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PERLETTI, Isabel. "Il lavoro sommerso tra “legalità” e illegalità." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/28664.
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Paolini, Pietro. "La gestione dei rifiuti da costruzione e demolizione: valutazione dei benefici ambientali ed economici tra opportunità, minacce di illegalità ed innovazione." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/5473/.
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SETTINERI, DARIA. "Migranti, storie di vita, relazioni. Un'etnografia di un quartiere di Palermo." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/53132.
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Questo lavoro nasce dalla ricerca etnografica condotta a Palermo, nel quartiere dell'Albergheria all'interno del mercato di Ballarò, tra migranti senza documenti. Esso si focalizza precipuamente su due piani: tempo e spazio, utilizzati come costanti di un discorso apparentemente discontinuo ma che mi hanno permesso di indagare, partendo da una visione reticolare di queste due misure, il posizionamento del sé, la costruzione della propria soggettività, la negoziazione della propria presenza in un'area complessa, legata a dinamiche riconducibili a cosmologie criminali e mafiose ma anche a focolai di legalità che lottano per essere riconosciuti nel territorio. La popolazione storica del quartiere, particolarmente vulnerabile per le difficoltà ad accedere alle risorse della città, vive la medesima condizione di quella migrante utilizzando anche le medesime strategie di sopravvivenza.
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Sander, Melissa Mary Fenech. "Questions about accountability and illegality of virtual rape." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1473253.
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Helgen, Maria, and Erika Stensson. "Facebooklotterier : Legalt eller illegalt?" Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Handelshögskolan, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-29389.
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Sammanfattning Det förekommer dagligen företag som anordnar tävlingar och lotterier på Facebook utan att ta hänsyn till lagar och regler. Företagen saknar allt som oftast lotteritillstånd och bryter därmed mot 9 § Lotterilagen. Det kan även ifrågasättas huruvida de tar hänsyn till bestämmelserna i Marknadsföringslagen (MFL). Marknadsrättsliga regler om god marknadsföringssed, reklamidentifiering och vilseledande marknadsföring är frågor som kan komma att bli aktuella vid en marknadsrättslig bedömning. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka huruvida det är förenligt med gällande rätt (de lege lata) för företag att lotta ut gåvor på Facebook genom att användarna skall gilla och dela en statusuppdatering. Samt att undersöka på vilket sätt det kan tänkas strida mot gällande lagstiftning för marknadsföringsåtgärder. Det är idag tillåtet för företag att anordna pristävlingar, det som då krävs är att deltagarna genomför en viss motprestation. Saknas det krav på motprestation så anses det vara en utlottning i lagens mening. Ett sådant förfarande kräver lotteritillstånd, vilket ställer vissa krav på den ansökande. Skillnaden mellan ett lotteri och en tävling är att en tävling skall innehålla ett prestationsmoment, där skickligheten skall vara avgörande, medan det i ett lotteri skall finnas ett slumpmoment. Förekommer det ett prestationsmoment som sedan avgörs med hjälp av ett slumpmoment så övergår tävlingen till att bli ett lotteri. Vad gäller Facebooktävlingar/-lotterier där en statusuppdatering skall gillas och delas handlar prestationsmomentet om två knapptryckningar, något som inte kan anses vara en tillräckligt stor motprestation. Det innebär att ett sådant förfarande skall anses utgöra ett lotteri och därmed faller in under Lotterilagens (LL) bestämmelser. Lotterierna som förekommer på Facebook är att jämställa med säljfrämjande aktiviteter, vilka har till syfte att öka försäljningen. På den grunden kan företag i princip aldrig få ett lotteritillstånd då det inte har till syfte att främja ett allmännyttigt ändamål. Lotterier som saknar tillstånd strider mot 9 § LL och så även mot lagstridighetsprincipen i 5 § MFL. Vad gäller reklamidentifiering, så måste det anses att reklamidentifiering är så pass tydlig att det inte kan misstas som något annat än en marknadsföringsåtgärd och paragrafen kan därmed ej göras tillämplig. Att marknadsföra ett lotteri som i egentlig mening är olagligt och be användare att främja det anses vara att vilseleda användare att bryta mot lagen. Det handlar även om vilseledande marknadsföring då lotterier marknadsförs som en tävling när det egentligen är ett lotteri. Genomsnittskonsumenten är sällan medveten om vad skillnaden är och antar att han eller hon deltar i en tävling som är lagenlig.Abstract Every day there are companies that organize contests and sweepstakes on Facebook without taking legislation and regulations into account. Firms all too often lack a lottery license and thus breaks the 9 § of the Lottery Act. It may also be questioned whether firms take into account the regulations of the Marketing Act (MFL). Marketing rules such as good marketing customs, advertising identification and deceptive marketing are issues that may be encountered in court. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate whether it is consistent with applicable Swedish law (de lege lata) for companies to arrange lotteries on Facebook by allowing users to like and share a comment. And to investigate how it might violate the legal rules for marketing actions. It is today permitted to arrange competitions given that the participants perform some kind of counter performance. If the counter performance where to be lacking, the competition then would be recognized as a lottery before the law. Such a process requires a lottery license, which imposes certain requirements on the applicant. The requirements to be met is that it should be provided to the public, it must be a Swedish legal entity organizing the lottery, that it has a non-profit making purpose and it should not be held in purpose to make a profit. The difference between a lottery and a competition is that a competition should contain a counter performance, in which skills should be paramount, while in a lottery there should be a random element. If there is a counter performance and the competition is settled randomly it becomes a lottery instead of a competition. When it comes to Facebook-competitions/-lotteries where comments should be liked and shared, it only demands two presses of buttons which cannot be considered as a big enough counter performance. This means that that kind of procedure should be considered as a lottery and thereby the Swedish Lottery Law is applicable. Lotteries appearing on Facebook should be recognized as sales promotion, which aim to increase sales. On that basis, Facebook lotteries can never get a lottery license as it is not intended to promote the public benefit. Lotteries without permission conflicts with the 9 § of the Lottery act and therefore also the conflict of law principles in 5 § of the Marketing act. When it comes to rules about advertising identification it must be considered that it is so clear that it cannot be mistaken as anything else than a promotional activity thus the article is not applicable. To promote a lottery that strictly speaking is illegal and ask users to promote it is considered to mislead users to break the law. It is also considered to be misleading marketing when lotteries marketed as a contest really is a lottery. The average consumer is rarely aware of what the difference is between a contest and a lottery and therefore assumes that he or she participates in a contest that is legal.
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Obidzinski, Krystof. "Logging in East Kalimantan, Indonesia the historical expedience of illegality /." Proefschrift, [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2003. http://dare.uva.nl/document/69436.
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Mozgawa, Marek. "Castigation of minors as a circumstance excluding illegality (a countertype)." Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2020. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/41657.
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Introductory remarks (the concept and the classification of the so called countertypes). Not in every case does the fulfilment of the statutory features of a forbidden act have to be the expression of the objective social
harmfulness of the perpetrator’s behaviour. Sometimes circumstances excluding illegality (the so called countertypes) occur which lead to the exclusion of the social harmfulness.In other words, there are possible exception to the rule (implying the negative assessment) that a behaviour fulfilling the statutory features of a forbidden act is characterised by social harmfulness.Introductory remarks (the concept and the classification of the so called countertypes). Not in every case does the fulfilment of the statutory features of a forbidden act have to be the expression of the objective social harmfulness of the perpetrator’s behaviour. Sometimes circumstances excluding illegality (the so called countertypes) occur which lead to the exclusion of the social harmfulness.In other words, there are possible exception to the rule (implying the negative assessment) that a behaviour fulfilling the statutory features of a forbidden act is characterised by social harmfulness.
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Halstead, Chelsea L. "Contesting Notions of Illegality: Humanitarian Border Activism in Southern Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/244394.
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In the mid nineteen nineties, the U.S.-Mexico border region, a space both constituted and contested by a myriad of different communities, political ideologies, national identities and cultural landscapes, came to be the site of some of the starkest representative examples of modern neoliberal logic and the contradictions it demonstrates vis-a-vis 1) seemingly unlimited capital liberty and 2) tightly constrained human mobility. As fiscal reforms broke down trade barriers, the physical border was being reinforced like never before, filtering economic refugees of policies like NAFTA to cross in more isolated and inhospitable regions and leading to an unprecedented precipitous increase in undocumented migrant deaths. The crisis led to the formation of several NGO's and humanitarian groups whose aim was to mitigate the loss of life. Faced with legal consequences for the work they carried out, these groups have attempted to reframe the debate as an international human rights issue. Through an analysis of the disputed discourses of legality and illegality vis-à-vis migrant border crossings and border securitization, this paper highlights the ways in which dominant notions of legality are being contested by border humanitarian activist groups These reworked notions of legality/illegality shape political debates, the framing of humanitarian arguments, and ultimately the opening of new spaces wherein existing laws can be challenged. A critical geopolitical framework that stresses the ways in which ideas and practices of belonging are embodied and socially embedded is key to this analysis.
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Lyon, Jacqueline. "Inheriting Illegality: Race, Statelessness, and Dominico-Haitian Activism in the Dominican Republic." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3765.
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In 2013, the Dominican Republic’s highest court ruled to revoke birthright citizenship for over 200,000 Dominicans of Haitian descent. Ruling TC 168-13 prompted dialogue about race and racism in the country, breaking the racial silence that accompanies mestizaje (racial mixture). Scholars viewed this ruling through the lens of “Black denial” whereby Dominicans’ failure to adopt Black identities, despite being largely afrodescendant, fuels the racialization of Haitians as Black. Less evident in examinations of Dominican racial politics are anti-racist and anti-xenophobic organizing. Addressing the gap in scholarship on Dominican blackness, this dissertation project adopts an ethnographic approach to examine how Domicans of Haitian descent, most notably through Reconoci.do, a movement of denationalized youth, as well as the natural hair movement, engage with race. As one of the few well-articulated areas of Dominican society engaged with blackness, the natural hair movement provides a useful counterpoint for examining the intersections between blackness and Haitianess. In this work, I propose that natural hair has the potential to destabilize Haitian racialization yet, concurrently threatens to decouple the anti-racist movement from Dominico-Haitian struggles. These intersections illuminate the complex relationships within the heterogenous anti-racist movement.
Through a historically rooted examination of constructions of race and nation in immigration policies, censuses, and national identity cards, this dissertation asserts that immigration policies were designed to benefit the dominant sugarcane economy at the expense of migrants and thus state efforts in 2014 to address indocumentation continued earlier discriminatory patterns, disproportionately impacting the Haitian diaspora. These practices are best understood as spectacles (De Genova 2013) that produce migrant illegality and, in particular, an inherited illegality for Dominican-born children that violates their constitutional rights to citizenship. Furthermore, the state constructs the population as non-black while publicly undermining anti-racist organizing and this research finds that activists draw on transnational images of blackness to challenge national representations of a modern blackness. Identifying mestizaje and the color continuum as obstacles to organizing, many activists conceptualize blackness as hypodescent, whereby any African ancestry engenders a Black identity. I argue that, while essentialist, this strategy broadens identification with Dominico-Haitians.
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Eriksson, Cecilia, and Andersson Hanna Rapp. "Kvinnor, etnicitet och illegalt narkotikabruk : en litteraturstudie." Thesis, Örebro University, Department of Behavioural, Social and Legal Sciences, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-413.
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Women, etnicity and illict drug use
A litterature review
Authors: Cecilia Eriksson & Hanna Rapp Andersson
Supervisor: Odd Lindberg
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This study aims to examine how womens illict drug use appears in different ethnic groups. The chosen perspectiv is social constructivism. The study is based on 20 scientific studies: 17 from Northern America, two from Great Britain and one from Sweden. Central themes from the studies have been created from different subject viewpoints. The results of this study shows that women have different needs when treatment is required. In addition prevention must consider specific gender and ethnic issues. The patterns of use are different between ethnic groups. Important aspects to consider, besides ethnicity, in research as well as in social work practices are acculturation, heterogenity, cultural heritage and gender stucture. The role of scientific creations of ethnic catergorisations and definitions of illicit drug use are discussed. As a result of our study, the need for cultural competence and cultural sensitivity in social work has been pointed out.
Keywords: missuse/abuse, gender, ethnicity, culture, acculturation, shame, social constructivism, litterature review, illict drug use.
