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Journal articles on the topic 'Illawaraa region'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Campbell, David. "The importance of Lake Illawarra to the Illawarra region." Wetlands Australia 21, no. 2 (February 28, 2006): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31646/wa.260.

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2

Robinson, N. H. "BATS of the Illawarra Region." Australian Zoologist 22, no. 2 (December 1985): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.1985.003.

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3

Sivakumar, M., R. N. Singh, and S. G. S. Morton. "Mine water effluent quality in the Illawarra region." Mine Water and the Environment 11, no. 2 (June 1992): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02919582.

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4

Waitt, Gordon, Carol Farbotko, and Barbara Criddle. "Scalar Politics of Climate Change: Regions, Emissions and Responsibility." Media International Australia 143, no. 1 (May 2012): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1214300106.

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The print media have facilitated multiple types of claim-making and an oppositional climate change politics. Drawing on arguments about the social construction of geographical scale as a category for understanding media practice, this article examines such politics. We focus on the Illawarra Mercury, the only daily newspaper in the Illawarra region of New South Wales, to showcase exactly how this tabloid newspaper engages readers in a scalar politics of climate change. We argue that a regional scalar politics shapes the framing of emissions in the Illawarra Mercury. A key question organising this article concerns the way in which geographical scale is invoked, and reproduced, in this newspaper to structure a certain rationale in reporting on emissions from one of Australia's largest greenhouse gas emitters, the Port Kembla Steelworks. The argument is that the regional scale is evoked as a pre-given, natural and contained entity to justify why the steelworks need not shoulder greenhouse gas emissions reductions. We argue that a better understanding of scalar politics is integral to explain how responsibility for emissions is shifted elsewhere.
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5

Markey, Raymond, and Ann Hodgkinson. "The Impact of the Workplace Relations Act on Regional Patterns of Industrial Relations: The Illawarra Region of Australia, 1996— 2004." Journal of Industrial Relations 50, no. 5 (November 2008): 752–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185608094116.

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Work Choices fundamentally restructured the Australian industrial relations system in 2005, by marginalizing the role of awards and the Australian Industrial Relations Commission, privileging individual contracts and restricting industrial action by trade unions. The Workplace Relations Act 1996 (WRA) represented a significant first step in this direction prior to the Liberal National coalition gaining control of the Senate in 2005. However, there has been no extensive workplace data of the kind produced by the Australian Workplace Relations Survey to take stock of the impact of the WRA. This study undertakes a stocktake of the impact of the WRA for the Illawarra region. It compares data for trade unions, employer associations, forms of employee participation, workplace reductions, industrial disputes and payment systems from the Illawarra Regional Workplace Industrial Relations Survey 1996 with a further survey in 2004. It concludes that while the WRA did impact on the region, the Illawarra nevertheless maintained a distinctive pattern of industrial relations in which the New South Wales State system was more influential. If this provides any indication of the wider impact of the WRA, it offers strong reasons as to why the government proceeded with Work Choices.
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6

Chenhall, B. E., I. Yassini, and B. G. Jones. "Heavy metal concentrations in lagoonal saltmarsh species, Illawarra region, southeastern Australia." Science of The Total Environment 125 (September 1992): 203–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(92)90392-6.

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7

Ohmsen, G. S., B. E. Chenhall, and B. G. Jones. "Trace metal distributions in two saltmarsh substrates, Illawarra region, New South Wales." Wetlands Australia 14, no. 1 (January 23, 2010): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31646/wa.156.

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8

Chang, Lisa, Yvonne Scorgie, Hiep Duc, Khalia Monk, David Fuchs, and Toan Trieu. "Major Source Contributions to Ambient PM2.5 and Exposures within the New South Wales Greater Metropolitan Region." Atmosphere 10, no. 3 (March 13, 2019): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10030138.

