Academic literature on the topic 'Illegal immigration – Government policy – Australia'
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Journal articles on the topic "Illegal immigration – Government policy – Australia"
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Filus, Adam. "Stosunek rządu Australii do nielegalnej migracji w latach 1996–2018." Poliarchia 6, no. 1(10) (September 26, 2019): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/poliarchia.06.2018.10.03.
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Australian Governments’ Stance on Illegal Immigration in 1996–2018
Australia is well known for its strict immigration policy. It results from the country’s constant struggle with the flow of illegal migrants, brought to Australian shores through human smuggling. The author analyses immigration policies of five Prime Ministers representing two major Australian parties: the Liberal Party of Australia and the Australian Labor Party. Starting with the premiership of John Howard (1996–2007), and ending with Malcolm Turnbull’s era (2015– –2018), the author examines the situation of illegal immigrants in Australia and changes in immigration and asylum policies.
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Syahrin, M. Alvi, and Brianta Petra Ginting. "LEGAL INTERPRETATION OF DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION DECREE NUMBER IMI-0352.GR.02.07 OF 2016 CONCERNING THE HANDLING OF ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS THAT SELF DECLARED AS AN ASYLUM SEEKERS OR REFUGEES IN IMMIGRATIVE SELECTIVE POLICY: HIERARCHY THEORY OF LEGAL." Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Keimigrasian 2, no. 1 (April 26, 2019): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.52617/jikk.v2i1.47.
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Displacement is a form of population movement that has different characteristics than other forms of population movement. The movement of population, both in the national territory and those that have crossed national borders, is an event that has long existed in human history and is increasingly happening now. The increasing number of asylum seekers and refugees to the territory of Indonesia, has caused social disturbances, political security, and even order in the community. The number of their arrival is not proportional to the completion rate or placement to the recipient country (Australia). To deal with the problem of asylum seekers and refugees entering and residing in the territory of Indonesia, the government issued a Director General of Immigration Decree Number: IMI-0352.GR.02.07 of 2016 concerning the Handling of Illegal Immigrants who Self Declare as Asylum Seekers and Refugees. This regulation not only affirms Indonesia's position in favor of refugee humanitarian policies, but also makes it incompatible with the legal principles of establishing legislation. The formulation of the problem examined in this paper is how the legal position of Director General of Immigration Decree in the immigration selective policy with a hierarchical theory approach to legal norms. The research method used is normative legal research that is qualitative in nature with mixed logic (deductive and inductive). From the results of the study can be known several legal facts as follows. The legal status of Director General of Immigration Decree Number: IMI-0352.GR.02.07 in 2016 creates disharmony in the legal order (immigration) in Indonesia. Article 7 of Law Number 12 of 2011 has established a sequence of laws and regulations which form the basis for the implementation of all legal regulations in Indonesia. The provisions of this article are in line with the Hierarchical Theory of Legal Norms (Hans Kelsen) which explains that lower norms, valid, sourced and based on higher norms. However, this theory is not negated in the formation of these regulations, where in the body the norms conflict with each other with higher legal norms above. The existence of this regulation has created norm conflicts that lead to the absence of legal certainty. As for the higher regulations that contradict these regulations are as follows: The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, Law Number 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration, Government Regulation Number 31 of 2013 concerning Regulations for Implementing Law Number 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration, and Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number M.HH-11.OT.01.01 of 2009 concerning Organization and Work Procedures of Immigration Detention Houses. Conflicting legal norms include: Definition of Detention Center, Determinant Definition, Refugee Handling, UNHCR and IOM Authority in Refugee Handling, Discovery, Collection, Immigration Oversight, Funding, and Sanctions.
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Esafrin, Aninda Novedia, Antikowati -, and Gautama Budi Arundhati. "Legal Consequences of Refugees’ Visa Misuse to Obtain Indonesian Citizenship." Indonesian Journal of Law and Society 1, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ijls.v1i2.17479.
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This paper aims to examine problems regarding the possible abuse by refugees inconsistent with Indonesia’s laws and regulations. In the context, the government can make efforts to deal with refugees who enter Indonesia illegally and the government can formulate new laws and regulations that can discuss problems caused by refugee actions in more detail, clearly and in detail, starting from the arrest process to the sanctions process that is obtained. Because until now Indonesia has not had this policy. Those refugees' status then serves the purpose to get a decent living in a recipient country such as Australia. Misuse of visas is widely used by refugees because Indonesia implements a visa-free system of visits to 169 countries in the world. Visa-Free Visit Policy based on President Regulation Number 125 of 2016 concerning Visa-Free Visit. In this regard, the country needs to anticipate the increasing number of visa misuse for refugees entry to Indonesian territory by sending them to immigration detention centers as a form of sanctions imposed before returning to their country and making deportation the last step in resolving the visa misuse problem committed by refugees.
KEYWORDS: misuse of visa in Indonesia, immigration detention, refugee deportation.
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Jones, Stephen. "Reconceptualising the Governance of Migration Policy in Australia." Hrvatska i komparativna javna uprava 19, no. 3 (September 27, 2019): 377–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.31297/hkju.19.3.2.
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This article offers a comprehensive assessment of the current trends in the governance arrangements of migrant settlement policy in Australia. It outlines the context of migrant policy as an important element of nation building and in contributing to the most multicultural society in the OECD. While immigration remains popular with the majority of Australians it is not without challenges in terms of coordination between levels of government to achieve effective outcomes. The lessons from Australia have relevance for other multilevel systems in terms of the need for cooperative approaches that combine top down and bottom up contributions from government agencies at all levels and non-government organisations. The article provides an analysis of governance issues from the perspective of the major stakeholders. The key question addressed in this paper is; what are the key challenges and opportunities of establishing cooperative approaches to immigration policy in a multilevel system? Issues involved in a potential transition of Australia’s immigration policy from a centralist approach to a more cooperative approach will be examined through the lens of a framework of analysis that consists of three scenarios for the structure of immigration policy: the centralist, the cooperative and the asymmetric scenarios.
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Wicaksono, Dava Irfani. "Illegal Immigrants Between Indonesia Australia: How the Law and Policy Solving the Problems?" Digest: Journal of Jurisprudence and Legisprudence 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 91–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/digest.v2i1.48635.
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In the recent years, cases of illegal immigrants from Indonesia to Australia have been escalated, so Australia itself created a rule that functioned for those dark or illegal immigrants were unable to enter the Territory Australia. The rules are the policy of the rule of the country and the third policy and whether Indonesia itself is a sovereign state that has had an excellent policy in resolving cases of illegal or ilelal immigrants within its territory Own. With the methodology of the juridical approach of Normative, using primary and secondary data, studying and evaluating several principles and legal norms relating to the sovereignty of the State and illegal immigrants obtained from libraries and regulations Then in a qualitative descriptive analysis to derive conclusions. In Indonesia's policy must have been regulated through LAW No. 6 of 2011 on immigration, which is where there is a solution in the case of dark immigrants. But this is still not effective in handling the issue of illegal immigrants and is a partial where it still makes illegal immigrants or illegally victims of casualties and the absence of sanctions and deterrent effects against them. Indonesia should make the national sovereignty principle a guideline for making regulatory policies regarding illegal immigrants.
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Nicholson, Frances. "Implementation of the Immigration (Carriers’Liability) Act 1987: Privatising Immigration Functions at the Expense of International Obligations?" International and Comparative Law Quarterly 46, no. 3 (July 1997): 586–634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300060814.
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It is now a decade since the United Kingdom, along with Germany and Belgium, followed the policy of traditional countries of immigration, such as the United States, Canada and Australia, and introduced legislation which provides for the imposition of fines on carriers for bringing in passengers with incorrect papers.1The Immigration (Carriers' Liability) Act 1987 (“the Act”)2imposed fines on carriers of £1,000 for each illegal entrant brought to the United Kingdom. This fine was doubled in August 1991 and two years later extended to cover passengers without transit visas where these were required.3
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Guzman, Mark G., Joseph H. Haslag, and Pia M. Orrenius. "Government policy under price uncertainty: A source of volatility in illegal immigration." Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique 48, no. 3 (August 2015): 940–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/caje.12164.
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Putra, Fikri Madani Tara, and Anindito R. Wiraputra. "IMMIGRATION POLICY IN EFFORTS TO ERADICATION AND PREVENTION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING." Journal of Law and Border Protection 2, no. 1 (May 20, 2020): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52617/jlbp.v2i1.183.