Kvinnor, etnicitet och illegalt narkotikabruk
En litteraturstudie
Författare: Cecilia Eriksson och Hanna Rapp Andersson
Handledare: Odd Lindberg
Sammanfattning
Syftet med denna uppsats är att utifrån en litteraturstudie granska hur kvinnors illegala narkotikabruk gestaltar sig i olika etniska grupper. Granskningen görs utifrån ett socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv. Uppsatsens underlag utgörs av 20 vetenskapliga arbeten varav 17 är amerikanska, två brittiska och ett är svenskt. I uppsatsen redovisas centrala teman med utgångspunkt i materialets karaktär. Resultatet visar att kvinnors behov i behandling och prevention, användningsmönster samt prevalens skiljer sig inom och mellan etniska grupper. Viktiga faktorer att ta hänsyn till, utöver etnicitet, vid såväl forskning som det sociala arbetets praktik är ackulturation, heterogenitet, kulturell tillhörighet och genusstrukturer. Resonemang förs kring forskarens roll vid konstruktionen av etniska grupper samt definitioner av illegalt narkotikabruk. Utifrån studiens resultat lyfts behovet av kulturkompetens och kultursensivitet i socialt arbete fram.
Nyckelord: missbruk, etnicitet, genus, kultur, ackulturation, skuld, skam socialkonstruktivism, litteraturstudie, illegalt drogbruk
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Kremer, Benjamin Raymond. "Illegal transactions." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367534.
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Bachelet, Sebastien Rene George. "Irregular sub-Saharan migrants in Morocco : illegality, immobility, uncertainty and 'adventure' in Rabat." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23512.
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As a result of European externalization of the politics of migration, Southern and Eastern Mediterranean countries like Morocco are increasingly co-opted to deter asylum-seekers and other migrants. These latter, criminalized and labelled as ‘illegal’, are prevented from reaching a Europe whose economy nevertheless partially relies on the precarious and low-cost labour of sans-papiers. As Morocco shifts from a country of mainly emigration to also a country of ‘transit’ and immigration, thousands of Sub- Saharan migrants find themselves ‘stranded’, unable to go further, return or gain a meaningful legal status in Morocco. The research focuses on the two poor and densely populated neighbourhoods of Douar Hajja and Maadid, often called after the larger, adjacent neighbourhood Taqaddoum (‘progress’ in Arabic). Reputed to be violent and dangerous, they host a visible, (im)mobile population of irregular, sub-Saharan migrants struggling to cope with everyday life and (re)considering their uncertain migratory journeys. This research engages with recent critical debates in anthropology over ‘mobility’ and ‘illegalization’ to examine how ‘irregular’ sub-Saharan migrants cope with violent abuses and attempt to exert control over their lives in a Moroccan marginal neighbourhood. Exploring migrants’ imagination and hope, it focuses particularly on migrants’ circumscribed agency as well as emerging social relationships and political participation. Rather than adding to the profuse production of migration studies concepts, the thesis contends that migrants’ own articulations of notions such as ‘adventure’ and ‘objective’ offer an analytical tool to overcome some of the pitfalls of other concepts (e.g. transit, imagined community) which do not completely succeed in accounting for migrants’ experiences; their own ambiguities and limits are useful in uncovering some of the dilemmas faced by migrants in Morocco.
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Schacter, R. "Ornament & order : an ethnography of art, civic ritual and illegality in Madrid." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1333967/.
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This thesis examines a studio of five visual artists based in Madrid, Spain, a group who (illegally) utilize the public space of the city as both their medium and canvas. It explores an aesthetic practice often (and, more often, incorrectly) termed either ‘graffiti’ or ‘street-art’, a practice of both ornamentation and order which bound together my informants as a unified collective of social actors. Based on data collected over 20 months of fieldwork, the work attempts to renegotiate this material practice, to place it within a broader historical/political/aesthetic purview, one escaping the traditional themes of vandalism and art, gangs and pollution that these discourses so often educe. The study is hence divided into two main sections, Ornamentation and Order. Part One, Ornamentation, explores the physical artefacts themselves, the meanings my informants ascribe to their images as well as the tensions and communicative schemata emerging out of their very form. It will attempt to place these artefacts within the wider theoretical debate over the public sphere that they materially re-present. Part Two, Order, is focused more closely on the immaterial residue of my informants’ spatial acts, the explicitly performative, practice-based elements of their aesthetic production. It will thus move away from notions of ‘meaning’ and attempt to track how this cultural production comes to not only reflect but also actively structure and shape the moral and social guidelines of my informants’ lifeworlds. The study thus aims to set these particular aesthetic processes within a larger historical timeline of architectonic practice in the city as well as placing them within a framework of ritual performativity. It will explore both what these images mean and what they do, how they function within the classical desire for the ‘good’ city; it will examine how these practices operate within a modality of contemporary civic ritual.
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Fallack, Jan [Verfasser]. "Legale Illegalität : Überlegungen zur Abschaffungsreife der §§ 113-114 StGB / Jan Fallack." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1122048769/34.
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Davis, Courtney. "Corporate violence, regulatory agencies and the management and deflection of censure." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340309.
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Bergström, Linda, and Jonas Hähnert. "Läckagets konsekvenser : En kvalitativ intervjustudie om illegalt bruk av buprenorfin." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för socialt arbete - Socialhögskolan, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-100028.
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Title: Consequences of diversion – a qualitative interview study regarding illicit buprenorphine use. In year 1999 buprenorphine was introduced in Sweden and is used in treatment for opioid dependence. An issue concerning substitution treatment programmes is the occurrence of diversion and the following illegal sails of buprenorphine on a black market. The aim of this study was to explore how people who have used illicitly obtained buprenorphine describes such abuse. The study was conducted using qualitative method, where a total of five individuals were interviewed about past experiences of having used illicitly acquired buprenorphine. The findings indicate that polydrug use and intake by injection or through the nose are common amongst illicit users of buprenorphine. Buprenorphine was described as a possible substance of abuse. Moreover, it is discussed whether availability and attitudes concerning buprenorphine as a cleaner and/or safer substance than other drugs can contribute to increased abuse of opiates through buprenorphine amongst drug users who have not previously been in contact with opiates. The authors argue that further research is needed to explore the extent of diversion from domestic substitution treatment programs, and to widen the understanding of how buprenorphine function as a drug of abuse.
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Angelillo, Anna Lucia <1991>. "The EU approach towards the conflict of Western Sahara: the illegality of the Fisheries Partnership Agreements." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/8953.
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The thesis analyzes the case of Western Sahara, which still today appears in the UN list of Non-Self Governing Territories. Spain results being the de jure administering power of Western Sahara; however, Morocco is the de facto administering power of the territory due to its illegal occupation which lasts since the 1975 Green March. The right to self-determination of the Sahrawis has been denied since 40 years now; even though this is an issue which should be solved at the UN level, there are certain circumstances which do not ease this process. The EU approach towards this conflict is one of those circumstances. The present thesis is a study of the Fisheries Partnership Agreements between the EU and Morocco and aims at demonstrating that they are illegal since they include the waters of Western Sahara in their geographical scopes and this results in the crime of pillaging of the natural resources of the Sahrawis. Moreover, the EU is in breach of the duty of non-recognition of unlawful situations, since it supports through the economic activities the illegal occupation of Western Sahara by Morocco. The thesis also tries to show the political interests of the EU by analyzing the attitude of the EU institutions. Lastly, the recent annulment of the EU-Morocco Free Trade Agreement is presented.
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Sánchez, Ares Rocío. "Latinx Women's Leadership: Disrupting Intersections of Gendered and Racialized “Illegality” in Contexts of Institutionalized Racism and Heteropatriarchy." Thesis, Boston College, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108174.
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Thesis advisor: Leigh PatelDespite the 1982 Plyler v. Doe court decision, which upheld the constitutionality of undocumented youth having access to public K-12 education in the United States, Latina students who are undocumented face unique educational and societal barriers. Material and psychological conditions of “illegality” permeate these young women’s social worlds (Muñoz, 2015). Latina students continue to lag behind their Latino and white peers as a result of historically built gendered and raced school structures of dispossession (Cammarota, 2004; Fine & Ruglis, 2009). This institutional ethnography used the lens of intersectionality theory (Crenshaw, 1991; Collins, 1998) to examine how ten Latina students navigated “illegality” in schools, the state house, and an immigrant youth-led organization. Intersectional analyses of the Latinas’ multiple experiences within and across institutional structures shed light on the specific ways that “illegality” and heteropatriarchy manifested, changed or remained stagnant, interconnected with race and class, and how these junctures were negotiated in undocumented spaces of resistance. Based on intersectional analysis of policies, interview, and observation data, it became apparent how nationalistic discourses of citizenship were embedded in structures of white racism and heteropatriarchy. The Latinas of color in the study predominantly endured interlocking forms of gendered and racialized oppression, including sexual violence, which became a dimension of intersectional disempowerment that men of color and white women seldom confronted. Based on findings from interview and observation data, this institutional ethnography challenges gendered and raced nativist conceptions of U.S. citizenship, reclaiming pathways for undocumented communities as well as action-oriented educational policies, theories, and pedagogies rooted in intersectional frames aimed at decentering heteropatriarchal whiteness in the construction of the nation state (Collins, 1998), and more in accordance with the fluid, complex realities of interlocked global economies, local cultures, and transnational citizenry
Thesis (EdD) — Boston College, 2018
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Teacher Education, Special Education, Curriculum and Instruction
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Bruns, Bettina. "Schmuggel an der polnisch-russischen Grenze – Illegalität im Spannungsfeld zwischen Rationalität und Legitimität." Universität Potsdam, 2009. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3886/.
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In diesem Artikel geht es um den praktischen Aushandlungsprozess des Verhältnisses formaler Gesetze und akzeptierter Normen. Mit formalen Gesetzen lassen sich Legalität und Illegalität, mit akzeptierbaren Normen Legitimität und Illegitimität definieren. Anhand einer qualitativen Feldforschung über Schmuggel an der polnisch-russischen Grenze wird deutlich, dass eine gesetzlich als illegal definierte Handlung nicht, wie sonst oft, notwendigerweise als unmoralisch klassifiziert wird.
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PANGERC, DESIREE. "Migrazioni illegali e traffico di esseri umani: le rotte balcaniche - Il caso Bosnia." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/585.
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I analyzed the phenomena of trafficking and smuggling (you can easily imagine the deep difficulty to separate one from the other: there are so many changes during the trafficked people’s trip and a topic role is played by the owner of these new slaves) through a cross-cutting approach: first of all, the anthropological one, then I expanded the thematic following the theories of epistemology of complexity, sociology, political science, law, psychology and economy.So, I started to create my personal network of contacts and I made a long fieldwork among the Roma community, among the bosses profiting of this market, but also I had a great help from the International Organizations (especially, OSCE) and various sector of military compounds with their important logistical and methodological support (especially, the Contingente dei Carabinieri Italiani in Butmir), as well the internal material provided by the Embassies in Sarajevo (especially, the U.S. one) and other international operators.
In fact, the title is Migrazioni illegali e traffico di esseri umani: le rotte balcaniche –Il caso Bosnia: I tried, through my researches, to follow one of these routes on the inverse sense. When my research-trip arrived in Bosnia, I stopped because I found a strange phenomenon, an internal marked of exploited girls and children.
Because of its important geographical position, Italy represents one of the most vulnerable passages for the trafficking in human beings. At the same time, it represents a country of destination for lots of people coming illegally from Eastern Europe.Because of its important geographical position, Italy represents one of the most vulnerable passages for the trafficking in human beings. At the same time, it represents a country of destination for lots of people coming illegally from Eastern Europe.
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NAVA, ANNALISA. "PRATICHE ILLEGALI, AGIRE CRIMINALE E FENOMENO MIGRATORIO. IL CASO DEL CARA DI MINEO." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/740847.
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Questo elaborato mira a comprendere l’impatto delle politiche securitarie in ambito migratorio sulla realtà concreta del sistema di accoglienza italiano, con un focus particolare sulle dinamiche illegali e criminali che esse contribuiscono a generare. La ricerca si inserisce all’interno di un momento storico molto particolare, che vede le politiche di accoglienza oggetto di cambiamenti su larga scala. Il caso studio analizzato riguarda il Cara di Mineo, il più grande centro di accoglienza nazionale, chiuso definitivamente nel luglio 2019. In questa struttura si ripropongono, amplificati, i meccanismi e i cortocircuiti propri dell’intero sistema. In particolare, l’indagine verte sul labile confine tra pratiche legali e illegali, sviluppatesi in un contesto segnato da marginalizzazione e isolamento. A queste dinamiche afferiscono comportamenti criminali specifici, come lo sviluppo di una cellula di criminalità organizzata nigeriana, che vengono esaminati sempre rispetto alla relazione con il terreno in cui si diffondono. Quella che si configura come una sorta di “fabbrica dell’irregolarità”, secondo i risultati della ricerca sul campo, svolge un ruolo cruciale nella sovrapposizione dei concetti di vittimizzazione e di agency criminale.This dissertation aims to include the impact of securitization policies on the concrete reality of the Italian reception system, with a particular focus on the illegal and criminal dynamics that they contribute to generate. The research is part of a very particular historical moment, which sees reception policies subject to large-scale changes. The case study analyzed concerns the “Cara of Mineo”, the largest national reception center, definitively closed in July 2019. In this structure, the mechanisms and short circuits of the entire system are reproduced, amplified. In particular, the investigation deals with the unstable boundary between legal and illegal practices developed in a context marked by marginalization and isolation. Certain specific criminal conducts belong to these dynamics, such as the development of a Nigerian organized crime cell, which are always examined with respect to the relationship with the ground in which they spread. According to the results of the field research, what is configured as a sort of "factory of irregularity" plays a crucial role in overlapping the concepts of victimization and criminal agency.
