Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Image Aesthetics'

How humans perceive image quality in general (e.g. aesthetics, resolution, lighting) and what constitutes to an image of good quality and aesthetics, is an interesting topic for neural networks to tackle. Lately several different aspects have been investigated in theory to try and build models to accurately predict the quality of an image. The problem is investigated in this thesis by performing an experiment and testing a method that computes the aesthetic value of an image and ranks a number of images according to their aesthetic value. The rankings are then compared to human rankings of the same images to determine if there is a correlation between the two. From the results the null hypothesis (that the correlation is just a coincidence) cannot be rejected but in 92% of the cases there were at least some agreement (same image, same position) between the algorithm and the human ranking. There are multiple similarities between the human rankings and the algorithm rankings which reveals a good potential to further investigate the problem in future.
Hur bildkvalité generellt sett uppfattas av människor (så som estetik, upplösning, ljussättning) och vad som gör att en bild kan klassificeras som en bild av hög kvalité är ett intressant ämnesområde för neurala nätverk. Den senaste forskningen visar att det finns flera metoder och aspekter som påverkar hur kvalitativ en bild är i teorin. Problemet undersöks i denna rapport med ett experiment och metoden som testas är en metod som kan sätta ett estetiskt värde på en bild. Tillsammans med flera olika bilder kunde en rangordning skapas. Denna rangordning jämfördes sedan med en rangordning skapad av människor. Från resultaten så kan inte nollhypotesen förkastas (att korrelationen är ett sammanträffande) men att i 92% av fallen så finns det åtminstånde en likhet mellan algoritmens rangordning och en människas rangordning. Det finns flera likheter mellan de mänskliga rangordningarna och algoritmens rangordning vilket visar en god potential för forsatt undersökning i framtiden.

This thesis, as part of a movement towards the degree of PhD (a becoming Doctor of Philosophy), is constructed and approached as a philosophical situation, which is always about an encounter between terms that are foreign to each other. In this case, through the exploration of the interplays of space, film and politics, a multiplicity of foreign terms and such encounters will emerge and take us along a journey through places, movies and architectures, to discuss the ways in which architecture and other spatial practices think, imagine and produce the worlds we live in and the ways in which we live together. Quite differently from what has usually been the focus of explorations of the relationships between film and architecture -namely an approach to their connections as formal constructions and compositional techniques- I will approach cinema as a form that thinks, as an apparatus of spatial critique and as a material that is capable of activating a time and a space of encounter: one in which people are enabled to meet reality at a distance from that in which they are presently becoming. Film is here an encounter with otherness, and allows thinking in and through the distance that separates the viewer from the screen and from the spaces and realities presented on it. lt does so by means of its form. lt is a form that thinks. Through its thinking, cinema can change the ways in which we conceive of territories and places; it can change the ways in which we conceive of architecture, helping us move from understanding it as a discipline or an 'it' to seeing it as an action or a verb: to architect. Cinema can help us gain the critical, social, political and utopian impetus we are missing in our 'movement' towards the establishment of the common. Philosophy has, according to Badiou, three tasks in relationship with situations: first, it has to help us clarify the basic choices of our thinking; second, it has to help us clarify the distance between that thinking (truths as creation) and power; and third,it has to help us clarify the importance of the exception, the rupture, the event. Choice, distance, exception. One could also see in that sequence a relationship to the main three parts of this research, the first part is about choices: an archaeology of the present that forces us to choose between different things in order to approach what I will call 'pragmatic dissent'; the second part is about distances: a filmic, spatial and affective journey in which we take a distance from that present in order to encounter reality, and we do so by exploring and developing an 'aesthetics of encounter'; and the third part is about exceptions: an exploration of other images and other spaces, alternatives and events in the conception, thinking and production of spaces and images, a journey through these exceptions that will become a discussion of two interrelated notions: anarchic metapolitics and what I will provisionally call 'ethics of encounter'. Or in other words, a different way of conceiving and addressing our becoming 'of' the world as architects and the responsibilities we have in relationship with its transformation through the thinking, construction and organization of our coexistence.
Esta tesis - parte de una trayectoria orientada a la obtención del grado de doctor (un devenir 'philosophi doctor:o PhD) - se ha construido y afrontado como una situación filosófica, siempre un encuentro entre términos ajenos entre sí. En este caso, a través de la exploración de las relaciones de espacio, cine y política, se hacen posibles múltiples encuentros de este tipo, que emergen y nos conducen a lo largo y ancho de lugares, películas y arquitecturas, con el fin de discutir las maneras en las que la arquitectura y otras prácticas espaciales piensan, imaginan y producen los mundos que habitamos y los diversos modos en los que podemos habitarlos juntos. En marcado contraste con las aproximaciones más usuales a las relaciones entre cine y arquitectura -caracterizadas generalmente por enfoques centrados en aspectos formales y técnicas compositivas- la tesis se acerca al cine como forma capaz de pensar, y como aparato de crítica espacial capaz de activar un tiempo y un lugar de encuentro: un espacio y un tiempo en el que encontrarse con la realidad a una cierta distancia con respecto a la que nos separa de nuestro devenir cotidiano. El cine es entonces un encuentro con la alteridad, con el otro, y permite pensar en y a través de la distancia que separa al espectador de la pantalla y de los espacios y realidades que se presentan en ella. El cine es capaz de producir este encuentro gracias a su forma. Una forma capaz de pensar. A través de su pensar, el cine puede cambiar las maneras en que concebimos territorios y lugares; y puede cambiar las formas en las que concebimos la arquitectura, ayudándonos a pasar de entenderla como una disciplina o entidad a verla como una acción o un verbo:'arquitecturar'. El cine puede contribuir a recuperar el ímpetu crítico, social, político y utópico tan necesario en nuestro 'movimiento' hacia el establecimiento de lo común. La filosofía, según Badiou, tiene tres tareas principales en relación con las situaciones:primero, debe ayudarnos a clarificar las decisiones principales de nuestro pensar; segundo,debe ayudarnos a clarificar la distancia entre ese pensamiento (verdades como creación) y el poder;y tercero,debe ayudarnos a clarificar la importancia de la excepción, la ruptura, el acontecimiento. Elección, distancia, excepción. Podría encontrarse en esa secuencia también una relación con las tres partes de esta investigación; la primera parte se centra en la elección: una arqueología del presente que nos obliga a escoger con el fin de aproximarnos a lo que llamaré 'disenso pragmático'; una segunda parte que trata de distancias: un viaje fílmico,espacial y afectivo en el que tomamos distancia sobre ese presente para encontrarnos con la realidad, a través de la exploración y el desarrollo de una 'estética del encuentro'; y una tercera parte que se ocupa de la excepción,una exploración de imágenes y espacios otros y otras, alternativas y acontecimientos en la concepción, pensamiento y producción de espacios e imágenes, una travesía a través de estas excepciones que se convertirá en una discusión de dos nociones interrelacionadas: metapolítica anárquica y lo que denominaré provisionalmente 'ética del encuentro'. Es decir, otra forma de concebir y afrontar nuestro devenir arquitectos 'de' el mundo y las responsabilidades que tenemos en relación con su transformación a través de la concepción, construcción y organización de nuestra coexistencia

Ogni giorno vengono prodotte dagli utenti di social network, utilizzatori di smartphone, professionisti della fotografia ecc, un numero elevato di immagini digitali. Questo ha causato un problema di gestione, organizzazione, indicizzazione e recupero di immagini digitali. Al fine di semplificare questo problema sono stati introdotti svariati metodi per catalogare le immagini in maniera automatica. Questi metodi sono progettati per associare alle immagini una o piu' keyword appartenenti a un dizionario predefinito o anche attributi visuali quali ad esempio, qualitˆ, estetica, sentimento, memorabilita' ecc. Questa tesi indaga l'uso delle convolutional neural network per la stima automatica della qualità dell'immagine e dell'estetica dell'immagine. Negli ultimi anni sono stati proposti diversi metodi per la valutazione automatica della qualità dell'immagine. Molti di essi sono stati progettati per trattare immagini distorte sinteticamente, che per definizione non modellano veramente le distorsioni che affliggono le immagini del mondo reale. In questa tesi viene investigato un metodo per la valutazione automatica della qualità delle immagini realmente distorte. Mostra prestazioni migliori rispetto ai metodi più avanzati sia su dataset di immagini distorte sinteticamente che autenticamente. A differenza della qualità dell'immagine, che caratterizza la qualità percepita del segnale dell'immagine, l'estetica rappresenta la bellezza percepita. Come primo passo, è stato studiato il problema della valutazione della qualità estetica delle immagini con contenuto generale. La soluzione proposta ha ottenuto risultati migliori nello stato dell'arte sul più grande dataset di immagini disponibile. Dato che uno dei contenuti visivi più popolari è il volto (ad esempio sui social network per la condivisione di foto), la valutazione estetica è, stata ulteriormente approfondita per il caso specifico delle immagini di ritratti. A tal fine, in questa tesi viene proposto un algoritmo che coinvolge la combinazione dei precedenti attributi visivi investigati (vale a dire la qualità e l'estetica delle immagini di contenuto generale) e le caratteristiche del volto (cioè sorridente, acconciatura, trucco). La descrizione degli attributi facciali è ottenuta grazie a due metodi proposti. Il primo algoritmo è un rilevatore di sorrisi robusto (rappresenta un'importante funzione visiva per l'estetica del ritratto), il secondo è un modello a più attività progettato per stimare simultaneamente biometriche e attributi morbidi come i colori e gli stili dei capelli, i tipi di barba. Mentre il primo algoritmo supera i metodi più avanzati (anche rispetto alle immagini altamente distorte), il modello multi-task ottiene prestazioni comparabili. I risultati sperimentali per la valutazione estetica delle immagini di volti grazie all'uso dell'algoritmo proposto mostrano prestazioni promettenti su tre set di dati standard.
Every day, a large number of digital images are produced by users of social networks, smartphone users, photography professionals, etc. This caused a problem in the management, organization, indexing, and recovery of digital images. In order to ease this problem, several methods have been introduced in the literature to catalog images automatically. These methods are designed to associate images with one or more keywords belonging to a predefined dictionary or to associate images with visual attributes such as, for example, quality, aesthetics, sentiment, memorability, interestingness, and complexity, etc. This thesis investigates the use of deep convolutional neural network for automatic estimation of image quality and image aesthetics. In the last few years, several methods for automatic image quality assessment have been proposed. Most of them have been designed to deal with synthetically distorted images, which by definition do not truly model distortions afflicting real-world images. In this thesis a method for the automatic quality assessment of authentically distorted images is investigated. It shows better performances than state-of-the-art methods both on synthetically and authentically distorted images datasets. Differently from the image quality, which characterizes the perceived quality of the image signal, aesthetics depicts perceived beauty. As first step, the problem of aesthetic quality assessment of real-life general content images has been investigated. The proposed solution outperformed state-of-the-art methods on the largest publicly available dataset. Given that one of the most popular visual contents is face (e.g. on social networks for photo sharing), aesthetics assessment is, therefore, further investigated on the specific case of portrait images. To this end, in this thesis an algorithm involving the combination of the previously investigated visual attributes (i.e. quality and aesthetics of general content images) and the facial attributes (i.e. smiling, hair style, makeup) description is proposed. Facial attributes description is achieved thanks to two proposed methods. The first algorithm is a robust smile detector (it represents an important visual feature for portrait aesthetics), the second is a multiple-task model designed in order to simultaneously estimate soft biometrics and attributes such as hair colors and styles, types of beards. While the first algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art methods (also respect to highly distorted images), the multi-task model demonstrates comparable performance. Experimental results for the portrait image aesthetic assessment thanks to the use of the proposed algorithm show promising performance on three standard datasets.

