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Hołdyńska, Marta. "Illegal migration and trafficking in human beings in the European Union after 2012." Rozprawy Społeczne 15, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.29316/rs/137334.
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Boekhout van Solinge, Tim. "Illegale digitale dumping en handel in hardhout." Tijdschrift voor Criminologie 55, no. 3 (September 2013): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5553/tvc/0165182x2013055003005.
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Orth. "Adverse renal effects of legal and illicit drugs." Therapeutische Umschau 59, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0040-5930.59.3.122.
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In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die renalen Nebenwirkungen der wichtigsten legalen und illegalen Drogen diskutiert. Zahlenmäßig am bedeutendsten ist das Rauchen, das beim Nierenkranken – unabhängig von der zugrunde liegenden Nierenerkrankung – die Progredienzrate der Niereninsuffizienz zur terminalen Niereninsuffizienz nahezu verdoppelt. Das Absetzen des Rauchens führt zur Verlangsamung der Progredienzrate. Vermehrter Alkoholkonsum ist aufgrund seiner blutdrucksteigernden Wirkung wahrscheinlich ebenfalls ein renaler Risikofaktor. Bei Alkoholikern ist die erhöhte Inzidenz von postinfektiösen Glomerulonephritiden mit schlechter renaler Funktionsprognose erwähnenswert. Gängige illegale Drogen wie Opiate, Amphetamine, Benzodiazepine und Lösungsmittel sowie Konsum der Pilzspezies Cortinarius (in der fälschlichen Annahme, es handle sich um die halluzinogene Art Psilocybe) können zu teilweise schweren akuten oder chronischen Nierenschäden führen. Bei jedem unklaren Krankheitsbild mit Nierenfunktionsstörung muss eine der im Folgenden diskutierten drogenassoziierten Komplikationen in die Differentialdiagnose mit eingeschlossen werden. Nach Schätzungen aus den USA sind aktuell 5 bis 6% der neu dialysepflichtigen Patienten aufgrund einer opiatassoziierten Nephropathie terminal niereninsuffizient, was die Dimension des Problems illegaler Drogen aus nephrologischer Sicht illustriert.
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Banspach, Nina. "BVL-Symposium: Illegalen Handel mit Pflanzenschutzmitteln gemeinsam bekämpfen." Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety 13, no. 3 (July 6, 2018): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00003-018-1173-x.
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Aziz, A. Saiful. "PERATURAN PRESIDEN NOMOR 87 TAHUN 2016 TENTANG (PUNGUTAN LIAR) DALAM HUKUM PIDANA ISLAM." IQTISAD 3, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31942/iq.v3i1.2463.
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AbstrakSuap atau pungutan liar di jalan, terutama dalam transportasi barang di jembatan timbang, di pelabuhan,di pajak cukai masih merajalela.Hal ini menyebabkan berbagai dampak negatif, seperti kecelakaan, kerusakan jalan dan hilangnya kas negara. Operasi tangkap tangan (OTT) kasus pungutan liar (pungli) perizinan di Kementerian perhubungan perintah langsung dari Presiden. Secara umum pungli sebagai pungutan yang dilakukan secara tidak sah atau melanggar aturan, oleh dan untuk kepentingan pribadi oknum petugas. Pungli merupakan penyalahgunaan wewenang. Pungutan liar dalam hukum pidana Islam, tindak pidana pungutan liar (pungli) yang terjadi di Indonesia saat ini masuk dalam kategori jarimah takzir.Metode Pendekatan Penelitian dan analisis dilakukan secara normatif yaitu data diperoleh dari penelitian pustaka (library research). Secara singkat diungkap metode penelitian untuk mengganti kerangka konseptual, pengkajian data sekunder berkaitan dengan penyimpangan hukum dan eksistensi. Pungutan liar merupakan tindak-tindak pidana materil, dan bisa di beri sanksi pemecatan atau bahkan kurungan pidana hingga 20 tahun. Pungutan liar adalah jarimah takzir, sanksi pidana bagi pelaku pungutan liar yang dilakukan oleh pihak kementerian perhubungan dalam hukum Islam adalah al-‘azl (pemecatan). sanksi takzir yang berupa pemberhentian dari pekerjaan atau jabatan ini diterapkan terhadap setiap pegawai yang melakukan jarimah, baik yang berhubungan dengan pekerjaan atau jabatannya.Kata Kunci:Pungutan, Liar, Hukum, Pidana Abstract Bribe or illegal levy on street, especially cargo transportation at weighbridge, at port, tax custom are still develope. Those are cause various negative effect, such as accident, road damage, and the lost of state income. Red-Handed Operation (Operasi Tangkap Tangan/OTT) on illegal levy case in Ministry of Transport is a direct command from President. Generally, illegal levy is a levy done illegally for personal purposes. Illegal levy is an authority abuse. Illegal levy in Islamic penal code, criminal act on illegal levy in Indonesia nowdays including in category jarimah takzir. Illegal levy is material criminal acts and it may lead into duty dismissal, or jail sentence up to 20 years. Illegal levy is jarimah takzir, criminal sanction for illegal levy which conducted by Ministry of Transport in Islamic Law is al-‘azl (dismissal). Sanction of takzir can be duty dismissal from the occupation or the position is applicable to every employee commit jarimah, due to the occupation or the position.Key Words: Predident Regulation, Illegal Levy, Law, Islamic Penal Code
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Desmet, Mathias. "Vernieling en plundering als iconoclasme en bron voor illegale handel in antiquiteiten." Tijdschrift over Cultuur & Criminaliteit 11, no. 2 (August 2021): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5553/tcc/221195072021011002002.
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Ashari, Muslich, Amin Purnawan, and Achmad Sulchan. "Criminal Sanctions On Illegal Logging Crime In State Court Of Semarang." Jurnal Daulat Hukum 2, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jdh.v2i4.8346.
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The formulation of the problem discussed in this study were (1). How settings Criminal Law on Illegal logging?, (2). How Judges consideration in decisions on Illegal logging in State Court of Semarang?. (3). Are the constraints faced by the judge in deciding the case of Illegal logging?.This research used socio-juridical legal research, research data was taken by interview with the respondent judges handling crime of Illegal logging State Court of Semarang. This research use Qualitative analysis techniques.Conclusion of this study is illegal logging is a special crime and therefore their specific legislation governing of illegal logging, in Act No. 18 of 2013 on Combating And Preventing The Destruction Of Forests set of sanctions for Illegal logging in the form of punishment imprisonment for the perpetrators in the form of a sentence of imprisonment and fines, consideration of Judges in deciding the case of Illegal logging legally is appropriate that the elements are there that the perpetrator does not have a valid license from the clerk to do cutting trees in the forest area of Silayur, Judge obstacle in deciding the case of Illegal logging in the form of difficulties in distinguishing between illegal logging carried out by individuals and corporations, lack of special education for judges to handle crime of Illegal LoggingKeywords: Criminal Sanctions; Penalty; Illegal Logging.
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Iqbal, Muhammad, and Ismak Subardan. "Handling efforts criminal act illegal logging by KPHL Ampang in perspective criminologi and victimologi." JURNAL SOSIAL EKONOMI DAN HUMANIORA 4, no. 2 (January 7, 2019): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jseh.v4i2.11.
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Rampant illegal logging is a nutural problem by a very dangerous country, because of illegal logging crimes can affect all aspect including exstra ordinary crime others thus providing a very close relationship. In this research the author has a long term goal against long term research about illegal logging in KPHL Ampang area which will provide a solution so it can be a way out in carrying out an act of prevention or prosecution against illegal logging. As for the specific targets to be achieved in this study is looking for criminal causality illegal logging in the ampang area, looking for efforts to handle illegal logging crime by KPHL Ampang in the perspective of criminologi and victimology, and look for factors that hamper law enforcement illegal logging in KPHL Ampang. To achieve all goals both general and special the autor uses normative and emprical research methods where normative research explains the rules wheras empirical reserch look for data related to causality the pattern of law enforcement implementation on illegal logging crime. Furthermore in this research will give result to become new guidance and method of KPHL ampang in preventing the occurrence of illegal logging and can be used to be more broadly at the government level as awhole in the district of sumbawa.Key word: Ampang, criminal act, illegal logging, crimonologi and victimology
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Dovč, Alenka. "Consumption foodstuffs originating from exotic animals." Meso 21, no. 5 (2019): 475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31727/m.21.5.2.
