Journal articles on the topic 'Illusion'
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ITOH, MAKOTO, and LEON O. CHUA. "IMITATION OF VISUAL ILLUSIONS VIA OPENCV AND CNN." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 18, no. 12 (December 2008): 3551–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127408022573.
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Visual illusion is the fallacious perception of reality or some actually existing object. In this paper, we imitate the mechanism of Ehrenstein illusion, neon color spreading illusion, watercolor illusion, Kanizsa illusion, shifted edges illusion, and hybrid image illusion using the Open Source Computer Vision Library (OpenCV). We also imitate these illusions using Cellular Neural Networks (CNNs). These imitations suggest that some illusions are processed by high-level brain functions. We next apply the morphological gradient operation to anomalous motion illusions. The processed images are classified into two kinds of images, which correspond to the central drift illusion and the peripheral drift illusion, respectively. It demonstrates that the contrast of the colors plays an important role in the anomalous motion illusion. We also imitate the anomalous motion illusions using both OpenCV and CNN. These imitations suggest that some visual illusions may be processed by the illusory movement of animations.
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Tranum, Diane, and Anthony F. Grasha. "Susceptibility to Illusions and Cognitive Style: Implications for Pharmacy Dispensing." Perceptual and Motor Skills 95, no. 3_suppl (December 2002): 1063–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.95.3f.1063.
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Response distributions for five cognitive illusions and one visual illusion were examined in two samples, college students ( n = 134) and pharmacists ( n = 51). These illusions were selected for study on the basis of pharmacists' judgments about associations of illusions to common dispensing errors. Participants were categorized as Illusion-prone or Illusion-resistant, and distributions of such tendencies for the six stimuli used varied within samples. Significant differences between the two samples on illusion-proneness and resistance were observed for the “Moses' Ark” and “Fcount” illusions. Associations of Illusion-prone and Illusion-resistant responses to field-dependence, psychological type, and the cognitive orientations derived from Psychological Type Theory were examined. Field-independence–field-dependence was the only cognitive dimension associated with Illusion-prone and Illusion-resistant responding. Implications of the data for developing measures based upon visual and cognitive illusions to identify people with error-prone tendencies were discussed.
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Billino, Jutta, Kai Hamburger, and Karl R. Gegenfurtner. "Age Effects on the Perception of Motion Illusions." Perception 38, no. 4 (January 1, 2009): 508–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p5886.
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Anomalous motion illusions represent a popular class of illusions and several studies have made an effort to explain their perception. However, understanding is still inconsistent. Age-related differences in susceptibility to illusory motion may contribute to further clarification of the underlying processing mechanisms. We investigated the effect of age on the perception of four different anomalous motion illusions. The Enigma illusion, the Rotating-Snakes illusion, the Pinna illusion, and the Rotating-Tilted-Lines illusion were tested on a total of one hundred and thirty-nine participants covering an age range from 3 to 82 years. In comparison with young adults, children showed a lower likelihood of perceiving motion in all illusions with the exception of the Rotating-Tilted-Lines illusion. For adult subjects, we found significant age effects in the Rotating-Snakes illusion and the Rotating-Tilted-Lines illusion: occurrence of the illusory effect decreased with age. The other two illusions turned out to be unaffected by aging. Finally, inter-correlations between different motion illusions revealed that only the Pinna illusion and the Rotating-Tilted-Lines illusion correlated significantly with each other. The results confirm that anomalous motion illusions should not be considered as a homogeneous group. Possible links between perceptual data and neurophysiological changes related to age are discussed. Perceptual differences due to age provide the opportunity to improve our understanding of illusory motion and point to specific underlying mechanisms.
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Metral, Morgane, Corentin Gonthier, Marion Luyat, and Michel Guerraz. "Body Schema Illusions: A Study of the Link between the Rubber Hand and Kinesthetic Mirror Illusions through Individual Differences." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6937328.
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Background. The well-known rubber hand paradigm induces an illusion by having participants feel the touch applied to a fake hand. In parallel, the kinesthetic mirror illusion elicits illusions of movement by moving the reflection of a participant’s arm. Experimental manipulation of sensory inputs leads to emergence of these multisensory illusions. There are strong conceptual similarities between these two illusions, suggesting that they rely on the same neurophysiological mechanisms, but this relationship has never been investigated. Studies indicate that participants differ in their sensitivity to these illusions, which provides a possibility for studying the relationship between these two illusions. Method. We tested 36 healthy participants to confirm that there exist reliable individual differences in sensitivity to the two illusions and that participants sensitive to one illusion are also sensitive to the other. Results. The results revealed that illusion sensitivity was very stable across trials and that individual differences in sensitivity to the kinesthetic mirror illusion were highly related to individual differences in sensitivity to the rubber hand illusion. Conclusions. Overall, these results support the idea that these two illusions may be both linked to a transitory modification of body schema, wherein the most sensitive people have the most malleable body schema.
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Boril, Jan, Vladimir Smrz, Erik Blasch, and Mudassir Lone. "Spatial Disorientation Impact on the Precise Approach in Simulated Flight." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 91, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 767–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.5591.2020.