Pour traiter la grande quantité de données visuelles disponible, il est important de concevoir des algorithmes qui peuvent trier, améliorer, compresser ou stocker des images et des vidéos. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons deux approches différentes pour améliorer la qualité d'images. Tout d'abord, nous proposons une étude des méthodes d'évaluation automatique de l'esthétique. Ces algorithmes sont basés sur des réseaux de neurones supervisés. Nous avons récolté des images de différents types, puis nous avons utilisé ces images pour tester des modèles. Notre étude montre que les caractéristiques nécessaires pour évaluer précisément les esthétiques de photographies professionnelles ou compétitives sont différentes, mais qu'elles peuvent être apprises par un seul et unique réseau. Enfin, nous proposons de travailler sur les images à grande gamme dynamique (High Dynamic Range, HDR en anglais). Nous présentons ici un nouvel opérateur pour augmenter la gamme dynamique d'images standards, appelé HDR-LFNet. Cet opérateur fusionne la sortie de plusieurs algorithmes pré-existants, ce qui permet d'avoir un réseau plus léger et plus rapide. Nous évaluons les performances de la méthode proposée grâce à des métriques objectives, ainsi qu'une évaluation subjective. Nous prouvons que notre méthode atteint des résultats similaires à l'état de l'art en utilisant moins de ressources
To cope with the increasing amount of visual content available, it is important to devise automatic processes that can sort, improve, compress or store images and videos. In this thesis, we propose two different approaches to software-based image improvement. First, we propose a study on existing aesthetics assessment algorithms. These algorithms are based on supervised neural networks. We have collected several datasets of images, and we have tested different models using these images. We report here the performances of such networks, as well as an idea to improve the already trained networks. Our study shows that the features needed to accurately predict the aesthetics of competitive and professional are different but can be learned simultaneously by a single network. In a second time, we propose to work with High Dynamic Range (HDR) images. We present here a new operator to increase the dynamic range of images called HDR-LFNet, that merges the output of existing operators and therefore, consists in far fewer parameters. Besides, we evaluate our method through objective metrics and a user study. We show that our method is on-par with the state-of-the-art according to objective metrics, but is preferred by observers during the user study, while using less resources overall

'The Aesthetics of Exile' seeks to understand and represent a condition of exile through visual practice. The following text comprises two parts. Part one is divided into three sections, and serves to outline the form of the project, as well as the thinking behind it. Section 1 introduces the visual exploration and reasoning within the practice, Section 2 summarises its contextual and conceptual grounding, and Section 3 describes the visual material to be viewed, focussing on the processes behind each individual series of work. In Part two an essay on the artwork written by Jonathan Miles is reproduced in full to provide a further reading of the practice. The text is by way of introduction and reference but, ultimately, the evidence and outcome of the research lies in the artwork itself, which is presented here in a series of ten folios. These folios document chronologically the visual exploration and progression of the project. Each series of work selected for reproduction is represented by an edition of unbound c-prints and/or DVD, individually housed and titled. The final folio documents the concluding exhibition of the research project, as it was installed and assessed in the gallery setting.

Given the striking contemporary turn towards literary mediations of aesthetic experience, this project suggests the need for a concerted critical realignment in understanding literary form’s potential for artistic expansiveness. Focussing on writers Teju Cole and Ben Lerner, and in particular their debut novels Open City and Leaving the Atocha Station, this thesis seeks to explore their interrogations of this kind of experience as blueprints for direct aesthetic experience, experimenting with perceptual responses to art. It not only draws on concepts of the ‘virtual’ as that which opposes the ‘actual,’ but as a mapmaking strategy for proposing the ways in which the novel can offer new and insightful ways of attending to art. Indeed, I approach this concern as a reinterpretation and insurrection of the literary’s image, as a site of formal convention, the novel’s tendency towards realism, and as writers’ reinvestment in the conversation between literature and visual art. Where theories of the virtual mode have traditionally been conceptualised as opposed to the formally actual or possible, this study seeks to instead put forward a model of writing that is concerned with the mediation of aesthetic experience in and through literary language, and that makes new claims about the relationship literary prose has to other artistic forms. Engaging with sensory aesthetic experience – visual art, music, and literature – the works of both novelists not only refract and problematise direct artistic experience but also to provide a lyrical lens through which these experiences are compellingly interrogated. In doing so, they situate the novel as an absorptive form that offers significant implications for our practices of reading and critical judgment.

This thesis explores the relationship between the early writings of Marcel Proust and the visual arts through a phenomenological approach drawing on Merleau-Ponty's theory of perception. Proust's juvenilia are studied in four chapters with regard to respectively four genres of painting: genre scenes and still lives, in particular by Rembrandt, Vermeer, and Chardin; garden scenes and landscapes of the botanical world as depicted in Ruskin, Monet, and the Pre-Raphaelites; seascapes and atmosphere depiction in Turner, Monet, and Whistler; portrait paintings by Rembrandt, Van Dyck, and Blanche. The thesis does not aim to trace any direct influences of these painters on Proust, but, rather seeks to identify aesthetic commonalities between Proust and these artists, with an emphasis on their similar visions and ways of perception. It will pay particular attention to the aspects of colour and light, as well as space and time, making use of the Merleau-Pontian theory that underlines a participatory mode of perception where the body integrated with the world occupies a pivotal position. The thesis addresses the uniqueness of the young Proust's vision as an apprentice stage, which allows us to identify early aesthetic tendencies that will be developed in À la recherche du temps perdu.

The statistical structure of natural images has sparked interest in regards to both visual processing of such images and the aesthetic responses they elicit. We bring together these two lines of research under the simple proposition that early visual processing, more specifically visual sensitivity, may mediate visual preferences. In our first set of experiments, we measured both visual preference and visual sensitivity in the same observers, using patterns varying in the slope of their amplitude spectrum. Our results found similar functions for both variables, supporting our hypothesis. In a second set of experiments, we investigated the same question with regards to simple spatial frequency variations, and found even more convincing results. We conclude that early visual processing is implicated in visual preference, supporting the recently emerging sensory-based approaches to understanding visual preference.

This thesis examines the visual cultures that developed in tandem with the violent crises of power that were endemic to Victorian imperialism. It looks primarily at the colonial artists and photographers who were working in British India and its borderlands from around the time of the 1857 Indian Uprising up until the Amritsar Massacre of 1919, arguing that image making was increasingly instrumental not only in mediating imperial violence, but also in moulding it. Of particular concern is the martial resonance of British aesthetic discourse in moments of crisis, as well as the entanglement of artistic and military imperatives that was characteristic of the photographing- and sketching-in-the-field that took place during episodes of unrest and their traumatic aftermaths. The case studies all lay great emphasis on how the formal conventions of aesthetic practices could affect the nature of the engagement of Briton and Indian alike with imperial violence, encouraging ways of looking and acting within a crisis that were consonant with established visual tropes. While the central focus of this thesis is the aesthetics of colonialism in South Asia, the arguments that are developed intersect with broader histories of illustrated journalism, international exhibitions, and atrocity photography. The material includes everything from draughtsmanship to oil painting, but a particular stress is placed on the agency of photographers as they operated in ways that could stage interventions in the processes of imperial conquest and counterinsurgency. Ultimately, I argue that violent colonial crises functioned to shift the terms in which wide-ranging areas of visual media were viewed and used by the British throughout the Victorian period.

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The present research has as its objective to discuss the question of the representation, truthfulness and fluidity of the images of the digital era, especially photographic images, which are considered by authors such as Barthes, Sontag, Santaella, Flusser, Benjamin, Aumont, and Couchot, among many others, as reliable representations of reality, means that allow different interpretations, but all of them unanimous in considering them as representations of what is real. On this research, I try to investigate what we call "reality and representation", and thus raise a question that presents itself indelibly today as an attack to the testimony of truthfulness: photographs today are very easily manipulated. At first, this was done through chemical processes, which implied handcrafted, specialized work, but nowadays it is available to everyone through widely spread software. Thus, more than ever it is necessary to reevaluate the notion that photography is a trustworthy source of existence, even considering a historical testimony. To what extent can one rely on that source? Where would the recognizable, trustworthy reality be? Such questions take us not to the photographic support in itself, but to its previous instance: the very idea of photography, or photography as an idea. In this study, the different ways of using photographic support were also analyzed, so as to shed light on the role of photojournalistic, advertising, social, historical, documental, and even tourism images. Before being considered as a communication phenomenon, the intense proliferation of images seen in the 20th century (and that has entered the 21st century with monumental strength) can be considered as a psychical phenomenon, given the near-pathological relationship that modern society has built with digital photography. In addition to the cited authors, Kossoy, Machado, Vasquez, Adams, Neiva Jr., Arnheim, Fernandes Jr., Francastel, Panofsky, Bresson, Joly, Plato, Jung, and Bazin, were also important reference sources in the development of the present research
A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo discutir sobre a questão da representação, veracidade e fluidez das imagens da era digital, em especial as da fotografia, considerada, por autores como Barthes, Sontag, Santaella, Flusser, Benjamin, Aumont e Couchot, entre muitos outros, como representações fidedignas da realidade, mediações que permitem interpretações variadas, mas unânimes em considerá-las representações do real. Nesta pesquisa, procuro investigar aquilo que chamamos de realidade e representação, e assim levantar uma questão que hoje se apresenta de forma indelével como uma afronta ao testemunho da veracidade: a fotografia, hoje é altamente manipulável. Antes, por meios químicos, que pressupunham um trabalho artesanal e especializado, mas hoje, disponível a qualquer um através de software amplamente disseminados. Assim, mais do que nunca é preciso rever a idéia de que a fotografia seja uma fonte fidedigna de existência, mesmo considerando um testemunho histórico. Até onde podemos confiar nesta fonte? Onde estaria a realidade propriamente reconhecível e confiável? Questões como essas nos levam não ao suporte fotográfico em si, mas sua instância anterior, a própria idéia da fotografia, ou a fotografia como uma idéia. Neste estudo também foram analisadas as diferentes maneiras de utilizar o suporte fotográfico, a fim de elucidar o papel das imagens fotojornalistas, publicitárias, sociais, históricas, documentais ou mesmo turísticas. Antes de ser vista como um fenômeno de comunicação, a intensa proliferação das imagens que o século XX registrou (e que adentrou o nosso com força descomunal), pode ser vista como um fenômeno psíquico, dada a relação quase patológica que hoje a sociedade moderna constrói com a fotografia digital. Além dos autores citados, destacam-se também Kossoy, Machado, Vasquez, Adams, Neiva jr., Arnheim, Fernandes Jr., Francastel, Panofsky, Bresson, Joly, Platão, Jung e Bazin, como fontes de referência no desenvolvimento da presente pesquisa