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Auf den Speisekarten der Restaurants in Westeuropa treten immer häufiger Gerichte auf, die von exotischen Tieren stammen, wie z.B. vom Iberischen Schwein, Kamel, Zebra, Känguru, Strauß, Krokodil, Phyton, usw. In Drittländern werden solche Gerichte im Straßenverkauf angeboten. Trotz der strengen gesetzlichen Vorschriften, die in der EU in Kraft sind, gibt es einen illegalen Markt für die genannten Lebensmittel, der in diesem Fall eine erhebliche Gefahr für die Gesundheit der Verbraucher darstellt. Darüber hinaus gefährdet der Handel mit den genannten Lebensmitteln das Wohl der Tiere, sowohl derjenigen mit welchen man handelt als auch der einheimischen Tiere, die durch die eingeführten Tiere oder durch Lebensmittel, die von solchen Tieren stammen, mit diversen Krankheiten angesteckt werden können. Das Fleisch der exotischen Tiere zeichnet sich durch bestimmte Besonderheiten im Vergleich zum Fleisch der einheimischen Tiere aus, was in diesem Artikel besonders hervorgehoben wird. Erwähnt wird auch der Verzehr von zahlreichen Insekten, der in einigen Ländern üblich ist. Der Verzehr von bestimmten Lebensmitteln hat vom Aspekt des durchschnittlichen europäischen Verbrauchers einen fraglichen Geschmack (Balut) oder wirft ethische Fragen auf (Blut von Giftschlangen).
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Matos, Elena Gomes de, Josefine Atzendorf, Ludwig Kraus, and Daniela Piontek. "Substanzkonsum in der Allgemeinbevölkerung in Deutschland." SUCHT 62, no. 5 (October 2016): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0939-5911/a000445.
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Zusammenfassung. Ziel: Die Verbreitung des Substanzkonsums in der erwachsenen Allgemeinbevölkerung Deutschlands soll anhand aktueller Daten dargestellt werden. Methodik: Datengrundlage bildete der Epidemiologische Suchtsurvey 2015, eine bundesweite Befragung in der Wohnbevölkerung von 18 bis 64 Jahren (n = 9,204; Rücklaufquote: 52.2 %). Probanden wurden zum Gebrauch von Tabak, Alkohol, illegalen Drogen und Medikamenten befragt. Ergebnisse: In den letzten 30 Tagen hatten 28.7 % der Befragten Tabakprodukte genutzt. Den Konsum von Alkohol in diesem Zeitraum berichteten 72.8 %. Hinweise auf klinisch relevanten Konsum in den letzten 12 Monaten wiesen 28.3 % (Männer) bzw. 9.6 % (Frauen) auf. Die 12-Monats-Prävalenz illegaler Drogen lag bei 6.1 % für Cannabis und bei maximal 1 % für alle anderen Substanzen. Unter Medikamenten hatten Schmerzmittel die höchste Gebrauchsprävalenz (47.1 %) sowie die geringste Prävalenz täglichen Gebrauchs unter Nutzern (8.6 %). Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse belegen die nach wie vor hohe Verbreitung des Substanzkonsums in der Allgemeinbevölkerung. Konsumprävalenz sowie Hinweise auf klinisch relevanten Konsum sind in Bezug auf legale Substanzen, die eine hohe Verfügbarkeit charakterisiert, am häufigsten. Hinweise auf klinisch relevanten Konsum illegaler Drogen bestanden bei deutlich weniger Personen. Da es sich dabei jedoch um eine besondere Risikogruppe handelt, ist deren Erreichung durch adäquate Angebote sicherzustellen.
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Setiyani, Ayu Diyah, and Mukhtar Amin Ahmadi. "An overview of illegal parrot trade in Maluku and North Maluku Provinces." Forest and Society 4, no. 1 (April 26, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/fs.v4i1.7316.
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Maluku is widely considered as a global avifauna hotspot. However, illegal parrot trades threatens numerous species to extinction. To date, there is no study on the extent of illegal trade in Maluku, which as a result, hampers efforts at targeting conservation initiatives. The aims of this study are to identify the pattern of illegal parrot trade, to identify factors that contribute to illegal parrot trade, and to identify actors involved in illegal parrot trade in Maluku and North Maluku Provinces. The study found that the number of wildlife rescued in 2018 was 1,402 individuals. Surprisingly, 84% (1,177 individuals) of the rescued wildlife were birds and approximately 96% (1,135 individuals) of the birds were parrots. Furthermore, the most commonly rescued parrots (90%) were from illegal trade seizures, and the remainder were handed over voluntarily by local communities. These trends indicate that the traffic of illegal parrot trade is extremely high. Meanwhile, the small number of handovers for birds indicates that there is an insufficient understanding and awareness among locals about wildlife laws and ecological values. The study identified three factors contributing to illegal parrot trade, which are the high potential for obtaining parrots with exotic appearances; the economic value of wild-caught parrots; and overall accessibility. The characteristics of the trade involved actors that can be defined as subsistence and opportunist harvesters, that work with several intermediaries, and consumers demand for pets. To overcome these challenges, there are two strategies which are proposed based on this research: (1) expand the upstream strategy focusing on protecting parrots in their habitats and empowering local communities to be involved in conservation; and (2) engage more on downstream strategies of emphasizing law enforcement and raising awareness.
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Ashraf, Nabeela, Waqar Ahmad, and Rehan Ashraf. "A Comparative Study of Data Mining Algorithms for High Detection Rate in Intrusion Detection System." Annals of Emerging Technologies in Computing 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33166/aetic.2018.01.005.
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Due to the fast growth and tradition of the internet over the last decades, the network security problems are increasing vigorously. Humans can not handle the speed of processes and the huge amount of data required to handle network anomalies. Therefore, it needs substantial automation in both speed and accuracy. Intrusion Detection System is one of the approaches to recognize illegal access and rare attacks to secure networks. In this proposed paper, Naive Bayes, J48 and Random Forest classifiers are compared to compute the detection rate and accuracy of IDS. For experiments, the KDD_NSL dataset is used.
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Lassau, G. "Die Bekämpfung des illegalen Handels mit archäologischen Kulturgütern auf Online-Auktionsplattformen." KUR - Kunst und Recht 12, no. 5 (2010): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.15542/kur/2010/5/8.
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Shakhmatov, Aleksandr V., and Aleksandr A. Paltsev. "On Detention in Flagrante Delicto of Persons Engaged in Committing Crimes Related to Illegal Trafficking of Drugs." Drug control 4 (December 24, 2020): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2072-4160-2020-4-21-26.
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The purpose of the work is to consider certain problematic issues arising in the course of the implementation by law enforcement agencies of activities to suppress crimes in the sphere of illegal circulation of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances committed using the capabilities of the information and telecommunication network «Internet», in particular technologies that make it difficult to identify specific users of this networks. Methodology: analysis of law enforcement practice, taking into account the current legislation. The conclusion based on the results of the study is that understanding the illegal schemes and technologies used allows law enforcement officers to timely and correctly assess the possibility of suppressing the criminal activities of drug traffickers and determine the forces and means necessary for this, as well as the tactics of their actions, to conduct detention at the right time and with maximum effect red-handed specific individuals, collect evidence and prosecute all accomplices in criminal activity. Scientific and practical significance: highlighting the features of online stores used for the sale of drugs, substantiating the elements of a tactical operation — the arrest of a drug dealer red-handed.
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Lee, Seokwoo, and Young Kil Park. "The Legal Assessment of the Illegal Fishing Activities of Chinese Fishing Vessels: A Focus on Detention of Foreign Vessels." Korean Journal of International and Comparative Law 1, no. 1 (2013): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134484-12340005.