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The coupled Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model (CCAM) and Chemical Transport Model (CTM) (CCAM-CTM) was undertaken with eleven emission scenarios segregated from the 2008 New South Wales Greater Metropolitan Region (NSW GMR) Air Emission Inventory to predict major source contributions to ambient PM2.5 and exposure in the NSW GMR. Model results illustrate that populated areas in the NSW GMR are characterised with annual average PM2.5 of 6–7 µg/m3, while natural sources including biogenic emissions, sea salt and wind-blown dust contribute 2–4 µg/m3 to it. Summer and winter regional average PM2.5 ranges from 5.2–6.1 µg/m3 and 3.7–7.7 µg/m3 across Sydney East, Sydney Northwest, Sydney Southwest, Illawarra and Newcastle regions. Secondary inorganic aerosols (particulate nitrate, sulphate and ammonium) and sodium account for up to 23% and 18% of total PM2.5 mass in both summer and winter. The increase in elemental carbon (EC) mass from summer to winter is found across all regions but particularly remarkable in the Sydney East region. Among human-made sources, “wood heaters” is the first or second major source contributing to total PM2.5 and EC mass across Sydney in winter. “On-road mobile vehicles” is the top contributor to EC mass across regions, and it also has significant contributions to total PM2.5 mass, particulate nitrate and sulphate mass in the Sydney East region. “Power stations” is identified to be the third major contributor to the summer total PM2.5 mass across regions, and the first or second contributor to sulphate and ammonium mass in both summer and winter. “Non-road diesel and marine” plays a relatively important role in EC mass across regions except Illawarra. “Industry” is identified to be the first or second major contributor to sulphate and ammonium mass, and the second or third major contributor to total PM2.5 mass across regions. By multiplying modelled predictions with Australian Bureau of Statistics 1-km resolution gridded population data, the natural and human-made sources are found to contribute 60% (3.55 µg/m3) and 40% (2.41 µg/m3) to the population-weighted annual average PM2.5 (5.96 µg/m3). Major source groups “wood heaters”, “industry”, “on-road motor vehicles”, “power stations” and “non-road diesel and marine” accounts for 31%, 26%, 19%, 17% and 6% of the total human-made sources contribution, respectively. The results in this study enhance the quantitative understanding of major source contributions to ambient PM2.5 and its major chemical components. A greater understanding of the contribution of the major sources to PM2.5 exposures is the basis for air quality management interventions aiming to deliver improved public health outcomes.
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9

Chenhall, BE, GE Batley, I. Yassini, AM Depers, and BG Jones. "Ash distribution and metal contents of Lake Illawarra bottom sediments." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 6 (1994): 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9940977.

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The distribution of anthropogenically derived ash and metal contents of Lake Illawarra bottom sediments have shown that elevated concentrations of trace metals, particularly Zn, are linked to ash concentrations. The highest concentrations of total metals (up to 10 times the locally defined background) were recorded from Griffins Bay, adjacent to the Port Kembla industrial complex. Other sites investigated exhibited only slight trace metal enrichment in near-surface sediments, typically 1.4 to 2 times the background. Analytical data from inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) indicate that the ratio of EDTA-extractable ratio:total metal present in the sediment generally decreases in the order Pb, Zn and Cu. Lake sedimentation rates, calculated on the basis of metal and ash depth profiles, were found to lie in the range 6.9 to 16 mm year-1 and represent the most serious long-term environmental problem in the Illawarra region.
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10

Deng, Shujuan, Kyu Naing, Wiley Mathis, and Michael Fox. "Respiratory viral detection in primary health care setting in regional NSW (Illawarra region)." Pathology 48 (February 2016): S104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pathol.2015.12.300.

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11

Haughton, G. "Community and Industrial Restructuring: Responses to the Recession and its Aftermath in the Illawarra Region of Australia." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 21, no. 2 (February 1989): 233–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a210233.

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The combined processes of industrial and community restructuring are examined for the steel city of Wollongong in the Illawarra region of Australia. Recessionary conditions have provided the backdrop to considerable efforts to form and effectively utilise local cross-class alliances as one means of breaking out of decline. Although some progress does appear to have been made, it remains to be seen whether this can provide long-term benefits and whether the new alliances which have formed will strengthen or disintegrate as the recession is left behind.
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12

Coote, Anna, and Tracy Prior. "A Patient Identification System for Area Health Records." Australian Medical Record Journal 18, no. 4 (December 1988): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/183335838801800405.

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The advent of area health boards in NSW created a need for patient identification systems to incorporate information held in several data bases. The concept of a unique health identifier system is outlined, including detail of record location, number issuing, privacy issues and implementation. The Illawarra Health Region experience of an area patient master index and an area record is described. (AMRJ 1988, 18(4), 145–149)
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13

Patch, Craig S., Linda C. Tapsell, and Peter G. Williams. "Overweight Consumers' Salient Beliefs on Omega-3-Enriched Functional Foods in Australia's Illawarra Region." Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 37, no. 2 (March 2005): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60020-1.

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14

Burrows, Scott. "Precarious work, neo-liberalism and young people’s experiences of employment in the Illawarra region." Economic and Labour Relations Review 24, no. 3 (August 28, 2013): 380–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304613498189.

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15

Westley‐Wise, Victoria J., Anthony Hogan, Bernard W. Stewart, Irene Kreis, Paolo F. Ricci, Chris Darling, Steve Corbett, John Kaldor, Neill H. Stacey, and Pauline Warburton. "Investigation of a cluster of leukaemia in the Illawarra region of New South Wales, 1989–1996." Medical Journal of Australia 171, no. 4 (August 1999): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1999.tb123593.x.