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Ollila, Mirkka. "The Rights of Undocumented Migrants in Finland - Different actors’ understanding and representation of the rights in the Finnish newspapers." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22676.
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In this thesis, I analyse how the rights of undocumented migrants are understood and represented by different actors, such as politicians, public sector representatives, and Finnish scholars, in Finnish newspapers between 2015-2019. I conduct an argumentation analysis of secondary source news articles, drawing on a theoretical framework of Differentiation Theory and Social Constructivist Approach. This study identifies some key factors, which have contributed to the construction of an unclear understanding of undocumented migrants' rights. My results show that the identified factors have inter alia, led to significant municipal differences in the provision of rights. I argue that due to various factors, the understanding and representation of the rights of undocumented migrants differ widely, thus creating ambiguity to the overall understanding. The findings contribute to earlier research made on the rights of undocumented migrants in Finland as it examines how the rights are understood and represented and could potentially be employed both in policy development and understanding the concept itself.
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Hay, Frances Lily. "Incapacity, indebtedness and illegality : everyday experiences of poverty and barriers to better life and mobility for a migrant community in Delhi, India." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2012. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/48692/.
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This research offers an ethnographic account of what can be learned about poverty and mobility from Bhatu people’s biographical narratives and everyday experiences. Historically nomadic and labelled a ‘criminal caste’ and ‘backward class’, this migrant community from village Rajasthan now lives in a ‘slum’ resettlement colony on the margins of Delhi. The findings show that Bhatu people’s experiences are shaped by accumulative, interlinked barriers of incapacity, illegality and indebtedness, which leave them most concerned with meeting their basic needs in everyday life. Influenced by cultural norms, their main opportunities for learning are earning and caring roles through which boys and girls prepare for adult life. However, these apprenticeships leave people unable to apply for government posts, unprepared for the formal job market and unskilled for more regular work with higher earnings. In addition, joint-family living perpetuates hierarchy and dependency between household members. The extreme inequalities of power that result not only feed children’s obligations to take on roles and meet responsibilities, but also fuel parent’s rights to expect their children to shoulder their roles and responsibilities on top of their own as they get older. Bhatu people’s illegality of status is intimately linked with their caste, class and gender identities. These are in turn the bases for discrimination, stigmatisation and corruption in their interactions with state representatives while accessing places to live and earn. Marginalised and isolated, their reliance on deviant and criminal activity is an expression of the extent of their needs, indicating the variation with which different peoples in India are able to access constitutional rights or pursue societal approved goals. Bhatu people’s ways of living and earning are further challenged by substance misuse and dependency, which are escalating particularly among men. The deterioration in health, followed by their premature deaths means women increasingly take on supplementary or sole earning roles while at the same time facing marital estrangement or widowhood. In desperate, often tragic circumstances people in general and women in particular turn to unrelenting community saving and borrowing schemes which attract high interest rates and late payment penalties. Such struggles lead households spiralling into indebtedness and leave them unable to create and maintain the conditions for life to continue, let alone pursue a better life. Only in a few cases are women and men successful in their pursuit of more subtle, culturally embedded claims to mobility. However, they are only recognised and legitimised within the Bhatu community and frequently challenged in everyday life.
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Di, Mauro Fabio João Paulo 1961. "Madeira na construção civil : da ilegalidade à certificação." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258583.
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Orientador: Mauro Augusto DemarzoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: Desde o início de sua colonização, o Brasil enfrenta a exploração de florestas nativas, mais especificamente a extração de madeira para os mais diversos fins, provocando o esgotamento de biomas como a Mata Atlântica e ameaçando outras florestas tropicais, principalmente a Amazônia. Atualmente o Estado de São Paulo é o maior consumidor de madeira nativa de origem amazônica e o setor da construção civil um dos seus principais destinos. Estima-se que grande parte dessa madeira seja ilegal ou, mesmo quando sua origem é legal, não haja garantia de que tenha sido extraída de forma a preservar a floresta em pé, pois o desmatamento autorizado por lei promove a derrubada sem selecionar espécies e geralmente transforma a área em pastagens ou agricultura, sendo nocivo do ponto de vista da biodiversidade. Como as políticas públicas são insuficientes para conter a exploração predatória devido a falhas de governança em todas as instâncias, somente ações conjuntas com os demais setores da sociedade civil podem mitigar seus efeitos danosos. Entre essas ações destaca-se a criação de protocolos de cooperação entre o setor produtivo, organizações não governamentais, poder público e centros de pesquisa com o propósito de combater o uso de madeira de origem ilegal na construção civil, incentivando, entre outras ações, a disseminação dos benefícios das certificações, tanto florestal como de cadeia de custódia e a intensificação das fiscalizações com a identificação precisa das espécies transportadas e mesmo estocadas em depósitos que comercializam o insumo, promovendo a exploração ambientalmente correta, socialmente justa e economicamente viável da madeira. Visto que a descrição destes processos é encontrada de forma fragmentada na literatura disponível, o objetivo deste trabalho é dar uma visão sistêmica do fluxo da madeira na cadeia produtiva da construção civil, da origem ao destino. É feita uma revisão da literatura sobre a regulamentação da exploração de florestas no Brasil, a conceituação de madeira ilegal, legal e certificada, quais são as certificações e quem as emite. Adota-se como metodologia uma pesquisa documental reunindo publicações acadêmicas, não acadêmicas, documentos públicos e entrevistas com atores envolvidos, e faz-se um recorte do caminho percorrido pela madeira, das florestas da Amazônia Legal até a chegada aos depósitos e canteiros de obra no Estado de São Paulo, descrevendo quais documentos são necessários para o transporte, como é feita a identificação das espécies durante as fiscalizações e como os protocolos de cooperação estão promovendo ações assertivas para que grupos de interesse do setor da construção civil entendam a importância de adquirir produtos madeireiros de origem certificada, proporcionando uma leitura mais abrangente de todo o processo
Abstract: Since the beginning of its colonization, Brazil has faced the exploitation of its native forests, particularly the extraction of wood for various purposes, causing the depletion of the Atlantic Forest biomes and threatening other tropical forests, principally in the Amazon. Currently the State of São Paulo is the largest consumer of native wood from the Amazon and the construction industry is one of its main destinations. It is estimated that most of this timber is illegal. Even when the origin of the timber is deemed legal, there is no guarantee that it has been extracted in compliance with forest conservation methods and guidelines, since deforestation permitted by law promotes the forest clearance without selecting species and generally transforms the forest into grazing or farming land, causing harm to local biodiversity. As public policies are insufficient to curb predatory exploitation owing to governance failures in all instances, only joint actions with other sectors of civil society can mitigate its harmful effects. These actions highlight the creation of cooperation protocols between the productive sector, non-governmental organizations, public authorities and research centers in order to combat the use of wood in construction, encouraging, among other actions, the dissemination of the benefits of certification when it comes both to forest and chain of custody. Another important action is to intensify inspections with accurate identification of species transported and stored in warehouses where the raw material is sold, in order to promote environmentally responsible, socially beneficial and economically viable exploitation of timber. Considering that the description of these processes is found to be fragmented in the available literature, the aim of this work is to offer a systemic view of the flow of timber within the construction supply chain, from origin to destination. It also provides a review of the literature on the regulation of the exploitation of forests in Brazil, the concept of illegal, legal and certified timber as well as the available certifications and places of issuance. This research is adopted as methodology in the documentary research, combining academic and non-academic publications, public documents and interviews with stakeholders. An overview of the path taken by timber from the forests of The Amazon, up until the arrival at warehouses and construction sites in the State of São Paulo is also presented, describing necessary documentation for transportation, procedures for species identification during inspections and how the cooperation protocols are promoting assertive actions for groups linked to the construction industry, in order to help them understand the importance of purchasing wood products from a certified origin, providing a more comprehensive reading of the whole process
Mestrado
Arquitetura e Construção
Mestre em Engenharia Civil
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McMichael, Christopher Bryden. "The political significance of popular illegalities in post-apartheid South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1640/.
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Souza, Marcos Barcellos de 1980. "Capitalismo e clandestinidade : os subcircuitos ilegais da economia urbana metropolitana." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285800.
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Orientador: Carlos Antonio BrandãoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: Esta dissertação pretende mapear, contextualizar e explicar as principais manifestações e relações decorrentes da ilegalidade presentes numa economia urbana metropolitana. Assim, partindo da análise da necessidade destas práticas para o modo de produção capitalista, busca-se discutir a importância do ilícito na compreensão do fênomeno urbano contemporâneo. Neste sentido, enfatizamos o caráter da acumulação primitiva e sua reposição constante, principalmente nas órbitas não-industriais do capitalismo associado. Também é abordado o papel do Estado na reprodução da ilegalidade, seja através da proteção ao capital mercantil, ou atuando no sentido de potencializar a acumulação capitalista urbana, agravando as desigualdades nas metrópoles. Dessa forma, são estudadas as relações entre informalidade e ilegalidade nas práticas de sobrevivência dos pobres, ¿marginalizados¿ e não-proprietários e na configuração de um mercado imobiliário específico. Por fim, buscou-se integrar estas relações ilegais com as novas questões envolvendo o ilícito, sobretudo os efeitos do tráfico de drogas e do aumento do comércio ilícito na esteira das reformas econômicas liberais dos anos 90
Abstract: This thesis aims to map, context and explain the major events and relationships arising from the illegality present in a metropolitan urban economy. Thus, based on the analysis of the need for these practices to the capitalist mode of production, is seeking to discuss the importance of the illicit understanding to the urban contemporary phenomenon. Therefore, we emphasize the character of the primitive accumulation and it's constant re-position, particularly in non-industrial orbits of associated capitalism. It is also discussed the role of the state in the reproduction of the illegality, either through protection to the merchant capital, or working to improve the urban capitalist accumulation, exacerbating inequalities in the cities. Thus, it is studied the relationship between informality and illegal practices of survival of the poor, "marginalized" and non-owners and the configuration of a specific real state market for the poor. Finally, we tried to integrate these relations with the new issues involving the illicit, especially the effects of drug trafficking and the increase in the illegal trade in the wake of the liberal economic reforms of the 90s
Mestrado
Economia Regional e Urbana
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico
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Hunold, Dagmar. "Die Wahrnehmung von Menschen ohne regulären Aufenthaltsstatus: Kontextualisierung und Argumentationen zu Illegalität und Illegalisierung in deutschen und französischen Printmedien 1992 – 2001." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2008. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A24102.
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In Bezug auf irreguläre Migrationsformen, die sich den bestehenden rechtlichen Einreise- und Aufenthaltsregelungen entziehen, wird nur selten hinterfragt, inwieweit diese durch Attribution von Aufenthaltsmerkmalen konstruiert werden. Entscheidend hierfür ist die national(staatlich)e Zugehörigkeit.
Die vorliegende Arbeit fokussiert die Wechselwirkungen von Illegalität und Illegalisierung. Um die Konstruktionsmechanismen besser aufzudecken, wurde ein Ländervergleich zwischen Deutschland und Frankreich gewählt. So wurden Zeitungsartikel aus jeweils zwei deutschen und französischen Zeitungen inhaltsanalytisch untersucht.
Zwei zentrale Fragestellungen standen im Vordergrund. Zum einen wurde untersucht, in welchem Kontext Illegalität und Illegalisierung thematisiert werden und in welcher Gewichtung sie auftreten. Des Weiteren wurde betrachtet, welche Argumentationen im Umgang mit den Betroffenen im öffentlichen Diskurs dargestellt werden.
Dabei wurde festgestellt, dass stärker als angenommen Illegalisierungselemente in den Medien dargestellt werden, allerdings kaum als solche benannt werden. Illegalität und Illegalisierung werden darüber hinaus kaum in einen Zusammenhang gestellt. Argumente werden selten detailliert dargestellt, wobei in der Regel eine Rückbindung an allgemeine Zuwanderungsdiskurse zu beobachten ist. Ein diskursiver Exkurs deckt wesentliche Unterschiede zwischen Deutschland und Frankreich auf. Die Arbeit versucht, das Bild von Migranten ohne regulären Aufenthaltsstatus zu differenzieren und Fragen im Umgang mit Fremdheitserfahrungen zu erörtern.