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Abstract On April 20, decisions were issued in two cases concerning Chinese sailors engaged in illegal fishing activities. In one case, a Korean Coast Guard officer was stabbed to death in December 2011 in the process of detaining an illegal Chinese fishing vessel. The trial court, Incheon District Court – Criminal Division, handed down a 30 year prison term and fine of 20 million won to the captain of the Chinese vessel, Luwenyu no. 29, who was responsible for the stabbing. The other sailors and the captain of another Chinese vessel, Lihaoyu, were sentenced between 18 months to 5 years in prison for interfering with the detention.1 The other case occurred in November 2011 where, in the process of detaining a Chinese fishing vessel that had intruded upon Korean territorial waters northwest of Chujado of Jeju to engage in fishing activities, Chinese sailors wounded 5 Korean Coast Guard officers, inflicting upon them injuries that required 2 to 7 weeks of recuperation. The Jeju Regional Court, an appellate court, affirmed the decision of the trial court – which sentenced the Chinese captain to one year and the other two sailors to 14 months – and dismissed the appeals.2 The two cases show a strong determination on the part of the judiciary to deal with the systematic and violent resistance to the prevention of illegal fishing. This paper is a legal analysis of the detention of foreign vessels engaging in illegal fishing. It first looks at the international and domestic regulations concerning illegal fishing, and then proceeds to discuss the issues of security and immediate release following arrest.
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Reimer, Jens. "Opioide." Suchttherapie 21, no. 01 (February 2020): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0970-8264.
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Liebe Leserinnen, liebe Leser,in den USA hat die Opioidkrise zum ersten Mal seit den 1990er Jahren zu einem Rückgang der Lebenserwartung beigetragen. Hintergrund dieser Krise ist die weitverbreitete niedrigschwellige Verschreibung opioidhaltiger Schmerzmittel. Zur Überwindung der Krise werden drastische Maßnahmen diskutiert, wie bspw. die Todesstrafe für den illegalen Handel mit Fentanyl.
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Salvasani, Alifia, and Munawar Kholil. "Penanganan TerhadaP Financial Technology Peer-To-Peer lending Ilegal MelaluI OTOrITas Jasa Keuangan (studi Pada OJK Jakarta Pusat)." Jurnal Privat Law 8, no. 2 (December 2, 2020): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/privat.v8i2.48417.
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<p>abstract<br />This article aims to examine the role of Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) in handling illegal peer-to-peer (P2P) financial technology (fintech) in Indonesia. This role includes the handling carried out by the FSA to minimize the number of illegal fintech in Indonesia, both through supervision and arrangements related to illegal fintech. This type of empirical legal research, is descriptive, with primary data types. Literature study and interview data collection techniques, qualitative analysis techniques. Factors causing the rise of illegal fintech are normative and non-normative factors. Then the role of the OJK in making efforts to handle illegal P2P lending includes establishing Satgas Waspada Investasi, listing registered P2P lending and licensed on the official OJK website, socializing to the public about the characteristics of illegal P2P lending that must be avoided and data of illegal P2P lending in Indonesia, closing illegal P2P lending, blocking applications and illegal P2P lending websites on a regular basis, conducting selective checks on P2P lending companies that propose opening new accounts, applying special rules for P2P lending companies related to the fintech payment system , and submit information reports to the Criminal Investigation Police regarding cyber crime.<br />Keywords: Otoritas Jasa Keuangan; Illegal Fintech; Peer-to-Peer</p><p>abstrak<br />Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji peranan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) dalam menangani financial technology (fintech) peer-to-peer (P2P) lending ilegal di Indonesia. Peranan tersebut meliputi penanganan yang dilakukan OJK untuk meminimalisir jumlah fintech ilegal di Indonesia, baik melalui pengawasan maupun pengaturan terkait fintech ilegal. Jenis penelitian hukum empiris, bersifat deskriptif, dengan jenis data primer. Teknik pengumpulan data studi kepustakaan dan wawancara, teknik analisis kualitatif. Faktor penyebab tumbuh maraknya fintech ilegal adalah adanya faktor normatif dan non-normatif. Kemudian peranan OJK dalam melakukan upaya penanganan P2P lending ilegal antara lain dengan membentuk Satgas Waspada Investasi, mencantumkan daftar P2P lending yang terdaftar dan berizin di website resmi OJK, mensosialisasikan kepada masyarakat terkait ciri-ciri P2P lending ilegal yang harus dihindari dan data P2P lending ilegal di Indonesia, melakukan penutupan terhadap P2P lending ilegal, pemblokiran aplikasi dan website P2P lending ilegal secara rutin, melakukan pemeriksaan secara selektif bagi perusahaan P2P lending yang mengajukan pembukaan rekening baru, memberlakukan aturan khusus bagi perusahaan P2P lending terkait fintech payment system, dan menyampaikan laporan informasi kepada Bareskrim Polri terkait tindakan cyber crime.<br />Kata Kunci: Otoritas Jasa Keuangan; Fintech Ilegal; Peer-to-Peer Lending</p>
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VILKOV, A., and G. TIAN. "Blockchain as a solution to the problem of illegal timber trade between Russia and China: SWOT analysis." International Forestry Review 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554819827293231.
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Prolific illegal timber trade between Russia and China cannot be stemmed by present certification schemes and Russian governmental strategies. Blockchain could present a new technological opportunity, simultaneously addressing illegal logging, regulating timber trade and meeting the needs of environmentally-sensitive markets. SWOT analysis of blockchain applicability in Russian-Chinese timber trade is presented. Decentralisation based on smart contracts could ensure timber supply chain transparency through each log cryptographic encryption. However, it is considered complicated as cryptocurrency (on which trade depends) is beyond the legislative sphere of both countries and energy demands are enormous. Beyond cryptocurrency prohibition, huge businesses and governments cannot accept blockchain for international trade because of transparency and cost risks. Digitalisation through blockchain implementation could provide a highly transparent, non-editable system to handle decentralised big data characteristic of the forestry economy, realise Industry 4.0 and develop the "China-Mongolia-Russia" economic corridor. Fundamentally, a workable Russian-Chinese Government-Science-Business model must be cultivated for effective blockchain implementation.
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Wang, Peng. "How to Engage in Illegal Transactions: Resolving Risk and Uncertainty in Corrupt Dealings." British Journal of Criminology 60, no. 5 (March 26, 2020): 1282–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaa024.
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Abstract How do exchange participants address risk in illegal transactions? The socio-cultural literature examines risk from cultural, ‘risk society’ and ‘governmentality’ perspectives, but there is relatively little empirical work focusing on the ways in which people experience and handle risk in illegal markets. Drawing on insights from criminology, economic sociology and social psychology, this article aims to contribute to the study of risk and uncertainty under conditions of illegality. It investigates a popular type of corrupt exchange in China: the buying and selling of government positions that are embedded in the power-imbalanced patron–client relation. The article examines the difference in risk faced by buyers and sellers and explores how they manage these transaction risks without resorting to state protection mechanisms (e.g. the police and courts). The article is based on 61 in-depth interviews with academics, journalists and state officials and a review of official documents and news reports in Chinese and English.
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Zeriapi, Immanuel, and Omotayo Rafiu Awofolu. "Handling and Illegal Disposal of Excess Household Solid Wastes in Katutura Township of Namibia." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 47, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2021.146.
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This study examined the modes of handling of generated excess household solid wastes and attitude towards illegal disposal in Katutura township in Windhoek, Namibia. This was particu- larly significant because the capital city, Windhoek was once the cleanest city in Africa. Hence, the study aimed at generating data that would be of benefit to the local municipality towards review of waste management operational strategies and applicable local byelaw especially in this densely populated low-income township. A mixed method of qualitative (observational) and quantitative survey through the use of questionnaire was adopted. Presented data was based on a total of two hundred and thirty-four (234) respondents. Results showed that 46.6% of respondents were between the ages of 21-30 (43.7%) and employed with a 92.3% literacy level. About 66.7% were well aware of the concept of waste management and possessed the knowledge (94%) of its implementation. Majority of respondents (70.9%) generate wastes with- in the 240L waste bin volume per week while those that generate excess handle the wastes in several ways. About 44.3% place excess wastes beside the bin before municipal collection while a combination of 46.4% engage in different forms of illegal disposal. Ironically, about 77.8% of respondents were aware of what constitutes illegal waste disposal. A good number of respondents (62.1%) were satisfied with the municipal waste management. Suggestions on further improvements were however provided. Of great concern in this study was the apathetic attitude (50.4%) of respondents towards the illegal waste disposal practices. This might be contributing factor towards the loss of cleanliness ranking by the city.