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16

Bryant, E. A., R. W. Young, D. M. Price, and S. A. Short. "Thermoluminescenge and Uranium‐Thorium chronologies of pleistocene coastal landforms of the Illawarra region, New South Wales." Australian Geographer 21, no. 2 (November 1990): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049189008703007.

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17

O'Brien, Martin, and Scott Burrows. "Assessing the Effectiveness of Regional Policy Responses to Mass Redundancies: The Case of the Illawarra Region, Australia." Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 38, no. 2 (February 7, 2019): 144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1759-3441.12244.

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18

Femia, G., T. Fetahovik, T. Tiberio, W. Mckenzie, T. Nguyendang, D. Owensby, A. Yeung, P. Shetty, and A. Lee. "Accuracy of the pre-hospital assessment for primary Angioplasty (PAPA) program in the Illawarra region of NSW." Heart, Lung and Circulation 24 (2015): S259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2015.06.347.

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19

Breitbarth, A., A. Lochhead, and C. K. C. Loo. "Impact of the bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytology in the Illawarra Shoalhaven regions of NSW." Pathology 45 (2013): S76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.pat.0000426911.39661.02.

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20

Yassini, I., BG Jones, RJ King, M. Ayress, and KT Dewi. "Ostracod fauna associated with sublittoral kelp forest vegetation at Windang Island, New South Wales, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 46, no. 8 (1995): 1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9951181.

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Sublittoral kelp forests, such as those occupying the wave-dominated shallow marine rocky substrata around Windang Island, New South Wales, provide an important habitat for ostracods. This is reflected in the diverse biocoenotic assemblage (69 species, including one new genus and three new species) and populations of juveniles recorded from this area. The thanatocoenotic assemblage contributes a further 37 ostracod species. The total assemblage is more diverse than, and has only 17 species in common with, the previously documented intertidal biocoenotic assemblages around Windang Island. The distribution of the more abundant ostracod species reflects the energy levels within the environment, with a greater proportion of smooth-shelled forms occurring in the higher-energy zones at shallow depths. Most of the thanatocoenose population represents species moved up from the deeper shelf or into the region from the adjacent tidal channel into Lake Illawarra, rather than species from the intertidal region around Windang Island.
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21

Sussman, Romi L., Anne T. McMahon, and Elizabeth P. Neale. "An Audit of the Nutrition and Health Claims on Breakfast Cereals in Supermarkets in the Illawarra Region of Australia." Nutrients 11, no. 7 (July 15, 2019): 1604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11071604.

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Nutrition and health claims can promote healthier food choices but may lead to consumer confusion if misused. Regular monitoring of claims is therefore required. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of nutrition and health claims carried on breakfast cereals in supermarkets, and to assess claim compliance with regulations. Nutrition and health claims on breakfast cereal products across five supermarkets in the Illawarra region of New South Wales, Australia, were recorded in a cross-sectional audit. Prevalence of claim type and claim compliance was determined. Claims were compared across categories of breakfast cereal. Almost all (95.7%) products audited carried at least one nutrition or health claim; nutrition content (n = 1096) was more prevalent than health claims (n = 213). Most claims (91.6%) were compliant with regulations. Additionally, claim prevalence and type differed according to breakfast cereal category, with the highest proportion of claims appearing on ‘health and wellbeing’ and ‘muesli’ products. There is a high prevalence of nutrition and health claims on breakfast cereals, with most claims compliant with regulations. Research should investigate consumer interpretation of claims and the impact of applying nutrient profiling for all claims to assist consumers to make informed health choices.
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22

Phillipson, Lyn, Sandra C. Jones, and Elizabeth Wiese. "Effective Communication Only Part of the Strategy Needed to Promote Help-Seeking of Young People with Mental Health Problems." Social Marketing Quarterly 15, no. 2 (May 22, 2009): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15245000902878860.

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Formative research was undertaken in the Illawarra region of New South Wales (south of Sydney, Australia) to identify local communication strategies to influence the help-seeking behavior of young people in relation to a new youth-focused general practice (or physician) led mental health service. Research with the target market (12–25years) revealed the need for a local campaign to address the stigma associated with the use of mental health services and the need to emphasize the central role of the general practitioner or physician to the service. The results also indicated that any overarching campaign should be complemented by segment-specific strategies which tailor not only communication variables and channels to reach different market segments, but also consider varying aspects of the product or service to reach a broad cross-section of the target group.
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23

Goldingay, Ross, and Ben Lewis. "Development of a conservation strategy for the Green and Golden Bell FrogLitoria aureain the Illawarra Region of New South Wales." Australian Zoologist 31, no. 2 (September 1999): 376–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.1999.039.