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The large potential for transnational crime in Indonesia is a problem that needs to be addressed. In this case it is a problem of human trafficking, these problems are very complex and complicated to solve. This trafficking is usually aimed at children and women. There are so many modes used by these perpetrators, one of them is through sending illegal Indonesian Workers. The government began to move specifically in the field of immigration in carrying out efforts to combat human trafficking in violation of human rights, because immigration is the front guard in examining people who leave or enter Indonesian territory. Selective policy helps immigration parties in the Immigration Examination Site in selecting foreigners who enter the territory of Indonesia. And immigration also supervises the sending of Indonesian Workers abroad. This supervision is intended to avoid sendingillegal Indonesian Workers.
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Ogbeifun, Lawrence. "Job Search With Legal and Illegal Workers: A Comparative Static Analysis." Economics and Business 34, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 156–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eb-2020-0011.
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AbstractThis paper incorporates government immigration policy variables in a job search and match framework to examine its implication on labour market outcomes. The main assumption is that illegal workers can be penalized by receiving lower equilibrium wages or face possible deportation; and government can regulate illegal workers by introducing a “caught variable”, η, in the model. By a comparative statics analysis, the study has revealed that changes in the wages of illegal workers have both direct and indirect effect on wages of legal workers. Also, an important finding is that η has positive impact on most of the labour market parameters considered in the study.
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Balqis Romulia, Aldelita Putri. "SECURITIZATION OF ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS ON THE SOUTH BORDER OF THE UNITED STATES BY PRESIDENT DONALD TRUMP: FOREIGN POLICY CHANGES." Jurnal Dinamika Global 8, no. 01 (June 29, 2023): 133–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.36859/jdg.v8i01.1557.
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The United States is a country that implements a free and most open immigration foreign policy in the world as evidenced by the acceptance of hundreds of thousands of regional and international immigrants each year. The government that is given the responsibility to lead the country will give priority to immigration issues to be formulated in foreign policy. In the era of President Donald Trump, the issue of immigrants was focused on solving the problem of illegal immigrants at the Southern border with an America First approach and securitization measures. This research will focus on the factors that became the basis for President Donald Trump's consideration of securitization in order to change United States immigration policies, using the framework of The Politics of Foreign Policy Change, namely the identification of global and domestic conditions with political and economic elements as factors that underlying changes in a country's foreign policy. This study argues that President Trump's securitization actions in the context of changing US immigration policy are based on global political conditions, namely the presence of transnational crimes such as identity fraud, drug smuggling, and criminal acts. Global economic conditions, related to immigrants with low wages undermine the standard minimum wage for American workers. Political domestic factors are related to the fulfillment of President Trump's campaign promise to protect the homeland and people of the United States from the threat of illegal immigrants on the southern border. Domestic economic factors are related to American jobs which are occupied by illegal immigrants by falsifying their identities at companies and impacting the loss of the right to social security for United States citizens.
Keywords: Foreign Policy Changes, Immigration Policy, Securitization.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Illegal immigration – Government policy – Australia"
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Toussaint, Nicole G. "The Metropolitan Dimensions of United States Immigration Policy: A Theoretical and Comparative Analysis." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1065.
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Municipal unauthorized immigration policy, as an area of study, is underexplored. The literature is in the early stages of development, and little specific theory to guide research exists. To advance this emerging field, my study addresses two questions. First, what unauthorized immigration policies do local governments pursue, under what circumstances, and for what reasons? Second, what explains city-to-city variation in municipal responsiveness to the policy preferences and interests of residents without legal status?
The dissertation also presents a typology of municipal responsiveness to unauthorized immigrants, based on my exploratory research. To explain intercity differences in the policy processes and choices of local government, I explore three possible explanations--Hero's (1998) social diversity thesis, urban regime theory, and political culture and policy entrepreneurship. My study engages these theoretical ideas with the findings of a comparative case study of three mid-size, reemerging gateway cities: Sacramento, California; Denver, Colorado; and Portland, Oregon. I explore whether associations between local factors and municipal unauthorized immigration policy emerge in the recent history of the three case cities.
Analysis of data gleaned from document study suggests that political culture, as expressed through entrepreneurial political leaders, has been important in shaping regime development and subsequent policy action on unauthorized immigration, while differences in the ethnoracial structure of cities accounts for variation in policy approach.
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Rutland, Suzanne D. "The Jewish Community In New South Wales 1914-1939." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6536.
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Rutland, Suzanne D. "The Jewish Community In New South Wales 1914-1939." University of Sydney, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6536.
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Rempe, Diana. "On Thin ICE? Domestic Violence Advocacy and Law Enforcement-Immigration Collaborations." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1638.
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The public focus on domestic violence has been one of the most successful campaigns of the modern women's movement. This success was achieved in part through the creation of strategic alliances among agencies and organizations responding to partner violence. One of the most contested of these alliances involved partnering with the criminal justice system. While representing an advance in holding police accountable in protecting all citizens (Coker, 2006), this alliance has had problematic consequences, particularly as it has extended state power into the lives of women of color (e.g. Richie, 2005). This problem is exacerbated by new collaborations between law enforcement and Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). Federal mandates like the Secure Communities program bring together local law enforcement and ICE throughout the United States, to increase deportation rates (Immigration and Customs Enforcement, 2009). As a result, many recommendations by domestic violence advocates to survivors now potentially include the presence of ICE in that referral.
This dissertation explores how domestic violence advocates within the tri-county area of Portland, Oregon are responding to law enforcement-ICE partnerships. Advocates remain understudied in the domestic violence literature, in spite of the complexity of their roles. This dissertation fills this research gap in examining the processes advocates employ in responding to dilemmas faced by marginalized survivors. A total of twenty-five advocates from three separate agencies participated in the study, which centered on focus groups carried out in the agency settings.
The dissertation pursues three research questions: 1) How do advocates work through a key dilemma that has emerged in their practice? 2) What are the discursive strategies enlisted by advocates in addressing a dilemma at the border of domestic violence and immigration politics? 3) What is the relationship between each group's proximity to working with undocumented survivors and their decision-making process?
A case study methodology was used to evaluate proximity to work with undocumented survivors and the organizations' general orientation to domestic violence work. Transcripts of the focus groups were analyzed using a discursive method centered on identifying how the groups worked through a set of dilemmas presented in the focus groups, which involved a crisis call scenario involving an undocumented woman and an agency practice common to many domestic violence service providers.
In the analysis of discursive strategies of the groups, a key finding centered on the groups' use of a decision-tree heuristic to work through dilemmas of practice presented in the two scenarios. This discursive strategy facilitated the process of group decision-making at points where the actions required were clear and concrete. However, as more complexity, ambiguity or ambivalence were introduced, the limitations of the decision-tree strategy become more apparent.
Findings related to the agency's proximity to undocumented workers suggest that this affinity was less important than was the agency's working relationship to the Criminal Justice System (CJS). Closeness to the CJS was associated with reliance on a discourse that places the police at the center of services for all survivors of domestic violence, regardless of documentation status, and a heightened focus on the risk of lethality to rationalize the risks associated with referrals involving law enforcement-ICE collaborations.
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Biria, Ensieh. "Figurative Language in the Immigration Debate: Comparing Early 20th Century and Current U.S. Debate with the Contemporary European Debate." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/234.
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This study analyzes newspaper coverage of immigration reform in mainstream newspapers prior to, and following the debate in June 2007. The newspaper text is analyzed using metaphor interpretation supported by content analysis. The quantitative result categorizes the identified metaphors in three distinct metaphor categories about: immigrants and immigration, immigration policy and enforcement, and metaphors about the debate and immigration issue itself. The relative distribution of metaphors among categories is provided. Using an open coding process, emergent metaphor categories are identified. The qualitative findings describe metaphors and schemas that were potentially activated by particular metaphorical phrases in this context. Lastly, this research compares the similarities and differences of the immigration debate of the early 20th century with the contemporary U.S. and European debate.
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Malavaux, Claire. "Cultivating indifference : an anthropological analysis of Australia's policy of mandatory detention, its rhetoric, practices and bureaucratic enactment." University of Western Australia. School of Social and Cultural Studies, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0120.