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BACKGROUND: The risks posed by flight illusions impacting pilot spatial orientation have been determined as a safety concern from numerous past aviation accident investigations. Early demonstration of the adverse effects of flight illusions on spatial orientation would be desirable for all pilots, especially at the early training stages to deeply embed good practices for onset detection, flight correction, and response mitigation.METHOD: Simulated flights on a disorientation demonstrator were performed by 19 pilots for 3 conditions: no illusion, somatogyral illusion, and Coriolis illusion. An objective approach for assessing pilot performance degradation due to flight illusions can be done by using a defined flight profile: instrument landing system (ILS) flight trajectory during final instrument approach. Deviations to the standard ILS profile were recorded to measure and evaluate the influence of the demonstrated flight illusion on pilot performance.RESULTS: The results show the expectation that the smallest deviations from the ideal trajectory are caused by pilot tracking error (no illusion), and the greatest deviations are caused by the Coriolis illusion. Results demonstrated a statistically significant effect of illusions on performance. According to statements from pilots, training for flight illusion response is essential to complement training in aircraft regulations and aerodynamics.DISCUSSION: Measuring the influence of vestibular illusions on flight profile with a simulator allows assessment of individual differences and improvement of pilot performance under the conditions of no illusion, the somatogyral illusion, and the Coriolis illusion.Boril J, Smrz V, Blasch E, Lone M. Spatial disorientation impact on the precise approach in simulated flight. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(10):767775.
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Gosselin, Frédéric, and Claude Lamontagne. "Motion-Blur Illusions." Perception 26, no. 7 (July 1997): 847–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p260847.
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The still-radii illusion, the figure-of-eight illusion, the band-of-heightened-intensity illusion and the dark-blurred-concentric-circles illusion have remained, until now, isolated relatively ill-explained phenomena. A single algorithmic model is proposed which explains these four visual illusions. In fact, this model predicts phenomena produced by motion of any gray-shaded patterns relative to the eyes (termed ‘motion-blur illusions’). Results of a computer simulation of the model are presented. A novel instance of the proposed class of illusions, which can be readily experienced by the reader, is introduced to illustrate the generality of the model.
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Deręgowski, Jan B. "Illusions within an Illusion." Perception 44, no. 12 (September 23, 2015): 1416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006615599903.
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Poom, Leo. "Influences of orientation on the Ponzo, contrast, and Craik-O’Brien-Cornsweet illusions." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 82, no. 4 (December 24, 2019): 1896–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-019-01953-8.
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AbstractExplanations of the Ponzo size illusion, the simultaneous contrast illusion, and the Craik-O’Brien-Cornsweet brightness illusions involve either stimulus-driven processes (assimilation, enhanced contrast, and anchoring) or prior experiences. Real-world up-down asymmetries for typical direction of illumination and ground planes in our physical environment should influence these illusions if they are experience based, but not if they are stimulus driven. Results presented here demonstrate differences in illusion strengths between upright and inverted versions of all three illusions. A left-right asymmetry of the Cornsweet illusion was produced by manipulating the direction of illumination, providing further support for the involvement of an experience-based explanation. When the inducers were incompatible with the targets being located at the different distances, the Ponzo illusion persisted and so did the influence from orientation, providing evidence for involvement of processes other than size constancy. As defined here, upright for the brightness illusions is consistent with an interpretation of a shaded bulging surface and a 3D object resulting from a light-from-above assumption triggering compensation for varying illumination. Upright for the Ponzo illusion is consistent with the inducers in the form of converging lines being interpreted as railway tracks receding on the ground triggering size constancy effects. The implications of these results, and other results providing evidence against experience-based accounts of the illusions, are discussed.
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Mourão, Paulo Reis. "The Economics of Illusion. A Discussion Based on Fiscal Illusion." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 25, no. 1 (April 1, 2007): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569207x15664516463943.
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Abstract What do optical illusions (like a mirage) and economic illusions have in common? The answer was suggested by Amilcare Puviani, who started a methodological and fiscal revolution when he wrote Teoria dell’illusione finanziaria in 1903. The work of Buchanan [1960 and 1967] gave rise to a large debate on the issue of fiscal illusion, about its sense, its consequences and its solutions. This article presents the historical evolution of the debate on fiscal illusion and its empirical evidence.
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Flynn, Oliver, and Arthur Shapiro. "A note concerning the relationship between the Adelson’s Argyle illusion and Cornsweet edges." Psihologija 47, no. 3 (2014): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi1403353f.
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Adelson?s Argyle illusion and the Craik-O?Brien-Cornsweet illusion are two noteworthy brightness illusions. In the Argyle illusion two identical gray areas are perceived to have radically different brightness levels when they are surrounded by a pattern similar to an argyle clothing design. The Craik-O?Brien-Cornsweet (C-O-C) illusion shows two identical gray areas appear different brightness when they are separated by a ?Cornsweet edge.? The C-O-C illusion is remarkable for the large distances over which the effect holds even though the Cornsweet edge is relatively narrow. Here we draw a connection between these two illusions by extending the columns of the Argyle illusion to produce what we refer to as long range Argyles (LoRAs). We show that LoRAs have many similar properties to Cornsweet edges and they are capable of producing brightness effects over a large spatial range. It therefore seems that part of the strength of the Argyle illusion arises from a combination of standard simultaneous brightness effects and edge effects like those produced by the C-O-C illusion. Lastly, we discuss a curious difference between the effects of LoRAs and Cornsweet edges.
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Smith, Gabriella E., Philippe A. Chouinard, Isabel Lin, Ka Tak Tsoi, Christian Agrillo, and Sarah-Elizabeth Byosiere. "Seeing Things: A Community Science Investigation into Motion Illusion Susceptibility in Domestic Cats (Felis silvestris catus) and Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)." Animals 12, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 3562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12243562.
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Illusions—visual fields that distort perception—can inform the understanding of visual perception and its evolution. An example of one such illusion, the Rotating Snakes illusion, causes the perception of motion in a series of static concentric circles. The current study investigated pet dogs’ and cats’ perception of the Rotating Snakes illusion in a community science paradigm. The results reveal that neither species spent significantly more time at the illusion than at either of the controls, failing to indicate susceptibility to the illusion. Specific behavioral data at each stimulus reveal that the most common behaviors of both species were Inactive and Stationary, while Locomotion and Pawing were the least common, supporting the finding that susceptibility may not be present. This study is the first to examine susceptibility to the Rotating Snakes illusion in dogs, as well as to directly compare the phenomenon between dogs and cats. We suggest future studies might consider exploring alternative methods in testing susceptibility to motion illusions in non-human animals.