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24

Garg, Lokesh, Wilf Yeo, and Leena Singla. "847 Feasibility of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) for confirming diagnosis of hypertension in the ILLAWARRA REGION of New South Wales." Journal of Hypertension 30 (September 2012): e246-e247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000420898.08568.dc.

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25

Mayne, Darren J., Kelly-Anne Ressler, Diane Smith, Gareth Hockey, Susan J. Botham, and Mark J. Ferson. "A Community Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis in Sydney Associated with a Public Swimming Facility: A Case-Control Study." Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/341065.

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In February, 2008, the South Eastern Sydney Illawarra Public Health Unit investigated an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis within the south east region of Sydney, Australia. Thirty-one cases with laboratory-confirmed cryptosporidiosis and 97 age- and geographically matched controls selected by random digit dialling were recruited into a case-control study and interviewed for infection risk factors. Cryptosporidiosis was associated with swimming at Facility A (matched odds ratio = 19.4, 95% confidence interval: 3.7–100.8) and exposure to household contacts with diarrhoea (matched odds ratio = 7.7, 95% confidence interval: 1.9–31.4) in multivariable conditional logistic regression models. A protective effect for any animal contact was also found (matched odds ratio = 0.2, 95% confidence interval: 0.1–0.7).Cryptosporidium hominissubtype IbA10G2 was identified in 8 of 11 diagnostic stool samples available for cases. This investigation reaffirms the importance of public swimming pools as potential sources ofCryptosporidiuminfection and ensuring their compliance with water-quality guidelines. The protective effect of animal contact may be suggestive of past exposure leading to immunity.
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26

Wadhwa, Sam-Reith S., Anne T. McMahon, and Elizabeth P. Neale. "A Cross-Sectional Audit of Nutrition and Health Claims on Dairy Yoghurts in Supermarkets of the Illawarra Region of New South Wales, Australia." Nutrients 13, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 1835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13061835.

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Health and nutrition claims are used by consumers to guide purchasing decisions. In consequence, monitoring and evaluation of such claims to ensure they are accurate and transparent is required. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of nutrition and health claims on dairy-yoghurt products within select Australian supermarkets and assess their compliance with the revised Food Standards Code (FSC). Nutrition, health, and related claims on yoghurt products were assessed in a cross-sectional audit of five supermarkets in the Illawarra region of New South Wales. Claim prevalence, type, and compliance were assessed and products were compared against current rating measures. A total of n = 340 dairy yoghurt products were identified. Most products (97.9%) carried at least one nutrition and/or health claim, with nutrition-content claims (93.9%) the most prevalent. Most products (n = 277) met the nutrient profiling scoring criterion; while 87.9% of products did not carry the health star rating. Almost all claims surveyed (97.4%) were compliant with the FSC. Health and nutrition claims are highly prevalent across yoghurt categories, with the majority of these compliant with regulations. The ambiguity surrounding the wording and context of claims challenges researchers to investigate consumers’ interpretations of health messaging within the food environment.
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27

Wishart, Graham. "Trapdoor spiders of the genus Misgolas (Mygalomorphae: Idiopidae) in the Illawarra and South Coast regions of New South Wales, Australia." Records of the Australian Museum 63, no. 1 (June 29, 2011): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.63.2011.1553.

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28

Marshall, Sarah Louise, Frank Deane, and Nicola Hancock. "Increasing Research Familiarity Among Members of a Clubhouse for People With Mental Illness." Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling 16, no. 2 (November 1, 2010): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jrc.16.2.119.

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AbstractThis study describes a project that aimed to train people with mental illness in introductory research skills to support the development of a Clubhouse. Eight mental health consumers from the Illawarra region in New South Wales, Australia were recruited to participate in the project. The group met weekly over a 10-week period to participate in training sessions. The training program focused on increasing familiarity and confidence with research related activities considered useful for Clubhouse members. Measures related to Familiarity with the Clubhouse model, Clubhouse Role Confidence, Research Self Efficacy, and Familiarity with Research Terminology were completed by six of eight participants before and after training. There were significant improvements in consumer's familiarity with components of the Clubhouse and research terminology. There was also increased confidence in performing roles relevant to research activities in Clubhouse settings but no significant improvements in Research Self efficacy related to more general research skills. There is a need for future research to confirm the findings in larger trials with a control condition.
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29

Lumby, Bronwyn, and Colleen McGloin. "Re-Presenting Urban Aboriginal Identities: Self-Representation in Children of the Sun." Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 38, no. 1 (January 2009): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/s1326011100000569.