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This thesis is based on a particular domain of anthropological inquiry, the anthropology of policy, which proposes that policy be contemplated as an ethnographic object itself. The policy I consider is Australia's refugee policy, which advocates the mandatory detention of
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Rogalla, Barbara, and com au BarbRog@iprimus. "Framed by Legal Rationalism: Refugees and the Howard Government's Selective Use of Legal Rationality; 1999-2003." RMIT University. Global Studies, Social Science and Planning, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080122.100946.
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This thesis investigated the power of framing practices in the context of Australian refugee policies between 1999 and 2003. The analysis identified legal rationalism as an ideological projection by which the Howard government justified its refugee policies to the electorate. That is, legal rationalism manifested itself as an overriding concern with the rules and procedures of the law, without necessarily having concern for consistency or continuity. In its first form, legal rationalism emerged as a
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Davies, Evan. "Mandatory detention for asylum seekers in Australia : an evaluation of liberal criticism." University of Western Australia. Political Science and International Relations Discipline Group, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0202.
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This thesis evaluates the policy of mandatory detention for asylum seekers maintained by successive Australian governments against several core liberal principles. These principles are derived from various accounts of liberal political thought and the major themes and criticisms inherent in the public debate over the policy. The justifications of the policy given by the Australian government and the criticisms enunciated by scholars, refugee advocates and non-government organisations with respect to the policy strongly correspond with the core liberal principles of fairness, protecting the rights of the individual, accountability and proportionality. The claims of the critics converge on a central point of contention: that the mandatory detention of asylum seekers violates core liberal principles. To ascertain the extent to which the claims of the critics can be supported, the thesis selectively draws on liberal political theory to provide a framework for the analysis of the policy against these liberal principles, a basis for inquiry largely neglected by contributors to the literature. This thesis argues that, on balance, the mandatory detention policy employed by successive Australian governments violates core liberal principles. The claims of the critics are weakened, but by no means discredited, by the importance of the government's maintenance of strong border control. In the main, however, criticisms made by opponents of the policy can be supported. This thesis contributes to the substantial body of literature on the mandatory detention policy by shedding light on how liberal principles may be applicable to the mandatory detention policy. Further, it aims to contribute to an enriched understanding of the Australian government's competence to detain asylum seekers.
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Steil, Justin Peter. "Democracy and Discrimination: Analyzing Diverging Local Responses to Immigration." Thesis, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8TH8KMS.
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Over the past decade, cities have passed an unprecedented number of laws seeking to drive undocumented immigrants from their jurisdictions. At the same time, however, large numbers of cities have passed policies seeking to incorporate recent immigrants into local civic and social life, regardless of immigration status. What explains why similar cities have responded so differently?
Quantitative analysis tests the explanatory power of theories of political opportunity structure, labor market competition, demographic changes represented as threats, and the exclusionary tendencies of homeowners in predicting the passage of exclusionary and inclusionary ordinances in cities nationwide. The predictors of the passage of exclusionary ordinances are consistent with the salience of political opportunity structure, demographic changes represented as threats, and the exclusionary tendencies of homeowners. The predictors of the passage of inclusionary ordinances are most consistent with theories of political opportunity structure and the relative absence of the exclusionary tendencies of homeowners in cities with lower levels of owner-occupied housing.
Case studies in two sets of paired cities that passed diverging ordinances examine the social and political processes on the ground. This qualitative research finds that residents in exclusionary cities expressed anxieties over the effects of demographic change on home values and neighborhood character. Diverging processes of framing and mobilization emerge as central to the development of local collective identities that include or exclude new immigrant residents.
Network analysis of the connections between local civil society organizations in each of the four case study cities identifies the architecture of local civil society networks as a significant factor correlated with the divergent responses to demographic change. The networks in exclusionary cities score highly on measures of density, clustering, and closure, suggest that the network is broken into cliques and that local elites are isolated both from recent immigrants and from non-elite, native-born residents. The high levels of network closure facilitate the creation of rigid group boundaries, the high levels of clustering reinforce pre-existing beliefs within those groups, and the network density aids in the enforcement of sanctions against those who deviate from group norms. By contrast, the networks in inclusionary cities are characterized by multiple organizational bridges between immigrant and native-born communities that facilitate the creation of relationships necessary to craft inclusive policies and a sense that local resources can grow with the population.
