur la connaissance de la géométrie 3D des marquages au sol est présentée, conduisant à une précision de reconstruction 3D centimétrique avec un faible niveau de généralisation. Deux objets de la signalisation routière horizontale sont étudiés : les passages piétons et les lignes blanches discontinues. La stratégie générale est composée de trois grandes étapes. La première d’entre elles permet d’obtenir des chaînes de contours 3D. Les contours sont extraits dans les images gauche et droite. Ensuite, un algorithme reposant sur une optimisation par programmation dynamique est mis en oeuvre pour apparier les points de contours des deux images. Un post-traitement permet un appariement sub-pixellique, et, les chaînes de contours 3D sont finalement obtenues par une triangulation photogrammétrique classique. La seconde étape fait intervenir les spécifications géométriques des marquages au sol pour réaliser un filtrage des chaînes de contours 3D. Elle permet de déterminer des candidats pour les objets du marquage au sol. La dernière étape peut être vue comme une validation permettant de rejeter ou d’accepter ces hypothèses. Les candidats retenus sont alors reconstruits finement. Pour chaque bande d’un passage piéton ou d’une ligne discontinue, le modèle est un quasi-parallélogramme. Une contrainte de planéité est imposée aux sommets de chaque bande, ce qui n’est pas le cas pour l’ensemble des bandes formant un marquage au sol particulier. La méthode est évaluée sur un ensemble de 150 paires d’images acquises en centre ville dans des conditions normales de trafic. Les résultats montrent la validité de notre stratégie en terme de robustesse, de complétude et de précision géométrique. La méthode est robuste et permet de gérer les occultations partielles ainsi que les marquages usés ou abîmés. Le taux de détection atteint 90% et la précision de reconstruction 3D est de l’ordre de 2 à 4 cm. Finalement, une application de la reconstruction des marquages au sol est présentée : le géoréférencement du système d’acquisition. La majorité des systèmes de cartographie mobile utilisent des capteurs de géoréférencement direct comme un couplage GPS/INS pour leur localisation. Cependant, en milieu urbain dense, les masques et les multi-trajets corrompent les mesures et conduisent à une précision d’environ 50 cm. Afin d’améliorer la qualité de localisation, nous cherchons à apparier les images terrestres avec des images aériennes calibrées de la même zone. Les marquages au sol sont alors utilisés comme objets d’appariement. La validité de la méthode est démontrée sur un exemple de passage piéton
Despite advances in ground-based Mobile Mapping System (MMS), automatic feature reconstruction seems far from being reached. In this thesis, we focus on 3D roadmark reconstruction from images acquired by road looking cameras of a MMS stereo-rig in dense urban context. A new approach is presented, that uses 3D geometric knowledge of roadmarks and provides a centimetric 3D accuracy with a low level of generalisation. Two classes of roadmarks are studied: zebra-crossing and dashed-lines. The general strategy consists in three main steps. The first step provides 3D linked-edges. Edges are extracted in the left and right images. Then a matching algorithm that is based on dynamic programming optimisation matches the edges between the two images. A sub-pixel matching is computed by post processing and 3D linked-edges are provided by classical photogrammetric triangulation. The second step uses the known specification of roadmarks to perform a signature based filtering of 3D linked-edges. This step provides hypothetical candidates for roadmark objects. The last step can be seen as a validation step that rejects or accepts the candidates. The validated candidates are finely reconstructed. The adopted model consists of a quasi parallelogram for each strip of zebra-crossing or dashed-line. Each strip is constrained to be flat but the roadmark as a whole is not planar. The method is evaluated on a set of 150 stereo-pairs acquired in a real urban area under normal traffic conditions. The results show the validity of the approach in terms of robustness, completeness and geometric accuracy. The method is robust and deals properly with partially occluded roadmarks as well as damaged or eroded ones. The detection rate reaches 90% and the 3D accuracy is about 2-4 cm. Finally an application of reconstructed roadmarks is presented. They are used in georeferencing of the system. Most of the MMSs use direct georeferencing devices such as GPS/INS for their localisation. However in urban areas masks and multi-path errors corrupt the measurements and provide only 50 cm accuracy. In order to improve the localisation quality, we aim at matching ground-based images with calibrated aerial images of the same area. For this purpose roadmarks are used as matching objects. The validity of this method is demonstrated on a zebra-crossing example