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AbstractTeaching Aboriginal studies to a diverse student cohort presents challenges in the pursuit of developing a critical pedagogy. In this paper, we present Children of the Sun (2006), a local film made by Indigenous youth in the Illawarra region south of Sydney, New South Wales. We outline the film's genesis and its utilisation in our praxis. The film is a useful resource in the teaching of urban Aboriginal identity to primarily non-Indigenous students in the discipline of Aboriginal studies. It contributes to the development of critical thinking, and our own critical practice as educators and offers a starting point to address pre-conceived and stereotypical notions about race and colour. We situate this paper within a theoretical framework of identity and whiteness studies to explore the issue of light skin in relation to the constraints of identity surrounding urban Aboriginal youth, as represented in Children of the Sun. We discuss the usefulness of this film as a self-representational text that subverts and challenges pre-conceived notions of Aboriginal identity.
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30

Lucas, Elizabeth, Elizabeth Halcomb, and Sandra McCarthy. "Connecting Care in the Community: what works and what doesn't." Australian Journal of Primary Health 22, no. 6 (2016): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py15141.

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As the burden of chronic and complex disease grows, there is an emphasis on programs that enhance the quality of care within primary care. The Connecting Care in the Community (CCC) program is an example of the implementation of care integration. This qualitative study sought to explore the experiences general practice staff face in managing clients with chronic and complex care issues, and their perceptions of the contribution of the CCC program to this care. Seventeen general practice staff from 11 practices throughout the Illawarra/Shoalhaven region participated in semistructured interviews. Five main themes emerged: (1) awareness of the CCC program; (2) varying program exposure and value placed on the program; (3) practice ‘busyness’ and role confusion; (4) communication and information sharing; and (5) the need for staff education and knowledge of local resources. If policymakers and healthcare organisations can gain a better understanding of the experiences of general practice staff, they will be able to design and implement programs that best meet the needs of the providers that they are attempting to integrate.
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Toms, Renin, Darren J. Mayne, Xiaoqi Feng, and Andrew Bonney. "Geographic variation in cardiometabolic risk distribution: A cross-sectional study of 256,525 adult residents in the Illawarra-Shoalhaven region of the NSW, Australia." PLOS ONE 14, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): e0223179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223179.

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32

Reinfields, Ivars, and Gerald C. Nanson. "'Torrents of Terror': the August 1998 Storm and the Magnitude, Frequency and Impact of Major Floods in the Illawarra Region of New South Wales." Australian Geographical Studies 39, no. 3 (November 2001): 335–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8470.00150.

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33

Brett, André. "‘“The whistle blows, and we are whisked into a tunnel”: Railways and the Environment in Illawarra, 1850s–1915’." Journal of Australian, Canadian, and Aotearoa New Zealand Studies 1, no. 1 (June 11, 2021): 111–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52230/kmun8667.

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Historians are becoming alert to the large role of railways in environmental history. To date, many studies in Australasia focus on a specific industry, such as timber. It is now worth turning to the distinctive local or regional effects of railways beyond a single industry or commodity, so to better understand the links between technology, environment, and place. Illawarra presents a valuable case study. The environmental history of the first decades of rail transport exposes how Wollongong and its region industrialised and the ways in which this process affected everything from primary producers to the sounds of daily life. This article takes in the 1850s through to the start of World War I (WWI), a period when rail transport grew from being the adjunct of a few coal mines into an essential common carrier. It progresses through a series of themes that show the economic, social, and cultural attributes that shaped and were shaped by the railway environment. It begins with the railway as a carrier: the extent to which trains fulfilled their intended role to transport Illawarra’s natural resources to Sydney and other markets. It then moves on to the railway as a consumer, putting the local environment to work for its benefit and requiring materials made from resources of distant lands. Railways did more than carry or consume resources; they created their own environment and provided new perspectives on nature. Trains brought people closer to nature, carried them into new—and dangerous—environments in tunnels, and transformed the sonic landscape. Rail travel differed significantly to horseback or sea voyages in capacity and speed, and by WWI it was enmeshed in Illawarra’s environment.
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34

Watson, Kalynda M. A., Katarina M. Mikac, and Sibylle G. Schwab. "Population Genetics of the Invasive Red Fox, Vulpes vulpes, in South-Eastern Australia." Genes 12, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12050786.

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The use of genetic information in conservation biology has become more widespread with genetic information more readily available for non-model organisms. It has also been recognized that genetic information from invasive species can inform their management and control. The red fox poses a significant threat to Australian native fauna and the agricultural industry. Despite this, there are few recently published studies investigating the population genetics of foxes in Australia. This study investigated the population genetics of 94 foxes across the Illawarra and Shoalhaven regions of New South Wales, Australia. Diversity Array sequencing technology was used to genotype a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (N = 33,375). Moderate genetic diversity and relatedness were observed across the foxes sampled. Low to moderate levels of inbreeding, high-levels of identity-by-state values, as well as high identity-by-descent values were also found. There was limited evidence for population genetic structure among the foxes across the landscape sampled, supporting the presence of a single population across the study area. This indicates that there may be no barriers hindering fox dispersal across the landscape.
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35

Chang, Lisa, Hiep Duc, Yvonne Scorgie, Toan Trieu, Khalia Monk, and Ningbo Jiang. "Performance Evaluation of CCAM-CTM Regional Airshed Modelling for the New South Wales Greater Metropolitan Region." Atmosphere 9, no. 12 (December 8, 2018): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9120486.