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Wawerek, Nora [Verfasser]. "Illegalität als Risikofaktor? Das Leben ohne regulären Aufenthaltsstatus und dessen mögliche Auswirkungen auf Krankheitsbearbeitung und -entstehung : Eine qualitativ vergleichende Studie / Nora Wawerek." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2008. http://d-nb.info/1023233363/34.
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PERGOLIZZI, ANTONINO. "Analisi teorica ed empirica sulla determinazione dei costi e dei benefici sociali generati dalla gestione dei rifiuti. Tra reti sociali e illegalita' , strumenti di governance e buone pratiche." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Camerino, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11581/401739.
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Il lavoro di ricerca proposto in queste pagine si e' cimentato nel tentativo di rispondere a due quesiti, che in realta' racchiudono entrambi un lungo elenco di domande. Il primo e' stato quello di comprendere meglio come si articola e come si manifesta l'illegalita' nel settore dei rifiuti e, soprattutto, perche' ha trovato cosa'¬ ampio spazio nel Paese, seppure articolandosi in maniera abbastanza disomogenea da un punto di vista geografico. Per fare cio', la prima accortezza e' stata quella di non usare solo la chiave di lettura giudiziaria, quanto piuttosto ricorrere agli strumenti interpretativi e metodologici delle scienze sociali per avere una visione olistica e non parziale, se non quando distorta, del fenomeno. Insomma, non e' una vicenda relegabile all'annosa lotta tra guardie e ladri, ma una estrinsecazione violenta della ricorrente modalita' economica e politica di scaricare sulla collettivita' i costi dello smaltimento illegale dei rifiuti. Trattandosi di una forma di crimine di natura prettamente economica e' con i molteplici strumenti e le molteplici declinazioni dell'economia e della sociologia che si e' spaziato nell'intera analisi. Determinante e' stato, dunque, intercettare quegli elementi, di diversa natura, che hanno agevolato il ricorso all'illegalita', adoperando un approccio laico e multidisciplinare al tema. Per rispondere alla prima domanda che in realta' ne racchiude tante altre e' stata dedicata l'intera Parte Prima della ricerca. La seconda domanda e' stata, invece, quella di capire perche' e come ha funzionato il modello di gestione dei rifiuti implementato nei 12 Comuni della Media Vallesina, concretizzatosi attraverso la societa' Sogenus Spa, compagine societaria di diritto privato ma a totale capitale pubblico. Un caso concreto di societa' investita da una mission interamente pubblica perseguita con gli strumenti del diritto privato e dell'economia aziendale. Lungi dal rappresentare un alieno per il territorio, questa societa' si e' invece rivelata punto di snodo e centro propulsore di quel fascio di relazioni che ha consentito la realizzazione senza traumi del sistema di gestione previsto precedentemente solo in astratto. Comprendere cosa ha funzionato, come ha funzionato e perche' ha funzionato, costituisce il nocciolo duro della ricerca. Con l'ambizione di proporre un piccolo contributo di conoscenza allargata, utile sia agli scienziati sociali che ai policymakers chiamati a mettere in pratica strumenti di policies in uno dei settori pia'¹ delicati e foriero di conflitti sociali, soprattutto in un'ottica di prevenzione dai rischi di infiltrazione ecocriminale. A queste domande e' stata dedicata l'intera Seconda Parte della ricerca.
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Silva, Juliana de Sales. "ICMS - load and net change in behavior final consumer." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2011. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9846.
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nÃo hÃThis study aims to analyze the motivation and the effects of Law n 14237 of November 10, 2008, published in the Official Gazette of the State of 11.13.2008, which created the ICMS - Cargo Net, charged in interstate operations aimed to individuals and companies without state registration. It is pointed out as reasons for the enactment of Law n 14.237/08 the evolution of electronic commerce in Brazil and the macroeconomic scenario of the State of CearÃ, analysis of the Gross Domestic Product, the total tax collection, specifically the Tax on Circulation of Goods and Services â ICMS, plus interstate transactions conducted in the state of Ceara. Then presents arguments that call into question the legality of Law n 14.237/08, since their field of focus is not contemplated in the Constitution of Brazil. Finally, we analyze the effects of this charge to the consumer - an individual. For this purpose, we use the methodology, statistical inference with data collected by the IBGE and Ministry of Finance of the State of CearÃ
O presente trabalho se propÃe a analisar a motivaÃÃo e os efeitos da Lei n 14.237, de 10 de novembro de 2008, publicada no DiÃrio Oficial do Estado de 13/11/2008, que criou o ICMS â Carga LÃquida, cobrado nas operaÃÃes interestaduais destinadas Ãs pessoas fÃsicas e jurÃdicas sem inscriÃÃo estadual. Aponta-se como motivaÃÃo da ediÃÃo da Lei n 14.237/08 a evoluÃÃo do comÃrcio eletrÃnico no Brasil e o cenÃrio macroeconÃmico do Estado do Cearà com anÃlise do Produto Interno Bruto, da arrecadaÃÃo total de impostos, especificamente do Imposto sobre CirculaÃÃo de Mercadorias e ServiÃos â ICMS, e ainda das transaÃÃes interestaduais realizadas no Estado do CearÃ. Em seguida, apresentamos argumentos que pÃem em dÃvida a legalidade da Lei n 14.237/08, posto que o seu campo de incidÃncia nÃo està contemplado na ConstituiÃÃo Federal do Brasil. Ao final, sÃo analisados os efeitos dessa cobranÃa para o consumidor final â pessoa fÃsica. Para tanto, utilizamos como metodologia a inferÃncia estatÃstica com dados coletados junto ao IBGE e Secretaria da Fazenda do Estado do CearÃ.
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Pocius, Edvinas. "Imperatyvioms įstatymo normoms prieštaraujančių sandorių negaliojimas Lietuvos ir pasirinktų užsienio valstybių teisėje – dabartis ir ateities perspektyvos." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140603_135237-14240.
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Civilinė teisė jau nuo pat šios teisės šakos atsiradimo Senovės Romoje priskiriama privatinės teisės sričiai, tačiau tai nereiškia, jog valstybė civilinių teisinių santykių dalyviams negali daryti įtakos. Vienas būdų tam yra teisinis reguliavimas imperatyviomis teisės normomis. Toks reguliavimas gali apriboti civilinės apyvartos subjektams galimybę sudaryti jų norimus sandorius, jeigu šie prieštarauja viešajam interesui. Imperatyvią teisės normą identifikuoti nėra taip paprasta, kaip gali pasirodyti – ją vertinant reikia atsižvelgti ne tik į gramatinę jos išraišką, bet ir į tikslus bei uždavinius, objektą ir interesą, kurį ta teisės norma gina, taip pat tos teisės normos sisteminius ryšius su kitomis normomis. Tik nustačius, kad tam tikra teisės norma yra imperatyvi, reikia išsiaiškinti, ar konkretus sandoris sudarytas pažeidžiant šioje normoje įtvirtintą įsakmų reikalavimą arba draudimą ir ar šio pažeidimas lemia būtent sandorio negaliojimą. Lietuvos ir užsienio teisės doktrinoje bei teismų praktikoje pripažįstama, kad sandorių negaliojimo instituto paskirtis – siekti, kad civiliniuose santykiuose būtų užtikrintas teisėtumas, be to įstatymų leidėjas siekia užtikrinti sandorių ir jų pagrindu susiklosčiusių civilinių teisinių santykių stabilumą, apginti civilinių teisinių santykių subjektų teises, įgytas sandorių pagrindu. Šiuos abu tikslus praktikoje suderinti neretai tampa sudėtinga, todėl kyla klausimas, kaip rasti šių įstatymų ginamų vertybių balansą? Be to, minėtus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Civil law is assigned to the area of private law since the emergence of this branch of law in Ancient Rome. But it does not mean that the state can not affect the participants of civil legal relationship. One way to do so is by legal regulation using mandatory rules. Such regulation may restrict ability for entities of civil circulation to create their desired agreements, if they are contrary to the public interest. It is not as easy as it seems to identify mandatory rule – to assess legal norm it is necessary to consider not only grammatical expression, but also goals, tasks, object and interests protected by the legal norm, as well as its systematic connections with other legal norms. After finding that a certain legal rule is imperative, it is necessary to examine if a particular agreement was made in violation of prescriptive requirement or prohibition stated by this mandatory rule and whether consequence of this is the invalidity of the agreement. Legal doctrine and case law in Lithuania and foreign countries recognizes that the purpose of this ground of illegality is to ensure legitimacy in civil relations, in addition to that, it ensures stability of civil circulation. It often becomes difficult to reconcile both of these goals in practice, and the question is how to find the balance between these values protected by law? In addition, these legal values are also protected by other grounds of illegality of agreements, so before choosing the right one, it is worth to... [to full text]
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Wilches, Tinjacá Jaime Andrés. "Del narcotraficante ilegal al narcopopulismo legitimado: a análisis del discurso político de Pablo Escobar en la serie “Narcos” y en medios periodísticos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670402.
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La Tesis Doctoral problematiza los análisis sobre la dimensión política del narcotraficante colombiano Pablo Escobar, los cuales suelen reducirse a su experiencia como Congresista de la República. Esta interpretación trae como consecuencia dos visiones polarizantes: 1. Escobar como un antihéroe de la historia de Colombia; o, 2. Un héroe admirado por su capacidad de posicionar al narcotráfico como un negocio global.
En esta dirección, el objetivo de la investigación es analizar el discurso político de Pablo Escobar en la serie “Narcos” y en documentos periodísticos. El análisis se realizó con una metodología cualitativa de tipo explicativa-correlacional y con el método de la semiótica narrativa del discurso político.
En los resultados, se evidencia que la dimensión política de Escobar produce un populismo ilegal, pero legítimo -a diferencia de las manifestaciones del populismo en Europa y Latinoamérica-. Las conclusiones proponen la categoría de Narcopopulismo como una variable conceptual que explica el mito fundacional de Colombia, la incapacidad de construir nación desde la legalidad y el interés del discurso periodístico y de Netflix por narrar una historia particular para el consumo local y global.The Doctoral Thesis formulates the analyzes on the political dimension of Colombian drug trafficker Pablo Escobar, which are usually reduced to his experience as a Republic Senator, as a research problem. As a consequence, this interpretation leads to two polarizing views: 1. Escobar as an anti-hero in Colombian history; or 2. An admired hero for his ability to establish drug trafficking as a global business. In this regard, this research aims to analyze Pablo Escobar's political discourse in the series "Narcos" and in journalistic sources. The analysis was carried out with a qualitative methodology of an explanatory-correlational type and using narrative semiotics of political discourse as a method. As research results, it is highlighted that Escobar's political dimension produces an illegal, but legitimate populism - unlike populism manifestations in Europe and Latin America-. The conclusions propose the Narcopopulism category as a conceptual variable intended to explain the founding myth of Colombia, the inability to build a nation from legality, and the interest of journalistic discourse and Netflix to tell a particular story for local and global consumption.
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Souza, Taciana Santos de 1986. "A Economia das Drogas em uma abordagem heterodoxa." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286524.