This thesis presents the development of a new multiscale stochastic fracture mechanics modelling framework informed by in-situ X-ray Computed Tomography (X-ray CT) tests, which can be used to enhance the quality of new designs and prognosis practices for fibre reinforced composites. To reduce the empiricism and conservatism of existing methods, this PhD research systematically has tackled several challenging tasks including: (i) extension of the cohesive interface crack model to multi-phase composites in both 2D and 3D, (ii) development of a new in-house loading rig to support in-situ X-ray CT tests, (iii) reconstruction of low phase-contrast X-ray CT datasets of carbon fibre composites, (iv) integration of X-ray CT image-based models into detailed crack propagation FE modelling and (v) validation of a partially informed multiscale stochastic modelling method by direct comparison with in-situ X-ray CT tensile test results.

Abstract Effective properties of TBCs may be quantified thanks to different measurement techniques. Image-based analysis represents an alternative method for predicting these effective properties. During the last 10 years, 2D modelling was intensively applied to estimate the thermal conductivity from coating cross-sectional images. However, real coatings present a complex 3D architecture so that the use of 2D computations based on cross-sections has to be validated. In the recent decade, 3D imaging approaches were applied for capturing 3D images of thermal spray coatings with relatively high resolution (up to 1 micrometer). Nevertheless, high resolution brings very large computational systems for which finite-element (FE) methods seem to be unsuitable due to high requirements in terms of computer memory (RAM) capacity. In the present study, a three-dimensional finite-difference-based heat transfer model was developed for analyzing the heat transfer mechanisms through a porous structure by saving RAM usage. An artificial 3D coating image, containing 300×300×300 voxels, was generated from microstructural information measured for a real coating cross-sectional image. In particular, this 3D artificial pore network was generated so that calculations performed on its cross-sections present similar results in comparison with those concerning SEM images of real coating cross-sections. Then, the results computed for the 3D image were compared with those obtained from 2D computations performed on cross-sections of the same 3D image, revealing the differences between 2D and 3D image-based analyses. Finally, the results were then compared with those computed by FE packages (OOF2 and ANSYS).

Abstract Surgical fixation is a recommended procedure for displaced and unstable scapular fractures to restore anatomical alignment and articular congruency of the fracture fragments. Anatomically Precontoured scapular plates are designed to guide the fracture reduction, used as a template, and stabilize the fixation. However, anatomical variation of the scapula and the complexity of the fracture patterns limit the usability of these plates. The aim of this study was to design and develop population-based novel anatomical scapular plates. An average three-dimensional (3D) scapular bone model was developed from 22 healthy cadaver scapulae of target population (South Africans) using Statistical Shape Modelling (SSM) method. The fracture region of interests was identified using a fracture map of 70 scapular fracture patterns. Using the average 3D scapular model as a reference template and the common fracture zones as a reference fracture pattern, anatomical plates were designed for the critical scapula fracture patterns. Lateral border, medial border, glenoid fossa & neck, glenoid fossa & body, and acromion plates were designed. Combining 3D CT image based statistical shape modelling and fracture pattern analysis with CAD is relatively quick and efficient method to develop clinically meaningful population-based anatomical plates.

Between 2013 and 2015, Arcadia University in partnership with the Pontifical Commission for Sacred Archaeology and the University of Catania undertook new excavation campaigns in the Catacombs of St. Lucy at Siracusa. The research focuses on some very problematic parts of Region C of the complex, including Oratory C, the so-called Pagan Shrine and Crypt VI. These areas document most effectively the long life of this Christian hypogeum, which incorporated previous structures and artefacts related to the Greek period and continued to be used until the Middle Ages. During the excavation an array of 3D digital techniques (3D scanning, 3d Modelling, Image-based 3D modelling) was used for the daily recording of the archaeological units, but also to create high-resolution virtual replicas of certain districts of the catacombs. Furthermore, the same techniques were applied to support the study of certain classes of materials, such as frescoes and marble architectural elements that could otherwise only be studied in the dark environment of the catacombs, making the visual analysis of such complex artifacts difficult and sometimes misleading, not to mention that the frequent use of strong sources of light for study can also endanger them. The virtual archaeology research undertaken at the Catacombs of St. Lucy represents the first systematic application of 3D digital technologies to the study of such a special archaeological context in Sicily.

The valorisation of the urban heritage is presently one of main topics discussed, mostly in the theme related conferences, treaties, conventions and programs. Mobile platforms (especially smartphones and tablets) may be very useful technological means for the agents in the territory. Admitting these assumptions, we created an information model for a mobile application (app) development, with a specific theme (water and city) that represents and describes architectural elements of a city. The selected architectural elements are those related with the water supply system in Lisbon built from XVIII to the XIX century. The inclusion of these elements in a mobile platform requires 3D modelling, improving the visualization and alphanumeric information access (e.g. historical) very useful to the agents (in particular to the city visitors). 3D models were created based on terrestrial and UAV surveys, considering rapid and authentic data acquisition. The stages of building the models were: i) Data acquisition (UAV - flight planning and image acquisition); ii) Data processing; iii) Data visualization (App/AR). The created models are very realistic. However, the results may differ when processing the data in different software, especially concerning the level of detail. The technical challenge is to simplify the models to use in mobile platforms and maintain the level of realism. The Communication will present a case study of 3D modelling with UAV data and their representation in an Augmented Reality environment through mobile platforms.

The initiation and progression of vessel wall pathologies have been linked to disturbances of blood flow and altered wall shear stress. The development of computational techniques in fluid dynamics, together with the increasing performances of hardware and software allow to routinely solve problems on a virtual environment, helping to understand the role of biomechanics factors in the healthy and diseased cardiovascular system and to reveal the interplay of biology and local fluid dynamics nearly intractable in the past, opening to detailed investigation of parameters affecting disease progression. One of the major difficulties encountered when wishing to model accurately the cardiovascular system is that the flow dynamics of the blood in a specific vascular district is strictly related to the global systemic dynamics. The multiscale modelling approach for the description of blood flow into vessels consists in coupling a detailed model of the district of interest in the framework of a synthetic description of the surrounding areas of the vascular net [1]. In the present work, we aim at evaluating the effect of boundary conditions on wall shear stress (WSS) related vessel wall indexes and on bulk flow topology inside a carotid bifurcation. To do it, we coupled an image-based 3D model of carotid bifurcation (local computational domain), with a lumped parameters (0D) model (global domain) which allows for physiological mimicking of the haemodynamics at the boundaries of the 3D carotid bifurcation model here investigated. Two WSS based blood-vessel wall interaction descriptors, the Time Averaged WSS (TAWSS), and the Oscillating Shear Index (OSI) were considered. A specific Lagrangian-based “bulk” blood flow descriptor, the Helical Flow Index (HFI) [2], was calculated in order to get a “measure” of the helical structure in the blood flow. In a first analysis the effects of the coupled 0D models on the 3D model are evaluated. The results obtained from the multiscale simulation are compared with the results of simulations performed using the same 3D model, but imposing a flow rate at internal carotid (ICA) outlet section equal to the maximum (60%) and the minimum (50%) flow division obtained out from ICA in the multiscale model simulation (the presence of the coupled 0D model gives variable internal/external flow division ratio during the cardiac cycle), and a stress free condition on the external carotid (ECA).