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A comprehensive evaluation of the performance of the coupled Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model (CCAM) and Chemical Transport Model (CTM) (CCAM-CTM) for the New South Wales Greater Metropolitan Region (NSW GMR) was conducted based on modelling results for two periods coinciding with measurement campaigns undertaken during the Sydney Particle Study (SPS), namely the summer in 2011 (SPS1) and the autumn in 2012 (SPS2). The model performance was evaluated for fine particulate matter (PM2.5), ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) against air quality data from the NSW Government’s air quality monitoring network, and PM2.5 components were compared with speciated PM measurements from the Sydney Particle Study’s Westmead sampling site. The model tends to overpredict PM2.5 with normalised mean bias (NMB) less than 20%, however, moderate underpredictions of the daily peak are found on high PM2.5 days. The PM2.5 predictions at all sites comply with performance criteria for mean fractional bias (MFB) of ±60%, but only PM2.5 predictions at Earlwood further comply with the performance goal for MFB of ±30% during both periods. The model generally captures the diurnal variations in ozone with a slight underestimation. The model also tends to underpredict daily maximum hourly ozone. Ozone predictions across regions in SPS1, as well as in Sydney East, Sydney Northwest and Illawarra regions in SPS2 comply with the benchmark of MFB of ±15%, however, none of the regions comply with the benchmark for mean fractional error (MFE) of 35%. The model reproduces the diurnal variations and magnitudes of NO2 well, with a slightly underestimating tendency across the regions. The MFE and normalised mean error (NME) for NO2 predictions fall well within the ranges inferred from other studies. Model results are within a factor of two of measured averages for sulphate, nitrate, sodium and organic matter, with elemental carbon, chloride, magnesium and ammonium being underpredicted. The overall performance of CCAM-CTM modelling system for the NSW GMR is comparable to similar model predictions by other regional airshed models documented in the literature. The performance of the modelling system is found to be variable according to benchmark criteria and depend on the location of the sites, as well as the time of the year. The benchmarking of CCAM-CTM modelling system supports the application of this model for air quality impact assessment and policy scenario modelling to inform air quality management in NSW.
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Cheung, Kevin K. W., Aliakbar A. Rasuly, Fei Ji, and Lisa T. C. Chang. "Spatial Characteristics of Precipitation in the Greater Sydney Metropolitan Area as Revealed by the Daily Precipitation Concentration Index." Atmosphere 12, no. 5 (May 13, 2021): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12050627.

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In this study; the spatial distribution of the Daily Precipitation Concentration Index (DPCI) has been analyzed inside the Greater Sydney Metropolitan Area (GSMA). Accordingly, the rainfall database from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology archive was utilized after comprehensive quality control. The compiled data contains a set of 41 rainfall stations indicating consistent daily precipitation series from 1950 to 2015. In the analysis of the DPCI across GSMA the techniques of Moran’s Spatial Autocorrelation has been applied. In addition, a cross-covariance method was applied to assess the spatial interdependency between vector-based datasets after performing an Ordinary Kriging interpolation. The results identify four well-recognized intense rainfall development zones: the south coast and topographic areas of the Illawarra district characterized by Tasman Sea coastal regions with DPCI values ranging from 0.61 to 0.63, the western highlands of the Blue Mountains, with values between 0.60 and 0.62, the inland regions, with lowest rainfall concentrations between 0.55 and 0.59, and lastly the districts located inside the GSMA with DPCI ranging 0.60 to 0.61. Such spatial distribution has revealed the rainstorm and severe thunderstorm activity in the area. This study applies the present models to identify the nature and mechanisms underlying the distribution of torrential rains over space within the metropolis of Sydney, and to monitor any changes in the spatial pattern under the warming climate.
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Barnett, Stephen, Joan Henderson, Adam Hodgkins, Christopher Harrison, Abhijeet Ghosh, Bridget Dijkmans-Hadley, Helena Britt, and Andrew Bonney. "A valuable approach to the use of electronic medical data in primary care research: Panning for gold." Health Information Management Journal 46, no. 2 (October 12, 2016): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1833358316669888.