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Orientadores: Ana Lucia Gonçalves da Silva, Marcelo Weishaupt ProniDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: O campo denominado Economia das Drogas engloba complexas relações sociais que consolidam um vigoroso processo de acumulação de capital. Esse setor apresenta especificidades atreladas à clandestinidade, particularidades associadas a cada mercadoria e semelhanças a outras indústrias e setores da economia formal. Esse tema é estudado na presente dissertação, que tem por objetivo contribuir para explicar as razões pelas quais as políticas de proibição às drogas não conseguem cessar este mercado. Para isso, realizou-se o estudo das mercadorias, dos mercados e dos principais atores, bem como da dinâmica e da lógica inerente ao narconegócio, sendo utilizadas referências bibliográficas, avaliações empíricas (apoiadas em estimativas e dados disponibilizados pelo Escritório de Drogas e Crimes da Organização das Nações Unidas ¿ UNODC) e associações das informações disponíveis sobre o narconegócio com teorias e conceitos da abordagem econômica heterodoxa. Os principais resultados mostraram que a demanda global por drogas tem permanecido estável, que as políticas de repressão não cessam o cultivo e a produção, apenas provocam mudanças e deslocamentos entre regiões, e que os preços dos psicoativos têm diminuído nas últimas duas décadas. Concluiu-se que o mercado de drogas ilegais apresenta características próximas às de setores do tipo oligopólio competitivo, mas com altas margens de lucro de longo prazo possibilitadas pelo caráter ilícito e restritas às "empresas" líderes, que adotam como estratégias a flexibilidade e a coerência, destacando-se pela capacidade e velocidade de adaptar-se e de inovar. Finalmente, ressalta-se que a inovação não configura apenas uma vantagem competitiva, mas simboliza a condição de existência do mercado de drogas, contemplando o permanente processo de "destruição criadora" de Schumpeter
Abstract: The field said Economy of Drugs covers complex social relations that consolidates an intense process of capital accumulation. This sector features specificities linked to underground, particularities associated to each product and similarities to other industries and sectors of the formal economy. This subject is studied in this dissertation, that has as goal to help explain the reasons which the anti-drugs policies can¿t cease this market. For that, a study of the products, the market and of the main actors was held, as well as the dynamics and logic inherent to the drugs business, it uses references, empiric evaluations (supported by estimates and data supplied by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ¿ UNODC) and information associations available about the drugs business with theories and concepts of the heterodoxy economic approach. The main results showed that the global demand for drugs remained stable, that the repressive policies did not cease the cultivation and production, it just caused changes and relocation between regions, and that the prices of the psychoactive has declined in the last two decades. It follows that the illegal drugs market present characteristics close to sectors like oligopoly competitive, but with high profit margins for a long term enabled by the illicit character and restricted to leading "enterprises", that adopt as strategies flexibility and coherence, standing out by its capacity and speed to adapt and innovate. Finally, it highlights that innovation not only sets up a competitive advantage, but symbolize the condition of existence of the drugs market, contemplation the permanent process of "creative destruction" of Schumpeter
Mestrado
Economia Social e do Trabalho
Mestra em Desenvolvimento Econômico
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Abissamra, Filho José Carlos. "Sobre ilegalidades do sistema jurídico criminal." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2017. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20463.
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According to Michel Foucault’s studies (or, papers based on Michel Foucault studies), there are no defined limits between legality and illegality; legality and illegality do not necessarily oppose each other; on the contrary, their relationship is useful and functional. Legal system follows the same path that drives economics. Distancing itself from the speech which makes it legitimate, the legal system ends up not accomplishing its social goals, not granting safety and predictability, and not restraining itself. The principle of legality, when applied on everyday situations, ends up being used as a tool to violate rights, which means the opposite of sustaining economic order and safety (legal predictability), leading to vulnerability and unpredictability. That might be the reason why legal system’s legitimacy has been gradually challenged. Tolerance is one way to mitigate the legal system’s inaccuracy. Prior to installing a new criminal policy or before adhering to an already existing one, and, before approving a bill, models (legal prototypes) should be created, which could help to mitigate the effects of the legal system’s inaccuracy as well
Segundo estudos de (e a partir de) Michel Foucault, não há limites rígidos entre ilegalidade e legalidade; legalidade e ilegalidade não se opõem necessariamente; ao contrário, muitas vezes, relacionam-se numa articulação útil, funcional. O Direito segue os mesmos fluxos econômicos e políticos da ordem vigente. Distanciando-se do discurso que o legitima, o Direito não cumpre a sua finalidade de pacificação da sociedade; não confere previsibilidade e segurança; enfim, não se contém. O princípio da legalidade, quando aplicado no dia a dia, revela-se como uma autorização para violar direitos, o que significa o contrário de sustentação da ordem econômica e segurança, mas vulnerabilidade e falta de previsibilidade. É provavelmente por isso que a legitimidade do Direito tem sido gradativamente questionada. Tolerância é uma forma de mitigar os efeitos da inidoneidade do Direito; da mesma forma, protótipos legais antes de instalar uma nova política criminal ou de aderir a uma já existente, ou, antes de aprovar um projeto de lei, também poderia ser uma forma de mitigar os efeitos da inidoneidade do Direito
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Ballot, Squirawski Claire. "Les éléments constitutifs : essai sur les composantes de l'infraction." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS168.
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Les éléments constitutifs sont omniprésents en droit pénal. Pourtant, il s’observe un profond désordre en la matière, où aucun consensus n’existe. Ils varient, selon les auteurs, dans leur nombre et leur contenu. Les hésitations qui les entourent trahissent de profondes incertitudes quant à leur nature, leur objet, ou encore leur fonction. Il existe pourtant un enjeu réel à la détermination des éléments. Instrument principalement didactique, ils sont aussi un outil au service du principe de légalité. Définis par le législateur, ils doivent être vérifiés par le juge pour que la condamnation soit légale. Or, outre le fait que les éléments conditionnent la caractérisation des infractions, ils peuvent aussi en guider la qualification. Pour ce faire, il faut toutefois parvenir à identifier un schéma d’analyse qui, révélateur de l’infraction, vaille pour toutes les infractions. Un tel schéma peut être dégagé une fois l’outil précisé. En revenant sur son émergence, des indices de la nature et de la fonction exactes des éléments peuvent être trouvés. Initialement, ils ont permis de préciser la teneur du comportement infractionnel, en rendant effective une certaine conception de l’infraction. C’est de cette idée qu’il faut partir : elle éclaire sur ce que sont et quels sont les éléments. L’infraction répond à des principes qui lui donnent une certaine physionomie. Elle possède à ce tire des composantes essentielles qui résultent de ce que le législateur n’est pas totalement libre dans le choix des comportements incriminés. Identifiés puis approfondis pour en déterminer la teneur exacte, les éléments constitutifs peuvent être un outil efficace, présentant des intérêts aussi bien pratiques que théoriques. Ils permettent de circonscrire l’infraction, de mieux en appréhender les spécificités et, par suite, de l’identifier, là où les critères actuels se révèlent insuffisants. C’est une approche renouvelée de l’outil qui peut être proposé, laquelle conduit à dégager des éléments qui, une fois précisés, sont la mesure de l’infractionConstituent elements are omnipresent in criminal law. Nevertheless, there is no consensus about them. They vary through the authors in their number and content. The hesitations surrounding them betray deep uncertainties about their nature, object or function. There is, however, a real stake in the determination of the elements. As a primarily didactic instrument, they are also a tool for the principle of legality. Defined by the legislator, they must be verified by the judge so that the conviction is legal. Besides the fact that the elements determine the characterization of infringements, they can also guide their qualification. In order to do this, however, it is necessary to identify a pattern of analysis that, indicative of the infringement, applies to all infringements. Such a scheme can be cleared once the tool has been specified. By returning to its emergence, clues to the nature and exact function of the elements can be found. Initially, they made it possible to specify the content of the offending behaviour, by making a certain conception of the offence effective. It is from this idea that we must start: it illuminates what they are and which they are. The offence corresponds to principles which give it a certain physiognomy. In this respect, it possesses essential components which result from the fact that the legislator is not completely free in the choice of the conduct complained of. Identified and further developed to determine its exact content, the elements can be an effective tool with both practical and theoretical interests. They make it possible to circumscribe the offence, to understand the specificities and, consequently, to identify it, where the current criteria prove insufficient. It is a renewed approach to the tool that can be proposed, which leads to the identification of elements that, once specified, are the measure of the offence
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Falcão, Lívia dos Santos. "Assentamentos informais e regularização fundiária: o caso da comunidade Casa Branca, em Bayeux-PB." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2014. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/5533.
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Previous issue date: 2014-03-28Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
This research proposes to investigate the application of the instrument land tenure regularization in informal settlements in Brazil, through a theoretical, legal and practical contribution of discussions and experiences, which from a technical, political and social reading, we seek from case study of regularization process of the Casa Branca´s community, located in Bayeux/PB, understand the possible problems and blame the actors to do not complete this. Under the time frame between 2006 to 2013 where the first is distinguished to year of initiation, the research focuses on two hypotheses raised regarding non-completion of this process specifically, these being, the lack of integration between the actors involved which are the Municipal government of Bayeux (PMB), the Superintendent of Union Assets/PB (SPU/PB) and the Association of Residents of the Casa Branca community (AMCB), and to disorganization of public documents, as causes of slowness. Based on the empirical of object analysis, the scenario method has been established as the method of analysis, where qualitative and quantitative procedures were applied, either through the use of questionnaires to stakeholders, and a analysis of the process in detail, to be established possible futures scenarios, positive or not, that will materialize the process analyzed. The results confirmed that technical impediments, are responsibility of the SPU / PB, and involving the PMB, are the political impediments the main obstacles to the process, and that the SPU / PB would be the main actor on progress of steps. However, the hypothesis of lack of integration between the actors involved as a factor of slowness was denied, and confirmed that the mess of public documents along with the technical and political impediments found, would be the main reasons for non-implementation of the regularization process of the Casa Branca´s community
Esta pesquisa propõe a investigação da aplicação do instrumento de regularização fundiária em assentamentos informais no Brasil, por meio da análise de um aporte teórico, legal e prático de discussões e experiências, onde a partir de uma leitura técnica, política e social, busca-se estudar o processo de regularização fundiária da comunidade Casa Branca, localizada em Bayeux/PB, e compreender os possíveis entraves e atores responsáveis pela não concretização deste. Sob o recorte temporal de 2006 a 2013, onde o primeiro destaca-se pelo ano de início do processo, a pesquisa debruça-se sobre duas hipóteses levantadas quanto a não conclusão deste processo especificamente, sendo estas, a falta de integração entre os atores envolvidos, que são a Prefeitura Municipal de Bayeux (PMB), a Superintendência de Patrimônio da União/PB (SPU/PB) e a Associação de Moradores da comunidade Casa Branca (AMCB), e a desorganização dos documentos públicos, como causas da lentidão. Com base no objeto empírico analisado, o método de cenários foi estabelecido como forma de análise, onde foram aplicados procedimentos qualitativos e quantitativos, utilizando-se de ferramentas como à aplicação de questionários, nos atores envolvidos, na análise do processo de forma detalhada, para assim, serem estabelecidos os possíveis cenários futuros, positivos ou não, que concretizem o processo analisado. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram que impedimentos técnicos, de ordem da SPU/PB, e políticos, envolvendo a PMB, seriam os principais entraves do processo, e que a SPU/PB, seria o principal ator inibidor das etapas. Entretanto, a hipótese de falta de integração entre os agentes envolvidos como fator da lentidão foi negada, e confirmada que a desordem dos documentos públicos, juntamente com impedimentos técnicos e políticos levantados, seriam os principais motivos da não concretização do processo de regularização da comunidade Casa Branca
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Busco, Paolo. "The defence of illegality in international investment arbitration : a hybrid model to address criminal conduct by the investor, at the crossroads between the culpability standard of criminal law and the separability doctrine of international commercial arbitration." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D087.
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Cette thèse analyse la question relative au cas où, dans l'arbitrage international en matière d'investissements, dont le but principal est l'application des normes visées à la protection des investisseurs, l’État défendeur soutient que l'investissement pour lequel la protection est demandée a été obtenu au moyen d'une forme de criminalité. Dans ce contexte, la défense de l'illégalité soulevée par les État dans les contentieux d'investissement est de plus en plus courante. Cette défense fonctionne selon le schéma suivant : un État hôte enfreint les dispositions de fond que le droit international accorde aux investissements effectués dans un pays étranger, par exemple en expropriant un investisseur étranger de son investissement sans indemnité. Dans le différend qui s'ensuit devant un tribunal arbitral d'investissement, l'État défendeur invoque l'illégalité commise par l'investisseur lors de la réalisation de l'investissement pour se défendre contre la procédure arbitrale intenté contre lui. Le but principal de cette étude est celui de démontrer que des considérations systématiques de nature strictement juridique, aussi bien que de politique juridique, exigent que la défense d'illégalité dans l'arbitrage d'investissement soit strictement restreinte et qu'un tribunal ne puisse décliner d'exercer sa compétence / juridiction que dans des cas exceptionnels. Cette étude aboutit à la conclusion d'après laquelle les tribunaux d'arbitrage devraient plutôt examiner au cas par cas au stade du fond l'ensemble des circonstances soumises devant lui et procéder à une mise en balance appropriée entre les comportements de l'investisseur et ceux de l'État hôteThis thesis addresses the question as to how an investment Tribunal is to react if, in the context of a case brought before it for breach of standards of protection of an investment, the respondent argues that the investment for which protection is sought has been secured by resorting to some form of criminality. Against this background, a defence by the Host State that has become increasingly common is the so-called Defence of Illegality. It operates on the basis of the following scheme : a Host State breaches the substantive provision that international law accord to investments made in a foreign Country, for instance by means of expropriating without compensation the investor's investment. In the ensuing dispute before an investment Tribunal, the defendant Host State raises the illegality committed by the investor in the making of the investment as defence against the breach of the substantive provisions on the protection of the investment, of which it is accused, to avoid responsibility. This thesis intends to demonstrate that both legal and policy consideration dictate that the Defence of Illegality in investment arbitration should be strictly curtailed and that a Tribunal should only decline to exercise its jurisdiction in exceptional cases. Rather, Tribunals should look at the entire set of circumstances at the merits stage and perform a proper balancing test between the conduct of the investor and the Host State
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CANDIANI, GIANLUCA. "HLJEB SA SEDAM KORA ovvero IL PANE DALLE SETTE CROSTE. Lavoro e identità tra i minatori illegali di carbone di Zenica (BiH): etnografia di una realtà post-socialista." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/305212.