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Agostini, Tiziano, and Riccardo Luccio. "Müller-Lyer Illusion and Perception of Numerosity." Perceptual and Motor Skills 78, no. 3 (June 1994): 937–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003151259407800347.
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Illusion of numerosity can be observed in many of the classical illusions of linear extent by replacing the uninterrupted lines with rows of dots. Using the method of constant stimuli both length and numerosity illusions move in the same direction, whereas using a magnitude-estimation method the two illusions move in opposite directions. Two experiments show that this inversion occurs also in the Müller-Lyer illusion.
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Vorobeva, V. P., O. S. Perepelkina, and G. A. Arina. "Equivalence of the Classical Rubber Hand Illusion and the Virtual Hand Illusion." Experimental Psychology (Russia) 13, no. 3 (2020): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2020130303.
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Computer technologies implementation into the body illusions research is increasing because they allow to controllably model complex processes that cannot be realised in ordinary life. It was previously demonstrated that the rubber hand illusion may be reconstructed in the virtual setting and cause similar changes in the somatoperception when the virtual hand begins to feel like your own. This result suggests that the phenomenological experience obtained in the classical illusion and in its virtual reality version has much in common. However, a direct experimental comparison of the two illusion variants has not been made, therefore, in this research we studied the equivalence of the rubber and virtual hand illusions (RHI and VHI). The sample consisted of 16 subjects (18—25 years). As registration methods we used a subjective sense of ownership of an artificial limb and the proprioceptive drift of the real hand towards the illusory hand. The analysis has proved the equivalence of illusions.
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Kitaoka, Akiyoshi. "Apparent Contraction of Edge Angles." Perception 27, no. 10 (October 1998): 1209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p271209.
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The corner effect, the Münsterberg illusion, and the Cafe Wall illusion are explained by a model postulating that the corner effect is an orientation illusion specific to corner edges and that the perceived orientations of these edges are shifted toward angle contraction. It is also assumed that the effect is greatest when the corner edges show the same or similar edge contrast at the corner. This model yields three new types of illusions: the ‘checkered illusion’, the ‘illusion of shifted gradations’, and the ‘illusion of striped cords’. Each of them gives many variations making a three-dimensional impression.
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SEARLEMAN, ALAN, CLARE PORAC, JENNELLE ALVIN, and KENDRA PEASLEE. "Manipulating the strength of the Ponzo and horizontal–vertical illusions through extraction of local cue information." American Journal of Psychology 122, no. 3 (October 1, 2009): 383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27784410.
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Abstract Previous research has shown that by placing nontargets around the endpoints of the shaft of the Mueller–Lyer illusion it is possible to markedly affect its normal strength. Using the same technique with the Ponzo illusion and the horizontal–vertical illusion, the current study demonstrated a similar ability to affect these other illusions of length. These findings provide varying amounts of support or challenges for different theories of illusion formation. In addition, the results highlight the importance of analyzing illusion data using comparative difference scores and examining separate overestimation and underestimation components in each illusion.
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Shimamura, Arthur P., and William Prinzmetal. "The Mystery spot Illusion and Its Relation to Other Visual Illusions." Psychological Science 10, no. 6 (November 1999): 501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00196.
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Observations at The Mystery Spot, a roadside attraction near Santa Cruz, California, suggest intriguing visual illusions based on tilt-induced effects. Specifically, a tilted spatial background at The Mystery Spot induced misperceptions of the orientation of the cardinal axes (i.e., true horizontal and vertical), which then led to illusions in the perceived height of two individuals. This illusion was assessed at The Mystery Spot and replicated in the laboratory using pictorial and lined displays rotated in the picture plane. These findings are described in terms of the orientation framing theory, which suggests that these and other tilt-induced illusions (e.g., Ponzo illusion, Zöllner illusion) can be attributed to distorted frames of reference.
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Egeth, Marc. "Real illusion or illusory illusion: The method of Faux Illusions for verifying new illusions." Bioscience Hypotheses 1, no. 4 (2008): 193–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bihy.2008.05.006.
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Baron, Jonathan. "Rationality and illusion." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 2 (April 2002): 252–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02240054.
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Commitment to a pattern of altruism or self-control may indeed be learnable and sometimes rational. Commitment may also result from illusions. In one illusion, people think that their present behavior causes their future behavior, or causes the behavior of others, when really only correlation is present. Another happy illusion is that morality and self-interest coincide, so that altruism appears self-interested.
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Taylor, Crystal Marie. "Visual and Haptic Perception of the Horizontal-Vertical Illusion." Perceptual and Motor Skills 92, no. 1 (February 2001): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2001.92.1.167.
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The horizontal-vertical illusion consists of two lines of the same length (one horizontal and the other vertical) at a 90° angle from one another forming either an inverted-T or an L-shape. The illusion occurs when the length of a vertical line is perceived as longer than the horizontal line even though they are the same physical length. The illusion has been shown both visually and haptically. The present purpose was to assess differences between the visual or haptic perception of the illusions and also whether differences occur between the inverted-T and the L-shape illusions. The current study showed a greater effect in the haptic perception of the horizontal-vertical illusion than in visual perception. There is also greater illusory susceptibility of the inverted-T than the L-shape.
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Parlangeli, Oronzo, and Sergio Roncato. "The Global Figural Characteristics in the Zöllner Illusion." Perception 24, no. 5 (May 1995): 501–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p240501.
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The Zöllner illusion has been accounted for in terms of local interactions between the vertical lines and the crossing segments. Recently, however, some evidence supporting the importance of global figural characteristics—ie of figural elements that are not directly interacting with the test lines—in the occurrence of orientation illusions has been reported. Three experiments have been conducted with parts of the Zöllner figure to test whether this illusion is affected by the global figural characteristics. The results indicate that, similarly to what has been observed for other orientation illusions, the Zöllner illusion depends on both local and global characteristics of the stimulus configuration. In addition, results suggest a similar weight for both these figural characteristics in determining the occurrence of the illusory effect. Finally, relations among different orientation illusions are also discussed.
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Jaeger, Ted, and Stephen Long. "Effects of Contour Proximity and Lightness on Delboeuf Illusions Created by Circumscribed Letters." Perceptual and Motor Skills 105, no. 1 (August 2007): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.105.1.253-260.
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32 observers judged the size of a letter, either an “A” or an “S,” which was surrounded by a circle. Both letters were overestimated, but larger surrounding circles reduced the illusion. Decreasing the lightness contrast of the surrounding circle relative to the central letter diminished the illusion. The results suggest that, like the Delboeuf illusion, these circumscribed letters illusions are produced by interactions among size-coding neurons.
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Sciortino, Placido, and Christoph Kayser. "The rubber hand illusion is accompanied by a distributed reduction of alpha and beta power in the EEG." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 29, 2022): e0271659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271659.
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Previous studies have reported correlates of bodily self-illusions such as the rubber hand in signatures of rhythmic brain activity. However, individual studies focused on specific variations of the rubber hand paradigm, used different experimental setups to induce this, or used different control conditions to isolate the neurophysiological signatures related to the illusory state, leaving the specificity of the reported illusion-signatures unclear. We here quantified correlates of the rubber hand illusion in EEG-derived oscillatory brain activity and asked two questions: which of the observed correlates are robust to the precise nature of the control conditions used as contrast for the illusory state, and whether such correlates emerge directly around the subjective illusion onset. To address these questions, we relied on two experimental configurations to induce the illusion, on different non-illusion conditions to isolate neurophysiological signatures of the illusory state, and we implemented an analysis directly focusing on the immediate moment of the illusion onset. Our results reveal a widespread suppression of alpha and beta-band activity associated with the illusory state in general, whereby the reduction of beta power prevailed around the immediate illusion onset. These results confirm previous reports of a suppression of alpha and beta rhythms during body illusions, but also highlight the difficulties to directly pinpoint the precise neurophysiological correlates of the illusory state.
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Holmes, Nicholas P., Tamar R. Makin, Michelle Cadieux, Claire Williams, Katherine R. Naish, Charles Spence, and David I. Shore. "Hand ownership and hand position in the rubber hand illusion are uncorrelated." Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x646730.
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The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a multisensory (visual, tactile, proprioceptive) illusion in which participants report body ownership over, mislocalize actual hand position to, and feel touches applied to, the rubber hand. For many years, researchers have used changes in perceived hand position, measured by inter-manual pointing, as a more objective measure of the illusion than verbal reports alone. Despite this reliance, there is little evidence to show that the illusion of hand ownership is directly related to perceived hand position. We developed an adaptive staircase procedure to measure perceived hand position, and tested whether the RHI affected perceived hand position. In two experiments we found a significant illusion of ownership, as well as significant changes in perceived hand position, but these two measures were uncorrelated. In a third experiment using more typical RHI procedures, we again replicated significant illusions of ownership and changes in hand position, but again the measures were uncorrelated. We conclude that viewing and feeling touches applied to a dummy hand results in clear illusions of ownership and changes in hand position, but via independent mechanisms.
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Bressan, Paola. "Vicario's Illusion of Sloping Steps Reexamined." Perception 16, no. 5 (October 1987): 671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p160671.
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If a few parallel horizontal rows of dots are set diagonally, like steps, across the visual field, the inner rows appear not to be horizontal but sloping up to one side; the effect holds as long as the vertical distances between the rows do not exceed a given visual angle. This illusion, described by Vicario in 1978, was never explained. An experiment is reported in which the illusion was still visible at row separations well in excess of the spatial limits originally considered, provided the stimulus elements were enlarged. The maximum illusion was obtained for length ratios (interrow distance to size of dots) identical to those which have been shown to produce the largest effects in a number of illusions of area and length. This suggests that Vicario's illusion is similar to other illusions of extent, and that it can be explained by a neural extent-coding model.
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Howell, Jacqui, Mark Symmons, and George Van Doorn. "Direct comparison of the haptic and visual horizontal–vertical illusions using traditional figures and single lines." Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x648125.
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The horizontal–vertical illusion (HVI) has been widely and extensively reported as a visual phenomenon in which a vertical line is perceived as shorter than a horizontal line of the same length. Like a number of geometric illusions, the HVI has also been found to occur haptically, though there is less agreement in the literature as to the extent and direction of the illusion. The relatively small number of haptic HVI papers coupled with a variety of stimuli and procedures used make it difficult to make direct comparison between the visual and haptic versions of the illusion. After a brief critical literature review, the current paper reports a study in which the visual and haptic HVIs are directly compared. In a bid to reconcile previous shortcomings, three sets of stimuli were used: L-figures, inverted T-figures, and separated horizontal and vertical lines. The stimuli were presented in two lengths: 3 and 9 cm. The dependent variable was percentage error between the horizontal and vertical — no error represents an absence of illusion. As expected, inverted T-figures produced an illusion significantly stronger than both the L-figures and single lines, which in turn did not differ from each other. Further, the illusion was present to the same extent in both modalities. Stimuli of 9 cm produced relatively stronger illusions than those that measured 3 cm, and stimulus size interacted with modality. The consequences of these findings for earlier research and proffered suggestions as to what causes this and other illusions are discussed.
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Predebon, John. "The Effect of Line-Figure Information on the Magnitude of the Dot Forms of the Poggendorff and Müller-Lyer Illusions." Perception 15, no. 4 (August 1986): 483–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p150483.
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The magnitudes of the dot and line forms of the Poggendorff illusion and the Brentano version of the Müller-Lyer illusion were assessed in two groups of subjects: the informed group was given information about the implied figure configuration in the dot pattern, the uninformed group was not. The informed group produced a significantly greater dot illusion than the uninformed group, and there was no difference between the two groups in the magnitudes of the line illusions. The experiments are discussed in the context of Coren and Porac's proposal that illusion-inducing mechanisms can be divided into structural and cognitive components. The results suggest that about 64% of the magnitude of the Poggendorff illusion and about 54% of the Müller-Lyer illusion can be attributed to the involvement of cognitive factors.
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Bondarko, V. M., D. V. Bondarko, and V. N. Chikhman. "Dependence of the Oppel-Kundt illusion on configuration of the components." Experimental Psychology (Russia) 9, no. 3 (2016): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2016090303.
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We studied a size estimation of spatial intervals, which were limited by two straight or curved lines. Intervals widths varied from 2.56 to 3.12 deg. Additional lines could be within intervals. The task of the observers was to estimate the separation between the distant lines. Three experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, several additional lines divided spatial intervals into equal parts. Thus, we investigated the Oppel-Kundt illusion. We founded the invariant dependence of the illusion on number of lines with respect to the interval size. In the second experiment, only two additional lines were arranged inside the interval on different distances. Maximal illusion was obtained for the equal distance between the all four lines. In the third experiment, the two curved parallel lines limited spatial interval. Two other equidistant lines could be within the intervals. Revealed here illusions were greater than illusions for the intervals bounded by straight lines. Model of modules gave a good approximation to data of the Oppel-Kund illusion.
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Jenkin, H. L., J. E. Zacher, M. R. Jenkin, C. M. Oman, and L. R. Harris. "Effect of field of view on the Levitation Illusion." Journal of Vestibular Research 17, no. 5-6 (July 3, 2008): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2007-175-607.
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Supine subjects inside a furnished room in which both they and the room are pitched 90° backwards may experience themselves and the room as upright relative to gravity. This effect is known as the levitation illusion because observers report that their arms feel weightless when extended, and objects hanging in the room seem to "levitate". This illusion is an extreme example of a visually induced illusion of static tilt. Visually induced tilt illusions are commonly experienced in wide-screen movie theatres, flight simulators, and immersive virtual reality systems. For technical reasons an observer's field of view is often constrained in these environments. No studies have documented the effect of field-of-view (FOV) restriction on the incidence of the levitation illusion. Preliminary findings suggest that when concurrently manipulating the FOV and observer position within an environment, the incidence of levitation illusions depends not only on the field of view but also on the visible scene content.
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Woodhouse, J. Margaret, and Steve Taylor. "Further Studies of the Café Wall and Hollow Squares Illusions." Perception 16, no. 4 (August 1987): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p160467.
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The effect of varying the contrast on the apparent convergence is measured for both the Café Wall and the Hollow Squares (Taylor—Woodhouse) illusions. The apparent convergence is dependent on the contrast, and also on the size of the stimulus, and varies in the same way for both illusions. This strengthens the argument that the illusions are not independent, as Taylor and Woodhouse originally claimed. McCourt has discussed brightness induction as a basis of the Café Wall illusion. Consideration of this theory leads to some interesting examples of interactions of the two illusions, and to a further, very strong, variation of the illusion in a real-life situation.
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Hara, Masayuki, Takahiro Higuchi, Ayaka Ohtake, Jian Huang, and Tetsuro Yabuta. "Verification of Haptic Illusions Using a Haptic Interface and Consideration on its Mechanism." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 18, no. 4 (August 20, 2006): 476–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2006.p0476.
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In these days, a haptic interface, which is a force/tactile display device, is attracting great interest in virtual reality. With regard to this technology, researchers have reported ways to construct virtual environment and development of new devices with a unique mechanism but rarely explored the relationships between human perception and virtual dynamics. This paper suggests that it is necessary to clarify the relationships to provide more realistic force/tactile sensation for users. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the force sensations displayed by haptic interfaces. This study focused on two haptic illusion phenomena, which are a haptic horizontal-vertical illusion and a size-weight illusion. Results of experiments using the haptic interface verified that such haptic illusions are reproducible in virtual reality. This implies that perceptual experiments can be realized using haptic interfaces, which may have potential to discover new haptic illusions. Further, this paper attempts to study the size-weight illusion by using functions of the haptic interface such as position and force sensing functions and propose a new hypothesis on the size-weight illusion. These results demonstrate that the effectiveness of haptic interfaces for perceptual experiments.
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Anstis, Stuart. "Motion Aftereffects From Moving Illusions." i-Perception 9, no. 6 (November 2018): 204166951881130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669518811305.
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Lines in the café wall illusion, and motion trajectories in the furrow illusion, appear to be tilted away from their true orientations. We adapted to moving versions of both illusions and found that the resulting motion aftereffects were appropriate to their perceptual, not their physical, orientations.
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Mather, George. "Integration Biases in the Ouchi and other Visual Illusions." Perception 29, no. 6 (June 2000): 721–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p2983.
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A texture pattern devised by the Japanese artist H Ouchi has attracted wide attention because of the striking appearance of relative motion it evokes. The illusion has been the subject of several recent empirical studies. A new account is presented, along with a simple experimental test, that attributes the illusion to a bias in the way that local motion signals generated at different locations on each element are combined to code element motion. The account is generalised to two spatial illusions, the Judd illusion and the Zöllner illusion (previously considered unrelated to the Ouchi illusion). The notion of integration bias is consistent with recent Bayesian approaches to visual coding, according to which the weight attached to each signal reflects its reliability and likelihood.