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Background: Electronic medical data (EMD) from electronic health records of general practice computer systems have enormous research potential, yet many variables are unreliable. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare selected data variables from general practice EMD with a reliable, representative national dataset (Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (BEACH)) in order to validate their use for primary care research. Method: EMD variables were compared with encounter data from the nationally representative BEACH program using χ2 tests and robust 95% confidence intervals to test their validity (measure what they reportedly measure). The variables focused on for this study were patient age, sex, smoking status and medications prescribed at the visit. Results: The EMD sample from six general practices in the Illawarra region of New South Wales, Australia, yielded data on 196,515 patient encounters. Details of 90,553 encounters were recorded in the 2013 BEACH dataset from 924 general practitioners. No significant differences in patient age ( p = 0.36) or sex ( p = 0.39) were found. EMD had a lower rate of current smokers and higher average scripts per visit, but similar prescribing distribution patterns. Conclusion: Validating EMD variables offers avenues for improving primary care delivery and measuring outcomes of care to inform clinical practice and health policy.
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Suesse, Thomas, Mohammad-Reza Namazi-Rad, Payam Mokhtarian, and Johan Barthélemy. "Estimating Cross-Classified Population Counts of Multidimensional Tables: An Application to Regional Australia to Obtain Pseudo-Census Counts." Journal of Official Statistics 33, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 1021–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jos-2017-0048.

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AbstractEstimating population counts for multidimensional tables based on a representative sample subject to known marginal population counts is not only important in survey sampling but is also an integral part of standard methods for simulating area-specific synthetic populations. In this article several estimation methods are reviewed, with particular focus on the iterative proportional fitting procedure and the maximum likelihood method. The performance of these methods is investigated in a simulation study for multidimensional tables, as previous studies are limited to 2 by 2 tables. The data are generated under random sampling but also under misspecification models, for which sample and target populations differ systematically. The empirical results show that simple adjustments can lead to more efficient estimators, but generally, at the expense of increased bias. The adjustments also generally improve coverage of the confidence intervals. The methods discussed in this article along with standard error estimators, are made freely available in the R packagemipfp. As an illustration, the methods are applied to the 2011 Australian census data available for the Illawarra Region in order to obtain estimates for the desired three-way table for age by sex by family type with known marginal tables for age by sex and for family type.
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Walsan, Ramya, Darren J. Mayne, Xiaoqi Feng, Nagesh Pai, and Andrew Bonney. "Examining the Association between Neighbourhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Type 2 Diabetes Comorbidity in Serious Mental Illness." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20 (October 15, 2019): 3905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203905.

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This study examined the association between neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage and serious mental illness (SMI)–type 2 diabetes (T2D) comorbidity in an Australian population using routinely collected clinical data. We hypothesised that neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage is positively associated with T2D comorbidity in SMI. The analysis considered 3816 individuals with an SMI living in the Illawarra and Shoalhaven regions of NSW, Australia, between 2010 and 2017. Multilevel logistic regression models accounting for suburb (neighbourhood) level clustering were used to assess the association between neighbourhood disadvantage and SMI -T2D comorbidity. Models were adjusted for age, sex, and country of birth. Compared with the most advantaged neighbourhoods, residents in the most disadvantaged neighbourhoods had 3.2 times greater odds of having SMI–T2D comorbidity even after controlling for confounding factors (OR 3.20, 95% CI 1.42–7.20). The analysis also revealed significant geographic variation in the distribution of SMI -T2D comorbidity in our sample (Median Odds Ratio = 1.35) Neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage accounted for approximately 17.3% of this geographic variation. These findings indicate a potentially important role for geographically targeted initiatives designed to enhance prevention and management of SMI–T2D comorbidity in disadvantaged communities.
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Davies, Fiona, Frank P. Deane, and Andrew Dalley. "General Practitioners' Help-seeking Intentions for Mental Health Problems." Australian Journal of Primary Health 12, no. 3 (2006): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py06047.

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The objectives of this study were to determine general practitioners' (GPs) intentions to seek help for drug and alcohol problems and persistent suicidal thoughts, as well as their preferred sources of help. A postal survey of all GPs in the Illawarra region of New South Wales was conducted. One hundred and thirty-six GPs completed the questionnaire. Participants indicated they were most likely to seek help for drug and alcohol problems from a GP, the NSW Doctors' Health Advisory Service, family, or friends. GPs with persistent suicidal thoughts were most likely to seek help from a psychiatrist, GP, or family. GPs reported greater intentions to seek help from psychiatrists, psychologists, phone help-lines and family for persistent suicidal thoughts compared to drug and alcohol problems. However, as depression increased, intentions to seek help from GPs and family decreased. Family and other GPs were preferred sources of help for both types of problem described in this study. GP spouses often experience high levels of burden for caring for children, their GP spouse, and at times the practice itself. The importance of GPs' spouses suggests they should be included in any programs aimed at strengthening the helping support systems for GPs. It may also be useful to educate GPs generally about how to work with colleagues who are seeking help, and the sorts of barriers they may experience in doing so.
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Toms, Renin, Xiaoqi Feng, Darren J. Mayne, and Andrew Bonney. "Role of Area-Level Access to Primary Care on the Geographic Variation of Cardiometabolic Risk Factor Distribution: A Multilevel Analysis of the Adult Residents in the Illawarra—Shoalhaven Region of NSW, Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 16, 2020): 4297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124297.