From Introduction: The ideal of femininity which developed in Renaissance painting, was a visual and psychological type which was to become the Western European Christian formula of the feminine. This type has survived until the present day, so a discussion of its origins can be revealing for us in the twentieth century, especially as it has been neglected in traditional art historical works. In this essay, the changes in the image of the feminine, in just under three hundred years of Florentine painting, starting with Giotto1. and ending with Raphael~· will be covered. The images will be taken from the wo rk of artists who were Florentine in training, who worked in the city or who were strongly influenced by the Florentine style of painting. I have divided the paintings I have studied into three sections. In the Religious section the paintings are mainly of Mary. The Mythological images refer to Greek and Roman myths and the humanistic interpretations of them. Finally, the Portrait and Genre images are selected on the following basis: In the genre paintings they are sometimes part of works related to religion or mythology, but, in their handling, the painters treat the figures as real human beings rather than holy or mythological figures. In others they are bona fide portrait representations. 3. I have made the above distinction because I expect that the gap between religio-mythological images and portraits will give some indication of the difference between the ideal and the reality for women of that time. The images will be analysed and changes noted in favoured types, gestures, expressions, movements, placing in the composition, relationships to others, favoured themes, costume, colour and symbols. I will point out as I proceed the effects that these elements had on the mood and tone of each image.

Le processus de sélection de photos dans des albums peut être considérablement amélioré à l’aide d’un critère d’évaluation automatique des qualités d’une photo. Cependant, les méthodes existantes abordent ce problème de manière indépendante, c’est à dire en évaluant chaque image séparément des autres images d'un album. Dans cette thèse, nous explorons la modélisation du contexte d’une photo via une approche de clustering de collections de photos et la possibilité d'appliquer l’information de contexte à l'évaluation d’une photo. Nous avons effectué des études subjectives permettant d’étudier la manière dont les utilisateurs regroupent et sélectionnent des photos dans un album. Ces études ont permis une estimation du niveau de l’accord entre les différents utilisateurs. Nous avons aussi étudié la manière dont le contexte influence leurs décisions. Après avoir étudié la nature des décisions des utilisateurs, nous proposons une approche informatique pour modéliser leur comportement. Tout d'abord, nous introduisons une méthode de clustering hiérarchique, qui permet de regrouper des photos similaires selon une structure de similarité à plusieurs niveaux, basée sur des descripteurs visuels. Ensuite, les informations de contexte de la photo sont utilisées pour adapter le score de la photo pré-calculé indépendamment, en utilisant les données basées sur des statistiques et une approche d'apprentissage automatique. De plus, comme la majorité des méthodes récentes d'évaluation de la photo sont basées sur des réseaux de neurones convolutionnels, nous avons exploré et visualisé les caractéristiques esthétiques apprises par ces méthodes
An automatic photo assessment can significantly aid the process of photo selection within photo collections. However, existing computational methods approach this problem in an independent manner, by evaluating each image apart from other images in a photo album. In this thesis, we explore the modeling of photo context via a clustering approach for photo collections and the possibility of applying such context information in photo assessment. To better understand user actions within photo albums, we conduct experimental user studies, where we study how users cluster and select photos in photo collections. We estimate the level of agreement between users and investigate how the context, defined by similar photos in corresponding clusters, influences their decisions. After studying the nature of user decisions, we propose a computational approach to model user behavior. First, we introduce a hierarchical clustering method, which allows to group similar photos according to a multi-level similarity structure, based on visual descriptors. Then, the photo context information is extracted from the obtained cluster data and used to adapt a pre-computed independent photo score, using the statistics-based data and a machine learning approach. In addition, as the majority of recent methods for photo assessment are based on convolutional neural networks, we explore and visualize the aesthetic characteristics learned by such methods

How does the book-object in early modernity participate in the representation of scientific knowledge? How was the reader meant to approach the book and to comprehend its contents? This project starts from the contention that scientific knowledge is not a product simply to be deposited into unmarked containers and transmitted unproblematically. On the contrary, the book, whether literary or scientific, actively shapes and invents objects of scientific knowledge. Sensory, affective and cognitive ways in which the reader is expected to approach the book and its contents are implicit in its formatting of text and image, not to mention margins, presentational material and indices. This project draws from literary and natural scientific traditions of the French and Italian Renaissance in order to study how the early-modern book forms and performs scientific knowledge in various ways. Compelling the reader to interrupt his or her reading and to explore the book’s text and images as if they were objects in their own right, the book-object strives to imitate the experience and method of scientific discovery for the early-modern reader. To this end, touch, appetition, and bodily awareness become as important as sight and critical reasoning in a procedural approach and apprehension of knowledge in and of the book-object. An “aesthetics of discovery”, formed by the book and performed by the reader, is implicit in the book’s careful articulations of text and image.
Romance Languages and Literatures

Orientador: Laan Mendes de Barros
Resumo: Esta tese tem por objetivo discutir a contribuição da experiência estética aos estudos da comunicação midiatizada a partir do fenômeno de interpretação da imagem de Aylan Kurdi, pequeno refugiado sírio morto numa praia da Turquia. Toma-se com ponto de partida a imagem na perspectiva da cultura e tratada como um objeto estético que se oferece à percepção estética, que se dá na experiência sensível. A experiência estética é compreendida no seu aspecto relacional, enquanto percepção ativa do espectador diante do objetivo estético midiatizado. Por sua vez, a comunicação é tomada em uma dimensão estética com a participação dos espectadores nas dinâmicas de produção e partilha de sentidos e de afetos. Com as possibilidades de reelaborações e compartilhamentos, as experiências estéticas se desdobram em experiências poéticas, conectadas com possibilidades dialógicas e dialéticas entre os sujeitos, em relações de reconhecimento e de alteridade. A tese fundamenta-se na pesquisa bibliográfica e na análise da imagem e suas releituras, com a elaboração de seis categorias temáticas e três eixos analíticos: temporalidades, territorialidades e mediações. O estudo identificou que alguns temas foram mais recorrentes nas criações dos espectadores de acordo com os elementos formais utilizados, associando a cena com circunstâncias religiosas, políticas e relativas à cotidianidade da criança. As releituras também tiveram aspectos que expandiram a interpretação da cena para manifestações de rua, pe... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This is the objective of discussing the contribution of aesthetic experience to studies of mediatized communication, based on the phenomenon of image interpretation of Aylan Kurdi, a small Syrian refugee who died on a beach in Turkey. It is taken as a starting point in the image in perspective of culture and treated as an aesthetic object that offers aesthetic perception, that offers a sensitive experience. The aesthetic experience is understood in its relational aspect, while the spectator's active perception is facing the mediatized aesthetic objective. In turn, communication is taken on an aesthetic scale with the participation of viewers in the dynamics of production and sharing of meanings and affections. With possibilities for re-elaborations and sharing, as aesthetic experiences unfold in poetic experiences, connected with dialogical and dialectical possibilities between the subjects, in relationships of recognition and change. This is a bibliographic and image analysis study and its reinterpretations,with an elaboration of six thematic categories and three analytical axes: temporalities, territorialities and mediations. The study identified that some themes were more recurrent in the spectators' creations according to the formed elements used, associating a scene with religious, political circumstancesandthe child's usual use. The reinterpretations also had aspects that expanded the interpretation of the scene to street demonstrations, performances, graffiti and monum... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

This study explores food image creation as an integral aspect of food styling as a profession. Q-methodology, with its five steps, guided this study. At the outset, the qualitative part of the research, interviews with South African food stylists provided guidance to develop the concourse. Food magazine readers examined a set of six selected images and matched each of them against six aesthetic indicators, also indicating their subsequent behavioural intent. For this process the Q-sort method was applied in which a predetermined sample of the readership of two of South Africa‟s most eminent food magazines was involved. It is a reliable psychometric technique based on photographs that is often used in non-food related contexts such as architecture and the travel industry. Quantitatively, the data was factor analysed, from which seven factors emerged that corroborated the results. Findings confirm that Q-sort is a useful research approach for non-verbal communication in settings where, through food images, the technical and artistic messaging of food stylists comes from manipulating the assembly of food image content. It is proposed that, through non-verbal communication, food stylists who are able to purposefully create food images for print media would be able to effectively influence consumers in such a way as to bring about changed behavioural intent and eventual purchasing. Further investigation could consider expanding the theoretical base from which food stylists could pursue ways to alter consumers‟ behavioural intent. Put into practice, the findings could be a guide for food stylists when compiling food images that would successfully communicate intended messages.
Dissertation (MConsumer Science)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
gm2014
Consumer Science
unrestricted