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Una vasca da bagno risale lentamente, come sospinta dal soffio di Madre Terra, dalle viscere di una collina metallifera nei pressi di Zenica, nella Bosnia centrale. Un carico di carbone fumante appena estratto è pronto per essere setacciato e caricato su un vecchio camion dell’esercito jugoslavo dalla squadra di minatori che opera in superficie. È così che, dalle profondità della terra dove trovano lavoro centinaia di minatori illegali bosniaci, nasce un florido commercio parallelo di carbone che andrà ad alimentare caldaie e cucine di migliaia di famiglie in tutto il Paese. Ciò avviene in totale assenza di contratti, norme di sicurezza, tutele assicurative o garanzie di alcun tipo per i lavoratori.
Nella città considerata una «Jugoslavia in miniatura», modello del socialismo reale, trainata dalla sua acciaieria (Željezara Zenica) e dall’indotto metallurgico-minerario (più di 50.000 operai), fino agli inizi degli anni Novanta a inebriare l’ambiente economico e socio-culturale era il senso di sigurnost (sicurezza) e di fiducia nel futuro, sprigionate da un paradigma lavorativo fondato sulla Samoupravljanje (Autogestione). Questo metteva al centro la figura dell’uomo-operaio, autentico simbolo del progresso e del miglioramento delle condizioni di vita e lavoro avvenuto nel secondo Dopoguerra.
La dissoluzione della Jugoslavia e la Guerra che ne è seguita, ha portato al collasso del sistema-vita in cui gli abitanti di Zenica hanno vissuto per 50 anni. I lavoratori dell’acciaieria e delle miniere statali sono stati espulsi in massa dal mercato del lavoro senza alternative valide a livello occupazionale, sfavoriti da un contesto economico che orbitava intorno a una sola cometa: l’industria pesante.
Alla luce dei profondi mutamenti occorsi in Bosnia ed Erzegovina nelle ultime decadi, come sono andati riconfigurandosi dal punto di vista lavorativo e sociale, le traiettorie esistenziali degli abitanti di Zenica?
Ho cercato di avvicinarmi a questo interrogativo analizzando il prisma dell’economia sommersa che, negli anni dell’ultimo Dopoguerra e dei piani di aggiustamento strutturali in chiave neoliberista (apertura al libero mercato, privatizzazione delle proprietà sociali, deregolamentazione finanziaria, de-sindacalizzazione delle imprese), ha guadagnato un ruolo di primo piano nell’intero panorama economico-produttivo bosniaco (Divjak & Pugh, 2013).
Attraverso l’etnografia e l’esperienza di lavoro con i minatori illegali di Zenica, ho cercato di indagare la situazione inerente al mercato del lavoro (in particolare l’estrazione abusiva del carbone) e i temi ad esso correlati quali disoccupazione, emigrazione, diritti dei lavoratori, corruzione, sfruttamento, genere e processi di produzione di illegalità in questo particolare contesto post-industriale, post-bellico e post-socialista. L’estrazione illegale dell’oro nero bosniaco, unitamente all’interesse per le questioni che riguardano il complesso e sfaccettato quadro economico-sociale e politico-culturale del Paese, mi ha portato ad intercettare il filone di studi delle Artisanal and Small Scale Mining (ASM), da cui la presente tesi ha attinto parte dell’impalcatura teorica.
Come primo progetto di studi in ambito europeo sulle ASM il lavoro non gode di una letteratura d’area cui appoggiarsi, pertanto l’impianto teorico prenderà spunto da più fonti, rinunciando ad ogni pretesa di esaustività. La speranza è semmai quella di contribuire al dibattito accademico cercando di rendere, attraverso l’etnografia, da un lato la complessità delle nuove relazioni sociali ed economiche legate ad un mutato universo di significati in cui agiscono gli attori del panorama estrattivo artigianale zeničano, dall’altro di presentare le prospettive future di un vasto mondo del lavoro illegale, connesso a scelte politiche ed economiche non solo di carattere locale ma soprattutto federale, nazionale e globale.A bathtub rises slowly, as pushed by the Mother Earth’s breath, from the bowels of a metallic hill near Zenica, in central Bosnia. A cargo of freshly extracted steaming coal is ready to be sieved, stowed in 50 kg bags, and loaded into an old Yugoslav army truck by the miners working outside. Here, from the depths of the earth where hundreds of Bosnian illegal miners find work, a thriving parallel coal trade is born, in order to feed stoves, boilers and kitchens for thousands of families across the country. This occurs in the total absence of contracts, any kind of safety regulations, insurance protections or guarantees for the workers. During the Tito period, this city was considered a «miniature Yugoslavia», a true model of real socialism, driven by both its steel mill (Željezara Zenica) and the metallurgical-mining industries (which employed more than 50,000 workers). Until the beginning of the nineties, the economic and socio-cultural environment was enhanced by the pervasive sense of sigurnost (security) and the confidence in the future, released by a work paradigm based on Samoupravljanje (Self-management). This was focused on the man-worker, an authentic symbol of progress and improvement of living and working conditions, which took place in the second post-war period. The dissolution of Yugoslavia and the consequent war led to the collapse of this life-system, known by the inhabitants of Zenica for 50 years. The steel mill and State mines workers were all expelled from the labor market without valid alternatives in terms of employment. They were also penalized by an economic context based on a single, great and bright direction: the “heavy” industry, fundamental and everlasting point of reference for thousands of workers and citizens. Considering the deep changes occurred in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the last few decades: how the lives of the Zenica (the "Incandescent City") inhabitants have been set up again from a working and social point of views? I tried to approach this question by analyzing the condition of the underground economy. During the last postwar period and throughout the structural adjustment plans in a neoliberal view (for example, the opening to the free market, privatization of social property, financial deregulation, de-unionization of companies), this hidden economy has gained a leading role in the entire Bosnian economic-productive landscape (Divjak & Pugh, 2013). Considering the ethnography and my experience working with the illegal miners in Zenica, I wanted to investigate the situation of the labor market (in particular illegal coal mining) and the related issues, such as unemployment, emigration, rights of workers, corruption, exploitation, gender, conflicts, cooperative methods and illegal production processes in this particular post-industrial, post-war and post-socialist context. The illegal "private" extraction of Bosnian black gold, together with my interest in issues like the complex and diverse economic-social and political-cultural framework of the Country, led me to the specific studies of the Artisanal and Small Scale Mining (ASM), from which the theoretical framework of this thesis is based. As the first European study project on ASM, this work does not have a literature background to rely on, therefore the theoretical framework will be inspired by different sources, without claiming to be exhaustive. My aim (and hope) is to contribute to the academic debate. Through ethnography, I am trying to explain the complexity of the new social and economic relationships connected to the changed life meanings in which the artisanal miners of Zenica are working now. Also, I want to present the future possibilities for the large world of illegal work, deeply linked to political and economic choices, not only local but especially the federal, national and global ones.
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Teixeira, Alessandra. "Construir a delinquência, articular a criminalidade: um estudo sobre a gestão dos ilegalismos na cidade de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8132/tde-14092012-091625/.
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O objeto deste estudo situa-se no campo poroso das práticas ilícitas e sua repressão, no contexto da cidade de São Paulo, a partir da década de 30 do século XX. Através da categoria de análise ilegalismo e sua gestão diferenciada, investigou-se de que maneira práticas de controle social remotas e prolongadas, marcadas pelo arbítrio policial e pela desativação seletiva da lei, como as detenções correcionais, conectaram-se a economias criminais urbanas que, até meados da década de 60, se estabeleceram sobretudo em torno da prostituição, bem como estiveram implicadas em seu declínio. As detenções correcionais, enquanto modos de se imiscuir nas atividades criminais pelas forças policiais, associadas ainda a padrões exagerados de violência institucional, se revelaram cruciais à emergência da delinquência urbana, na década de 70, como fenômeno atinente à criminalidade patrimonial de massa, difusa, de rua. Já nos anos 90, a consolidação de uma nova economia criminal urbana, o comércio varejista de drogas ilícitas, ao lado do intenso recrutamento daquela criminalidade avulsa e patrimonial à prisão, contribuiu à emergência de um fenômeno atribuído neste trabalho como articulação da criminalidade, para o qual, uma vez mais, a gestão dos ilegalismos, em uma renovada versão, desempenha um papel central. Por último, a fim de retratar a dinâmica mais atual da gestão do crime ordinário na cidade, este estudo analisou dados estatísticos sobre as prisões em flagrante na cidade, na tentativa de estabelecer uma espécie de cartografia do crime urbano e sua gestão. Ainda nessa perspectiva, buscou-se recompor, a partir das trajetórias de adolescentes envolvidos na base da estratificação social do crime, do articulado e disciplinar tráfico de drogas ao avulso e violento roubo, as lógicas acionadas à manutenção e reprodução dos mercados criminais urbanos, os renovados papéis desempenhados na trama dos ilegalismos, anunciando-se, por derradeiro, mudanças na divisão do trabalho policial que tendem a acentuar a militarização como princípio organizador não apenas da gestão desses ilegalismos, mas das formas mais contemporâneas de governamentalidade.The object of this study is located in the fluid field of the illicit acts and their repression, in the context of São Paulo City, starting at the years 30 of the Twentieth Century. Through the illegalism analysis category and its distinguished management, the investigation was focused on how remote and long lasting social control practices, marked by Police discretion and by the selective desactivation of the Law, as in corrective arrests, got linked to the urban criminal economies, which up to the middle of the sixties established themselves mostly around prostitution, as well as took part on its decline. The corrective arrests, as ways of intervenience of the Police force on criminal activities, associated with exaggerated patterns of institutional violence, showed themselves crutial to the rising of urban delinquency in the seventies, as an event related to the patrimonial mass criminality, diffuse, street type. As for the nineties, the consolidation of a new urban crime economy, the retail commerce of illicit drugs, together with the intense recruiting of that isolated and patrimonial criminality to jail, has contributed to the surge of a phenomenon qualified in this work as articulation of the criminality, for which, once more, the management of the illegalism, in a new version, performs a main role. Last, in order to focus the most recent dynamics of common crime management in the city, this study analyzed statistic data on prisons in the very act, in the city, in an attempt to establish a certain cartography of the urban crime and its management. Still under this perspective, it was aimed to retrace, taking as departing point the trajectories of teenagers enrolled at the basis of the social stratum of crime, from the well organized and disciplinary drug traffic, to the isolated and violent robbery, the logic connected to the maintenance and reproduction of the urban crime market, the renewed roles performed in the web of the illegalities, announcing, at last, changes in the division of the Police work which tend to increase militarization as the organizing principle not just of the management of these illegalisms, but also of the more contemporary ways of governmentality.
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Stica, Fábio Bastos. "A potencial consciência da ilicitude e o Povo Yanomami." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5423.
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Previous issue date: 2010-11-09This work aims to present a different way of looking at the issue of indian s criminal problem, considering him as a human being with all mental faculties, not equalized to people with incomplete mental development, but always bearing in mind the need to recognition of their culture and traditions. Brazil recognized the indians, through Article 231 of the Federal Constitution, the right to social organization, customs, languages, beliefs and traditions. However, even today the law applicators have great difficulty in enforcing the constitutional precept, the Convention 169 of International Labour Organisation, and the infraconstitutional legislation - Statute of the Indian. The work looks for a little of the history of primitive people related to the law, especially related to the natives who were here at the time of discovery, and also approaches the dogmatic aspects of the culpability. It also brings to light practical situations involving indian peoples in conflict with Criminal Law and the attempted composition between the two cultures, respecting the traditions for the application of penalties. Finally, it presents some situations that are part of everyday life of the Yanomami, but for the Brazilian Criminal Law are considered illegal conducts, availing for that the content of the accomplished interviews of the field research
Este trabalho tem o intuito de apresentar uma forma diferenciada de encarar a problemática penal do indígena, considerando-o como um ser humano dotado de todas faculdades mentais, não se equiparando às pessoas com desenvolvimento mental incompleto, porém tendo sempre em vista a necessidade de reconhecimento de sua cultura e tradições. O Brasil reconheceu aos indígenas, através do artigo 231 da Constituição Federal, o direito à sua organização social, costumes, línguas, crenças e tradições. No entanto, ainda hoje os aplicadores da norma demonstram ter grande dificuldade em fazer valer o preceito constitucional, a Convenção 169 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho, bem como a legislação infraconstitucional − Estatuto do Índio. O trabalho busca um pouco da história dos povos primitivos em relação ao direito, especialmente no que tange aos nativos que aqui se encontravam por ocasião do descobrimento, abordando também os aspectos dogmáticos da culpabilidade. Procura ainda trazer a lume situações práticas envolvendo indígenas em conflito com a lei penal e a tentativa de composição entre as duas culturas, respeitando-se as tradições para aplicação das penas. Por fim, apresenta algumas situações que fazem parte do cotidiano do povo yanomami, mas que para o Direito Penal brasileiro são consideradas condutas ilícitas, valendo-se para tanto do contido na pesquisa de campo, através das entrevistas realizadas
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Cecoltan, Veaceslav. "L'illicéité pénale." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0769.
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Mot propre au langage juridique, l’illicéité signifie la contrariété au droit. Oscillant entre l’illégalité et l’injustice, elle est une catégorie juridique souvent rejetée par les pénalistes. En réalité, l’illicéité aborde les interdits posés par le droit pénal à partir de leurs essences. Elle peut ainsi apparaître inutile et même dangereuse – en droit pénal la contrariété au droit est synonyme d’illégalité et le juge pénal n’a pas à se demander si le comportement poursuivi est en outre injuste. Néanmoins, il convient de ne pas oublier que « même pénale, la loi n’a pas tous les droits » et que les dispositions pénales n’ont pas comme unique destinataire le juge. À l’heure où il est de plus en plus question de regénéralisation et de rethéorisation du droit pénal, l’illicéité mérite en effet d’être placée au centre des réflexions pénalistes, car elle invite à s’intéresser à ce qui est essentiel dans les interdits pénalement consacrés en fonction des besoins et capacités du destinataire principal des dispositions pénales – le profane. En mesure de recouvrir ce qu’on peut réellement attendre d’un non-spécialiste, l’illicéité indique ainsi ce qui doit guider la détermination et la définition des infractions pour que le droit pénal soit légitime et effectif. Dans cette perspective, pour saisir ce que constitue l’essence des interdits pénalement consacrés, il ne suffit pas de se référer aux dispositions pénales mais il faut exploiter entièrement les normes et valeurs révélées par la conscience sociale qui exercent une influence déterminante sur le droit pénal. Car si les repères proprement pénaux ne sont pas en mesure de dévoiler à eux seuls l’essence des interdits, la conscience sociale fournit des critères de justice objectifs et opérationnels adaptés au profane permettant d’aborder adéquatement le droit pénal dans le cadre de l’ensemble normatif dans lequel il s’insèreIllicitness, a word particular to the legal language signifies the defiance of the law. Oscillating between illegality and injustice, it is a legal category often rejected by French criminal lawyers. In reality, illicitness touches the essence of the prohibitions posed by the criminal law. It can thus appear unnecessary and even dangerous – in criminal law the defiance of the law is synonymous with illegality and the criminal judge does not have to wonder if the continued behaviour is also unjust. Nevertheless, we should not forget that “even criminal, the law does not have all the rights” and that criminal provisions are not only intended for the judge. At a time when it is increasingly a question of re-generalisation and re-theorisation of the criminal law, illicitness merits being placed in effect at the centre of the criminal lawyers’ reflections, for it invites interest in what is essential in the prohibitions enacted as criminal by reference to the main recipient of the criminal provisions – the layman. Able to cover what you can really expect from a non-lawyer, illicitness indicates in this way what must guide the determination and the definition of the offences in order that the criminal law is legitimate and effective. In this perspective, in order to grasp what animates deeply the restrictions laid down as criminal, it is not enough to refer to the provisions but it is necessary also to fully exploit the norms and values revealed by the social conscience which exerts a decisive influence on the criminal law. For if the strictly criminal bench marks are not by themselves able to reveal what gives meaning to the forbidden, social awareness provides the objective and operational criteria of illicitness adapted to the layman to adequately address the criminal law in the framework of the normative set in which it fits
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Hartmann, Guilherme Kronemberg. "Processo colaborativo: atuação laboriosa dos sujeitos processuais." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4306.
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A relevância da atuação colaborativa dos sujeitos do processo para o resultado tempestivo e efetivo da prestação jurisdicional. Análise dos modelos de estruturação processual, em adequação ao Estado Constitucional. A invasão dos valores éticos e a releitura do princípio do contraditório, num viés amplo de participação democrática, em configuração dos pressupostos lógicos da colaboração processual. Os deveres das partes, e seus procuradores, potencializados pela parcialidade envolta e pela relação profissional desenvolvida. A pertinência de um juiz ativo e diligente no ideal cooperativo e os deveres extras daí decorrentes. A probidade processual e sua proteção normativa, através das técnicas repressivas de controle social: a litigância de má-fé e os atos atentatórios à dignidade da justiça. O abuso do processo como desvio das situações legais permissivas e sua contenção, sobretudo através do mote da boa-fé objetiva na restrição do exercício de direitos. A preocupação normativa em encorajar/desencorajar comportamentos e o formato disponível para estimular o cumprimento da norma jurídica. O mote da boa-fé objetiva como caminho a ser seguido pelos operadores do Direito na exegese normativa, através da majoração da responsabilidade dos litigantes. Contextualização através do exame de situações específicas.The relevance of the collaborative work in the procedural actions and their contribution to improve adjudication results. Analysis of the systems of structuring procedural and adequacy to our Constitution model. The invasion of ethical values and rereading of the fair hearing principle in logical setting of the assumptions of procedural collaboration. The duties of the parties and their attorneys, fueled by partisanship wrapped and professional relationship developed. The relevance of an active and diligent judge on the cooperative ideal and the extra duties resulting from this. The procedural probity and protection rules through the repressive techniques of social control: the bad-faith litigation and contempt to dignity of justice. The abuse of process as a deviation from permissive legality and the reasoning of the objective good-faith to restrict the exercise of rights. The normative concern in encouraging or discouraging behaviors and the available format to encourage compliance with the rules of law. The reasoning of the objective good-faith, additionally, as a path to be followed by operators of the law in the allocation of more responsibility to the litigants. This contextualization through examination of specific situations.
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Leloup, Gilles. "Crime et analyse économique." Angers, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ANGE0009.
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Les activités illégales peuvent s'avérer plus rentables que les activités légales et conduire, par là-même, une partie de la population à se spécialiser dans ce type d'activités. La formalisation des choix, dans le cadre d'un "modèle économique du crime", permet d'en faire apparaitre la portée pour l'individu rationnel et d'en tirer des enseignements importants pour la politique criminelle. Mais c'est vraisemblablement à son pouvoir prédictif que le modèle doit sa supériorité sur une théorie parfois présentée comme concurrente, celle de la stabilité de la peineIllegal activities can be more profitable than legal activities and a part of the population could come to that king of activity. Choice formalisation, within an "economic model of crime", can allow the field to come out for the rational individual and get important lessons for criminal policy. But it is probably due to its capacity of foresight that the model gets better than a theory, that is sometimes produced as a rival one : the stability of punishment
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Almeida, Leticia Nuñez. "O Estado e os ilegalismos nas margens do Brasil e do Uruguai: um estudo de caso sobre a fronteira de Sant\'ana do Livramento (BR) e Rivera (UY)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8132/tde-11122015-120153/.
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Esta tese é um estudo sobre a relação entre Estado e os ilegalismos nas margens da República Federativa do Brasil e na República Oriental do Uruguai, tendo como recorte empírico a fronteira de Santana do Livramento (BR) e Rivera (UY). O objeto de investigação busca construir uma análise sociológica da fronteira, rompendo com a metodologia nacionalista que envolve conceitos como criminalidade, violência e faixa de fronteira. Para tanto, propõe-se uma análise de como os Estados, brasileiro e uruguaio, operam em suas margens, por meio do triângulo de dispositivos foucaultianos: Soberania, Disciplina e Governo, no intuito de compreender em que medida as práticas e discursos se aproximam e se afastam nesse processo, buscando evidenciar outras fronteiras possíveis nas margens dos Estados, desdobramentos do encontro/separação entre as Soberanias e as Dinâmicas Sociais desses países. Dessa forma, verifica-se que os costumes em comum e a economia de fronteira diferenciam tolerâncias na gestão entre o que é legal e ilegal, e o que é moral e imoral, criando um Mercado Fronteiriço, onde os limites estatais se expandem e as linhas demarcatórias se redesenham pela vida em comum.This thesis is a study of the relationship between the state and illegal acts on the margins of the Federative Republic of Brazil and the Eastern Republic of Uruguay, having as an empirical object the border towns of Santana do Livramento (BR) and Rivera (UY). This investigation seeks to build a sociological analysis of the border, breaking with the nationalist methodology that involves concepts such as crime, violence and border areas. In order to do that, we propose an analysis of how these states Brazil and Uruguay operate on their borders, through Foucault\'s devices: Sovereignty, Discipline and Government, in order to understand to what extent the practices and discourses approach and distance themselves from this process, in an attempt to evidence other possible borders along country lines, outcomes of the meeting/separation between Sovereignty and Social Dynamics of these countries. Thus, we verify that the borders common customs and economy differentiate tolerances in the management of what is legal and illegal and what is moral and immoral, creating a Border Market, in which state limits are expanded and boundary lines are redesigned by the common life.
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Santos, Alessandra Cristina dos. "Produção ilegal do espaço urbano : estudo de São José do Rio Preto - SP." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/4247.
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Previous issue date: 2007-03-29Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
Urban occupation in rural areas by settlements without approval is a growing phenomenon in São Paulo State medium-sized cities, and so far, few works have been carried out about these illegal settlements out of large cities. Such theme-based studies are relevant due to the resulting occurrence of high magnitude negative impacts. The present paper deals with the expansion process of illegal settlements both irregular and unauthorized ones , having as a study case the city of São José do Rio Preto. The aim is to study the phenomenon of illegal settlements production in this city, through their identification and qualification, also the search of causal relationship of this production, analyzing the legal situation and the relationship between this production and public policies and the real estate market dynamics and finally identifying and evaluating the resulting socialenvironmental impacts.
A ocupação urbana em zona rural por parcelamentos sem aprovação é um fenômeno crescente em cidades de porte médio do estado de São Paulo e, até o momento, são poucos os trabalhos realizados sobre esses loteamentos ilegais fora das grandes cidades. É de grande relevância a realização de estudos sobre o tema devido à conseqüente ocorrência de impactos negativos de alta magnitude. A presente pesquisa trata do processo de expansão dos loteamentos ilegais tanto os irregulares, quanto os clandestinos , tomando como estudo de caso o município de São José do Rio Preto. Seu principal objetivo é estudar o fenômeno da produção de parcelamentos ilegais neste município através da identificação e qualificação dos parcelamentos ilegais existentes, da busca da relação causal da produção dos mesmos, analisando a situação legal e a relação dessa produção com as políticas públicas e a dinâmica do mercado imobiliário e, por fim, identificar e avaliar os impactos sócio-ambientais resultantes.
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FERRARIS, VALERIA. "Diventare legali attraverso l'illegalità. Come la legge sull'immigrazione produce devianza." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/201.
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La legge italiana in materia di immigrazione e come questa costringa lo straniero a tentare di raggiungere uno status regolare attraverso l'illegalità è il tema affrontato nello scritto.
Ciò discende da alcune caratteristiche del sistema di ingresso in Italia, dall'applicazione della normative effettuata da una burocrazia lenta ed inefficiente ed infine a causa di alcune caratteristiche del mercato del lavoro.
Le legge italiana in materia di immigrazione viene così a produrre irregolarità istituzionale .
Avendo di fronte a questo scenario, lo straniero entra in modo irregolare, trova lavoro nell'economia informale e dopo cerca di sistemare le carte . Utilizza l'illegalità per raggiungere la legalità. Il successo delle strategie adottate dipende in larga parte dalla capacità dello straniero di comprendere le caratteristiche essenziali del paese in cui si trova e sfruttare così le opportunità possibili. Cercando la via per la regolarità, lo straniero scopre le caratteristiche fondanti dell'Italian way of life.The topic concerns how Italian Immigration Law tends to force foreigners to win legal status through illegality, due to some of its features and its implementation and due to the characteristics of the Italian labour market. Italian Immigration law tends to produce institutionalized irregularity . Given this scenario, foreigners enter illegally, find a job in the underground economy and then try to "fix the papers" once in Italy. They use illegality to become legal. The success of the adopted strategies largely depends on the ability of migrants to understand the essential features of the host country and to exploit the available opportunities. And looking for a way to legality they reveal the essential features of Italian way of life.
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Nyakabawu, Shingirai. "Liminality, Papers and Belonging amongst Zimbabwean Immigrants in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7943.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDIntroduced in 2010, the Dispensation Zimbabwe Program (DZP) regularised undocumented Zimbabwean immigrants in South Africa. When DZP was closed, the Zimbabwe Special Permit was introduced, which was also replaced by the Zimbabwe Exemption Permit. This thesis examines the lived experiences of Zimbabwean migrants from the time they arrived in South Africa without papers, visas, or permits. It then examines the processes of acquiring DZP papers, processes of replacing it, and how conditions on the permits reinforce a particular notion of belonging for Zimbabwean immigrants. I draw on work inspired by the anthropologist Victor Turner’s (1967) concept of liminality to show that Zimbabwean migrants had been going through various phases of uncertain legal statuses which are all liminal. Through accounts of lived experiences and biographical narratives of migrants who see themselves as ‘entrepreneurs’ in Cape Town, I consider how migrant’s experience the structural effects of documentation and having or not having ‘papers’. It starts with a state of “illegality” because of being an undocumented migrant in South Africa. It proceeds to “amnesty” from deportation following the announcement of DZP. It then proceeds to the filling of application forms for legalisation at Home Affairs. The DZP permits make them “liminal citizens” in that they got political citizenship by virtue of being documented, but at the same time, the migrants do not enjoy full citizenship status economically. There is also “legal suspension” as in the period between applications for replacement of the permit with another for example from Zimbabwe Special Permit (ZSP) to Zimbabwe Exemption Permit (ZEP). The imposition of conditions in permits that it will not be renewed or extended throws them into a condition of “temporary conditional legality”. As a result, the liminality experienced is both existential and juridical. Juridical liminality results from uncertain legal status whether the migrant is documented or not. Juridical liminality is inherent in law and immigration policy. Existential liminality is because the uncertain legal status permeates all aspects of Zimbabwean immigrants’ lives and delimits their range of action in different spheres. This includes jobs, transnational capabilities, business, family, housing, and schooling for their children. Most studies on migration do not extend their arguments beyond that permits matter as they see them as giving immediate access to social and economic rights. In this thesis, I do not only examine how a condition of being an undocumented immigrant shapes aspects of immigrants’ lives but I further examine the experiences of living with temporary visas and their impact on their lives and family. Whereas in a rite of passage, the liminal stage is temporary, Zimbabweans in South Africa are living in chronic liminality. In all phases of liminal legality, the thesis demonstrates state power through documents/visas in shaping migrant lives deepening our understanding of immigrant incorporation, exclusion, citizenship and belonging.
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Silveira, Paloma Silva. "Experiências de abortos provocados de mulheres e homens de estratos sociais médios no nordeste brasileiro." Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, 2014. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/16328.
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O aborto provocado é tema constante nas pesquisas brasileiras, na área da Saúde Pública, contudo, as temáticas da decisão e do itinerário abortivo são ainda pouco exploradas, sobretudo quando o aborto é realizado por pessoas de camadas médias. Esta tese visa contribuir para a superação desta lacuna ao analisar experiências de abortos de mulheres e homens pertencentes a estratos sociais médios do Nordeste brasileiro, focalizando a construção da decisão e o itinerário abortivo. Para isto, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa no período de maio a dezembro de 2012, em que foram entrevistadas vinte mulheres e sete homens que passaram pela experiência de interromper uma gravidez. A tese está estruturada em duas partes. Na primeira parte, apresentamos uma revisão bibliográfica, a linha argumentativa da tese, os objetivos da pesquisa e o posicionamento teórico adotado referente a gênero e poder. Na segunda parte, são apresentados uma discussão metodológica e os resultados em forma de três artigos. No Artigo I, discutimos como a prática do aborto está envolta pelo segredo no Brasil e as consequências disto para a realização do estudo. Assim, analisamos as três lógicas identificadas que impõem o segredo ao aborto: a legal, a moral e a relacional e, posteriormente, tratamos dos aspectos metodológicos. No Artigo II, analisamos a construção da decisão pelo aborto. Constatamos que, para compreender a construção da decisão, temos que entendê-la como um processo composto por distintos momentos: a suspeita/confirmação da gestação, o pensar sobre o desfecho da gravidez, a tomada de decisão pela interrupção, o viabilizar esta decisão e o efetivar o aborto. No Artigo III, analisamos, especificamente, as experiências de aborto realizadas em clínicas privadas. Verificamos que existem diferentes clínicas e diversas modalidades de atendimento realizadas pelos médicos nestes serviços privados. Discutimos, assim, como a ilegalidade do aborto expõe as mulheres a situações de total vulnerabilidade. A tese é finalizada com algumas considerações relacionadas às contribuições da pesquisa.
Induced abortion is a constant theme in Brazilian research in the area of Public Health, however the themes of the decision and the abortion route are yet unexplored, especially when the abortion is performed by people of middle class. This thesis aims to contribute to overcoming this gap by analyzing the experiences of abortions in women and men from middle social strata of the Brazilian Northeast, focusing on the construction of the decision and the abortion route. For this, a study was conducted in the period May to December 2012, in which 20 women and seven men who had the experience to end a pregnancy were interviewed. The thesis is structured in two parts. In the first part we present a literature review, the line of argument put forward in this thesis, the theoretical position adopted regarding gender and power, and detail to support the research objectives. In the second part a methodological discussion and the results in the form of three articles are presented. In the article I discussed the way in which the practice of abortion is shrouded by secrecy in Brazil, and the consequences for the study. Thus, we analyzed the three identified logics that impose the secret abortion: legal, moral and relational, and subsequently treat the effects and methodological answers. In Article II analyzes the construction of the decision to abort. We note that to understand the construction of the decision we have to understand it as a process composed of distinct moments: the suspicion/confirmation of pregnancy, think about the outcome of pregnancy and decision making by the interruption, enabling the decision and the effect abortion. In Article III specifically analyze the experiences of abortions performed in private clinics. We found that there are different modalities and clinical care provided by the doctors at these clinics. Discussed, as well as the illegality of abortion exposes women to situations of complete vulnerability. The thesis concludes with some considerations related to the contributions of the research.
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Rezende, Reinaldo Oscar de Freitas Mundim Lobo. "O confisco da propriedade rural frente à cultura de plantas psicotrópicas." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5139.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
il tema di questo studio accademico è la confisca delle aziende agricole, dove le piantagioni illegali di piante psicotrope sono trovate ai sensi dell'articolo 243 del testo originale della costituzione del 1988. L'obiettivo di questo lavoro è di servire come un apparato di lavoro giuridico per gli operatori del diritto capire i limiti dell'Istituto della confisca davanti la coltivazione illegale di piante psicotrope. Ci sono come vettori insegnamenti dell'ermeneutica costituzionali, visto che l'istituto è espressamente prevista dalla Costituzione, così come gli approcci di studiosi di diritto agrario, istituto specifico a cui pensare. Il lavoro si propone di costituire un motivo per lo studio della legge agraria, in un contesto di crisi e mancanza di paradigmi attraverso lo sviluppo di nuovi concetti teorici che rearticulem il pensiero giuridico prima di cambiamenti istituzionali. La ricerca ha carattere teorico e seguiti, in primo luogo, le opere e le pubblicazioni di costituzionalisti e Jus-agraristas, rispettando l'individualità di quest'ultimo ramo particolare, anche passando per i filosofi e il pensiero degli storici della società agricole brasiliane, che affrontano la questione della terra. Inizia nel primo capitolo, che è giustificazione filosófica, storica e giuridica de la nascita e la giustificazione della funzione sociale della proprietà rurale. Questo tipo di funzione sociale, perché si riferisce a qualcosa lasciata a tutti gli uomini da Dio (la terra), ha motivi di conferma più evidenti che il comune "funzione sociale di tutti i beni umani." Nel secondo capitolo si spiega, a partire dalla dottrina della giustizia-agrario, che è un'azienda agricola, diversa dal cittadino, attraverso la percezione e la progettazione di elementi di attività agraria, progettato e costruito nel concetto dottrina agraria. Piante psicotrope vietati sono elencati e spiegati, le sue caratteristiche principali e le loro componenti di droga. In questo capitolo ci impegniamo, partendo dall'interpretazione dei regolamenti emessi da Anvisa, come caratterizzare una cultura illecita / illegali. Nel terzo capitolo si occupa specificamente con i limiti della confisca agraria prima compreso. Ali, avanzando in diversi punti della dottrina referenciadora (sovranità del potere costituente originale, l'ermeneutica costituzionali, principi costituzionali tutelari di terreno e proprietà privata) e facendo la comprensione della lettura delle collezioni dela Assemblea nazionale costituente in materia di confisca, si possono raggiungere i risultati di preparazione dei confini di confisca, soprattutto se si verifica o meno proprietario di colpa nella coltivazione, e se si verifica in tutto il zona rurale o solo in modo efficace piantato. Ci sono così gli obiettivi di fornire al lettore in questo lavoro: sapere che cosa è un'azienda agricola; sapere che cosa è una cultura illegale di piante psicotrope; comprendere la filosofica, storica e giuridica esistenza antica riconoscimento della funzione sociale della proprietà privata; sviluppare e trovare la dottrina la confisca si verifica indipendentemente dal proprietario di colpa, e nella superficie coltivata o in tutta l'area.
O tema desta dissertação de mestrado é o confisco das propriedades rurais onde sejam encontradas culturas ilegais de plantas psicotrópicas, previsto no artigo 243 desde a redação original da Constituição de 1988. O trabalho visa servir como aparato ao trabalho dos pesquisadores do direito, de compreensão dos limites do instituto do Confisco frente às culturas ilegais de plantas psicotrópicas. Têm-se como vetores os ensinamentos de hermenêutica constitucional, visto que o instituto está elencado expressamente na Constituição, bem como abordagens dos doutrinadores do Direito Agrário, ramo específico do Direito. O trabalho objetiva constituir fundamento para o estudo do Direito Agrário, por meio de novas concepções teóricas que rearticulem o pensamento jurídico diante de transformações institucionais. A pesquisa realizada tem caráter teórico e seguiu, primeiramente, as obras e publicações dos constitucionalistas e jus-agraristas que se tem, respeitando as individualidades deste último ramo peculiar, passando também pelos filósofos e pelos pensamentos dos historiadores das sociedades agrárias brasileiras, que abordam o tema terra. Inicia-se no primeiro capítulo, com uma apreciação filosófica, histórica e jurídica do surgimento e justificação da função social da propriedade rural. Essa modalidade de função social, por se referir a algo recebido pelo Homem da natureza (a terra), possui fundamentos de confirmação mais evidentes que a comum “função social de toda e qualquer propriedade humana”. No segundo capítulo, explica-se, partindo-se da doutrina jus-agrária, o que é uma propriedade rural, diferindo-a da urbana, através da percepção e dimensionamento do elemento atividade agrária, conceito elaborado e edificado na doutrina agrária. As plantas psicotrópicas proibidas são listadas e explicadas, suas características principais e seus componentes entorpecentes. Nesse capítulo elabora-se, partindo-se da interpretação dos normativos editados pela Anvisa, como caracterizar-se uma cultura como ilícita/ilegal. Também se demonstra a existência de uma estratégia de combate às drogas na Constituição. No terceiro capítulo abordam-se especificamente os limites do confisco agrário já antes compreendido. Ali, avançando em diferentes pontos da doutrina de referência (soberania do poder constituinte originário, hermenêutica constitucional, princípios constitucionais tutelares da terra e da propriedade privada) e, fazendo a compreensão da leitura dos acervos da Assembleia Constituinte sobre o tema confisco, se pode atingir os resultados de elaboração dos limites do Confisco, especialmente que ele se justificará em toda a propriedade, e não só na parcela plantada, bem como que ele não depende do dolo ou culpa do proprietário mas se exclui a responsabilidade em casos de força maior, caso fortuito ou culpa exclusiva do Estado. São, assim, objetivos a se proporcionar ao leitor nesta dissertação: saber o que é uma propriedade rural; saber o que é uma cultura ilegal de planta psicotrópica; perceber a existência filosófica, histórica e jurídica do reconhecimento da função social especial da propriedade rural, bem como a existência de uma estratégia nacional de combate às drogas na Constituição; conhecer o confisco frente à cultura de psicotrópicos; elaborar e constatar na doutrina se esse confisco se dá independente de culpa do proprietário, bem como se na área plantada ou se em toda a propriedade.
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Holmes, Veronica Menezes. "Stories of Lynwood Park." Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia State University, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/history_diss/11/.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2008.Title from title page (Digital Archive@GSU, viewed June 7, 2010). Clifford M. Kuhn, committee chair; Ian C. Fletcher, Charles G. Steffen, committee members. Includes bibliographical references (p. 442-459).