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Background: Access to primary care is important for the identification, control and management of cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs). This study investigated whether differences in geographic access to primary care explained area-level variation in CMRFs. Methods: Multilevel logistic regression models were used to derive the association between area-level access to primary care and seven discrete CMRFs after adjusting for individual and area-level co-variates. Two-step floating catchment area method was used to calculate the geographic access to primary care for the small areas within the study region. Results: Geographic access to primary care was inversely associated with low high density lipoprotein (OR 0.94, CI 0.91–0.96) and obesity (OR 0.91, CI 0.88–0.93), after adjusting for age, sex and area-level disadvantage. The intra-cluster correlation coefficient (ICCs) of all the fully adjusted models ranged between 0.4–1.8%, indicating low general contextual effects of the areas on CMRF distribution. The area-level variation in CMRFs explained by primary care access was ≤10.5%. Conclusion: The findings of the study support proportionate universal interventions for the prevention and control of CMRFs, rather than any area specific interventions based on their primary care access, as the contextual influence of areas on all the analysed CMRFs were found to be minimal. The findings also call for future research that includes other aspects of primary care access, such as road-network access, financial affordability and individual-level acceptance of the services in order to gain an overall picture of the area-level contributing role of primary care on CMRFs in the study region.
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Tapsell, LC, K. Pettengell, and SL Denmeade. "Assessment of a narrative approach to the diet history." Public Health Nutrition 2, no. 1 (January 1999): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980099000087.

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Abstract:Objective:To assess the quality of a narrative form diet history (DH).Design:Reproducibility assessed with data obtained at 6-week intervals. Criterion validity assessed using energy intake to estimated energy expenditure (EI: BMR) cut-off limits. Relative validity assessed by comparing results for energy and macronutrients at baseline and month 2 of an intervention trial with those obtained from 3-day food records (FR).Setting:Community-based dietary intervention trials for the study of metabolic syndrome in the Illawarra region of New South Wales, Australia.Subjects:Reproducibility: 43 healthy female volunteers. Mean age 58.72 years (range 50–67), mean body mass index (BMI) 25.79 (range 21–36). Validity: 45 healthy volunteers—18 males (mean age 46.9 years, mean BMI 27.8), and 27 females (mean age 45.7 years, mean BMI 26.2), attending a study on the effect of diet on metabolic variables.Results:Reproducibility: wide SD values indicated a high degree of intraindividual variation, but correlation coefficients were comparable to those of similar studies. Validity: underreporting was inconsistent with individuals, but was greater with the DH than the FR at each stage of the dietary trial (significant at month 1, P > 0.01). Underreporters indicated higher intakes of protein during the trial (P > 0.05). Weaker associations were found between the DH and FR data for energy values, but there was strong agreement for per cent fat consumed as saturated and monounsaturated fat at each stage of the trial.Conclusions:The narrative form DH performs as well as standardized interviews, but more work needs to be done at the micro level, focusing on aspects which deal with foods likely to be underreported in the particular study context. This can be achieved through continued research using combined methodologies.
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Cross, Roger, Andrew Bonney, Darren J. Mayne, and Kathryn M. Weston. "Cross-sectional study of area-level disadvantage and glycaemic-related risk in community health service users in the Southern.IML Research (SIMLR) cohort." Australian Health Review 43, no. 1 (2019): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah16298.

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Objectives The aim of the present study was to determine the association between area-level socioeconomic disadvantage and glycaemic-related risk in health service users in the Illawarra–Shoalhaven region of New South Wales, Australia. Methods HbA1c values recorded between 2010 and 2012 for non-pregnant individuals aged ≥18 years were extracted from the Southern.IML Research (SIMLR) database. Individuals were assigned quintiles of the Socioeconomic Indices for Australia (SEIFA) Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage (IRSD) according to their Statistical Area 1 of residence. Glycaemic risk categories were defined as HbA1c 5.0–5.99% (lowest risk), 6.0–7.49% (intermediate risk) and ≥7.5% (highest risk). Logistic regression models were fit with glycaemic risk category as the outcome variable and IRSD as the study variable, adjusting for age and sex. Results Data from 29064 individuals were analysed. Higher disadvantage was associated with belonging to a higher glycaemic risk category in the fully adjusted model (most disadvantaged vs least disadvantaged quintile; odds ratio 1.74, 95% confidence interval 1.58, 1.93; P<0.001). