Journal articles: 'ILLNESS SPREAD'

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Sagall, Richard J. "Is it catching? The spread of illness." Day Care & Early Education 17, no. 4 (June 1990): 47–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01623203.

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Silverberg, Rachael, Melissa K. Jones, Renée Goodrich Schneider, Aswathy Sreedharan, and Keith R. Schneider. "Preventing Foodborne Illness: Norovirus." EDIS 2015, no. 6 (September 1, 2015): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-fs129-2015.

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If you have ever had the stomach flu, norovirus was likely the culprit. Norovirus is the most common cause of foodborne illness in the United States and is transmitted through direct person-to-person contact or contaminated objects and food. This revised 5-page fact sheet covers how norovirus is spread, foods associated with norovirus, symptoms of infection, who is at risk, as well proper sanitation methods for preventing the spread of norovirus. Written by Rachael Silverberg, Melissa K. Jones, Renée Goodrich Schneider, Aswathy Sreedharan, and Keith R. Schneider, and published by the UF Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, June 2015. FSHN0518/FS129: Preventing Foodborne Illness: Norovirus (ufl.edu)

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Schmitt, Nicolas, Gloria Yu, Richard Greve, and Lorraine McIntyre. "Outbreak of S. Weltevreden linked to fermented cashew nut cheese in Victoria, BC." Environmental Health Review 61, no. 3 (September 2018): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5864/d2018-017.

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Twenty-three Salmonella enterica serovar Weltevreden (S. Weltevreden) illnesses occurred in a Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, restaurant following consumption of fermented vegan cheese. Three clusters of illness over 2 days were traced to a single batch of fermented cashew cheese spread. S. Weltevreden was detected in 11 clinical samples and in the cashew cheese spread. An inspection of the restaurant and review of the food processes revealed high-risk practices, such as use of rejuvelac as a starter culture for fermentation and poor temperature control. Three of five vegan and natural food restaurants in the Victoria area were using similar methods, indicating this type of product was common. Procedures to safely ferment vegan cheese spreads are presented. We also discuss higher-risk food items and practises noted in this event that inspectors should be aware of during inspections.

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Zholchieva, Ainuru, and Syeda Khadija Tahir. "Stigmatization: Devaluation and Discrimination of People Suffering from Mental Illnesses in Different Cultures." Zdravotnícke štúdie 15, no. 1 (2023): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54937/zs.2023.15.1.49-53.

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Stigmatization of people with mental diseases is widespread in our society, despite awareness of its negative consequences. The goal of this study was to look into the stigma toward people with mental illnesses among university students in Kyrgyzstan and Slovakia. We distributed a survey online to students to explore prejudice in many facets of life. It was clear from the results, that there is a spread tendency to stigmatize and discriminate against people with mental illness in Kyrgyzstan compared to Slovakia. People with mental illness are considered dangerous and aggressive, increasing social distance. The role of religious, supernatural, and magical approaches to mental illness is predominating.

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Fragaszy, Ellen B., Mark Quinlivan, Judith Breuer, Rachel Craig, Stephanie Hutchings, Michael Kidd, Jennifer Mindell, and Andrew C. Hayward. "Population-level susceptibility, severity and spread of pandemic influenza: design of, and initial results from, a pre-pandemic and hibernating pandemic phase study using cross-sectional data from the Health Survey for England (HSE)." Public Health Research 3, no. 6 (June 2015): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/phr03060.

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BackgroundAssessing severity and spread of a novel influenza strain at the start of a pandemic is critical for informing a targeted and proportional response. It requires community-level studies to estimate the burden of infection and disease. Rapidly initiating such studies in a pandemic is difficult. The study aims to establish an efficient system allowing real-time assessment of population susceptibility, spread of infection and clinical attack rates in the event of a pandemic.MethodsWe developed and appended additional survey questions and specimen collection to the Health Survey for England (HSE) – a large, annual, rolling nationally representative general population survey recruiting throughout the year – to enable rapid population-based surveys of influenza infection and disease during a pandemic. Using these surveys we can assess the spread of the virus geographically, by age and through time. The data generated can also provide denominators for national estimates of case fatality and hospitalisation rates.Phase 1: we compared retrospectively collected HSE illness rates during the first two infection waves of the 2009 pandemic with the Flu Watch study (a prospective community cohort). Monthly and seasonal age-specific rates of illness and proportion vaccinated were compared.Phase 2: we piloted blood specimen and data collection alongside the 2012–13 HSE. We are developing laboratory methods and protocols for real-time serological assays of a novel pandemic influenza virus using these specimens, and automated programmes for analysing and reporting illness and infection rates.Phase 3: during inter-pandemic years, the study enters a holding phase, where it is included in the yearly HSE ethics application and planning procedures, allowing rapid triggering in a pandemic.Phase 4: once retriggered, the study will utilise the methods developed in phase 2 to monitor the severity and spread of the pandemic in real time.ResultsPhase 1: the rates of reported illness during the first two waves in the HSE underestimated the community burden as measured by Flu Watch, but the patterns of illness by age and time were broadly comparable. The extent of underestimation was greatest for HSE participants interviewed later in the year compared with those interviewed closer to the pandemic. Vaccine uptake in the HSE study was comparable to independent national estimates and the Flu Watch study.Phases 2 and 3: illness data and serological samples from 2018 participants were collected in the 2012–13 HSE and transferred to the University College London Hospital. In the 2013 HSE and onwards, this project was included in the annual HSE ethics and planning rounds.ConclusionsThe HSE’s underestimation of illness rates during the first two waves of the pandemic is probably due to recall bias and the limitation of being able to report only one illness when multiple illnesses per season can occur. Changes to the illness questions (reporting only recent illnesses) should help minimise these issues. Additional prospective follow-up could improve measurement of disease incidence. The representative nature of the HSE allows accurate measurements of vaccine uptake.Study registrationThis study is registered as ISRCTN80214280.FundingThis project was funded by the NIHR Public Health Research programme and will be published in full inPublic Health Research; Vol. 3, No. 6. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

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Ola, Oluwakemi, Olha Buchel, and Kamran Sedig. "Exploring the Spread of Zika." International Journal of Disease Control and Containment for Sustainability 1, no. 1 (January 2016): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdccs.2016010104.