Avec le développement des dispositifs de capture et d'Internet, les gens accèdent à un nombre croissant d'images. L'évaluation de l'esthétique visuelle a des applications importantes dans plusieurs domaines, de la récupération d'image et de la recommandation à l'amélioration. L'évaluation de la qualité esthétique de l'image vise à déterminer la beauté d'une image pour les observateurs humains. De nombreux problèmes dans ce domaine ne sont pas bien étudiés, y compris la subjectivité de l'évaluation de la qualité esthétique, l'explication de l'esthétique et la collecte de données annotées par l'homme. La prédiction conventionnelle de la qualité esthétique des images vise à prédire le score moyen ou la classe esthétique d'une image. Cependant, la prédiction esthétique est intrinsèquement subjective, et des images avec des scores / classe esthétiques moyens similaires peuvent afficher des niveaux de consensus très différents par les évaluateurs humains. Des travaux récents ont traité de la subjectivité esthétique en prédisant la distribution des scores humains, mais la prédiction de la distribution n'est pas directement interprétable en termes de subjectivité et pourrait être sous-optimale par rapport à l'estimation directe des descripteurs de subjectivité calculés à partir des scores de vérité terrain. De plus, les étiquettes des ensembles de données existants sont souvent bruyantes, incomplètes ou ne permettent pas des tâches plus sophistiquées telles que comprendre pourquoi une image est belle ou non pour un observateur humain. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons tout d'abord plusieurs mesures de la subjectivité, allant de simples mesures statistiques telles que l'écart type des scores, aux descripteurs nouvellement proposés inspirés de la théorie de l'information. Nous évaluons les performances de prédiction de ces mesures lorsqu'elles sont calculées à partir de distributions de scores prédites et lorsqu'elles sont directement apprises à partir de données de vérité terrain. Nous constatons que cette dernière stratégie donne en général de meilleurs résultats. Nous utilisons également la subjectivité pour améliorer la prédiction des scores esthétiques, montrant que les mesures de subjectivité inspirées de la théorie de l'information fonctionnent mieux que les mesures statistiques. Ensuite, nous proposons un ensemble de données EVA (Explainable Visual Aesthetics), qui contient 4070 images avec au moins 30 votes par image. EVA a été collecté en utilisant une approche plus disciplinée inspirée des meilleures pratiques d'évaluation de la qualité. Il offre également des caractéristiques supplémentaires, telles que le degré de difficulté à évaluer le score esthétique, l'évaluation de 4 attributs esthétiques complémentaires, ainsi que l'importance relative de chaque attribut pour se forger une opinion esthétique. L'ensemble de données accessible au public devrait contribuer aux recherches futures sur la compréhension et la prédiction de l'esthétique de la qualité visuelle. De plus, nous avons étudié l'explicabilité de l'évaluation de la qualité esthétique de l'image. Une analyse statistique sur EVA démontre que les attributs collectés et l'importance relative peuvent être combinés linéairement pour expliquer efficacement les scores d'opinion moyenne esthétique globale. Nous avons trouvé que la subjectivité a une corrélation limitée avec la difficulté personnelle moyenne dans l'évaluation esthétique, et la région du sujet, le niveau photographique et l'âge affectent de manière significative l'évaluation esthétique de l'utilisateur
With the development of capture devices and the Internet, people access to an increasing amount of images. Assessing visual aesthetics has important applications in several domains, from image retrieval and recommendation to enhancement. Image aesthetic quality assessment aims at determining how beautiful an image looks to human observers. Many problems in this field are not studied well, including the subjectivity of aesthetic quality assessment, explanation of aesthetics and the human-annotated data collection. Conventional image aesthetic quality prediction aims at predicting the average score or aesthetic class of a picture. However, the aesthetic prediction is intrinsically subjective, and images with similar mean aesthetic scores/class might display very different levels of consensus by human raters. Recent work has dealt with aesthetic subjectivity by predicting the distribution of human scores, but predicting the distribution is not directly interpretable in terms of subjectivity, and might be sub-optimal compared to directly estimating subjectivity descriptors computed from ground-truth scores. Furthermore, labels in existing datasets are often noisy, incomplete or they do not allow more sophisticated tasks such as understanding why an image looks beautiful or not to a human observer. In this thesis, we first propose several measures of subjectivity, ranging from simple statistical measures such as the standard deviation of the scores, to newly proposed descriptors inspired by information theory. We evaluate the prediction performance of these measures when they are computed from predicted score distributions and when they are directly learned from ground-truth data. We find that the latter strategy provides in general better results. We also use the subjectivity to improve predicting aesthetic scores, showing that information theory inspired subjectivity measures perform better than statistical measures. Then, we propose an Explainable Visual Aesthetics (EVA) dataset, which contains 4070 images with at least 30 votes per image. EVA has been crowd-sourced using a more disciplined approach inspired by quality assessment best practices. It also offers additional features, such as the degree of difficulty in assessing the aesthetic score, rating for 4 complementary aesthetic attributes, as well as the relative importance of each attribute to form aesthetic opinions. The publicly available dataset is expected to contribute to future research on understanding and predicting visual quality aesthetics. Additionally, we studied the explainability of image aesthetic quality assessment. A statistical analysis on EVA demonstrates that the collected attributes and relative importance can be linearly combined to explain effectively the overall aesthetic mean opinion scores. We found subjectivity has a limited correlation to average personal difficulty in aesthetic assessment, and the subject's region, photographic level and age affect the user's aesthetic assessment significantly

Thesis (M.F.A.)--East Tennessee State University, 2003.
Title from electronic submission form. ETSU ETD database URN: etd-1109103-152208. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via Internet at the UMI web site.

My research uses my painting practice as an experimental and investigative tool to test the capacity of practical aesthetics to generate similar or analogous experiences to the non-dualist reception aesthetics of certain key examples of post-Tridentine (1563) Catholic Counter-Reformation devotional imagery, particularly, The Ecstasy of St. Theresa (1647-1652) by Gian Lorenzo Bernini and the Incarnation (1596-1600) by El Greco. I apply an interpretative method to the development of Christian imagery within painting in the post-Reformation period and its relationship to the economic system of modern capitalism and the Enlightenment aesthetic of the sublime. My research aims to see what, if any, meanings and experiences, which, I believe, were present in the affective aesthetics of certain Counter-Reformation imagery can, through the contemporary aesthetics of my painting practice, be reconstructed or re-generated again as similar experience to those original pre-Enlightenment non-dualist meanings and experiences. The experience I aim to generate in my paintings is an affective and experiential narrative of presence, - Eliot's 'unity of thought, feeling and action', which I argue is found in the meaning and experience of those key Christian devotional images.

This thesis is a theoretically guided empirical discussion of fashion and its role within the production of national identity in Germany. In recent years, a new patriotism in contemporary German fashion could be observed, starting with the fashion designer Eva Gronbach in 2001. I will approach the term patriotism with the aid of one of Michel Foucault's key terms, the notion of the episteme. In my case study, singular fashion images from three consecutive collections by Gronbach are examined with regard to their role in the discourse of German patriotism. But I am not only interested in the "how" of this discourse. Building up upon Antonio Gramsci's notion of "cultural hegemony", I also explain the recent rise of this fashion patriotism. Thus, my discourse analysis of Gronbach's fashion becomes embedded in social struggles and transformations in Germany. Argueing that fashion is a discursive practice that can show up as well as promote changes in discursive formations, I assume a dialectical structure-agency conception: On the one hand the case of Gronbach hints at the deeper structural problematic of patriotism and social cohesion which allowed Gronbach to become popular. On the other hand, this structure is also produced via discursive practices such as Gronbach´s. The what I term "inclusionary patriotism" comprises cultural normalisation. Thus, the case of Gronbach demonstrates a "constrained heterogeneity" with regard to the discourse of patriotism in Germany, in which diversity is only acceptable within certain discursively constructed limits.

Coming to terms with breast loss and its effect on body image, femininity and self-esteem are major issues confronting women who have lost a breast to cancer. Furthermore, messages from the media, cosmetic industry and health care profession perpetuate the 'beauty myth' affecting the self-esteem of breast cancer patients. This emphasis on the aesthetic often takes precedence the grief associated with losing a body part that for many women is strongly linked to their self-concept. Based on interviews with nine breast cancer survivors in Winnipeg, Manitoba and Montreal, Quebec, three issues will be addressed: first how the cultural influences that support and perpetuate the 'beauty myth' affect breast cancer survivors; how, as a result of this issue, the grieving process is hindered and third, the experiences of women treated for breast cancer within the medical system. Implications for social work will also be discussed.

Although recent scholars have attempted to recuperate the cultural and literary value of Francis Quarles' Emblemes, traditional emblematic interpretations categorize the images as merely illustrations of the poetic utterance. The investment of this paper shifts critical attention away from the content of Quarles' text as the only source of meaning and argues that meaning is contingent on the interpretation of both word and image. In order for the images of the text to have full consideration, I have stepped away from the traditional emblem metaphor of body and soul in favor of an incarnational metaphor that joins image and word in a hypostatic union of interpretation.

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A presente dissertação tem como objetivo central a compreensão da estética particular da obra de William Blake (1757 – 1827), caracterizada por uma combinação de visualidade e discurso místico. Como Blake era um poeta-gravurista, o casamento entre texto e imagem é o aspecto mais notável das páginas que compunha através da sua técnica peculiar de impressão. As devidas análises serão feitas a partir de uma determinada seleção de obras compostas pelo poeta, levando-se em conta a sua filosofia particular, estabelecida em O casamento do céu e do inferno (1790), e a sua própria mitologia, cuja amostra é representada por uma tríade de poemas que podemos chamar de ―os livros de Urizen‖: O primeiro livro de Urizen (1794), O livro de Ahania (1795) e O livro de Los (1795). Serão analisadas não apenas passagens de seus poemas, mas também determinadas imagens destacadas desses poemas, tanto na categoria das ilustrações quanto na categoria das iluminuras. As discussões teóricas abordarão os seguintes tópicos: a noção de profecia como gênero literário, a relação entre o discurso blakiano e as heresias gnósticas, as particularidades da iconofilia blakiana, a tensão entre monismos e dualismos na obra de Blake, assim como a filiação do poeta à tradição dos pensadores místicos e sua relação com a própria tradição literária. O eixo conceitual em torno do qual se desenvolve esta dissertação está na chamada Bíblia do Inferno, ideia satírica que o poeta-gravurista concebeu como um símbolo estético de sua própria postura em relação aos moralismos religiosos.
The central goal of the present dissertation is to understand the particular aesthetics of the works composed by William Blake (1757 – 1827), characterized by a combination of visuality and mystical discourse. As Blake was a poet-engraver, the marriage of text and image is the most remarkable aspect of the pages he composed through his peculiar printing technique. The proper analyses will be carried out from a specific selection of Blake‘s works, considering his particular philosophy, established in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790), and his own mythology, whose sample is represented by a trio of poems that we can call ―the books of Urizen‖: The First Book of Urizen (1794), The Book of Ahania (1795) and The Book of Los (1795). Not only passages from his poems will be analyzed, but also specific images from these poems will be examined, both illustrations and illuminations. The theoretical discussion will approach the following topics: the notion of prophecy as a literary genre, the relationship between the Blakean discourse and the Gnostic heresies, the particularities of the Blakean iconophilia, the tension between monism and dualism in Blake‘s work, as well as the affiliation of the poet to the tradition of mystical thinkers and his relation to the literary tradition itself. The conceptual axis around which this dissertation will be developed is the so-called Bible of Hell, a satirical idea conceived by the poet-engraver as an aesthetic symbol of his own posture towards the religious morality.

This thesis addresses the issue of the modernist musical artwork, specifically in terms of the spatialization of musical time, in aesthetic and music-analytic terms. Firstly, it focuses on the notion of musique informelle as it was expounded in Adorno’s essay ‘Vers une musique informelle,’ (1961) and its place in Gianmario Borio’s elaboration of this in terms of an aesthetics of the informel. Secondly, it proposes a further expansion of these aesthetics via a double strategy: a comparative reading of Walter Benjamin’s critique of philosophies of time (including the work of Henri Bergson), language and objects, and furthermore a reconceptualization of both Adorno’s and Borio’s aesthetics in terms of a new theory of the object (as sound-object) in light of a new reading strategy. This reading is based on Walter Benjamin’s notion of the dialectical image, which proposes a new form of philosophical interpretation. The theorizations of the sound-object and the dialectical image furnish a basis for a re-conceptalization of the (in)formel, allowing for the interpretative reading of the music of three composers in particular: Edgard Varèse, Morton Feldman and Iannis Xenakis. Particularly, the study of a number of their works, including Intégrales (Varèse), On Time and the Instrumental Factor and Words and Music (Feldman), and Duel (Xenakis), reveals what Adorno terms their (truth) content, in their mediation of rationalization and intuition. Finally, it is argued that these modernist works can in turn bring new insights into Adorno’s aesthetics of the modernist work of art.

La plupart des approches philosophiques de l’œuvre de Maurice Blanchot ont réservé jusqu’à présent une place marginale à la question de l’image. À partir de L’Espace littéraire (1955), pourtant, l’image assume un statut théorique nous permettant de l’appréhender comme la matrice d’une écriture, d’abord partagée entre fiction et critique, qui trouve enfin dans la fragmentation son essor le plus naturel. Loin d’embrasser un nihilisme stérile, Blanchot dégage de la réflexion sur l’œuvre d’art de Heidegger l’idée d’une apparition en tant que disparition, d’une forme invalidant la distinction entre matière et forme, d’une présence qui n’est pas donnée : présence d’une absence. Il en tire une vision radicalement antihumaniste, bien plus cohérente que la conception de l’événement scandant l’histoire des époques de l’Être : venant avant la chose, l’image condamne la conscience du sujet métaphysique en tant que scène exclusive de toute représentation. Le visage de la mort devient le paradigme du regard aveugle que les choses portent sur nous. La littérature se révèle alors préliminaire à une vision autre, qui touche à ce qui précède l’existence de l’homme dans sa globalité, sa finitude s’éparpillant en une approche sans fin de la fin. Laissant de côté les textes politiques de Blanchot, nous avons considéré l’œuvre comme étant prioritaire au destin de l’auteur, que l’écriture emporte et détermine. Moins structurée que celle de Heidegger, elle s’avère finalement plus appropriée pour être lue à travers « l’optique » suggérée dans la Lettre sur l’humanisme : l’on ne peut concevoir une éthique, en tant que pensée de l’humanisme, si nous n’avons pas au préalable redéfini ce qu’est l’humanitas de l’homme
Most philosophical approaches to Maurice Blanchot's work have hitherto reserved a marginal place for the question of image. Since L'Espace littéraire (1955), however, image assumes a theoretical status that enables us to apprehend it as the matrix of his writing that, initially divided between fiction and criticism, finally achieves its most natural thriving in fragmentation.Far from embracing a sterile nihilism, Blanchot derives from Heidegger’s reflection on art the idea of an appearance as disappearance, of a form invalidating the distinction between matter and form; a presence which is not given: the presence of an absence. He draws from it a radically anti-humanist vision, much more coherent than the conception of the event defining the history of the epochs of the Being: coming before the thing, image condemns the consciousness of the metaphysical subject as the exclusive stage of all representation. The face of death becomes the paradigm of the blind gaze that things lay upon us. Hence, literature proves to be preliminary to a different vision, one that touches on what precedes man’s existence as a whole, his finitude being scattered in an endless approach of the end.Leaving aside the political texts of Blanchot, I have considered the œuvre as a priority in the author’s fate, which is overcome and determined by writing. Less structured than Heidegger's, Blanchot’s work proves finally more suited to be read through the perspective suggested in the Letter on Humanism: we cannot conceive an ethics, as a thought of humanism, if we have not previously redefine what the humanitas of man is

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This research is grounded in the persperctive of the body, the eroticism and female identity are elements visibly associated with literature. Specifically, in Western context, the female image has always been associated with beauty, grace, youth of a perfect and sexy body which does not allow defects or variations. In contemporary times the body cult especially, the female has become a fashion requirement that guided by midia ordains a pattern of body aesthetics based on thinness for women to follow in order to attend a consumer market each increasingly demanding. It is considered that the individual is materialized by the body and his identity that is formed from habits, customs, tradition, value and belief of a people, a society in relation to itself. From the experience and individual contact with these values it happens his identity formation. We propose to realize a body study, eroticism and identity into A sombra das asas (1997) by contemporary writer Fernanda Young from Rio de Janeiro, because it contains favorable elements to this discussion. In this novel, the protagonist does not mold within the aesthetic standards dictated by current fashion, that leads her to resort to plastic surgery innovations to transform her body to the required model by contemporary standards in order to perform a vengeance causing herself an identity crisis. To do so, we search on David Le Breton (2003); Denise Bernuzzi de Sant‟Anna (2001); Gilles Lipovestsky (2004); Stuart Hall (2004); Georges Vigarello (2006) e Joana Vilhena de Novaes (2013). These ones and other authors were also researched to discussion.
A presente pesquisa está assentada na perspectiva de que o corpo, o erotismo e a identidade feminina são elementos visivelmente associados à literatura. Especificamente, em contexto ocidental, a imagem feminina sempre esteve associada à beleza, à graça, à juventude de um corpo perfeito e sensual, para o qual não se permite defeitos ou variações. Na contemporaneidade, o culto do corpo, em especial, o feminino, tornou-se uma exigência da moda que, guiada pela mídia, dita um padrão de estética corporal fundamentado na magreza para as mulheres seguirem, no sentido de atenderem a um mercado consumidor cada vez mais exigente. Considera-se que o indivíduo é materializado pelo corpo e sua identidade é formada a partir de hábitos, costumes, tradições, valores e crenças de uma sociedade em relação ao mesmo. A partir da vivência e do contato do indivíduo com esses valores é que acontece a formação de sua identidade. Propomos realizar um estudo do corpo, do erotismo e da identidade no romance A sombra das vossas asas (1997) da escritora carioca contemporânea Fernanda Young, uma vez que ele contém os elementos favoráveis a essa discussão. Neste romance, a protagonista não se enquadra nos padrões estéticos ditados pela moda atual, o que a leva a recorrer às inovações da cirurgia plástica para transformar seu corpo ao modelo exigido pelos padrões contemporâneos de beleza, a fim de realizar uma vingança, o que lhe causa uma crise de identidade. Para tanto, acionamos os aportes em David Le Breton (2003), Denise Bernuzzi de Sant‟Anna (2001); Gilles Lipovestsky (2004) Stuart Hall (2004); Georges Vigarello (2006); Joana Vilhena de Novaes (2013). Esses e demais outros autores foram acionados para compor esta discussão.

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The dissertation presented here investigates the Aesthetics and Personal Image in its conceptual foundations, mediated by new technological actors in the network formation of Technologist in Aesthetics and Personal Image in the distance. The research thus had locus as a techie course in the distance and the historical assumptions of Personal Aesthetics and Image as wire guides the research object composition. The motivation for the choice of the proposed theme is justified by the lived experience of the researcher as a teacher at a basic level courses, technical and technological. The research methodology was created from the qualitative approach. As for the methodological procedures, we opted for the field research in light of the Actor-Network Theory. The work is organized into three chapters, the loom: the first wire, which presents the basic threads that underlie the construction of the research object and their meanings; Tessitura: A Trama Image and Meaning, which is the intertwining of the wire guides to the base wire for the formation of the plot, considering that tessitura some elements for data analysis, as sources that support or refute statements and declarations and Trama of meanings in the light of Latour's theory (2012), while theoretical framework that supports this research, were enlisted human and non-human actors who provided data for the construction and analysis relevant to the object. For data analysis was used as theoretical and methodological basis of the Collective Subject Discourse (CSD) methodology developed by Lefevre (2005) consisting of a set of processes and procedures resulting in speech synthesis, derived from individual speeches fragments gathered by similarity senses becoming significant matter. Constitutes as a methodological procedure for collecting information, the open interview technique with the teacher students of Technologist course Aesthetics and Personal Image in the distance the presence support pole / Manaus, criteria chosen for the sample universe, as well as interviews with tutors and pole coordinator, actors involved in the fabric that constitutes the investigated network. As a result, the study showed no discussion of the conceptual foundations of aesthetics and personal image in the training course technologist in the distance, limited access to technological mediators and their potential for human actors in the process of teaching and learning at the pole, descaracterizando thus the function of technological mediators for mere intermediaries factor that affects the development and quality of the offered course.
A dissertação aqui apresentada investiga a Estética e Imagem Pessoal em seus fundamentos conceituais, mediados por novos atores tecnológicos na rede de formação do Tecnólogo em Estética e Imagem Pessoal na modalidade a distância. A pesquisa, assim, teve como lócus um curso tecnólogo na modalidade a distância e os pressupostos históricos da Estética e Imagem Pessoal como fios guias na composição do objeto de investigação. A motivação para a escolha do tema proposto se justifica pela experiência vivenciada da pesquisadora como docente em cursos de nível básico, técnico e tecnológico. A metodologia da pesquisa foi constituída a partir da abordagem qualitativa. Quanto aos procedimentos metodológicos, optou-se pela pesquisa de campo à luz da Teoria Ator-Rede. O trabalho está organizado em três capítulos, o Tear: os primeiros fios, que apresenta os fios de base, que fundamentaram a construção do objeto de pesquisa e seus significados; Tessitura: A Trama da Imagem e dos Significados, que consiste no entrelaçamento dos fios guias com os fios de base para a formação da trama, considerando-se nessa tessitura alguns elementos para a análise de dados, enquanto fontes que fundamentam ou refutam afirmações e declarações e A Trama dos Significados, à luz da teoria de Latour (2012), enquanto linha teórica que embasa essa pesquisa, foram alistados os atores humanos e não-humanos que forneceram dados para a construção e análise pertinentes ao objeto. Para análise de dados foi utilizado como base teórico-metodológica o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC), metodologia desenvolvida por Lefevre (2005) que consiste em um conjunto de processos e procedimentos resultando em um discurso síntese, oriundos dos fragmentos de discursos individuais reunidos por similaridade de sentidos tornando-se matéria significante. Constitue como procedimento metodológico para coleta de informações, a técnica de entrevista aberta com os cursistas do curso Tecnólogo em Estética e Imagem Pessoal na modalidade a distância do Polo de apoio presencial/Manaus, critério eleito para o universo de amostra, além de entrevistas com tutores e coordenador do Polo, atores envolvidos na tessitura que constitue a rede investigada. Como resultado, o estudo evidenciou ausência de discussões dos fundamentos conceituais sobre a estética e imagem pessoal no curso de formação do tecnólogo na modalidade a distância, limitações de acesso aos mediadores tecnológicos e suas potencialidades pelos atores humanos do processo de ensino e aprendizagem no Polo, descaracterizando assim, a função de mediadores tecnológicos para meros intermediários, fator que compromete o desenvolvimento e a qualidade do curso ofertado.

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A pesquisa Livro de imagem: possibilidades de leitura estética teve como objetivo discutir o tema Imagem como via de acesso possível à fruição estética, por meio da análise de dois livros, Cântico dos Cânticos e Cena de Rua, cujas narrativas são constituídas exclusivamente de imagens em seqüência. Para isso, realiza um percurso de reflexão filosófica em torno de termos como alienação, trabalho, arte e fruição, localizando no desdobramento destas instâncias o cerne da fragmentação e da desumanização presentes nas relações humanas contemporâneas. O divórcio entre processos de produção/transformação da natureza ou seja, trabalho - e produto ou obra , responsável pela desumanização crescente nas relações, pode ser superado pela via da arte, que em seu fazer projeta, constrói e aprecia, devolvendo a sensação de inteireza já perdida. Nesse sentido, resgata a conexão entre arte e conhecimento enquanto uma relação especial com o mundo: a de transformação da realidade. Mas somente quando interage com o objeto em suas entranhas é que o leitor consegue fruir esteticamente. No nível da análise dos livros selecionados, a ênfase na leitura dos elementos significantes do discurso visual pretende traduzir essa convicção: a de que, somente mediante simbiose com os constituintes de um código é que efetivamos a leitura estética, fruto da arte. Forjar esse caminho através do Livro de Imagem representou uma opção necessária no caso das obras selecionadas, visto que nelas se encontram potencializadas a sensação de nonsense característica da obra de arte. Assim, na dimensão da leitura imagética, conhecer como funcionam os elementos pictóricos em relação à totalidade de um determinado espaço, e inclusive a forma como se comporta também essa totalidade representam passo fundamental para se chegar à leitura com sentido almejada pelo professor.
The research Wordless Book: possibilities of aesthetic reading discusses the theme Image as a possible access road to the aesthetic fruition, through the analysis of two books, Song of the Songs and Street Scene, whose narratives are constituted exclusively of sequenced images. To accomplish that, it sets a course of philosophical reflection around terms like alienation, work, art, and fruition, locating while unfolding in these instances the very kernel of fragmentation and of the present inhumanization in the contemporary human relationships. The divorce between production processes / transformation of Nature - in other words, work - and product - or work, -, responsible for the growing inhumanization in the relationships, can be overcome by way of Art, which in its doing, projects, builds and appreciates, bringing back the wholeness sensation already lost. In that sense, it rescues the connection between Art and Knowledge while brings about a special relationship with the world: the transformation of Reality. But only when it interacts with the object in its innermost part is that the reader gets to gain esthetically. In the level of the analysis of the selected books, the emphasis in the reading of the visual discourse significant elements intends to translate that conviction: that, only by symbiosis with the representatives of a code is that we execute the aesthetic reading, fruit of Art. To forge that path through the Wordless Book has represented a necessary option in the case of the selected works, because in them one finds potentialy the sensation of nonsense, a characteristic of the work of Art.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2007.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-170). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

La présente thèse se propose de faire une lecture esthétique du politique dans le cinéma de Jean-Luc Godard de 1969 à 2014, en essayant de démontrer que l'esthétique du politique dans son cinéma s'exprime par un renouveau de la pensée dialectique de l'image.Cette conception de la dialectique godardienne de l'image est influencée par la philosophie althussérienne des « Appareils idéologiques d'Etat » et constitue un profond renouvellement des concepts hégéliens et marxistes de la dialectique, au sens où la dialectique godardienne de l'image est une dialectique sans synthèse, qui se caractérise par une pensée du troisième plan développé à partir du rapprochement inédit de deux images, qui entretiennent un rapport à la fois « lointain et juste » sur le mode de la métaphore surréaliste et du collage.La période du Groupe Dziga Vertov représente chez Godard un foyer de réflexions esthétiques et politiques, ainsi que d'expérimentation, où il met en place véritablement cette pensée politique et dialectique de l'image, qu'il va ensuite approfondir dans les autres périodes : initiation de la dialectique entre image et son dans la période du Groupe Dziga Vertov ; dialectique entre image et langage influencée par les systèmes de la télévision et de la publicité, dialectique de la technique vidéo et du cinéma dans la période Sonimage, images dialectisées dans l'esthétique de la relève et la pensée du contre-champ et du hors-champ dans les Histoire(s) du cinéma, esthétique dialectique de la mise en ruine dans l'exposition Voyage(s) en Utopie, esthétique dialectique du désastre dans Adieu au langage et Trois désastres..Ces différentes esthétiques dialectiques de l'image se retrouvent d'une période à l'autre, si bien que ces périodes entretiennent des rapports d'interaction différentielle sur le mode de la dialectique godardienne.Du reste la pensée dialectique godardienne nous conduit à dépasser l'approche traditionnelle que les études universitaires ont des rapports entre les différentes périodes de l'œuvre de Jean-Luc Godard – période du Groupe Dziga Vertov (1969-1972), période du Groupe Sonimage (1972-1979), période des Histoire(s) du cinéma, période Péripheria, période de la collaboration avec Fabrice Aragno et Nicole Brenez… –, conçus en termes soit de rupture, soit de continuité. En réalité, de 1969 à 2014, tout se passe comme si la filmographie de Jean-Luc Godard progressait de façon dialectique et hélicoïdale à la manière de la philosophie de l'histoire de Giambattista Vico, fondée sur des moments de ruptures et de continuités, et faisant de l'esthétique du politique, une esthétique de la complexité, qui repose sur une série d'« images-pensées » et une pensée dialectique et rhizômatique ouverte.La pensée esthétique et politique de Godard est comprise dans cette tension dialectique entre un mouvement vers l'avant et un regard rétrospectif ouvrant le champ des possibles d’un véritable socialisme cinématographique
The present thesis proposes to make an aesthetic reading of politics in Jean-Luc Godard's cinema from 1969 to 2014, by trying to demonstrate that the aesthetics of politics in his cinema is expressed by a renewal of the dialectical thought of the image. This conception of the Godardian dialectic of the image is influenced by the Althusserian philosophy of the "ideological apparatuses of state" and constitutes a profound renewal of the Hegelian and Marxist concepts of dialectics applied to the cinematographic paradigm, in the sense that the godardian dialectic of the image is a dialectic without synthesis, which is characterized by a thought of the third shot developed from the unusual rapprochement of two images that maintains a relationship both « far and right » in the mode of surrealist aesthetics of metaphor and collage.The period of the Dziga Vertov Group represents in Godard’s filmography a space of aesthetic and political reflections, as well as of experimentation, where it really sets up this political and dialectical thought of the image, which it will then deepen in the other periods: initiation of the dialectic between image and sound in the period of the Dziga Vertov Group; dialectic between image and language influenced by the television and advertising systems, dialectic of video technique and cinema in the Sonimage period, images dialectised and political thought of the reverse shot and off-screen in the History (s) of cinema, dialectical aesthetics of ruining in the exhibition Voyage (s) in Utopia, dialectical aesthetics of disaster in Farewell to language and Three disasters …These different dialectical aesthetics of the image are found from one period to another, so that these periods maintain relations of differential interaction on the mode of Godardian dialectic. Moreover, Godard's dialectical thought leads us to question the traditional approach that the university studies have to the relations between the different periods of the work of Jean-Luc Godard (period of the Dziga Vertov Group (1969-1972), period of the Sonimage group (1972-1979), period of the History (s) of the cinema, period Peripheria, period of the collaboration with Fabrice Aragno and Nicole Brenez ...), conceived either in terms of rupture or continuity.In reality, from 1969 to 2014, everything happens as if the filmography of Jean-Luc Godard progressed dialectically and helically in the manner of the philosophy of history of Giambattista Vico, defined by moments of rupture and continuity and making the aesthetics of politics an aesthetics of complexity, based on a series of "thought-images" and an open dialectical and rhizomatic thought.Godard's aesthetic and political thought is included in this dialectical tension between a forward movement and a retrospective gaze opening the field of possibilities of a true cinematographic socialism

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The approach that undertakes this work revolves around the emergence of iconic structures on reflecting about the meaning of different methods of image representation through which the contemporaneity reveals itself. At baseline, three aspects are considered looking for an analytical ontology of the act of representation and imagery: the transition of representation in the oral culture of societies for writing, from these to typography, and finally the creation of a representation device. Resorted to, therefore, the argument by some genealogy reference points that technological instances such as writing, printing and photography, the evolution of this process, correspond, in itself, a consequent shift technique, for each representation precedent. In the area of the image, the most salient aspect of this change in foward process is the emergence of hyper-reality: the instances of hyper-realistic representation. In the Western context, the 'simulation of the world' - essential idea of mimesis is the work of an autonomous an conventional system. It should be noted, then the fact that under unreflective of the post-industrial societies, the mass-media image is coating with natural or fake code including - according to Baudrillard - tends to replace the real world in the "perpetuation of a large chain of simulacra." Hence in modern times, in the postindustrial society, during the crisis of the representation regimen and perception, centered in the referent. In this limit, new settings are established by aesthetic representations of imagery in contemporary culture: establishing spaces of simulation [Jean Baudrillard] the spectacle [Guy Debord] and hypermodernity [Gilles Lipovetsky] in which they operate. In these assemblages, saps the emergence of Hyper-reality Representation Instances - as seen in this study aesthetic events to configure itineraries of a new sensibility. It is the nature of this practice sign-iconic, ingrained in the creation of current artistic expression, which this research engaged in peering: the hyper-realistic setting, taking empirical support central to contemporary imagery production, diverse formats of analog representation.
A abordagem que empreende este trabalho gira em torno da emerg?ncia de estruturas ic?nicas, reflexionando sobre o sentido de diferentes modalidades de representa??o imag?tica por meio das quais a contemporaneidade se revela. ? partida, tr?s aspectos s?o considerados para uma anal?tica em busca da ontologia do ato da representa??o imag?tica: a transi??o da representa??o nas sociedades de cultura oral para a escrita; destas para a tecnologia tipogr?fica e, finalmente, a constitui??o de dispositivo de representa??o fotogr?fica. Recorre-se, portanto, ? argumenta??o por meio de alguns pontos de refer?ncia geneal?gica de que inst?ncias tecnol?gicas como a escrita, a tipografia e a fotografia, na evolu??o desse processo, correspondem, per si, a uma viragem t?cnica consequente, em rela??o a cada representa??o precedente. No dom?nio da imagem, o aspecto mais proeminente dessa mudan?a no decurso avan?ado consiste na emerg?ncia da hiper-realidade: das inst?ncias de representa??o hiper-realista. No contexto ocidental, a simula??o do mundo ideia essencial da mimesis - ? obra de um sistema aut?nomo e convencional. Sublinha-se, ent?o, o fato de que, no ?mbito irreflexivo das sociedades p?s-industriais, a imagem mass-midi?tica se reveste com o falso c?digo de natural ou inclusive de acordo com Baudrillard tende a substituir o mundo real na perpetua??o de uma larga cadeia de simulacros . Da?, na modernidade, em plena sociedade p?s-industrial, decorrer a crise do regime de representa??o e de percep??o, centrado no referente. Neste limite instauram-se novas configura??es est?ticas de representa??es imag?ticas na cultura contempor?nea: instituindo espa?os da simula??o [Jean Baudrillard], do espet?culo [Guy Debord] e da hipermodernidade [Gilles Lipovetsky] em que operam. A estes agenciamentos, acode a emers?o das Inst?ncias de Representa??o Hiper-real vistas neste estudo como ocorr?ncias est?ticas a configurarem itiner?rios de uma nova sensibilidade. ? da natureza dessa pr?tica signo-ic?nica, incrustada na cria??o da express?o art?stica atual, que esta pesquisa se ocupou em perscrutar: a configura??o hiper-realista, tomando como suporte emp?rico central a produ??o imag?tica contempor?nea, em formatos diversificados da representa??o anal?gica.

This study creates and develops a concept called the untimely-image including two sub-concepts called contours of the new and the untimely-site. The untimely-image concerns the clearing for and the expression of figures of “potential” in thought in the form of moving-images. The aim of these concepts is to form a critical framework for evaluating and conceptualizing political film as expressive, not of the new itself but of its “untimely” contours. The untimely-image, and its many implications, is developed over the course of six chapters. Chapter 1 extensively defines “contours” and “new” as operative in this study, and also introduces a theme that runs through all the chapters: how to think the contours of the new in relation to the cult of the new in consumer culture and in relation to the larger mechanisms of advanced capitalism. Chapter 2 defines the parameters of the untimely-image as specifically regarding moving images, and continues the development of this concept. In Chapters 3 to 6, The Wire (David Simon, 2002-2008) serves the double function of complicating and giving specification to the elaboration of the untimely-image as well as a case in which the untimely-image is used as a critical framework. The Wire and the untimely-image relate in processes of juxtaposition, wherein they meet, cross over, separate, and reproblematize each other. An untimely-image is fully defined in relation to concrete political issues. The untimely-image is therefore advanced by articulating the components and characteristics that, independently of the concrete issue, remain in every case, as well as by putting the concept to work regarding two specific problems in The Wire: its expression of blackness and its mapping of advanced capitalism.

Orientador: Carlos Eduardo Albuquerque Miranda
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Resumo: O tema deste trabalho foi inspirado por uma exigência didática pela elaboração de um conjunto de aulas sobre os períodos da história da arte em um curso de capacitação de professores. Parti da organização mais difundida e aceita da divisão dos períodos para realizar uma aproximação a alguns elementos conceituais e filosóficos, primitivos e fundamentais, que acredito estão envolvidos na vivência, criação, e realização artística e que podem ser relacionados a qualquer ser humano como uma qualidade inerente à sua existência na civilização contemporânea. Apoiado principalmente por reflexões contidas nos livros Intuição do Instante, de Gaston Bachelard, Psicologia Arquetípica, de James Hillman, e Esculpir o Tempo, de Andrei Tarkovski, proponho uma iniciação ao estudo da importância de aspectos específicos de uma possível imaginação intuitiva e do que acredito sejam alguns de seus desdobramentos na ação artística. Esboço neste trabalho uma perspectiva alternativa para o estudo de algumas qualidades arquetípicas vislumbradas em imagens produzidas a partir de mídias artísticas e sugiro uma proposição de reflexão, sobre um diálogo entre elementos poéticos e estéticos, que identifica uma importância essencial destas qualidades para o desenvolvimento de processos de criação artística de um ser humano imaginador.
Abstract: The theme of this work was inspired by a teaching requirement about the periods of art history in a training course for teachers. I used the organization more widespread and accepted of the periods to carry out an approach to conceptual and philosophical elements, primitive and fundamental, which I believe are involved in the experience, creation, and artistic achievement that can be related to any human being as a quality inherent to their existence in contemporary society. Supported mainly by reflections contained in the books of The Intuition of the Instant, by Gaston Bachelard, Archetypal Psychology, by James Hillman, and Sculpting in Time, by Andrei Tarkovski, I propose an introduction to the study of the importance on specific aspects about a possible intuitive imagination and what I believe are some of its developments in artistic action. Outline in this work an alternative perspective to the study of some archetypal qualities glimpsed in images produced from an artistic media and suggest proposals for reflection on dialogue between poetics and aesthetics elements, which identifies critical importance of these qualities for the development of processes artistic creation of a human being imaginative.
Mestrado
Educação, Conhecimento, Linguagem e Arte
Mestre em Educação

La culture visuelle contemporaine ne peut pas être comprise sans avoir à l'esprit l'enjeu entre les conditions socio-économiques, les avancées technologiques et les opérations artistiques au cours des deux derniers siècles. C'est en considérant cet enjeu, qu'on s'interroge: Quels sont les rapports entre l'image technique, la parole et le réel? Quels sont les liens entre les différents dispositifs qui composent l'ensemble médiatique actuel? Comment peut-on décrire l'interaction entre les opérations de l'art, le commerce social des images et les valeurs fondatrices de l'institution esthétique (art / pas de l'art, haut / bas, auteur / récepteur, original / copie ...)? Ce questionnement prend une direction plus précise, par le biais de l'étude des images et des usages de la carte postale illustrée au cours des trois premières décennies du XXème siècle et des années 80, 90 et 2000. Concomitante à l'avènement de la photographie et à l'émergence d'un réseau postal de communication mondiale, la carte postale illustrée sera également analysée à partir d'une recollection de ses appropriations artistiques. Malgré l'étendue de l'archive scientifique dédiée à l'iconographie collective, notamment concernant des champs épistémologiques tels que la sociologie de l'imaginaire et les visual cultural studies, pour ne citer que deux exemples récents, il est à notre avis fort nécessaire de relire la théorie de l'image, tout en tenant compte des différents aspects du processus d'appareillement technique de l'image, qui s'ébauche au cours du siècle. XIX avec la photographie et le cinéma, et qui se poursuit aujourd'hui avec les réalités virtuelles et les ambiances numériques de la Web 2.0 ... La présente étude considère ce trajet à partir de deux notions fondamentales : l'idée de récréation et la conception de remédiation. L'image récréative traduit la reconnaissance de la nature paradoxale de l'image et de la technique : celles-ci seraient, d'une part, des entités douées d'"une sensibilité tirée à la manivelle" (Moisés Martins Lemos , 2011), qui se manifesterait sous les formes de l'aliénation et de l'automatisation ; d'autre part, l'image et la technique, une fois appropriées par des tactiques de réinvention, de recomposition et de réparation, deviendraient des instances favorables à l'expérience et à l'affirmation de notre condition historique. À son tour, la notion de remédiation, terminologie suggérée par Bolter et Grusin (2000), présuppose une affirmation de l'interdépendance des medias contemporains ; ceux-ci seraient un ensemble solidaire uni par des liens de collaboration non chronologiques, contraires au schéma séquentiel qui oppose les nouveaux aux vieux médias. Une culture traversée par la récréation et la remédiation est également, comme l'a constaté l'œuvre visionnaire de Walter Benjamin (1991, 1992), une culture où se troublent les frontières entre les statuts de l'auteur et du récepteur, de l'originel et de la copie, de l'high et du low, statuts normatifs artificiels destinés à légitimer le discours de l'institution esthétique. Absentes de notre traversée quotidienne et spontanée de la polymorphie des ambiances visuelles, les dichotomies mentionnées seraient l'objet de nombreuses dérisions artistiques, aujourd'hui paradoxalement assimilées par l'institution esthétique. La carte postale, autrefois protagoniste des grandes expositions universelles, et aujourd'hui omniprésente dans les espaces polyculturelles de l'art moderne et contemporain - dans leurs magasins, leurs salles d'exposition et leurs aires de loisir tels que les cafés, bars et restaurants -, revêt un intérêt particulier...

Tese doutoramento Ciências da Comunicação (área de especialização em Teoria da Cultura)
Compreendendo a cultura visual contemporânea como resultante do jogo vivido entre as condições socioeconómicas, os avanços tecnológicos e as operações artísticas ao longo dos últimos dois séculos, perguntamo-nos: Quais as relações entre a imagem, a palavra e o real daí decorrentes? Quais as ligações entre os diferentes dispositivos do atual contexto mediático? Como caraterizar a interação entre as operações artísticas, o comércio social de imagens e os valores fundadores da instituição estética (arte/não arte, high/low, autor/espetador, original/cópia...)? Esta problemática encontra uma direção mais precisa na análise das imagens e dos usos do postal ilustrado ao longo das três primeiras décadas do séc. XX e dos anos 80, 90 e 2000 e ainda na recoleção das apropriações artísticas deste média, inseparável do advento da fotografia e da instalação de uma rede postal de comunicação mundial. Consideramos que, embora o arquivo científico em torno da iconografia coletiva se torne progressivamente extenso, nomeadamente com a afirmação de domínios epistemológicos que vão da sociologia do imaginário aos visual cultural studies, para apenas citar dois recentes exemplos, este não dispensa e pelo contrário torna premente uma persistente revisão da teoria da imagem, que tenha em conta diferentes aspetos do processo de tecnologização da mesma, iniciado no séc. XIX com a fotografia e o cinema, e que prossegue hoje com as realidades digitais e os ambientes virtuais da Web 2.0.... A revisão deste trajeto é elaborada no nosso estudo a partir das ideias de recreação e de remediação. A imagem recreativa corresponde a uma conceção paradoxal da imagem e da técnica enquanto entidades que seriam, por um lado, vocacionadas para “uma sensibilidade puxada à manivela”, retomando a expressiva fórmula de Moisés de Lemos Martins (2011), através de formas de alienação e de automatização, e por outro lado, favoráveis ao exercício da experiência e à afirmação da condição histórica, através de táticas de reinvenção, de rearranjo e de conserto. A noção de remediação, terminologia sugerida por Bolter & Grusin (2000) pressupõe um entendimento do complexo mediático contemporâneo enquanto um todo interdependente, unido por relações de colaboração e de hibridação não cronológicas, que entra em rutura com o linear esquema sequencial que distingue novos e velhos média. Uma cultura atravessada por táticas de recreação e de remediação é ainda, como o entreviu o visionário pensamento de Walter Benjamin (1991, 1992), uma cultura onde se instabilizaram as fronteiras entre as posições de autor e de espetador, os estatutos de original e de cópia, de high e de low, categorias artificiais de caráter normativo que se destinariam a legitimar o discurso da instituição estética, mas que se manteriam ausentes no âmbito da nossa travessia espontânea e quotidiana de polimórficas atmosferas visuais e que seriam, de resto, alvo das mais heterogéneas derisões artísticas, paradoxalmente hoje assimiladas por essa mesma instituição estética. O postal ilustrado, outrora protagonista das exposições universais, hoje omnipresente nos grandes centros policulturais de arte moderna e contemporânea – nas suas lojas, nas suas salas e nos seus espaços de ócio, como cafetarias, bares e restaurantes – insere-se na nossa problemática de modo especialmente pertinente: objeto entre a arte e o comércio, com imagens e palavras, veículo da fotografia e parente próximo do cinema, o postal presta-se tanto à exploração de uma estereotipia dos afetos como se oferece às artimanhas, aos truques e às montagens dos seus usuários. Não obstante o mal-estar generalizado que paira sobre as ideias de cultura, de imagem e de arte desde o início do séc. XX com a crítica às indústrias culturais até à atualidade com os ataques à sociedade do espetáculo de Guy Debord e à sociedade do simulacro de Jean Baudrillard, propomo-nos seguir a simples mas trabalhosa máxima proposta por Michel Maffesoli (1998) de “dire oui à la vie”, mapeando os intervalos de ação, os fragmentos de experiência e os pedaços de história coletados pelos mais conhecidos e mais anónimos, pelos mais excepcionais e pelos mais banais recreadores da imagem e refazedores do real.
La culture visuelle contemporaine ne peut pas être comprise sans avoir à l’esprit l’enjeu entre les conditions socio-économiques, les avancées technologiques et les opérations artistiques au cours des deux derniers siècles. C’est en considérant cet enjeu, qu’on s’interroge: Quels sont les rapports entre l'image technique, la parole et le réel? Quels sont les liens entre les différents dispositifs qui composent l’ensemble médiatique actuel? Comment peut-on décrire l'interaction entre les opérations de l’art, le commerce social des images et les valeurs fondatrices de l’institution esthétique (art / pas de l'art, haut / bas, auteur / récepteur, original / copie ...)? Ce questionnement prend une direction plus précise, par le biais de l’étude des images et des usages de la carte postale illustrée au cours des trois premières décennies du XXème siècle et des années 80, 90 et 2000. Concomitante à l'avènement de la photographie et à l’émergence d'un réseau postal de communication mondiale, la carte postale illustrée sera également analysée à partir d’une recollection de ses appropriations artistiques. Malgré l’étendue de l’archive scientifique dédiée à l'iconographie collective, notamment concernant des champs épistémologiques tels que la sociologie de l'imaginaire et les visual cultural studies, pour ne citer que deux exemples récents, il est à notre avis fort nécessaire de relire la théorie de l'image, tout en tenant compte des différents aspects du processus d’appareillement technique de l’image, qui s’ébauche au cours du siècle. XIX avec la photographie et le cinéma, et qui se poursuit aujourd'hui avec les réalités virtuelles et les ambiances numériques de la Web 2.0 ... La présente étude considère ce trajet à partir de deux notions fondamentales : l’idée de récréation et la conception de remédiation. L'image récréative traduit la reconnaissance de la nature paradoxale de l’image et de la technique : celles-ci seraient, d’une part, des entités douées d’”une sensibilité tirée à la manivelle” (Moisés Martins Lemos , 2011), qui se manifesterait sous les formes de l'aliénation et de l'automatisation ; d'autre part, l’image et la technique, une fois appropriées par des tactiques de réinvention, de recomposition et de réparation, deviendraient des instances favorables à l'expérience et à l'affirmation de notre condition historique. À son tour, la notion de remédiation, terminologie suggérée par Bolter et Grusin (2000), présuppose une affirmation de l’interdépendance des medias contemporains ; ceux-ci seraient un ensemble solidaire uni par des liens de collaboration non chronologiques, contraires au schéma séquentiel qui oppose les nouveaux aux vieux médias. Une culture traversée par la récréation et la remédiation est également, comme l’a constaté l’oeuvre visionnaire de Walter Benjamin (1991, 1992), une culture où se troublent les frontières entre les statuts de l'auteur et du récepteur, de l’originel et de la copie, de l’high et du low, statuts normatifs artificiels destinés à légitimer le discours de l'institution esthétique. Absentes de notre traversée quotidienne et spontanée de la polymorphie des ambiances visuelles, les dichotomies mentionnées seraient l’objet de nombreuses dérisions artistiques, aujourd'hui paradoxalement assimilées par l’institution esthétique. La carte postale, autrefois protagoniste des grandes expositions universelles, et aujourd'hui omniprésente dans les espaces polyculturelles de l'art moderne et contemporain - dans leurs magasins, leurs salles d’exposition et leurs aires de loisir tels que les cafés, bars et restaurants -, revêt un intérêt particulier pour l’approfondissement de ce débat: objet entre l’art et le commerce, avec des images et des mots, vecteur de diffusion de la photographie et proche du cinéma, la carte postale illustrée se prête tantôt à l'exploration d'une stéréotypie d’affects tantôt à la concertation d’astuces et de ruses, à l’expérimentation de truquages et de montages de la part de ses utilisateurs. Nonobstant le malaise général qui pèse sur les idées de culture, d'art et d'image, depuis le début du XXème siècle avec les critiques qui visaient les industries culturelles, jusqu’à nos jours avec les attaques contre la société du spectacle de Guy Debord (2006) et la société du simulacre de Jean Baudrillard (1988), nous acceptons de suivre la maxime simple mais laborieuse proposée par Michel Maffesoli (1998) de “dire oui à la vie", en cartographiant les intervalles d'action, les fragments d'expérience et les morceaux d'histoire collectés par les plus connus et les plus anonymes, les plus rares et les plus banaux recréateurs de l’image et refaiseurs du réel.
Understanding contemporary visual culture as a result of the game between socio-economic conditions, technological advances and artistic operations over the past two centuries, we ask ourselves: What are the relationships between image, word and the reality? What are the connections between different devices of the current media context? and the interaction between operations artistic, images’ social commerce and the founding values of the aesthetic institution (art / non art, high / low, author / viewer, original / copy ...)? This broad issue finds a more accurate direction in the analysis of images and uses of the postcard over the first three decades of the century XX and 80, 90 and 2000 and also in the recollection of this artistic media appropriation, inseparable from the advent of photography and installation of a network of world postal communication. We believe that, although the scientific archive about the collective iconography progressively becomes more extensive, particularly with the affirmation of epistemological fields ranging from sociology of the imaginary to the visual cultural studies, just to mention two recent examples, this does not make it unnecessary, on the contrary, it makes it urgent to persistently review the theory of the image, which takes into account different aspects of the same technologization process, started in the century XIX with photography and film, and which continues today with the realities of digital and virtual environments web 2.0 ... The review of this path is drawn in our study with the support of the notions of recreation and remediation. The recreational image corresponds to a paradoxical conception of image and technique as entities that would be, on the one hand, aimed at "a sensitivity pulled by the crank," retaking the expressive formula of Moisés de Lemos Martins (2011), through forms of alienation and automation and, on the other hand, the favourable to the exercise of experience and the affirmation of the historical condition, through reinvention, rearrangement and repair tactics. The notion of remediation, terminology suggested by Bolter & Grusin (2000), requires an understanding of the complex contemporary media as an interdependent whole, united by non-chronological relationships of collaboration and hybridization, which rupture with the linear sequential scheme that distinguishes new and old media. A culture crossed by recreation and remediation tactics is also, as the visionary thought of Walter Benjamin (1991, 1992) glimpsed, a culture where the boundaries between the positions of author and viewer, the status of original and copy and high and low have been weakened, artificial normative categories that were intended to legitimize the discourse of aesthetic institution, but which would remain absent within our daily and spontaneous route of polymorphic visual atmospheres and would be, moreover, object of the most heterogeneous artistic derisions, paradoxically today assimilated by that aesthetics institution. The picture postcard, once the protagonist of universal expositions, today ubiquitous in major policultural centres of modern and contemporary art - in its stores, in their classrooms and in their leisure spaces, such as coffee shops, bars and restaurants - fits our problem in a very particular way: object between art and commerce, with pictures and words, photography vehicle, close relative of cinema, the postal lends itself both to the exploration of a stereotypy of affects and it also offers to tricks, the tricks and the assemblies of its users. Nevertheless the general malaise that hangs over the ideas of culture, art and picture from the beginning of the XX century with the critic to the cultural industries up to the present day with the attacks to the society of the spectacle of Guy Debord and the society of the simulacrum of Jean Baudrillard, we propose the following simple and laborious maximum suggested by Michel Maffesoli (1998), "dire oui à la vie", mapping the intervals of action, the fragments of experience and the pieces of history collected by the best known and most anonymous, for the most exceptional and the most banal recreators of the image and the remakers of the real.
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)
Programa Operacional Potencial Humano (POPH)
Quadro de Referência Estratégico Nacional (QREN)