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Peters, Megan A. K., Ling-Qi Zhang, and Ladan Shams. "The material-weight illusion is a Bayes-optimal percept under competing density priors." PeerJ 6 (October 11, 2018): e5760. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5760.
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The material-weight illusion (MWI) is one example in a class of weight perception illusions that seem to defy principled explanation. In this illusion, when an observer lifts two objects of the same size and mass, but that appear to be made of different materials, the denser-looking (e.g., metal-look) object is perceived as lighter than the less-dense-looking (e.g., polystyrene-look) object. Like the size-weight illusion (SWI), this perceptual illusion occurs in the opposite direction of predictions from an optimal Bayesian inference process, which predicts that the denser-looking object should be perceived as heavier, not lighter. The presence of this class of illusions challenges the often-tacit assumption that Bayesian inference holds universal explanatory power to describe human perception across (nearly) all domains: If an entire class of perceptual illusions cannot be captured by the Bayesian framework, how could it be argued that human perception truly follows optimal inference? However, we recently showed that the SWI can be explained by an optimal hierarchical Bayesian causal inference process (Peters, Ma & Shams, 2016) in which the observer uses haptic information to arbitrate among competing hypotheses about objects’ possible density relationship. Here we extend the model to demonstrate that it can readily explain the MWI as well. That hierarchical Bayesian inference can explain both illusions strongly suggests that even puzzling percepts arise from optimal inference processes.
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Wiseman, Richard, and Will Houstoun. "Impossible Movement Illusions." i-Perception 9, no. 6 (November 2018): 204166951881610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669518816106.
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Past research has used the phi phenomenon to create the illusion of one object moving through another. This article presents three optical illusions that are conceptually similar, yet little known within academic psychology. Two of the illusions have been developed within the magic community and involve the performer appearing to make a finger jump from one hand to another and a cup penetrate through another cup. The article explores the factors underpinning these illusions and describes how these factors were used to enhance a similar illusion developed outside of magic (the penetration of one hand through another).
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Landwehr, Klaus. "The Prospects of Utilizing Geometrical Visual Illusions as Tools for Neuroscience." Symmetry 14, no. 8 (August 15, 2022): 1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14081687.
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Geometrical visual illusions have long been used as tools in neuroscience. Most commonly, researchers have taken illusions as a given and attempted to explain phenomenal impressions in terms of known neural mechanisms. In a psychophysical approach to this topic, it is customary to modify stimuli until conditions for which illusions are enhanced, attenuated, or annihilated have been found. Additionally, the focus is not exclusively on response bias but equally on sensitivity, because observers may fall prey to an illusion but at the same time be able to discriminate between stimuli perfectly. For the T-figure, the length of the undivided line is usually overestimated relative to the length of the divided line, and evidence has accrued that suggests that the illusion may be due to the processing of the figure as a coherent unit (a “T-schema”). Dissecting the T or tilting its lines influenced the amount of illusion, suggesting that interactions between orientation-sensitive and end-inhibited neurons are at work. Examples of cognate research with the Ponzo, Ebbinghaus, and Müller-Lyer illusions are also discussed.
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Lindberg, Susanna. "Four Transcendental Illusions of the Digital World: A Derridean Approach." Research in Phenomenology 51, no. 3 (December 2, 2021): 394–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691640-12341481.
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Abstract This article considers the remote meeting technologies that have become the unavoidable framework of (academic) work during the COVID-19 epidemic. I analyze them with the help of Jacques Derrida’s concepts, thus also illustrating the reach of the latter. The article presents four “transcendental illusions” as supporting the digital world and, according to Derrida, experience. The illusion of proximity: digitality relies on a haptocentric illusion but it also reveals the distance at the heart of touching. The illusion of presence: digitality functions under the illusion of presence, but it also reveals the spectrality of digital presence. The illusion of a complete memory: although the Internet appears to be a total memory, it is really an archive, that is, a finite set of traces. The illusion of worldwide community: teletechnologies pretend to constitute a universal place, but they only generate a finite dis-place of common alienation.
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Spehar, Branka, and Barbara Gillam. "Modal Completion in the Poggendorff Illusion: Support for the Depth-Processing Theory." Psychological Science 13, no. 4 (July 2002): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2002.00457.x.
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The Poggendorff illusion is one of the most prominent geometrical-optical illusions and has attracted enduring interest for more than a hundred years. Most modern theories explain the illusion by postulating various kinds of distortion of the “test” component of the figure by the context or the inducing component. They make no reference to the importance of processes involved in three-dimensional scene perception for understanding the illusion. We measured the strength of the Poggendorff illusion in configurations containing solid inducing surfaces as opposed to the usual parallel lines. The surface, oblique-line, and background luminances were manipulated separately to create configurations consistent with modal completion of the obliques in front of the surface. The marked decrease in the size of the illusion in conditions favoring modal completion is consistent with claims that perceived spatial layout is a major determinant of the Poggendorff illusion.
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Noiray, Jacques. "Mémoire, oubli, illusion dans « illusions perdues »." L'Année balzacienne 8, no. 1 (2007): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/balz.008.0185.
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Kitaoka, Aktyoshi, and Masami Ishihara. "Three elemental illusions determine theZöllner illusion." Perception & Psychophysics 62, no. 3 (April 2000): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03212108.
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Konečni, Vladimir J. "A positive illusion about “positive illusions”?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32, no. 6 (December 2009): 524–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x09991257.
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AbstractRather than being a genuine adaptation, “positive illusions” are examples of doxastically uncommitted policies implemented at both the individual and societal levels. Even when they are genuine misbeliefs, most positive illusions are not evolved but ephemeral – a phenomenon limited to a particular social and economic moment. They are essentially a consumer response to messages from the pop-psychology industry in the recently terminated era of easy credit.
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Yazdanbakhsh, Arash, Ehsan Arabzadeh, Baktash Babadi, and Arash Fazl. "Munker–White-Like Illusions without T-Junctions." Perception 31, no. 6 (June 2002): 711–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p3348.
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Some interpretations of the Munker–White illusion were evaluated by designing new versions of this illusion devoid of T-junctions (Munker–White-like images). The magnitudes of both Munker–White and Munker–White-like illusions were then quantified by using a brightness-matching technique. The results showed the effect to persist in all proposed versions. Since the illusion still remains despite the absence of explicit T-junctions and any explanation considering transparency, mechanisms other than those proposed by these interpretations must be responsible.
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Roberts, James W., Nicholas Gerber, Caroline J. Wakefield, and Philip J. Simmonds. "Dissociating the Influence of Perceptual Biases and Contextual Artifacts Within Target Configurations During the Planning and Control of Visually Guided Action." Motor Control 25, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 349–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/mc.2020-0054.
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The failure of perceptual illusions to elicit corresponding biases within movement supports the view of two visual pathways separately contributing to perception and action. However, several alternative findings may contest this overarching framework. The present study aimed to examine the influence of perceptual illusions within the planning and control of aiming. To achieve this, we manipulated and measured the planning/control phases by respectively perturbing the target illusion (relative size-contrast illusion; Ebbinghaus/Titchener circles) following movement onset and detecting the spatiotemporal characteristics of the movement trajectory. The perceptual bias that was indicated by the perceived target size estimates failed to correspondingly manifest within the effective target size. While movement time (specifically, time after peak velocity) was affected by the target configuration, this outcome was not consistent with the direction of the perceptual illusions. These findings advocate an influence of the surrounding contextual information (e.g., annuli) on movement control that is independent of the direction predicted by the illusion.
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Guziejewska, Beata. "A Comparative Approach to Fiscal Illusions: a Synthesis of the Conclusions from a Polish Study in Relation to New Ideas and Empirical Research in Selected Countries." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.24.09.
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This article examines fiscal illusions in public finance systems where decentralisation involving the introduction of an independent and autonomous component of local government funding brings new problems. It presents a synthesis of the findings from a Polish empirical study that set out to determine the types and extent of fiscal illusion among Polish councillors, focusing on the qualitative aspects of the phenomenon. It also compares the findings with other streams of research and new approaches to fiscal illusion. The purpose of the article is to systematise the knowledge of fiscal illusion based on selected empirical studies, to formulate proposals for practitioners and public decision‑makers, and to highlight areas for future research to address. The article was prepared using a desk research approach and the author’s own experiences and research perspective formed during the study of fiscal illusions. The findings presented in the article corroborate its main thesis that a local government funding system based on intergovernmental transfers contributes to the emergence and perpetuation of fiscal illusions.
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Lee, Somi. "A Study on the Illusion of Competence and Educational Implications of Middle School English Learners." Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 22, no. 16 (August 31, 2022): 927–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2022.22.16.927.
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Objectives The purpose of the study is to examine the existence of the cognitively biased illusive competency effect by comparing the predicted scores with the actual scores of the English Language Learners in middle school; and to discuss teaching strategies to accommodate the illusive competency effect. Methods 204 students in coeducational middle schools in Gyeongsangbuk-do were randomly selected. The students were instructed to submit their expected scores before the two paper-based English exams. Following the two English exams, the students were divided into quartile groups based on their actual scores. It was discovered that each group’s absolute value difference between the predicted scores and actual scores obtained from the two exams confirms the Dunning-Kruger effect and the illusive competency effect on the actual performance. Results The first and second measurements showed that the ‘high’ quartile group underestimated their actual score while overestimation was observed from the ‘middle low’ and ‘low’ groups. This is a typical phenomenon that affirms the capacity illusion. In addition, the way the competency illusion affects the student’s actual scores has been shown differently in each group. The competency illusion had a negative effect on the actual scores of the ‘high’ and ‘middle high’ groups with advanced learning capability. As for the ‘middle low’ group, a moderate level of competency illusion(overconfidence) had a positive effect on the actual scores while an excessive level of competency illusion negatively affected the actual scores. Conclusions This study affirmed the illusion of competency in middle school English learners, suggesting the illusion of competency may involve other subjects other than English from a cognitive psychologic perspective. Based on the implication driven by the results, this study discussed the need to facilitate the learner’s correct understanding of their own learning capacity by establishing teaching strategies that minimise the illusion of competency among students.
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Nagayama, Tsutomu, and Atsushi Sanada. "Broadband transmission-line illusions based on transformation electromagnetic." EPJ Applied Metamaterials 6 (2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjam/2019018.
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We demonstrate broadband transmission-line illusions based on transformation electromagnetics at microwave frequencies by using the distributed full-tensor anisotropic medium. Due to an intrinsic nature of the non-resonant unit cell of the medium, the illusions operate from DC to an upper limit frequency where the homogeneous medium approximation holds. Two-dimensional groove and bump illusion media mimicking scattered waves by an original groove and a bump are designed. Their broadband and incident angle independent operations are confirmed by circuit simulations. The groove illusion medium is implemented on a dielectric substrate with microstrip-line technology, and it is confirmed experimentally by near-field measurements that the illusion medium well mimics scattered waves by the original groove in the broadband frequency range from 2.60 GHz to 4.65 GHz.
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Eriksson, Kimmo, and Fredrik Jansson. "Procedural priming of a numerical cognitive illusion." Judgment and Decision Making 11, no. 3 (May 2016): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500003053.
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AbstractA strategy activated in one task may be transferred to subsequent tasks and prevent activation of other strategies that would otherwise come to mind, a mechanism referred to as procedural priming. In a novel application of procedural priming we show that it can make or break cognitive illusions. Our test case is the 1/k illusion, which is based on the same unwarranted mathematical shortcut as the MPG illusion and the time-saving bias. The task is to estimate distances between values of fractions on the form 1/k. Most people given this task intuitively base their estimates on the distances between the denominators (i.e., the reciprocals of the fractions), which may yield very poor estimations of the true distances between the fractions. As expected, the tendency to fall for this illusion is related to cognitive style (Study 1). In order to apply procedural priming we constructed versions of the task in which the illusion is weak, in the sense that most people do not fall for it anymore. We then gave participants both “strong illusion” and “weak illusion” versions of the task (Studies 2 and 3). Participants who first did the task in the weak illusion version would often persist with the correct strategy even in the strong illusion version, thus breaking the otherwise strong illusion in the latter task. Conversely, participants who took the strong illusion version first would then often fall for the illusion even in the weak illusion version, thus strengthening the otherwise weak illusion in the latter task.
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McCarthy, J. Daniel, Colin Kupitz, and Gideon P. Caplovitz. "The Binding Ring Illusion: assimilation affects the perceived size of a circular array." F1000Research 2 (April 25, 2013): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-58.v2.
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Our perception of an object’s size arises from the integration of multiple sources of visual information including retinal size, perceived distance and its size relative to other objects in the visual field. This constructive process is revealed through a number of classic size illusions such as the Delboeuf Illusion, the Ebbinghaus Illusion and others illustrating size constancy. Here we present a novel variant of the Delbouef and Ebbinghaus size illusions that we have named the Binding Ring Illusion. The illusion is such that the perceived size of a circular array of elements is underestimated when superimposed by a circular contour – a binding ring – and overestimated when the binding ring slightly exceeds the overall size of the array. Here we characterize the stimulus conditions that lead to the illusion, and the perceptual principles that underlie it. Our findings indicate that the perceived size of an array is susceptible to the assimilation of an explicitly defined superimposed contour. Our results also indicate that the assimilation process takes place at a relatively high level in the visual processing stream, after different spatial frequencies have been integrated and global shape has been constructed. We hypothesize that the Binding Ring Illusion arises due to the fact that the size of an array of elements is not explicitly defined and therefore can be influenced (through a process of assimilation) by the presence of a superimposed object that does have an explicit size.
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Stanton, Tasha R., Helen R. Gilpin, Louisa Edwards, G. Lorimer Moseley, and Roger Newport. "Illusory resizing of the painful knee is analgesic in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis." PeerJ 6 (July 17, 2018): e5206. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5206.
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Background Experimental and clinical evidence support a link between body representations and pain. This proof-of-concept study in people with painful knee osteoarthritis (OA) aimed to determine if: (i) visuotactile illusions that manipulate perceived knee size are analgesic; (ii) cumulative analgesic effects occur with sustained or repeated illusions. Methods Participants with knee OA underwent eight conditions (order randomised): stretch and shrink visuotactile (congruent) illusions and corresponding visual, tactile and incongruent control conditions. Knee pain intensity (0–100 numerical rating scale; 0 = no pain at all and 100 = worst pain imaginable) was assessed pre- and post-condition. Condition (visuotactile illusion vs control) × Time (pre-/post-condition) repeated measure ANOVAs evaluated the effect on pain. In each participant, the most beneficial illusion was sustained for 3 min and was repeated 10 times (each during two sessions); paired t-tests compared pain at time 0 and 180s (sustained) and between illusion 1 and illusion 10 (repeated). Results Visuotactile illusions decreased pain by an average of 7.8 points (95% CI [2.0–13.5]) which corresponds to a 25% reduction in pain, but the tactile only and visual only control conditions did not (Condition × Time interaction: p = 0.028). Visuotactile illusions did not differ from incongruent control conditions where the same visual manipulation occurred, but did differ when only the same tactile input was applied. Sustained illusions prolonged analgesia, but did not increase it. Repeated illusions increased the analgesic effect with an average pain decrease of 20 points (95% CI [6.9–33.1])–corresponding to a 40% pain reduction. Discussion Visuotactile illusions are analgesic in people with knee OA. Our results suggest that visual input plays a critical role in pain relief, but that analgesia requires multisensory input. That visual and tactile input is needed for analgesia, supports multisensory modulation processes as a possible explanatory mechanism. Further research exploring the neural underpinnings of these visuotactile illusions is needed. For potential clinical applications, future research using a greater dosage in larger samples is warranted.
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Jaeger, Ted. "The Type I/Type II Perceptual Dichotomy: A Reanalysis for the Illusions of Extent." Perceptual and Motor Skills 65, no. 3 (December 1987): 751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.65.3.751.
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The categorization of geometrical illusions of extent as Type I or Type II phenomena based on variation in magnitude with age is critically examined. Methodological shortcomings and the failure of contemporary findings to show matching age trends for components of a single illusion are presented as factors undermining the usefulness of this perceptual dichotomy. Finally, it is shown that a new Type I/Type II dichotomy based on changes in perceived size rather than amount of illusion indicates a developmental commonality among most of the illusions of extent.
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Bach, Michael. "A failed attempt to explain relative motion illusions via motion blur, and a new sparse version." i-Perception 13, no. 5 (September 2022): 204166952211241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20416695221124153.
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Visual patterns can evoke marked, even beautiful motion illusions even if they are static; eye movements in all likelihood serve as temporal modulators. This paper concentrates on Ouchi-type “relative” or “sliding” motion illusions. It outlines an eye-motion-evoked motion-blur hypothesis, which does not correctly predict the shift direction of maximal illusion. This failure led to a nearly new particularly simple stimulus: an arrangement of dashed lines that strongly evokes a relative motion illusion, the “orthogonal dotted lines sway.” The latter is well explained by motion integration.