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Vector-borne diseases pose a major public health threat. Combined, these diseases contribute significantly to illness and mortality worldwide and have an adverse impact on development and economic growth of nations. Public health stakeholders seeking to control and prevent these diseases are confronted with a myriad of challenges. Some of these difficulties are related to the nature of the data, the uncertainty of disease dynamics, and volatility of human-environment interactions. Visualization tools are capable of ameliorating some of these challenges. In this paper, the authors demonstrate how interactive visualizations can support stakeholders' decision-making tasks. In particular, they present a visualization tool they created that can support control efforts related to the recent Zika outbreak in Brazil.

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Vaccaro, Rachel, and Ted M. Butryn. "Media Representations of Bipolar Disorder Through the Case of Suzy Favor Hamilton." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 28, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2019-0006.

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Individuals suffering from mental illness face challenges that are related to stigma and lack of education that are often reinforced by the media. Specifically, the elite athletic culture is not conducive for athletes who suffer from mental illness because there is at times a belief that mental illnesses are less prevalent in elite sport. Even though incidence of mental illness in elite athletes has gained more prominence in the popular media, there is still a lack of research in this area. Specifically, there is limited research regarding media representations of athletes who suffer from mental illness. To address this gap in the literature, an ethnographic content analysis (ECA) was done to examine Suzy Favor Hamilton’s open discussion of bipolar disorder surrounding the release of her new memoir, Fast Girl: A Life Spent Running From Madness. ECA yielded one overarching theme with three supporting sub-themes. Results indicated that even though Favor Hamilton’s book worked to spread awareness, the media attention surrounding the book release represented omission of mental illness in the environment of athletics. Overall, sports culture provides an environment that is not often willing to accept that mental illnesses exist in athletes.

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KY, Divya. "Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health Care Delivery: A Narrative Review." Journal of Communicable Diseases 53, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202115.

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Background: Mental health care professionals across the globe should be prepared to contain the spread of COVID-19 among clients with mental illness and should adopt appropriate strategies to manage them effectively. Objective: The objective of this review was to summarize the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health delivery. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was done to identify the effect of COVID-19 global pandemic in mental health delivery. Articles addressing mental health concerns of COVID-19 and its impact on preexisting mental illness and mental health care delivery, available free download in English language were included. A total of nine primary studies published from the onset of COVID-19 until 15th July 2020 were referred to prepare this narrative review. Result: There is evidence that patients with preexisting mental illnesses shows increase in stress, anxiety, sleep disturbances and COVID-19 related delusions and hallucinations during this global pandemic. The proposed drug treatment for COVID-19 and the imposed restrictions on the public to prevent the spread of the disease had resulted in exacerbation of existing mental illness or triggered new mental illness. Conclusion: There should be more research coming up to understand the real effect of COVID-19 on mental health care delivery and possible alternatives to global mental health delivery at the time of global pandemic.

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Stor, Marilyn, and William L. Briggs. "Dice and Disease in the Classroom." Mathematics Teacher 91, no. 6 (September 1998): 464–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.91.6.0464.

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Students are aware that germs spread disease. They also know, at least on an intellectual level, that they can avoid catching some diseases by avoiding risky encounters with infected individuals. The definition of risky encounter varies with the illness. For example, such illnesses as the common cold may be spread by an activity as common as shaking hands, whereas AIDS is frequently spread by sexual contact. Cures do not yet exist for either of these illnesses. The goal of this activity is to model the exponential growth of the common cold, AIDS, or any other communicable disease. The activity underscores the effect that a friend's— or partner's—previous behavior may have on a current relationship and on society at large. As a part of this activity, students develop a sequence of mathematical models that accurately describes the classroom activity.

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SAYERS, G., T. McCARTHY, M. O'CONNELL, M. O'LEARY, D. O'BRIEN, M. CAFFERKEY, and E. McNAMARA. "Haemolytic uraemic syndrome associated with interfamilial spread of E. coli O26:H11." Epidemiology and Infection 134, no. 4 (December 22, 2005): 724–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268805005455.

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In September 2000, haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) was diagnosed in a 10-month-old child with a prodromal history of vomiting and diarrhoea (non-bloody). Investigation revealed that a self-limiting gastrointestinal illness (mean duration 48 h) had occurred among immediate and extended family in the 2 weeks prior to the child's admission. The epidemiology of the illness suggested person-to-person spread. Five children (close family contacts) had E. coli O26 verocytotoxin (VT1 and VT2) isolated from stools. Stool culture and serology from the index case were negative for shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) organisms. Control measures in accordance with the Public Health Laboratory Service (PHLS), verocytotoxogenic organisms (VTEC) guidelines were applied to prevent further spread among the extended family and contacts. Despite detailed food and environmental exposure histories, the source of the illness was not identified. This incident highlights the importance of investigation of cases of post-diarrhoeal HUS, for potential shiga toxin E. coli aetiology.

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Schwartz, Michael, Paul Oppold, Boniface Noyongoyo, and Peter Hancock. "Employing Agent-based Modeling to Mitigate Infectious Disease Spread." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 65, no. 1 (September 2021): 390–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181321651200.

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The current pandemic has tested systems in place as to how to fight infectious diseases in many countries. COVID-19 spreads quickly and is deadly. However, it can be controlled through different measures such as physical distancing. The current project examines through simulation model of the UCF Global building the potential spread of an infectious disease via AnyLogic Personal Learning Edition (PLE) 8.7.0 on a laptop running Windows 10. The goal is to determine the environmental and interpersonal factors that could be modified to reduce risk of illness while maintaining typical business operations. Multiple experiments were ran to see when there is a potential change in infection and spread rate. Results show that increases occur with density between 400 and 500. To curtail the spread it is therefore important to limit contact through physical distancing for it has been proven an effective measure for reducing the spread of viral infections.

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Pichugina, Victoria. "A city in (un)health: learning through physical or Mental Suffering in Ancient Greek Tragedies." ΣΧΟΛΗ. Ancient Philosophy and the Classical Tradition 16, no. 1 (2021): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1995-4328-2022-16-1-139-151.

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The spread of healing cults and practices of the 5th century. BC. inspired tragedians to search for new forms of depicting heroes suffering from physical or mental illnesses. The understanding of illness in tragedies contrasted with their rational understanding, affirmed the divine origin of painful suffering and the possibility of learning through them. In Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides, heroes suffering from diseases are often in the role of students, and those around them are in the role of mentors, helping to cope with the disease or just observing its course. The article discusses different strategies for teaching heroes through mental or physical illness, presented in the tragedies "Orestes", "Ajax" and "Philoctetus". The pedagogical dimension of the formula "resentment - illness - death / threat of death" is considered as explaining the peculiarities of the dramatic representation of the city as a space of (un)health.

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McLaren, Jesse, Kate Hayman, and Hasan Sheikh. "CAEP Position Statement – Sick notes for minor illness." CJEM 22, no. 4 (May 7, 2020): 475–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2020.53.

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Employer- and school-mandated verification of minor illness leads patients to use healthcare resources solely to obtain a “sick note.” This puts unnecessary strain on the patient and the emergency department (ED), and threatens to spread communicable diseases in our community.

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Cooke, E. M. "Food-borne pathogens: limiting the spread." BSAP Occasional Publication 17 (January 1993): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00001257.

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AbstractThere are several sources of information on food-borne illness in the United Kingdom. These include laboratory and clinical reports and the results of special studies and surveys.The data are collected, analysed and published, amongst other places, in the Communicable Disease Report and the Public Health Laboratory Service/State Veterinary Service (PHLS/SVS) Salmonella Update. In the latter, animal and human data are brought together. Reported cases of food poisoning represent a small proportion of the total load of disease but are valuable as an indication of trends. The data produced from these sources in relation to salmonellosis, listeriosis, campylobacter and E. coli 0157 infection are described, as are some data about the costs of human salmonellosis. Possible approaches to the reduction of these economically important human diseases are described against a background of the existing advisory and legal structures.

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Li, Meili, Hong Wang, Baojun Song, and Junling Ma. "The spread of influenza-like-illness within the household in Shanghai, China." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 17, no. 2 (2020): 1889–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2020099.

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Mpolya, Emmanuel A., Yuki Furuse, Nao Nukiwa, Akira Suzuki, Taro Kamigaki, and Hitoshi Oshitani. "Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus Viewed from an Epidemiological Triangle Model." Journal of Disaster Research 4, no. 5 (October 1, 2009): 356–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2009.p0356.

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The cause of atypical respiratory illness in several Mexican states in mid-March 2009 was determined to be a novel pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus. It has since then spread to six continents, causing illness and death. We review this virus against an epidemiological triangle model for understanding and visualizing communicable diseases that describes the interaction of an agent, host, and environment. We review the agent, i.e., pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus, hosts focusing on human beings, and the environment, suggesting from this agent-host-environment interaction measures for controlling and preventing infection spread due to pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus and the related issues.

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White, Catherine G., Fay S. Shinder, Arnold L. Shinder, and David L. Dyer. "Reduction of Illness Absenteeism in Elementary Schools Using an Alcohol-free Instant Hand Sanitizer." Journal of School Nursing 17, no. 5 (October 2001): 248–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10598405010170050401.

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Hand washing is the most effective way to prevent the spread of communicable disease. The purpose of this double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to assess whether an alcohol-free, instant hand sanitizer containing surfactants, allantoin, and benzalkonium chloride could reduce illness absenteeism in a population of 769 elementary school children and serve as an effective alternative when regular soap and water hand washing was not readily available. Prior to the study, students were educated about proper hand washing technique, the importance of hand washing to prevent transmission of germs, and the relationship between germs and illnesses. Children in kindergarten through the 6th grade (ages 5–12) were assigned to the active or placebo hand-sanitizer product and instructed to use the product at scheduled times during the day and as needed after coughing or sneezing. Data on illness absenteeism were tracked. After 5 weeks, students using the active product were 33% less likely to have been absent because of illness when compared with the placebo group.

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Kangama, Dr Cheick Oumar. "COVID-19: IMPACTS AND CHALLENGES FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN MALI AND AFRICA." International Journal of Language, Linguistics, Literature and Culture 01, no. 02 (2022): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.59009/ijlllc.2022.0009.

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID619° is an infectious disease that refers to « Coronavirus Diseases ». The disease caused by a virus of the family Coronaviridae.This infectious disease is a zoonosis, the origin of which is still debated, emerged in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan, in the province of Hubei in China. It quickly spread first throughout China, then Overseas causing a global epidemic.COVID-19 is a Respiratory illness than can be fatal in patients weakened by age or others chronic illness. It is spread through close contact with infected people. The disease could also also be transmitted by asymptomatic patients, but scientific data is lacking to prove this certainly.

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HOLMES, J. D., and G. C. SIMMONS. "Gastrointestinal illness associated with a long-haul flight." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 3 (August 8, 2008): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268808001027.

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SUMMARYAn in-flight incident of vomiting in the cabin and toilet on a trans-Pacific aircraft flight resulted in an outbreak of gastrointestinal (GI) illness among passengers, some of whom subsequently joined a 14-day cruise in New Zealand and Australia. A retrospective cohort analysis of illness occurring in aircraft passengers was undertaken using routine GI illness surveillance data collected by medical staff on a cruise vessel. This was supplemented with data collected from some other passengers and crew on the aircraft. Information was gathered on 224 of the 413 (54·2%) people on the flight (222 passengers and 2 crew members). GI illness within 60 h of arrival in Auckland was reported by 41 of the 122 (33·6%, Fisher's 95% confidence interval 25·3–42·7) passengers seated in the two zones adjacent to the vomiting incident. The pattern of illness suggests a viral infection and highlights the potential of aerosol transmission as well as surface contamination in a closed environment. The spread of infection may have been enhanced by cross-contamination in the toilet cubicle. The significance of the vomiting event was not recognized by the aircraft cabin crew and no pre-arrival information about on-board illness was given to airport health authorities. Isolation of vomiting passengers, where possible, and promotion of appropriate hand hygiene on aircraft has the potential to reduce the spread of infection in passengers on long-haul flights.

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McCANN, R., R. JONES, J. SNOW, P. CLEARY, S. BURGESS, V. BOTHRA, and R. M. CHALMERS. "An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis at a swimming club – can rapid field epidemiology limit the spread of illness?" Epidemiology and Infection 142, no. 1 (May 14, 2013): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813001143.

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SUMMARYIn September 2010, an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis affected members of a swimming club. A cohort study was undertaken to identify the number affected and risk factors for infection. Of 101 respondents, 48 met the case definition for probable cryptosporidiosis. Multivariate analysis demonstrated a strong and highly significant association between illness and attendance at a training session on 13 September 2010 (adjusted odds ratio 28, P < 0·0001). No faecal incidents were reported and pool monitoring parameters were satisfactory. The competitive nature of club swimming requires frequent training and participation in galas, potentially facilitating contamination into other pools and amplification of outbreaks among wider groups of swimmers. There was a lack of awareness of the 2-week exclusion rule among swimmers and coaches, and a high level of underreporting of illness. The study demonstrates the benefits of rapid field epidemiology in identifying the true burden of illness, the source of infection and limiting spread.

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Barmby, Tim, and Makram Larguem. "Coughs and sneezes spread diseases: An empirical study of absenteeism and infectious illness." Journal of Health Economics 28, no. 5 (September 2009): 1012–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2009.06.006.

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CALDERON-MARGALIT, R., R. SHEFFER, T. HALPERIN, N. ORR, D. COHEN, and T. SHOHAT. "A large-scale gastroenteritis outbreak associated with Norovirus in nursing homes." Epidemiology and Infection 133, no. 1 (October 4, 2004): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268804003115.

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An increase in gastroenteritis outbreaks due to Norovirus has been reported worldwide. We investigated a large-scale outbreak affecting 246 residents and 33 staff members in six nursing homes in the Tel-Aviv district, Israel, during 3 weeks in 2002. Person-to-person spread was noticed in all nursing homes. The spread of disease could not be attributed to social interactions. Among the elderly residents, the hospitalization rate was 10·2% and the case-fatality rate was 2·0%. Bacteriological cultures were negative. Overall, 7 out of 15 stool specimens were positive for Norovirus by RT–PCR. All were sequenced and found to be 90% identical. The characteristics of this outbreak and the RT–PCR results suggest that illness was caused by Norovirus. Due to the high case-fatality rate of Norovirus gastroenteritis, there should be a high index of suspicion when encountering a gastroenteritis outbreak among the elderly. This will enable prompt action to stop the spread of illness.

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Yang, Ke, Wenjing Yu, Guorong Huang, Jie Zhou, Xiang Yang, and Weiling Fu. "Highly sensitive detection of Staphylococcus aureus by a THz metamaterial biosensor based on gold nanoparticles and rolling circle amplification." RSC Advances 10, no. 45 (2020): 26824–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra03116j.

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Wessely, Simon, and Christopher J. Wardle. "Mass Sociogenic Illness by Proxy: Parentally Reported Epidemic in an Elementary School." British Journal of Psychiatry 157, no. 3 (September 1990): 421–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.157.3.421.

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“In a cluster of illness reported among students at an elementary school parents mentioned many signs and symptoms including headache, pallor, dark circles under the eyes, nausea, and vomiting – which they attributed to exposure to recurrent leaks of natural gas at the school. It is likely that the parents spread among themselves the notion of toxic exposure at the school. A questionnaire revealed no spatial clustering, but increased reports of symptoms were related to intense media coverage. A thorough environmental and epidemiological investigation was negative, there being no evidence of a continuing gas leak or other potential causes. At a strictly biological level, the complaints in this reported ‘cluster’ apparently represented the sporadic occurrence of common childhood illnesses. The possibility of an epidemic from toxic exposure at the school caused intense parental concern and led to a major public health problem. The established term ‘mass sociogenic illness' seems inapplicable here because complaints did not come principally from the students and the apparent epidemic illness was not transmitted among them. The term ‘mass sociogenic illness by proxy’ is proposed to describe this incident, in which transmission in one group (the parents) resulted in reports of an epidemic in another group (students).”

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Patidar, Hemant, and Satheesh Chothodi. "Revisiting Urbanisation Pattern amid COVID-19 Pandemic in India." Space and Culture, India 8, no. 2 (September 28, 2020): 4–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v8i2.1008.

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The COVID-19 pandemic, from its beginning in India on 30 January 2020, has caused over 3.7 million cases of illness and claimed over 66 thousand deaths as of 1 September2020. The large metropolitan cities have been the major hotspots of COVID-19 pandemic. The peculiar urbanisation patterns are crucial in spreading COVID-19 in India. This study attempts to highlight how urbanisation patterns increase the vulnerability of COVID-19 spread in India. The higher density, urban sprawl and associated intra-urban commuting, large slum population, inadequate water, sanitation and housing conditions along with homelessness are found to catalyse the vulnerability of COVID-19 spread in urban areas. The existing public health infrastructure in the country is found to be inadequate with respect to the increasing demand. Efforts to contain the spread are being made; nonetheless, the rapid increase in the cases of illness and deaths from COVID-19 has inflated the challenges for administration and citizens. Rapid enhancement in health infrastructure and health personnel must be made along with strict adherence to the measures of quarantine, social distancing and hygiene for the citizens are of utmost response to the decrease the spread.

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Praneetha, Gadiraju Durga. "A Rare Case of Pulmonary Thromboembolism and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in Scrub Typhus." Journal of Communicable Diseases 54, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202247.

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Orientia tsutsugamushi causes scrub typhus, a zoonotic illness (O tsutsugamushi). The disease is spread to humans through the biting of trombiculid mite larvae (chiggers). The case report adds light to thrombus formation in scrub typhus infection, an often-under-diagnosed entity. We report a 17-year-old female who presented with complaints of breathlessness after 11 days of symptoms of fever. The condition is widespread in India, with cases reported in a number of states. Persons are infected by the larval development (chigger) of trombiculid mites. Chiggers are spread by wild rats, and illness develops when chiggers feed on humans.Laboratory investigations revealed leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and radiological investigations showed ARDS and pleural effusion, and the patient was diagnosed to have scrub typhus. Treatment was given for the infection and its complications.

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Packwood, Rebecca, Gayle Galletta, and Joseph Tennyson. "An Unusual Case Report of COVID-19 Presenting with Meningitis Symptoms and Shingles." Clinical Practice and Cases in Emergency Medicine 4, no. 3 (April 29, 2020): 316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5811/cpcem.2020.4.47557.

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Introduction: As severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spreads across the globe, physicians face the challenges of a contagious pandemic including which patients to isolate, how to conserve personal protective equipment, and who to test. The current protocol at our hospital is to place anyone with new cough, dyspnea, or fever into airborne and contact precautions and consider them for testing. Unfortunately, the symptomatic presentations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are proving more variable than previously thought. Case Report: Our case of COVID-19 presented with headache and then progressed to a meningitis-like illness with co-existing shingles rash. Conclusion: COVID-19 can have a variety of initial presentations that are not the classic respiratory symptoms and fever. These presenting symptoms of COVID-19 can include a meningitis-like illness, as our case report indicates. The wide variety of presentations of COVID-19 may warrant widespread testing to identify cases, protect healthcare workers, and prevent the spread of this pandemic.

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Al-Hamamy, Hiyam Rauof. "The Impact of COVID-19 on Healthy Related Issues, A structured Review." AL-Kindy College Medical Journal 17, no. 3 (December 30, 2021): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47723/kcmj.v17i3.419.

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Coronavirus: (COVID-19) is a recently discovered viral disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus. The majority of patients with corona-virus infections will have a mild-moderate respiratory disease that recovers without special care. Most often, the elderly, and others with chronic medical conditions such as asthma, coronary disease, respiratory illness, and malignancy are seriously ill. COVID-19 is spread mostly by salivary droplets or nasal secretions when an infected person coughs or sneezes. COVID-19 causes severe acute respiratory illness (SARS-COV-2). The first incidence was recorded in Wuhan, China, in 2019. Since then it spreads leading to a pandemic. The typical incubation time for COVID-19 infection is 2-14 days (normally 5). The common features include fever, cough, tiredness, difficulty in breathing, loss of smell or taste. Occasionally, signs are absent. COVID-19 complications include renal failure, syndrome of cytokine release, pneumonia, respiratory failure, lung fibrosis.

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Puvača, Nikola. "Antimicrobial Resistance and Treatment in Companion, Food and Exotic Animals." Antibiotics 11, no. 10 (October 5, 2022): 1360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11101360.

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites change over time and cease to respond to applied antibiotics, making infections more difficult to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness, and death [...]

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HARCOURT, S. E., G. E. SMITH, A. J. ELLIOT, R. PEBODY, A. CHARLETT, S. IBBOTSON, M. REGAN, and J. HIPPISLEY-COX. "Use of a large general practice syndromic surveillance system to monitor the progress of the influenza A(H1N1) pandemic 2009 in the UK." Epidemiology and Infection 140, no. 1 (April 8, 2011): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026881100046x.

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SUMMARYThe Health Protection Agency/QSurveillance national surveillance system utilizes QSurveillance® a recently developed general practitioner database covering over 23 million people in the UK. We describe the spread of the first wave of the influenza A(H1N1) pandemic 2009 using data on consultations for influenza-like illness (ILI), respiratory illness and prescribing for influenza from 3400 contributing general practices. Daily data, provided from 27 April 2009 to 28 January 2010, were used to give a timely overview for those managing the pandemic nationally and locally. The first wave particularly affected London and the West Midlands with a peak in ILI in week 30. Children aged between 1 and 15 years had consistently high consultation rates for ILI. Daily ILI rates were used for modelling national weekly case estimates. The system enabled the ‘real-time’ monitoring of the pandemic to a small geographical area, linking morbidity and prescribing for influenza and other respiratory illnesses.

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Sadique, Mohd Abubakar, Shalu Yadav, Pushpesh Ranjan, Sarika Verma, Shabi Thankaraj Salammal, Mohd Akram Khan, Ajeet Kaushik, and Raju Khan. "High-performance antiviral nano-systems as a shield to inhibit viral infections: SARS-CoV-2 as a model case study." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 9, no. 23 (2021): 4620–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tb00472g.

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The recent COVID-19 pandemic is uncontrollable since the SARS-CoV-2 virus has a contagious transmission and causes fatal illness. Thus, it is vital to avoid this spread using high-performance antiviral nanomaterials to eradicate viral infections.

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Schneider, Keith R., Renée Goodrich Schneider, and Rachael Silverberg. "Preventing Foodborne Illness: Typhoid Fever—Salmonella Typhi." EDIS 2016, no. 1 (February 16, 2016): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-fs125-2016.

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Typhoid fever is a blood infection caused by the consumption of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Salmonella enterica. Typhoid fever is easily controlled and relatively uncommon in the United States, but an estimated 21.5 million people per year are affected by typhoid fever in developing nations including regions in Asia, Africa, and South America. Many of the cases of typhoid fever in the United States are acquired through international travel to these regions. This revised 4-page fact sheet explains the causes and symptoms of typhoid fever, as well as describing who is at risk, what foods have commonly been associated with typhoid fever, and how to implement certain sanitation methods to prevent the spread of typhoid fever. Written by Keith R. Schneider, Renée Goodrich Schneider, and Rachael Silverberg, and published by the Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, January 2016. FSHN0514/FS125: Preventing Foodborne Illness: Typhoid Fever—Salmonella Typhi (ufl.edu)

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Sadilek, Adam, Henry Kautz, and Vincent Silenzio. "Modeling Spread of Disease from Social Interactions." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 6, no. 1 (August 3, 2021): 322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v6i1.14235.

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Research in computational epidemiology to date has concentrated on coarse-grained statistical analysis of populations, often synthetic ones. By contrast, this paper focuses on fine-grained modeling of the spread of infectious diseases throughout a large real-world social network. Specifically, we study the roles that social ties and interactions between specific individuals play in the progress of a contagion. We focus on public Twitter data, where we find that for every health-related message there are more than 1,000 unrelated ones. This class imbalance makes classification particularly challenging. Nonetheless, we present a framework that accurately identifies sick individuals from the content of online communication. Evaluation on a sample of 2.5 million geo-tagged Twitter messages shows that social ties to infected, symptomatic people, as well as the intensity of recent co-location, sharply increase one's likelihood of contracting the illness in the near future. To our knowledge, this work is the first to model the interplay of social activity, human mobility, and the spread of infectious disease in a large real-world population. Furthermore, we provide the first quantifiable estimates of the characteristics of disease transmission on a large scale without active user participation---a step towards our ability to model and predict the emergence of global epidemics from day-to-day interpersonal interactions.

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Muhammad Jamil, Mubarik Ali, Norina Jabeen, Jaweria Gul, and Naimat Ullah. "Importance of Livestocks and Blackleg Disease Spread in Livestock After Flood." Indus Journal of Agriculture and Biology 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.59075/ijab.v1i1.141.

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Animals are utilized for a variety of things, including food production, companionship, and scientific research. Different products such as wool, hides, skin, and hoofs used to make different products for the benefit of human. One of the many different types of health effects caused by natural disasters that happen all over the world are floods. Floods can worsen the spread of various contagious diseases in animals in addition to the immediate risks like drowning. No reports of infectious diseases spread by floods around the world have been made as of yet. This review describes a potential illness outbreak that could happen during or after flooding.

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Courage, Idahor, Okuma Oghenevwede, Anugom Gene-Genald, Willie Gabriel, Akwazie Chukwunonso, and Boluwatife Oyetayo. "REVIEW ARTICLE: EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COVID’19." American Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing Practice 5, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ajhmn.635.

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Purpose: To carefully review and understand the cause, distribution, progression, determinants and deterrents of COVID-19. Methodology: Peer reviewed data relevant to study was collected from PubMed, Google Scholar, WHO database, Research gate and Wikipedia based on pre-set inclusion and exclusion criteria. Findings: Covid-19 is a principally respiratory illness caused by the novel Corona Virus (SARS-CoV2). It started as an epidemic in Wuhan, China in December 2019, became a pandemic in March 2020 and have now infected almost 22 million people over 216 countries causing about three-quarter of a million deaths. It spreads primarily through droplets, aerosols or contact with contaminated surfaces. Illness is usually mild to moderate flu-like symptoms but can be asymptomatic as well as severe especially in patients with underlying co-morbidities. Testing can either be antigen based through polymerase chain reaction or antibody based. Treatment is generally supportive while the efficacy of diverse pharmacological remains controversial. Public education, early diagnosis and isolation, restriction of gatherings and movements have been the main method used worldwide to tackle this outbreak. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Emphasizes the infectivity of SARS-CoV2 virus and need for health practitioners and general public to adhere strictly to preventive measures in order to avert a global second wave of the pandemic. Conclusion: COVID-19 is an infectious disease that have rapidly spread from china to the world at large. A lot of efforts and policies have been made to prevent and control its spread. There’s need to adhere to guidelines in order to reduce spread and subsequent mortality especially amongst vulnerable groups. As many countries commence protocols to re-open, there’s need to do so in line with lessons learnt during this outbreak to avoid a more devastating second wave.

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Courage, Idahor, Okuma Oghenevwede, Anugom Gene-Genald, Willie Gabriel, Akwazie Chukwunonso, and Boluwatife Oyetayo. "REVIEW ARTICLE: EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COVID’19." American Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing Practice 5, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ajhmn.635.

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Purpose: To carefully review and understand the cause, distribution, progression, determinants and deterrents of COVID-19. Methodology: Peer reviewed data relevant to study was collected from PubMed, Google Scholar, WHO database, Research gate and Wikipedia based on pre-set inclusion and exclusion criteria. Findings: Covid-19 is a principally respiratory illness caused by the novel Corona Virus (SARS-CoV2). It started as an epidemic in Wuhan, China in December 2019, became a pandemic in March 2020 and have now infected almost 22 million people over 216 countries causing about three-quarter of a million deaths. It spreads primarily through droplets, aerosols or contact with contaminated surfaces. Illness is usually mild to moderate flu-like symptoms but can be asymptomatic as well as severe especially in patients with underlying co-morbidities. Testing can either be antigen based through polymerase chain reaction or antibody based. Treatment is generally supportive while the efficacy of diverse pharmacological remains controversial. Public education, early diagnosis and isolation, restriction of gatherings and movements have been the main method used worldwide to tackle this outbreak. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Emphasizes the infectivity of SARS-CoV2 virus and need for health practitioners and general public to adhere strictly to preventive measures in order to avert a global second wave of the pandemic. Conclusion: COVID-19 is an infectious disease that have rapidly spread from china to the world at large. A lot of efforts and policies have been made to prevent and control its spread. There’s need to adhere to guidelines in order to reduce spread and subsequent mortality especially amongst vulnerable groups. As many countries commence protocols to re-open, there’s need to do so in line with lessons learnt during this outbreak to avoid a more devastating second wave.

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Vasantrao, Chincholikar Sanjeev. "Why there are and will be less deaths in India due to COVID-19: an insight." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 3301. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20203417.

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Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. It has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization which exhibited human-to-human transmissibility and spread rapidly across countries. Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness. Climate, with temperature, humidity, Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination, immune status of persons, elderly people, uncontrolled co morbid conditions like heart diseases, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, kidney diseases seems to play an important role in spread and severity of corona virus infection. As reported from MOHFW website, the COVID-19 deaths are more in above 60 years of age with comorbidities cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer.

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Setyaningrum, Yahmi Ira, and Alifia Candra Puriastuti. "Promosi Kesehatan Upaya Pencegahan COVID 19 Bekerja Sama Dengan Relawan Mahasiswa dan Desa Dilem." Literasi: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat dan Inovasi 1, no. 2 (August 20, 2021): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.58466/literasi.v1i2.97.

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The COVID 19 was spread in the word, also in Indonesian. The spread so fast became pandemic. STIKes WCH contribute to handle the pandemic disaster by promote and preventive action to minimized illness in Dilem village. The objective of the community service is minimized infect virus by health promote. Method education health with coordinated between LPPM STIKes WCH, voluntary COVID, head village Dilem. The activity was database people transmission from out city, disinfection spay, health promote to prevent COVID 19 by 3M activity. 3 M are using mask, wash hand, keep social distance. The result show community cooperative in this activity. The spray disinfection activity was doing without any problem. Health promote was increase knowledge community and active participate to provide facility to prevent contagious disease. The conclusion from the community service activity to decrease spreads infection by persuade people. The hope from next activity health promote add topic about nutrition to increase immune.

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Mamun, Abdullah Al, Mohammad Muntasir Maruf, Avra Das Bhowmik, Khaleda Begum, and Zulfiquer Ahmed Amin. "Mass psychogenic illness: comparison on selected variables between cases and non-cases." Bangladesh Journal of Psychiatry 30, no. 1 (August 12, 2018): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpsy.v30i1.37857.

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Mass psychogenic illness is not new in Bangladesh but in the year 2007, the sudden outbreak all over Bangladesh created a panic nationwide. The objective of the study was to investigate sociodemographic and other variables attributed to the disease. The first outbreak of this illness took place in Adiabad Islamia High School and College, Raipura, Narsinghdi. We rationally decided to conduct our research in this school in case-control design. Within 12 months’ study period, 125 students of class VI to X (45 cases and 80 controls) were interviewed face-to-face by structured questionnaire containing separate questionnaire for students and guardians. The result of the study showed that, all the cases came from lower socioeconomic class, majority (71.1%) from 14 to 16 years age group and most (77.8%) of the cases were female. Outbreak rapidly spread among the cases mostly by smelling foul odor (40%) and seeing index cases (33.3%). Majority (51.2%) of the cases and controls thought that the illness was due to both physical and psychological causes though most of them (93.6%) did not hear about the disease previously. It was evident that the role of socio-demographic variables for attributing the symptoms pattern of the disease was ambiguous. However early recognition of psychological stressors and prompt exclusion of physical illness can prevent the occurrence and rapid spread of the disease.Bang J Psychiatry June 2016; 30(1): 14-19

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Lukowsky, Lilia R., Claudia Der-Martirosian, William Neil Steers, Kiran S. Kamble, and Aram Dobalian. "Using an Administrative and Clinical Database to Determine the Early Spread of COVID-19 at the US Department of Veterans Affairs during the Beginning of the 2019–2020 Flu Season: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study." Viruses 14, no. 2 (January 20, 2022): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020200.

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Background. Previous studies examining the early spread of COVID-19 have used influenza-like illnesses (ILIs) to determine the early spread of COVID-19. We used COVID-19 case definition to identify COVID-like symptoms (CLS) independently of other influenza-like illnesses (ILIs). Methods. Using data from Emergency Department (ED) visits at VA Medical Centers in CA, TX, and FL, we compared weekly rates of CLS, ILIs, and non-influenza ILIs encounters during five consecutive flu seasons (2015–2020) and estimated the risk of developing each illness during the first 23 weeks of the 2019–2020 season compared to previous seasons. Results. Patients with CLS were significantly more likely to visit the ED during the first 23 weeks of the 2019–2020 compared to prior seasons, while ED visits for influenza and non-influenza ILIs did not differ substantially. Adjusted CLS risk was significantly lower for all seasons relative to the 2019–2020 season: RR15–16 = 0.72, 0.75, 0.72; RR16–17 = 0.81, 0.77, 0.79; RR17–18 = 0.80, 0.89, 0.83; RR18–19 = 0.82, 0.96, 0.81, in CA, TX, and FL, respectively. Conclusions. The observed increase in ED visits for CLS indicates the likely spread of COVID-19 in the US earlier than previously reported. VA data could potentially help identify emerging infectious diseases and supplement existing syndromic surveillance systems.

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Maina J. Kamau and Kenneth Goga Riany. "The Influence of Mass Media Channels on Mental Illness Stigmatization among Students in Kenya Medical Training College." SIASAT 8, no. 2 (May 5, 2023): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/siasat.v8i2.147.

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Mental illnesses have been known to distress the general population as a whole. Notably, no social demographic is exempt from mental illnesses with the modern dynamics and challenges increasing the magnitude of mental illness. Students especially in higher learning institutions are not spared from the over-increasing mental illnesses. Despite the challenges brought about by mental illnesses among the students, stigmatization of the mentally ill has been high among them. This has seen increased drop-out of school, total insanity and sometimes suicide due to lack of psychosocial support among the mentally ill students, especially their peers. The mass media has been a critical tool of communication. However, there is little evidence on its role in mental health stigmatization hence this study seeks to assess the role of mass media channels on the mental illness stigmatization among college students. The research utilized the descriptive survey design and where both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect and analyze the data. The target population of this study comprised of the students at the Kenya Medical Training College (KMTC). There were 51045 students in the college as of July 2022. A questionnaire was used to collect data from the students. The data was analysed using mixed method analysis where both quantitative and qualitative data was analysed. The quantitative data was analysed using inferential and descriptive statistics through SPSS. Content analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data. The findings revealed that mass media channels played a critical role in determining the spread of information and the perceptions of mental illness among students. The channels of mass media communication were found to instigate mental illness stigmatization among college students. Digital media was found to have the strongest influence on mental health stigmatization followed by broadcasting media, print media and outdoor media. It is recommended that these channels of mass media ought to be more positive and encourage students to uphold and accept the mentally ill to minimize stigmatization.

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FURMAN, LYDIA. "Infimary-Style Sick Child Day Care." Pediatrics 89, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.89.3.521a.

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In Reply.— I appreciate the opportunity to respond to Dr Auerback's letter. I find the community hospital versus university hospital distinction that Dr Auerback raises neither compelling nor helpful. Community hospital patients are also susceptible to rotavirus and respiratory syncytial virus, for example, with their attendant morbidities, even though the illnesses may not be life-threatening as they can be for the tertiary care hospital patients with leukemia or bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Anecdotal evidence regarding the two-way spread of illness between sick care attendees and hospitalized patients is superficially reassuring, but does not provide the information we need to evaluate what the risks really are for either population.

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Wallace, DJ. "The history of antimalarials." Lupus 5, no. 1_suppl (June 1996): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961203396005001021.

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In the city of Lima, capital of Peru, the wife of the Viceroy, at that time the Count of Cinchon fell sick... Her illness was tertian fever... The rumour of her illness... became known by the people in the city, spread to neighboring places and reached Loxa. I believe since then thirty or forty years have passed. A Spaniard, the prefect in that place was told of the illness of the Countess, and thought to inform by letter her husband the Viceroy ... that he had a secret remedy he could recommend without hesitation ... she accepted at once ... and once taken, like something miraculous, she was cured to the amazement of all. Sebastiano Bado, in Anastasis corticis Peruviae seu Chinae Chinae defensio (1663), pp. 20–21

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Yazhlini P, Anjali A K, and Jayalakshmi Somasundaram. "Need of disinfection procedures after proper protective measures among the doctors handling COVID -19 patients - A review." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL1 (October 15, 2020): 1018–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.3429.

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The review aims to find whether there is any cross-species infection among doctors, even after proper disinfection and proper protective measures are handled while taking care of COVID 19 patients. Coronavirus is a serious illness that causes respiratory problems. It was first found at Wuhan, China and then resulted in a pandemic. Mild illness can cause the common cold, whereas more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID 19. Coronavirus can cause pneumonia, bronchitis and other intense respiratory conditions. The virus is mostly transmitted via droplets and close contacts, and spread through asymptomatic carriers is also possible. With the increase in the number of positive cases, and due to lack of antiviral treatment, all are eager to discover new alternatives to prevent the spread of the virus. From the review, it can be concluded that even after the doctors are disinfected and even after all the protective measures are taken, they are still infected while treating COVID 19 patients.

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KATZ, D. E., D. HEISEY-GROVE, M. BEACH, R. C. DICKER, and B. T. MATYAS. "Prolonged outbreak of giardiasis with two modes of transmission." Epidemiology and Infection 134, no. 5 (March 29, 2006): 935–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268805005832.

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Large outbreaks of giardiasis caused by person-to-person transmission, or a combination of transmission routes, have not previously been reported. A large, prolonged giardiasis outbreak affected families belonging to a country club in a suburb of Boston, Massachusetts, during June–December 2003. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to determine the source of this outbreak. Giardiasis-compatible illness was experienced by 149 (25%) respondents to a questionnaire, and was laboratory confirmed in 97 (65%) of these cases. Of the 30 primary cases, exposure to the children's pool at the country club was significantly associated with illness (risk ratio 3·3, 95% confidence interval 1·7–6·5). In addition, 105 secondary cases probably resulted from person-to-person spread; 14 cases did not report an onset date. This outbreak illustrates the potential for Giardia to spread through multiple modes of transmission, with a common-source outbreak caused by exposure to a contaminated water source resulting in subsequent prolonged propagation through person-to-person transmission in the community. This capacity for a common-source outbreak to continue propagation through secondary person-to-person spread has been reported with Shigella and Cryptosporidium and may also be a feature of other enteric pathogens having low infectious doses.

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Rasskazova, Elena I., Vadim A. Emelin, and Aleхandеr Sh Tkhostov. "RADICAL BELIEFS ABOUT THE CAUSES, MANIFESTATIONS AND CONSEQUENCES OF CORONAVIRUS: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTENT AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH BEHAVIOUR." Moscow University Psychology Bulletin, no. 2 (2020): 62–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11621/vsp.2020.02.04.

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Relevance. The spread of coronavirus infection is accompanied by the dissemination of information messages in the form of radical beliefs affecting people’s behaviour. The aim of the study was to reveal the relationship between beliefs about coronavirus and its treatment, magical thinking, anxiety and the protective behaviour against to the pandemic. Methods. 402 adults aged 18–64 years old filled checklist including beliefs about causes, manifestations, consequences and control of the pandemic, Illness and Treatment Locus of Control Scale, Treatment Self-Efficacy Scale, Magical Ideation Scale as well as scales measuring anxiety and protective behaviour in pandemic and monitoring of information about coronavirus. Results. Factor analysis revealed three groups of radical beliefs about coronavirus: negligence as the cause of the occurrence and spread of coronavirus, a particular meaning of morbidity and negative consequences of the pandemic. Conclusion. Belief in the negligence as a cause of coronavirus was more typical for people with an intrinsic locus of causes of the causes of illness but extrinsic locus of control of treatment and for those who were prone to protective behaviour in the pandemic. Belief about the particular meaning of coronavirus was associated with the magical thinking, the intrinsic locus of control of the causes of illness, less anxiety about infection and poorer compliance with self-isolation. Radical beliefs about the consequences of the pandemic were related to more frequent monitoring of the information about the pandemic, extrinsic locus of control of treatment but intrinsic locus of control of causes of illness and a pronounced anxiety regarding future negative consequences of the pandemic.

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Martins, José Garrucho, Carlos Miguel Ferreira, and Sandro Serpa. "Interdependencies between COVID-19, Mental Illness and Living Uneasiness." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0001.

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The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a profound change in the daily practices and symbolic representations of individuals, with strong social, economic and political implications, which no one is immune to. This article seeks to understand how a pandemic, specifically COVID-19, can generate or potentiate different forms of mental illness and living uneasiness. Thus, the aim is to know the varied manifestations of psychological suffering, from mild psychiatric disorders to the most intrusive ones, not forgetting the forms of widespread suffering which the pandemic causes and which are not reduced to the categories defined by the process of psychiatry. The relationships between mental illness, living uneasiness and COVID-19 are complex and multidimensional. Received: 13 October 2020 / Accepted: 12 December 2020/ Published: 17 January 2021

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Skelton, Raegan M., and Victor C. Huber. "Comparing Influenza Virus Biology for Understanding Influenza D Virus." Viruses 14, no. 5 (May 13, 2022): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14051036.

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The newest type of influenza virus, influenza D virus (IDV), was isolated in 2011. IDV circulates in several animal species worldwide, causing mild respiratory illness in its natural hosts. Importantly, IDV does not cause clinical disease in humans and does not spread easily from person to person. Here, we review what is known about the host–pathogen interactions that may limit IDV illness. We focus on early immune interactions between the virus and infected host cells in our summary of what is known about IDV pathogenesis. This work establishes a foundation for future research into IDV infection and immunity in mammalian hosts.

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Ashwini K, Anjali A K, and Vinay Sivaswamy. "Role Of Aerosols In The Spread Of Covid-19- A Review." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL1 (October 14, 2020): 1022–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.3430.

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The COVID-19 pandemic was identified in late 2019 at Wuhan, China. Its outbreak causes respiratory illness. It is considered to be a potential zoonotic disease and is asymptomatic or flu-like.SARS is a new clinical entity of the COVID-19 outbreak. The other symptoms are fever, sore throat, cold. They spread through droplets, saliva, or sneeze. They are also transmitted to the child by placental transmission. The airborne transmission is by aerosols where droplets are >5μm. They become bioaerosols and are found to travel more than 100 meters. In experimental work, it is found that the particles of COVID can be detected 3 hours after no clinical setting. The only way to stop the spread is appropriate preventive measures like PPE, respiratory etiquette, and social distancing. There are some recent advances in the field to stop the spread of COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the transmission and spread of coronavirus by aerosols and the various preventive measures used by medical practitioners to stop the spread of this pandemic.

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TODD, EWEN C. D., JUDY D. GREIG, CHARLES A. BARTLESON, and BARRY S. MICHAELS. "Outbreaks Where Food Workers Have Been Implicated in the Spread of Foodborne Disease. Part 5. Sources of Contamination and Pathogen Excretion from Infected Persons." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 2582–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.12.2582.

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In this article, the fifth in a series reviewing the role of food workers in foodborne outbreaks, background information on the routes of infection for food workers is considered. Contamination most frequently occurs via the fecal-oral route, when pathogens are present in the feces of ill, convalescent, or otherwise colonized persons. It is difficult for managers of food operations to identify food workers who may be excreting pathogens, even when these workers report their illnesses, because workers can shed pathogens during the prodrome phase of illness or can be long-term excretors or asymptomatic carriers. Some convalescing individuals excreted Salmonella for 102 days. Exclusion policies based on stool testing have been evaluated but currently are not considered effective for reducing the risk of enteric disease. A worker may exhibit obvious signs of illness, such as vomiting, but even if the ill worker immediately leaves the work environment, residual vomitus can contaminate food, contact surfaces, and fellow workers unless the clean-up process is meticulous. Skin infections and nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal staphylococcal or streptococcal secretions also have been linked frequently to worker-associated outbreaks. Dermatitis, rashes, and painful hand lesions may cause workers to reduce or avoid hand washing. Regardless of the origin of the contamination, pathogens are most likely to be transmitted through the hands touching a variety of surfaces, highlighting the need for effective hand hygiene and the use of barriers throughout the work shift.

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Journal articles on the topic 'ILLNESS SPREAD'

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