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Gomez, Lalita, and Chris R. Shepherd. "The illegal exploitation of the Javan Leopard (Panthera pardus melas) and Sunda Clouded Leopard (Neofelis diardi) in Indonesia." Nature Conservation 43 (February 22, 2021): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.43.59399.
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Indonesia is home to the Javan Leopard (Panthera pardus melas) and the Sunda Clouded Leopard (Neofelis diardi), both of which are threatened by habitat loss, human-wildlife conflict issues and the illegal wildlife trade. Leopards and clouded leopards are threatened by the illegal wildlife trade across their range, however, very little is known of the illegal trade in these two species in Indonesia, or of the efforts made to tackle this crime. Both the Javan Leopard and Sunda Clouded Leopard are protected species in Indonesia and both species are listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), meaning commercial international trade is generally prohibited. To better understand the trade, and efforts to end this trade, we collected records of seizures and prosecutions relating to Javan Leopards and Sunda Clouded Leopards in Indonesia for the period 2011–2019. Despite both species being protected by law, this study reveals the prevalence of extensive poaching, illegal domestic trade and international trafficking of both species. A total of 41 seizure records were obtained from 2011 to 2019, which was estimated to amount to approximately 83 animals, which likely represents only a fraction of the total number of cases and therefore the risk may be substantially greater. Approximately half of the cases resulted in successful prosecution and of these, the highest sentence given was 2 years in jail and a fine of IDR50mil (~USD3300). The majority of the penalties handed down for these crimes were far below the maximum potential penalties and are unlikely to be effective deterrents.
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Baker, C. Scott, Debbie Steel, Yeyong Choi, Hang Lee, Kyung Seok Kim, Sung Kyoung Choi, Yong-Un Ma, et al. "Genetic evidence of illegal trade in protected whales links Japan with the US and South Korea." Biology Letters 6, no. 5 (April 14, 2010): 647–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0239.
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We report on genetic identification of ‘whale meat’ purchased in sushi restaurants in Los Angeles, CA (USA) in October 2009 and in Seoul, South Korea in June and September 2009. Phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA cytochrome b sequences confirmed that the products included three species of whale currently killed in the controversial scientific whaling programme of Japan, but which are protected from international trade: the fin, sei and Antarctic minke. The DNA profile of the fin whale sold in Seoul established a match to products purchased previously in Japan in September 2007, confirming unauthorized trade between these two countries. Following species identification, these products were handed over to the appropriate national or local authorities for further investigation. The illegal trade of products from protected species of whales, presumably taken under a national permit for scientific research, is a timely reminder of the need for independent, transparent and robust monitoring of any future whaling.
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Pärli, Jonathan. "Legal, illegal … – wer genau? Die Schweizer Asylbewegung und der Streit um das Recht 1973–1992." Zeitschrift für Rechtssoziologie 39, no. 2 (February 25, 2020): 177–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfrs-2019-0011.
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ZusammenfassungDer Staat solle sich auch gegenüber Asylsuchenden und Flüchtlingen an das Recht halten, statt Willkür walten zu lassen: so lautete die anfänglich wohl wichtigste Forderung der Asylbewegung, die in der Schweiz in den frühen 1980er-Jahren entstand. Der Text diskutiert die affirmative Beziehung der Asylbewegung zum Recht und bezieht sich dabei auf Jacques Rancières Thesen zum Verhältnis von Politik und Aisthesis. Gemäß Rancière sind nicht primär Gesetze oder Verfassungen Sache der Politik, sondern „sinnliche“ Fragen der Wahrnehmbar- und Sagbarkeit, von denen der Sinn von Gesetzen und Verfassungen abhängt. Politisch subjektivierte sich die Asylbewegung als „andere Schweiz“ und brachte unter diesem Namen die herrschende „Aufteilung des Sinnlichen“ durcheinander: Sie machte die institutionell unsichtbar gehaltenen Asylpraxis der Behörden sicht- und kritisierbar. Gehör fand die Asylbewegung nicht auf institutionellem Weg, sondern dank Aktionen des zivilen Ungehorsams. In den dadurch geschaffenen, paradoxen Sprechsituationen des „Unvernehmens“ (Rancière), gelang es der Asylbewegung, die umstandslose Identifikation von „Recht“ und „Staat“ zeitweise aufzulösen. Die Frage, ob es der Staat oder die Bewegung sei, die illegal respektive legal handle, wurde zum Gegenstand eines öffentlichen Streits. Der wichtigste Effekt dieses Dissenses war die Einführung einer verwaltungsunabhängigen Rekursinstanz im Asylrecht zu Beginn der 1990er-Jahre.
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Bengtsson, Tea Torbenfeldt, and Lars Fynbo. "Analysing the significance of silence in qualitative interviewing: questioning and shifting power relations." Qualitative Research 18, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468794117694220.
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In this article we analyse the significance of silence in qualitative interviews with 36 individuals interviewed about high-risk, illegal activities. We describe how silence expresses a dynamic power relationship between interviewer and interviewee. In the analysis, we focus on two different types of silence: ‘silence of the interviewee’ and ‘silence of the interviewer’. We analyse how silence functions as an interviewee’s resistance against being categorized as ‘social deviant’, how an interviewer may use silence strategically, and how silence stemming from an interviewer’s perplexity constructs significant data. We conclude that silence constitutes possibilities for interviewees and interviewers to handle the complex power at play in qualitative interviewing either by maintaining or by losing control of the situation.
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Giannoccaro, Giacomo, Ruggiero Sardaro, Rossella de Vito, Luigi Roselli, and Bernardo C. de Gennaro. "Politiche di gestione della risorsa idrica sotterranea a fini irrigui. Analisi delle preferenze degli agricoltori." Economia agro-alimentare, no. 2 (September 2020): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ecag2-2020oa10409.
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The overexploitation of groundwater for irrigation purposes is a general problem affecting the management of common resources. The objective of this study was to analyze some of the policy options when facing this issue. A choice experiment was performed in order to elicit farmers' stated preferencesfor four policy instruments, namely i) implementation of a compulsory measurement system of groundwater extraction; ii) improved monitoring of rural areas in order to limit illegal access to groundwater; iii) reforming the groundwater tax system; iv) increasing the supply of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation. A survey was conducted in the Puglia region on a representative sample of 187 farmers, selected in the main hot-spot irrigated areas. A Random Parameter Logit Model was estimated using two covariates (i.e. size of irrigable farmland and farmers' awareness of groundwater shortage). Findings highlighted the farmers' preference for increasing the supply of water for irrigation (i.e. wastewater supply). Among the measures aiming to handle groundwater demand for irrigation, the respondents positively valued the enhancement of rural area monitoring to prevent illegal access, but they rejected a compulsory groundwater metering system. Finally, the methodological approach proved to be an effective tool to improve policy design, making the decisionmaking process more participatory.
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Saharjo, Bambang Hero, and Elga Tiara Putra. "Gangguan Keamanan Hutan Pencurian Kayu di KPH Madiun." Journal of Tropical Silviculture 10, no. 1 (August 14, 2019): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j-siltrop.10.1.35-39.
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Timber theft often experienced in KPH Madiun. Timber theft is the act of cutting trees or harvest or collect forest products in the forest without having any rights or permission from the authorities. This practice aims to identify the frequency of forest disturbance and loss of timber theft in KPH Madiun during the years 2011-2015, examines the characteristics of forest communities, and examine the handling of illegal logging in forest disturbance KPH Madiun. Data were collected primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained by interviewing 30 respondents each village and field observation. While the secondary data obtained by collecting archives and document the incidence of illegal logging. The data was processed using descriptive analysis. Timber theft incidents during the last 5 years causing financial losses of Rp 3,160,154 000. The number of cases of timber theft each year has decreased significantly. Timber theft is influenced by characteristics of the community, among others, the easy accessibility of forests, extension of participation, as well as additional merencek livelihood. Weak laws and enforcement actors by the officers resulted in the theft of wood still in KPH Madiun. Strategic actions undertaken by KPH Madiun to handle timber theft through pre-emptive action (coaching), prevention (prevention) and repression (repression).Keywords: community characteristics, timber theft, the handling
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Ko, Hoon, Libor Mesicek, Jongsun Choi, Junho Choi, and Seogchan Hwang. "A Study on Secure Contents Strategies for Applications With DRM on Cloud Computing." International Journal of Cloud Applications and Computing 8, no. 1 (January 2018): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcac.2018010107.