The research suggests that the local laws seeking to drive out undocumented immigrants are an example of a broader category of exclusionary property laws. The linked social and spatial processes involved in the enactment and enforcement of these laws are one way in which categorical inequalities, such as socio-economic disparities by race, ethnicity, immigration status, or gender become embedded in place.
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Sokhansanj, Banafsheh. "Chinese migrant children and Canadian migration law." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/16691.
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This thesis reviews the underlying theoretical and normative paradigm in Canadian
migration and asylum law and its effect on the refugee determination process with
respect to the approximately 100 unaccompanied children who were among 599
migrants from Fujian Province, People's Republic of China who arrived in four boats off
the coast of British Columbia, Canada in the Summer of 1999. Upon deconstructing
Canadian migration legislation and jurisprudence, especially with respect to asylum, it is
apparent that the dominant paradigm is one of liberal communitarianism/realism, rather
than one based on individual, universal human rights. This communitarian/realist
paradigm is reflected in and reinforced by normative distinctions between immigrants
and illegal migrants, and between politically motivated, forced migrants (refugees) and
economically motivated, voluntary migrants (illegal migrants). Illegal migrants, such as
the Fujianese children, are de-legitimized and criminalized under Canadian migration
law. Moreover, this paradigm had the effect of subsuming the children's human rights
claims into an assessment of their motivations for, and the voluntariness of, their
emigration, that is, into a refugee determination process based on an understanding of
the children's migration that was both inherently incoherent and inconsistent with a
nuanced comprehension of migration as a structural phenomenon. The author
concludes with a proposal for the development of a more strongly human-rights based
paradigm in Canadian migration and asylum law.Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate
Books on the topic "Illegal immigration – Government policy – Australia"
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1947-, Goddard Christopher R., and Latham Susie, eds. Human rights overboard: Seeking asylum in Australia. Carlton North, Vic: Scribe Publications, 2008.
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Rod, Tess. Who gets to stay?: Refugees, asylum seekers, and unauthorized arrivals in Australia. Melbourne: Institute of Public Affairs, 2001.
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Margaret, Haerens, ed. Illegal immigration. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2007.
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Margaret, Haerens, ed. Illegal immigration. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2007.
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Merino, Noël. Illegal immigration. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011.
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1963-, Barbour William, ed. Illegal immigration. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1994.
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Hillman, Arye L. A theory of permissible illegal immigration. Ramat Gan, Israel: Bar Ilan University, Dept. of Economics, Economics Research Institute, 1996.
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Lee, Kathleen. Illegal immigration. San Diego, CA, USA: Lucent Books, 1996.
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Frank, Brennan. Tampering with asylum: A universal humanitarian problem. St. Lucia, Qld: University of Queensland Press, 2007.
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Nakaya, Andrea C. Immigration. San Diego, CA: ReferencePoint Press, 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Illegal immigration – Government policy – Australia"
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Malin, Maili. "Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Finnish Citizens Abroad." In IMISCOE Research Series, 177–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51245-3_10.
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Abstract With 1.6 million Finnish-origin individuals abroad, the focus in Finland has traditionally been on Finnish cultural associations and educational programmes over any other type of engagement with this population. This chapter provides an overview of Finland’s diaspora policies, with a focus on social protection. It shows that Finland does not have a specific global policy of supporting Finns abroad, but rather a regional approach with Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden). Similarly, this chapter shows that Finland has a somewhat decentralized approach to diaspora engagement by which its strong network of non-profit organizations abroad perform a role traditionally given to public authorities in the area of social protection and consultation. The diaspora policy of the Finnish Government could be characterised as reactionary, since Finnish missions increasingly help Finnish tourists abroad. A strong Nordic cooperation in the field of social protection has widened after huge immigration of Finnish people to Sweden, and bilateral social agreements have been established with countries where Finns have immigrated historically like the United States and Australia.
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Boeri, Tito, Gordon Hanson, and Barry McCormick. "Illegal Immigration." In Immigration Policy and the Welfare System, 207–31. Oxford University PressOxford, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199256303.003.0012.
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Abstract As we have seen, illegal aliens currently account for a large fraction (about one third) of new immigrants in the United States. This has not always been the case. Illegal immigration arose only after the US government began to restrict legal immigration in the 1920s. Except for a brief episode in the 1950s, it was small in scale until temporary immigration programmers ended in the 1960s (see Figs 11.1 and 11.2). While illegal immigrants come from many nations, Mexico is the single largest source country. From Table 9.4, in 1996 an estimated 54 per cent of US illegal immigrants were Mexican nationals. Over the period 1988–98, above 95 per cent of those apprehended by the Border Patrol attempting to enter the country illegally were individuals from Mexico (INS, 2000). Given large and persistent wage differences between the two countries, restrictive US legal immigration policies, and a long shared land border whose geography complicates enforcement, high levels of illegal immigration from Mexico are hardly surprising.
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Boeri, Tito, Gordon Hanson, and Barry McCormick. "Immigration and Immigration Policy in the United States." In Immigration Policy and the Welfare System, 176–84. Oxford University PressOxford, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199256303.003.0010.
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Abstract Any policy that restricts immigration must establish a criterion for the admission of foreign nationals. The US policy gives explicit preference to family members of US citizens, with some consideration for an individual’s occupational background. Whether desired or not, this policy appears to have contributed to rising immigration of individuals with relatively low levels of discernible skill. Given ample opportunities for illegal immigration, the US government does not exercise full control over which individuals gain entry to the country. By choosing to concentrate enforcement efforts at the border, rather than at the place of employment, the US implicitly gives preference to illegal immigrants who are able and willing to evade border authorities. This may have further contributed to immigration of the less skilled.1 In this chapter, we briefly review US immigration policy and then discuss recent developments in immigration patterns and the economic performance of immigrants.
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Boucher, Anna K. "Regulation and Migrant Vulnerability." In Patterns of Exploitation, 151—C6P61. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197599112.003.0007.
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Abstract Ten temporary migrant workers from the Philippines were employed in a series of cafés and restaurants in the Northern Territory in Australia where they were underpaid and charged illegal recruitment fees. In Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v. Choong Enterprises Pty. Ltd. (2015), the Australian government litigated against the employer’s breach of the Migration Act, in particular the employer’s decision to pay less than was required under the particular visa used to import the workers into Australia. The case highlights some of the weaknesses in the design of temporary work visas and subsequent reforms to such visas. Using the example of Australia, where visa regulation is fine-grained and complex, this chapter explores some of these concepts of visa conditions and disaggregates visa types across countries. Temporary migrant workers bring a disproportionate number of legal claims, even when compared with their overrepresentation in immigration flow data.
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Graham, Hugh Davis. "Introduction." In Collision Course, 1–12. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195143188.003.0001.
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Abstract In the early 1990s, against a backdrop of economic recession and rising job insecurity in the United States, controversy over affirmative action and immigration policy intensified. For the first time since the two issues emerged in the 1970s, they were connected in the public eye. Especially in California, where shrinking defense contracts and heavy immigration from Latin America and Asia increased economic anxiety, opponents of affirmative action preferences and high levels of immigration linked their arguments. Native-born Americans unfairly suffered rising unemployment, these critics claimed, because by hiring immigrants, employers bought cheap and docile labor while satisfying minority hiring requirements imposed by the government. In 1994, California voters passed Proposition 187, an initiative written to deny access by illegal immigrants to public schools, welfare assistance, and other public benefits. That same year, support for Proposition 187 helped California’s Republican governor, Pete Wilson, win reelection. In 1995, the University of California regents, encouraged by Governor Wilson, an ex officio regent, prohibited affirmative action preferences in university admissions, employment, and contracts. In 1996, President Bill Clinton signed a bill stripping significant welfare and health benefits from unnaturalized immigrants, and California voters passed Proposition 209, the California Civil Rights Initiative (CCRI), banning affirmative action preferences by state and local governments. In 1998, voters in Washington state passed a similar initiative barring minority preferences by government agencies.
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Vogl, Anthea. "Outsourcing Deterrence." In Privatising Border Control, 191—C10.P100. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192857163.003.0011.
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Abstract This chapter explores government outsourcing of asylum seeker welfare services, surveillance, and reporting functions to non-government organisations (NGOs). It focuses on Australia, where the government has outsourced the delivery of core welfare services for asylum seekers living in the community to NGOs. The outsourced welfare services have been appraised as ‘starving out’ asylum seekers and deploying deprivation as a means of deterrence. The government-contracted NGOs are also required to report on asylum seekers who are in breach of Australia’s Asylum Seeker Code of Behaviour, which prohibits actions such as spitting, swearing, and spreading rumours. The chapter argues that the Australian government’s outsourcing of refugee welfare services co-opts and captures NGOs as direct partners in immigration control and deterrence. Further, it analyses state capture of the NGOs as exemplifying the alliance between care and immigration control involved in humanitarian forms of governance at the border. By virtue of contractual outsourcing, the Australian government has both created new sites of discretion and control over asylum seekers and constrained the capacity of NGOs to contest government policy, instead involving them in the enforcement of sovereign borders as a condition for providing support and assistance.
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M. Crittenden, Patricia, and Susan Spieker. "The Effects of Separation from Parents on Children." In Child Abuse and Neglect - Perspectives and Research [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1002940.
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More than a million children are separated from their parents by government authorities. We review the research on the effects of separation, including separation for parental maltreatment, adoption, illegal immigration, parental incarceration, and Indigenous status. The effects were universally negative, did not differ by reason for separation, and included neurological change from psychological trauma, precocious sexual maturity, physical and sexual abuse, neglect, academic delay, poor peer relations, psychosomatic symptoms, psychiatric disorder, and behavior problems such as depression, anxiety, delinquency, self-harm, substance abuse, and inappropriate sexual behavior. There were indications that separation led to intergenerational cycles of family separation. The research indicated that children are most vulnerable from 9 months to 9 years of age. We suggest that the negative effects of separation be considered explicitly when courts make placement decisions. Professionals who can reduce children’s suffering from separation are legislators, policy makers, social workers, mental health professionals, attorneys, and judges.
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Sugars, Jasper MacLennan. "Refoulement and Refugees." In Immigration and the Current Social, Political, and Economic Climate, 727–40. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6918-3.ch040.
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Refoulement, a French word meaning to reject; or backwash, is a contentious issue in the international law and policy. However, the word is unknown to most of the public world – the Australian government operations to deter asylum seekers titled ‘pushing back the boats', ‘operation sovereign borders' are questionably pushing the limits as to what's refoulement and what isn't – but the worded meaning in the convention relating to the status of refugees is the process by which a persecuted asylum seeker is forcibly removed back to a place where they are re-exposed to the same danger from which they are trying to escape. In this article, the author hopes to provide information to others who are interested in the area of refugee policy and, in particular Australia's role in the development of this increasingly important field of international law as well as the implementation of their own unique approach to dealing with asylum seekers arriving in their territorial waters by boat. in this chapter the author has made every effort to provide an unbiased, politically non-partisan view of the current policies which Australia has implemented under domestic law, which includes the act of turning back of boats and offshore processing in third-nation processing facilities.
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Fannin, Maria. "Giving Birth in a ‘Hostile Environment’." In Activist Feminist Geographies, 145–60. Policy Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529225099.003.0008.
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In 2012, the UK government’s Home Office, under the leadership of then Home Office Secretary Theresa May, outlined a series of policies aimed, in May’s words, at creating a ‘really hostile environment for illegal migration’. Formalized in subsequent pieces of legislation on immigration in 2014 and 2016, these policies sought restrict migrants’ ability to access education, rental accommodation, driving licenses, bank accounts, and healthcare. Although healthcare during pregnancy is defined by the UK government as ‘immediately necessary’ and therefore should never be withheld, fear of being asked for payment upfront has meant women without legal right to remain may delay or avoid accessing needed healthcare. This chapter explores activist responses to hostile environment policies related to maternal care in the UK. It focuses on local projects aimed at resisting the Hostile Environment policy and the vulnerability faced by pregnant and birthing women navigating ‘hostile healthcare’ during their pregnancies and births. Linking the disciplining of pregnant bodies to broader anxieties over migration and citizenship, this chapter considers how the practices of accompaniment through the healthcare system by midwives, doulas, birth companions, and activists bring together the radical ethos of reproductive justice movements and the embodied politics of birth activism.