Abstract Monitoring of CO2 plume migration in a depleted carbonate reservoir is challenging and demand comprehensive and trailblazing monitoring technologies. 4D time-lapse seismic exhibits the migration of CO2 plume within geological storage but in the area affected by gas chimney due to poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), uncertainty in identifying and interpretation of CO2 plume gets exaggerated. High resolution 3D vertical seismic profile (VSP) survey using distributed acoustic sensor (DAS) technology fulfil the objective of obtaining the detailed subsurface image which include CO2 plume migration, reservoir architecture, sub-seismic faults and fracture networks as well as the caprock. Integration of quantitative geophysics and dynamic simulation with illumination modelling dignify the capabilities of 3D DAS-VSP for CO2 plume migration monitoring. The storage site has been studied in detailed and an integrated coupled dynamic simulation were performed and results were integrated with seismic forward modeling to demonstrate the CO2 plume migration with in reservoir and its impact on seismic amplitude. 3D VSP illumination modelling was carried out by integrating reservoir and overburden interpretations, acoustic logs and seismic velocity to illustrate the subsurface coverage area at top of reservoir. Several acquisition survey geometries were simulated based on different source carpet size for effective surface source contribution for subsurface illumination and results were analyzed to design the 3D VSP survey for early CO2 plume migration monitoring. The illumination simulation was integrated with dynamic simulation for fullfield CO2 plume migration monitoring with 3D DAS-VSP by incorporating Pseudo wells illumination analysis. Results of integrated coupled dynamic simulation and 4D seismic feasibility were analyzed for selection of best well location to deploy the multi fiber optic sensor system (M-FOSS) technology. Amplitude response of synthetic AVO (amplitude vs offsets) gathers at the top of carbonate reservoir were analyzed for near, mid and far angle stacks with respect to pre-production as well as pre-injection reservoir conditions. Observed promising results of distinguishable 25-30% of CO2 saturation in depleted reservoir from 4D time-lapse seismic envisage the application of 3D DAS-VSP acquisition. The source patch analysis of 3D VSP illumination modelling results indicate that a source carpet of 6km×6km would be cos-effectively sufficient to produce a maximum of approximately 2km in diameter subsurface illumination at the top of the reservoir. The Pseudo wells illumination analysis results show that current planned injection wells would probably able to monitor early CO2 injection but for the fullfield monitoring additional monitoring wells or a hybrid survey of VSP and surface seismic would be required. The integrated modeling approach ensures that 4D Seismic in subsurface CO2 plume monitoring is robust. Monitoring pressure build-ups from 3D DAS-VSP will reduce the associated risks.

The usage of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies began to grow when smartphones appeared. Until then, the number of portable devices capable of incorporating these technologies was reduced. Video games are the main field where these technologies are applied, but in other fields such as in archaeology, these technologies can offer many advantages. Ruins reconstruction, ancient life simulation, highly detailed 3D models visualisation of valuable objects from the past or even user free movement in missing places are just some examples found in literature.This paper reviews the latest visualisation technologies and their applicability to the rock art field. The main purpose is to disseminate rock art paintings through AR and VR applications. After the image-based three-dimensional (3D) modelling is obtained, an interactive visit to a shelter for displaying rock art paintings is presented. This is one of examples developed in this paper that pretends to apply the revised AR and VR techniques. In addition, an example of AR is developed that can be easily adapted to further applications displaying rock art paintings.

Based on literature review it was established that the use of augmented reality as an innovative technology of student training occurs in following directions: 3D image rendering; recognition and marking of real objects; interaction of a virtual object with a person in real time. The main advantages of using AR and VR in the educational process are highlighted: clarity, ability to simulate processes and phenomena, integration of educational disciplines, building an open education system, increasing motivation for learning, etc. It has been found that in the field of physical process modelling the Proteus Physics Laboratory is a popular example of augmented reality. Using the Proteus environment allows to visualize the functioning of the functional nodes of the computing system at the micro level. This is especially important for programming systems with limited resources, such as microcontrollers in the process of training future IT professionals. Experiment took place at Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University and Sumy State Pedagogical University named after A. S. Makarenko with students majoring in Computer Science (field of knowledge is Secondary Education (Informatics)). It was found that computer modelling has a positive effect on mastering the basics of microelectronics. The ways of further scientific researches for grounding, development and experimental verification of forms, methods and augmented reality, and can be used in the professional training of future IT specialists are outlined in the article.