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Many hospitals have been built for people in silver age and these hospitals want to set various remote health care systems for the old people who are living in a place far from these hospitals. The systems processes are connected with each other and with networks as well. These systems handle many sensitive medical records and therefore the security of the health care systems has to be improved to protect these systems from cyber-attacks. Any penetration of these systems could cause serious privacy problem. To protect these systems security programs have to be used. Therefore, this paper suggests security policy compliance of medical contents which should be followed to improve level of security including DRM to protect against illegal alteration by an attacker.
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Van Zyl, P. M., G. Joubert, L. Fechter, J. Griesel, M. Nel, A. Honiball, L. Serfontein, and M. Diedericks. "Methylphenidate use among students living in junior on-campus residences of the University of the Free State." South African Family Practice 59, no. 4 (August 28, 2017): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v59i4.4736.
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Background: The use of methylphenidate as cognitive enhancer is a growing trend among students at tertiary institutions globally. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of methylphenidate use and co-use with alcohol among on-campus residence students of the University of the Free State (UFS).
Methods: For this cross-sectional study, 10 junior residences were randomly selected and 1 761 anonymous questionnaires handed out for all students living in these residences during 2015. Data were collected on demographics, use of methylphenidate and co-use of methylphenidate with alcohol.
Results: In total, 585 questionnaires (response rate 33.2%) were received and analysed. Sixty-six (11.3%) participants reported past-year use of methylphenidate. While only 18 (27.3%) of past-year users were diagnosed with ADHD, 44 (66.7%) obtained their supply through doctors’ prescriptions, 21 (31.8%) from friends without payment, and 4 (6.1%) bought it from illegal sources. Of the past-year users, 24.2% had used methylphenidate before consuming alcohol.
Conclusion: Off-label prescribing, diversion of prescriptions and illegal trade in methylphenidate occur among students at the UFS. The frequent co-use of methylphenidate and alcohol may indicate a lack of information on the effects of the medication, rather than deliberate misuse.
(Full text of the research articles are available online at www.medpharm.tandfonline.com/ojfp)
S Afr Fam Pract 2017; DOI: 10.1080/20786190.2017.1292695
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Fachri, Muhammad. "UPAYA PEMERINTAH DALAM MENGURANGI PELANGGARAN TAPAL BATAS INDONESIA-MALAYSIA (studi kasus kabupaten nunukan)." El-Iqthisadi : Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/el-iqthisadi.v2i1.13868.
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AbstractThe border area is one of the national strategic areas, the development of border areas is often faced with various security, defense, economic, social and cultural issues. The vulnerability of violations occurring in the Indonesia-Malaysia border region can cause many problems that arise from illegal border crossers, Smuggling of Goods, Illegal Workers, Terrorism. In this essay investigate the extent of government efforts in reducing border violations in Indonesia-Malaysia border region especially in Nunukan district. This research was conducted by Nunukan Regency in several agencies that handle border issues, Nunukan District Government Office, District Command 0911 of Nunukan, Ministry of Immigration Nunukan District, Navy Command Nunukan District This research was conducted by data collection method (field research), to obtain primary data through interview with the competent party in this research, and by method of literature research, to obtain secondary data through binding legal materials. Post-border crossings in Sei Pancang have a significant impact on border residents who want to pass. This can lead to a large number of illegal borderline subscribers. However, in its implementation in an effort to reduce border violations in the border area the government is faced by many factors that can affect law enforcement, law factors, law enforcement factors, facilities, cultural and community factors.Keywords: Border Area, Government, Law Enforcement.AbstrakKawasan perbatasan merupakan salah satu kawasan strategis nasional, pembangunan kawasan perbatasan seringkali dihadapkan dengan berbagai masalah keamanan, pertahanan, ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya. Rawannya pelanggaran yang terjadi di wilayah perbatasan Indonesia-Malaysia dapat menyebabkan banyaknya masalah yang timbul mulai Pelintas batas illegal, Penyelundupan barang, TKI Ilegal, Terorisme. Di essay ini menyelidiki sejauh mana upaya pemerintah dalam mengurangi pelanggaran tapal batas di kawasan perbatasan Indonesia-Malaysia khususnya di kabupaten Nunukan. Penelitian ini dilakukan Kabupaten Nunukan di beberapa instansi yang menangani masalah perbatasan, Kantor Pemerintahan Daerah Kabupaten Nunukan, Komando Distrik 0911 Kab. Nunukan, Kementerian Keimigrasian Kab. Nunukan, Komando Angkatan Laut Kab. Nunukan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode pengumpulan data (field research), untuk memperoleh data primer melalui wawancara dengan pihak yang kompeten dalam penelitian ini, dan dengan metode studi literatur (literature research), untuk memperoleh data sekunder melalui bahan-bahan hukum yang mengikat. Pasca pentupan pos lintas batas di Sei Pancang berdampak signifikan terhadap warga perbatasan yang ingin melintas. Hal ini dapat memunculkan banyaknya pelangggar batas illegal. Namun pada pelaksanaanya dalam upaya mengurangi pelanggaran tapal batas dikawasan perbatasan pemerintah dihadapkan oleh banyak faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi penegakan hukum, faktor undang-undang, faktor penegak hukum, faktor sarana dan fasilitas, faktor kebudayaan dan masyarakatKata Kunci : Pemerintah, Penegakan Hukum, Wilayah Perbatasan
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Apolte, Thomas. "Sezessionsklauseln: Ein Instrument zur Förderung von Freiheit und Wohlstand?" ORDO 2018, no. 69 (July 22, 2019): 366–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ordo-2019-0017.
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ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den konstitutionellen Effekten von Sezessionsklauseln. Zunächst wird die Wirkung von Sezessionsklauseln auf die Stabilität einer staatlichen Verfassung untersucht. Im Anschluss wird der Umstand analysiert, dass es sich bei einer Sezessionsklausel um ein Kollektivrecht und nicht um ein Individualrecht handelt. Berücksichtigen wir dies, so finden wir neben möglichen freiheitsfördernden Effekten auch solche, welche die individuelle Freiheit und den Wohlstand in schwerwiegender Weise gefährden. Dennoch finden wir historische Sezessionen, welche als Abspaltung aus einer totalitären Struktur eine freiheitliche Verfassung erst ermöglicht haben. Diese Sezessionen beruhten aber nicht auf konstitutionellen Sezessionsrechten, sondern wurden von den jeweiligen Zentralstaaten als illegal betrachtet. Im Ergebnis lautet die zentrale These dieses Beitrags, dass Sezessionsklauseln in autoritären Regimen wirkungslos sind, während sie in freiheitlich verfassten Gesellschaften tendenziell destabilisieren sowie bedrohlich für Freiheit und Wohlstand sind.
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Ambroise-Thomas, Pierre. "THE TRAGEDY CAUSED BY FAKE ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS." Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 4, no. 1 (May 4, 2012): e2012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2012.027.
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Counterfeit antimalarials (mainly artemisinin derivatives) is a crucial health problem in developing countries, particularly in Africa. The illegal production, sale and distribution of fake drugs is a huge market evaluated to several billion of dollars and represents more than 50% of the pharmaceutical market in several African countries. Fake drugs have led to a very great number of deaths from untreated malaria or fatality provoked by toxic ingredients. These fake medicines increase the risk of artemisinin resistance developed by the use of sub therapeutic dosages of antimalarials. Tackling this criminal traffic is the objective of an international programme created by WHO and involves the international police and custom organizations like INTERPOL. Several very important and encouraging results have been obtained, but the problem will be completely solved if genuine antimalarials, free-of-charge, are handed-over to populations in sub Sahara African countries.
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R.L.M. "Seventh Circuit Holds that HMOs Not Separate Market Under Antitrust Law." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 23, no. 4 (1995): 408–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1073110500006513.
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On September 18, 1995, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit handed down a decision in Blue Cross & Blue Shield United of Wisconsin v. Marshfield Clinic (65 F.3d 1406 (7th Cir. 1995)) that sets two important precedents regarding the status of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) under antitrust law. Chief Judge Posner, writing for the court, concluded that HMOs do not constitute a market separate from the general market for medical services and that agreements, between HMOs in a region, to operate in separate areas constitute a prohibited form of market splitting.This case primarily involves two HMOs in north central Wisconsin: one a subsidiary of Blue Cross, the other a subsidiary of the Marshfield Clinic. The Blue Cross HMO claimed that the Marshfield HMO had an illegal monopoly in the region's HMO market and therefore violated the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. § 2 (1990)).
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Mandal, Pratap Chandra. "Pricing Strategies of Multinationals for Global Markets – Considerations and Initiatives." International Journal of Business Strategy and Automation 1, no. 1 (January 2020): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbsa.2020010102.
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Multinationals require analyzing a number of pricing considerations while competing in globally. Firms require setting different and appropriate prices of their products for each of the markets they operate in. The price of a product is an important criterion while formulating strategies for global markets as it determines to a large extent whether a product will get sold or not. Companies contend with a number of issues in pricing for global markets like geographical pricing, price escalation, transfer prices, dumping charges, pricing for emerging markets, and pricing for individuals at the bottom of the pyramid. There are several legal and ethical aspects in pricing for global markets. These include deceptive or illegal prices – deceptive reference pricing, loss leader pricing, and the bait and switch approach towards pricing; predatory pricing; price discrimination; and price fixing. Each of the issues is discussed in detail. The article focuses on how multinationals should handle and overcome them, establish their businesses in global markets, and generate substantial revenues and profits.
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Mandal, Pratap Chandra. "Pricing and Ethical Issues for Global Markets." International Journal of Business Strategy and Automation 2, no. 2 (April 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbsa.20210401.oa1.
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Multinationals operating in global markets require analyzing several pricing considerations. They require setting appropriate prices of their products for each of the markets they operate in. Price of a product is an important criterion which decides whether a product will get sold or not. Companies contend with a number of issues in pricing like geographical pricing, price escalation, transfer prices, dumping charges, pricing for emerging markets, and pricing for individuals at the bottom of the pyramid. There are several legal and ethical aspects in pricing. These include deceptive or illegal prices – deceptive reference pricing, loss leader pricing, and bait and switch approach towards pricing; predatory pricing; price discrimination; and price fixing. The contribution of the study is that it conducts a conceptual analysis of the literature on pricing strategies and ethical issues. The analysis is validated by collecting and analyzing information from literature. It discusses how multinationals facing such situations should handle them, establish their businesses in global markets, and generate substantial revenues and profits.
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Spitz, Daniel, and Ryan Terry. "We Can Handle It: Advocating in Support of State Legislation of Legal Sports Gambling post-Murphy v. NCAA." Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport 30, no. 2 (August 26, 2020): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/24366.
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Post-PASPA, more than twenty states have either implemented or successfully passed legislation allowing their citizens to gamble on sports. These legislative efforts have created an opportunity for states to capture some of the over $150 billion that Americans annually wager through illegal means. While Nevada has successfully regulated sports gambling for more than seventy years, the Supreme Court’s Murphy decision has spurred calls for uniform federal legislation. Central to this push for a federal framework are the leaders of the major sports leagues and their claim of concern for contest integrity. Our position is that this argument is tenuous at best. Rather, we believe this to be a convenient avenue for the major sports leagues to become involved in the regulatory process and secure additional revenue via integrity fees for providing data to federally mandated sources. Further, we argue that this framework of requiring states to use certified data sources that originate from the leagues themselves is not only economically damaging for potential sportsbook operators but could actually result in a greater chance of contest corruption rather than increased integrity. This article examines the contrasting views of the major North American professional and amateur sports leagues (NHL, NFL, NBA, MLB, and NCAA) with respect to the new, legalized sports gambling environment. We then look at the argument of maintaining contest integrity which is focal to proposed federal frameworks. Finally, we advocate for a state framework and demonstrate why states are in a better position to regulate sports gambling without federal interference, as state legislation already provides a mechanism by which income from wagers can be redistributed towards improving local infrastructure and funding social welfare programs; under proposed federal legislation, this revenue would divert elsewhere.
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Asmara, Melina Tri, and M. Alvi Syahrin. "Actualization Of Indonesian Immigration Policy Related To Human Rights For Refugees In Indonesia." Journal of Law and Border Protection 1, no. 2 (December 24, 2019): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.52617/jlbp.v1i2.174.
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Over the past three decades, the nationality of eradicating its Rohingya, a persecuted discrimination against the Rohingya, who are a Muslim minority in Myanmar, has forced thousands of people to seek safety in countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Bangladesh and Thailand.. At its peak in 2015 Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia initially encouraged refugees who had already reached the coast, but with the work of local and international organizations, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand then held a consultation meeting in Putrajaya, Malaysia. During these negotiations, Indonesia and Malaysia finally agreed to provide humanitarian assistance to 7,000 illegal immigrants who were illegal to stay for one year (Ministerial Meeting, 2015). According to data from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia, 1,346 refugees from Myanmar and Bangladesh entered Indonesian waters in May 2015. The refugees were resettled in two places in the Aceh region.UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) appreciates the intention of Indonesia and Malaysia for their willingness to help temporarily accommodate their Rohingya refugees. Based on the change in attitudes of Indonesia and Malaysia, a statement has emerged regarding the welfare and safety of Rohingya refugees for the next few years and how Indonesia can handle problems with third countries for its Rohingya refugees. The lack of solutions related to systematic violence, denial of citizenship for the Rohingya people, and the absence of a cohesive regional framework for migration means that there is a lack of protection space regarding refugees in the protection of their social status. Therefore there is a need for a solution in the future in dealing with several policies that are only temporarily intended as a weak solution related to overcoming the prolonged situation of Rohingya refugees
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Hüls, C. Matthias, Ingo Petri, and Helmut Föll. "Absolute Dating of Early Iron Objects from the Ancient Orient: Radiocarbon Dating of Luristan Iron Mask Swords." Radiocarbon 61, no. 5 (April 17, 2019): 1229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2019.13.
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ABSTRACTLuristan Iron Mask Swords have been recovered mostly from illegal diggings in the 1920s. The about 90 known objects are characterized by a disk-shaped pommel on the top of the handle with two mounted bearded heads on two sides. According to the similarity in form and radiocarbon (14C) measurements on two swords from museum collections, an overall short production period was assumed around 1000 BC (Moorey 1991; Rehder 1991). Here we present the results of metallurgical analysis and 14C measurements for three newly acquired Luristan swords, which were donated to the Royal Museums of Art & History, Brussels. Metallurgical analysis indicates an iron production via the bloomary furnace technique. Analyzed samples show large slag inclusions (Fayalite, Wüstite, glass) within a mostly ferritic and pearlitic iron. The carbon contents varied between 0.2 wt% to around 0.8 wt%). 14C measurements on thermally extracted carbon give 14C ages between 2800 BP–3360 BP (calibrated ∼1745 BC–900 BC). The reliability of the 14C measurements are discussed with respect to external (contamination during handling) and intrinsic contamination (e.g. fossil carbon sources during manufacture).
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Killingray, David. "Rights, ‘Riot’ and Ritual: The Knole Park Access Dispute, Sevenoaks, Kent, 1883–5." Rural History 5, no. 1 (April 1994): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300000479.
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On two cool mid-summer nights in 1884 the small west Kent market town of Sevenoaks was disturbed by what one of the County newspapers, echoing the Chief Constable's words, called ‘riotous and tumultuous proceedings’. During the evening of Thursday 18th June a large crowd of townspeople broke down obstacles blocking the entrance to Knole Park and ceremoniously and noisily dumped them in front of the main door of Lord Sackville's large Tudor mansion. On the next night an even larger crowd, reported as numbering 1,500 or more, also invaded the park and besieged the house. A dispute over rights to use a bridle way across the Park which had dragged on for many months united many of the people of Sevenoaks and neighbouring villages against what was seen as the obstructive, illegal and high-handed behaviour of a wealthy and arrogant aristocrat. Attempts by the Local Board to find a resolution to the dispute had been rebuffed by Sackville and in the end the people of Sevenoaks took the law into their own hands.
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Yao, Jiaying, Zhigeng Han, Muhammad Sohail, and Liangmin Wang. "A Robust Security Architecture for SDN-Based 5G Networks." Future Internet 11, no. 4 (March 28, 2019): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi11040085.
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5G is the latest generation of cellular mobile communications. Due to its significant advantage in high data rate, reduced latency and massive device connectivity, the 5G network plays a vital role in today’s commercial telecommunications networks. However, the 5G network also faces some challenges when used in practice. This is because it consists of various diverse ingredients, termed heterogeneity. The heterogeneity of the 5G network has two consequences: first, it prevents us to use this technology in a uniform way, preventing the wide use of 5G technology; second, it complicates the structure of the 5G network, making it hard to monitor what is going on in a 5G network. To break through this limitation, researchers have worked in this field and design their own protocol, in which software-defined networking (SDN) is one key design concept. By separating control and data plane, SDN can make the 5G network functional and programmable, such that we can handle the heterogeneity in traditional 5G networks. In light of this, we say that SDN-5G network is attractive, but its advantages are not free. The intelligence centralization used in SDN has its own drawbacks when it comes to security. To break through this limitation, we propose a robust security architecture for SDN-based 5G Networks. To find the illegal request from malicious attackers, we add extra cryptographic authentication, termed synchronize secret. The basic idea of our scheme is leveraging preload secrets to differ attacks from regular network communications. The simulation results indicate that our work can completely handle the security problem from SDN with a low disconnect rate of 0.01%, which is much better than that from state of the art.
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Batu, Fransisco Lumban, Taufik Siregar, and Muazzul Muazzul. "Peranan Kepolisian Dalam Memberantas Tindak Pidana Pencurian Dengan Kekerasan Di Wilayah Patumbak (Studi Kasus Di Polsek Patumbak)." JUNCTO: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 2, no. 1 (July 6, 2020): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/juncto.v2i1.235.
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Violent theft is one of the diseases of society which merges with crime, which in the historical process from generation to generation turns out that the crime is a crime that harms and tortures others. This type of research is normative juridical that is by means of library research. The results of this study are the role of the Patumbak police in violent theft as stipulated in Article 365 of the Criminal Code, in accordance with the duties and authorities of the police, conducting investigations and investigations as well as arresting the perpetrators and processing in accordance with applicable legal provisions, the factors causing the crime of theft with violence in the Patumbak Sector Police Sector are due to economic factors, social factors and illegal drugs, education factors and also the lack of guidance. Obstacles in efforts to deal with violent theft due to the lack of police personnel in the field in the Patumbak Sector Police area, the ability of the police to handle cases is still lacking, the lack of tools needed by members of the National Police in handling cases and the vast area of the Patumbak Sector Police.
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Tundis, Andrea, Humayun Kaleem, and Max Mühlhäuser. "Detecting and Tracking Criminals in the Real World through an IoT-Based System." Sensors 20, no. 13 (July 7, 2020): 3795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20133795.
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Criminals and related illegal activities represent problems that are neither trivial to predict nor easy to handle once they are identified. The Police Forces (PFs) typically base their strategies solely on their intra-communication, by neglecting the involvement of third parties, such as the citizens, in the investigation chain which results in a lack of timeliness among the occurrence of the criminal event, its identification, and intervention. In this regard, a system based on IoT social devices, for supporting the detection and tracking of criminals in the real world, is proposed. It aims to enable the communication and collaboration between citizens and PFs in the criminal investigation process by combining app-based technologies and embracing the advantages of an Edge-based architecture in terms of responsiveness, energy saving, local data computation, and distribution, along with information sharing. The proposed model as well as the algorithms, defined on the top of it, have been evaluated through a simulator for showing the logic of the system functioning, whereas the functionality of the app was assessed through a user study conducted upon a group of 30 users. Finally, the additional advantage in terms of intervention time was compared to statistical results.
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Hofheinz, Christine, and Renate Soellner. "Belastungserleben Angehöriger von Suchterkrankten – Welche Rolle spielen Beziehungsstatus und Konsummittel?" SUCHT 64, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0939-5911/a000531.
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Zusammenfassung. Zielsetzung: Angehörige von Menschen mit problematischem Konsum sind vielfältigen Belastungssituationen ausgesetzt. In dieser Studie wird untersucht, ob Angehörige erhöhte Werte an physischen und psychischen Belastungssymptomen aufweisen und ob das Ausmaß an Belastung sich in Abhängigkeit von der Art der Beziehung (Partner/innen vs. Eltern vs. Kinder) und des Konsummittels (Alkohol vs. illegale Drogen) der Konsumierenden unterscheidet. Methodik: Dazu wurde bei N = 191 Angehörigen das Ausmaß an Erschöpfung, Magenbeschwerden, Somatisierung, Unsicherheit in Sozialkontakten, Depressivität und Ängstlichkeit erfasst und mit entsprechenden Normwerten verglichen. Ergebnisse: Die Angehörigengruppe wies auf allen sechs Variablen signifikant erhöhte Werte auf. Mittels multivariater Varianzanalysen wurden Unterschiede zwischen den Angehörigengruppen untersucht, hierbei zeigte sich lediglich ein Belastungsunterschied zwischen Partner/innen und Kindern von problematischen Alkoholkonsumierenden. Während Partner/innen höhere Depressivitätswerte aufwiesen, reagierten Kinder eher mit Magenbeschwerden. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse zeigen einerseits, dass es sich bei Angehörigen um eine belastete Gruppe handelt, die einen hohen Bedarf an psychosozialer Unterstützung hat. Andererseits legen diese Ergebnisse eher gruppenübergreifende Unterstützungsangebote nahe.
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Mabe, Zingapi. "Setting aside Transactions from Pyramid Schemes as Impeachable Dispositions under South African Insolvency Legislation." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 19 (October 21, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2016/v19i0a1236.
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South African courts have experienced a rise in the number of cases involving schemes that promise a return on investment with interest rates which are considerably above the maximum amount allowed by law, or schemes which promise compensation from the active recruitment of participants. These schemes, which are often referred to as pyramid or Ponzi schemes, are unsustainable operations and give rise to problems in the law of insolvency. Investors in these schemes are often left empty-handed upon the scheme’s eventual collapse and insolvency. Investors who received pay-outs from the scheme find themselves in the defence against the trustee’s claims for the return of the pay-outs to the insolvent estate. As the schemes are illegal and the pay-outs are often in terms of void agreements, the question arises whether they can be returned to the insolvent estate. A similar situation arose in Griffiths v Janse van Rensburg 2015 ZASCA 158 (26 October 2015). The point of contention in this case was whether the illegality of the business of the scheme was a relevant consideration in determining whether the pay-outs were made in the ordinary course of business of the scheme.This paper discusses pyramid schemes in the context of impeachable dispositions in terms of the Insolvency Act 24 of 1936.
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Adam, Sherly. "Koordinasi Kelembagaan dalam Penenggelaman Kapal Hasil Tindak Pidana Di Bidang Perikanan." SASI 26, no. 1 (May 19, 2020): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/sasi.v26i1.291.
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His study aims to determine to examine, analyze coordination between institutions in the framework of sinking vessels resulting from criminal acts in the field of fisheries. This research is a normative legal research (legal research). The research began with an inventory of legal regulations or laws and regulations relating to coordination between institutions in the framework of sinking vessels resulting from criminal acts in the field of fisheries. According to the Law, there are two methods of sinking ships carried out by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia, namely sinking ships through a court decision and being caught red-handed. For this reason, there is coordination between institutions in the framework of sinking fishing vessels by the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (government) of the Republic of Indonesia, but the coordination of these institutions has not yet been implemented or carried out properly. This is due to unclear regulations regarding operational standards or guidelines for the destruction or sinking of fishing vessels which regulate the implementation, mechanism, and procedure for the destruction of ships to be used as a basis for the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, Prosecutors' Office and the Courts in sinking fishing vessels conducting Illegal Fishing in Indonesian waters.
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Luthfiarta, Ardytha, Junta Zeniarja, Edi Faisal, and Wibowo Wicaksono. "Prediction on Deposit Subscription of Customer based on Bank Telemarketing using Decision Tree with Entropy Comparison." Journal of Applied Intelligent System 4, no. 2 (March 6, 2020): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33633/jais.v4i2.2772.
Full textAbstract:
Banking system collect enormous amounts of data every day. This data can be in the form of customer information, transaction details, risk profiles, credit card details, limits and collateral details, compliance Anti Money Laundering (AML) related information, trade finance data, SWIFT and telex messages. In addition, Thousands of decision are made in Banking system. For example, banks everyday creates credit decisions, relationship start up, investment decisions, AML and Illegal financing related decision. To create this decision, comprehensive review on various reports and drills down tools provided by the banking systems is needed. However, this is a manual process which is error prone and time consuming due to large volume of transactional and historical data available. Hence, automatic knowledge mining is needed to ease the decision making process. This research focuses on data mining techniques to handle the mentioned problem. The technique will focus on classification method using Decision Tree algorithms. This research provides an overview of the data mining techniques and procedures will be performed. It also provides an insight into how these techniques can be used in deposit subscription in banking system to make a decision making process easier and more productive. Keywords - Telemarketing, bank deposit, decision tree, classification, data mining, entropy.
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Ould Slahi, Mohamedou. "القياس اضيع [Likening Can Be Misleading]: Reflections on Africa and Africans in Guantánamo." African Studies Review 63, no. 2 (June 2020): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2020.22.
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Looking back on my incarceration in Guantánamo from the relative security of my home in Nouakchott, I now realize how significant the African presence was in the illegal detention facility. While at the time, and as my Guantánamo Diary makes clear, our captors treated us primarily as Muslims, jihadis, Arabs, and Middle Easterners, the reality was that many of us were first and foremost African. We were born in African countries, our citizenship was that of African nations, we were handed over or surrendered by our own African governments to the U.S., and we shared the common experiences of Africans. The ASA forum held in celebration of my memoir has enabled me to reflect further on this and on what happens when we rethink Gitmo as a place of African detention, created by the collaboration of independent African governments. Fewer than one hundred detainees in Guantánamo hailed from the African continent, which is 12 percent of the total population at its peak. Algeria and Morocco had the most representation, and most detainees were North African, but sub-Saharan Africans featured prominently too. In this commentary, I want to share a little bit about my experience, with a view to making Guantánamo Diary more comprehensible to an Africanist audience.
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Shankar, K., David Taniar, Eunmok Yang, and Okyeon Yi. "Secure and Optimal Secret Sharing Scheme for Color Images." Mathematics 9, no. 19 (September 23, 2021): 2360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9192360.
Full textAbstract:
Due to contemporary communication trends, the amount of multimedia data created and transferred in 5G networks has reached record levels. Multimedia applications communicate an enormous quantity of images containing private data that tend to be attacked by cyber-criminals and later used for illegal reasons. Security must consider and adopt the new and unique features of 5G/6G platforms. Cryptographic procedures, especially secret sharing (SS), with some extraordinary qualities and capacities, can be conceived to handle confidential data. This paper has developed a secured (k, k) multiple secret sharing (SKMSS) scheme with Hybrid Optimal SIMON ciphers. The proposed SKMSS method constructs a set of noised components generated securely based on performing hash and block ciphers over the secret image itself. The shares are created and safely sent after encrypting them through the Hybrid Optimal SIMON ciphers based on the noised images. This is a lightweight cryptography method and helps reduce computation complexity. The hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization-based Cuckoo Search Optimization Algorithm generates the keys based on the analysis of the peak signal to noise ratio value of the recovered secret images. In this way, the quality of the secret image is also preserved even after performing more computations upon securing the images.
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Dong, Dao Minh, Tran Van Huong, and Luong Huu Toan. "Current status and some solutions for resource restoration of the abalone (Haliotis diversicolor) at Bach Long Vi National Marine Protected Area." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ biển 19, no. 2 (September 4, 2019): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/19/2/14040.
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Variously colored abalone (Haliotis diversicolor Reeve, 1864) is the one of 22 protected species by Bach Long Vi National Marine Protected Area. In 1987, the yield of abalone was 37 tons per year, but it was reduced to 5 tons per year in 1992 and before the year of 2013, the yield is less than 1 ton per year [3]. Acording to the survey in October, 1974 the density ranged from 1 to 4 individuals/500 m2, the average for the all of island is 1.25 individuals/500 m2, the current reserve of variously colored abalone is about 0.05 tons. Some of the major causes of abalone depletion include the use of destructive fishing practices such as mines, cyanides, asynchronous development of infrastructure, and sources of pollution... Some solutions to recover the source of profit from abalone such as: The management board of Bach Long Vi National Marine Protected Area and competent authorities have to strengthen communication activities to protect the natural environment, resources as well as to have strong sanctions to strictly handle the environmental pollution activities, illegal methods of fishing. There is a need of research plan to rehabilitate Sargassum and reproduce abalone to return to natural enviroment. To invest in scientific research, to build the facilities and equipments for the management board of Bach Long Vi National Marine Protected Areas should be paid attention.
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Awuah-Nyamekye, Samuel. "Salvaging Nature: The Akan Religio-Cultural Perspective." Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology 13, no. 3 (2009): 251–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/136352409x12535203555713.
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AbstractThe way many Ghanaians relate to the environment now is not the best; they just do not care about how to handle the environment in a sustainable way. They have forgotten that life is environment and environment is life due to rapid cultural change, population explosion etc. There is indiscriminate logging, annual bushfires, illegal surface mining, bad farming practices, dumping of human and industrial wastes into our water bodies and the like. It is estimated that over 90 percent of Ghana's high forest has been logged since the late 1940s. The sanitation situation is growing from bad to worst as the records show. All efforts to salvage the situation over the years have failed to yield the needed results. It is for this reason that this paper argues strongly for the inclusion of indigenous Ghanaian religion and culture in this fight, for they have proven to be eco-biased religion and culture due to the environmentally beneficial mechanisms inherent in them. Specifically, the traditional Akan use their conception of land, taboos, totemism, sacred groves and sasa to ensure the conservation of nature. Therefore, this paper believe, the time has come for us to forge a common ground in our efforts to find a lasting solution to our environmental problems from both the perspectives of science and that of Indigenous Spiritualities and Culture.
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Popoola, Segun I., Bamidele Adebisi, Ruth Ande, Mohammad Hammoudeh, Kelvin Anoh, and Aderemi A. Atayero. "SMOTE-DRNN: A Deep Learning Algorithm for Botnet Detection in the Internet-of-Things Networks." Sensors 21, no. 9 (April 24, 2021): 2985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21092985.
Full textAbstract:
Nowadays, hackers take illegal advantage of distributed resources in a network of computing devices (i.e., botnet) to launch cyberattacks against the Internet of Things (IoT). Recently, diverse Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) methods were proposed to detect botnet attacks in IoT networks. However, highly imbalanced network traffic data in the training set often degrade the classification performance of state-of-the-art ML and DL models, especially in classes with relatively few samples. In this paper, we propose an efficient DL-based botnet attack detection algorithm that can handle highly imbalanced network traffic data. Specifically, Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) generates additional minority samples to achieve class balance, while Deep Recurrent Neural Network (DRNN) learns hierarchical feature representations from the balanced network traffic data to perform discriminative classification. We develop DRNN and SMOTE-DRNN models with the Bot-IoT dataset, and the simulation results show that high-class imbalance in the training data adversely affects the precision, recall, F1 score, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), geometric mean (GM) and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) of the DRNN model. On the other hand, the SMOTE-DRNN model achieved better classification performance with 99.50% precision, 99.75% recall, 99.62% F1 score, 99.87% AUC, 99.74% GM and 99.62% MCC. Additionally, the SMOTE-DRNN model outperformed state-of-the-art ML and DL models.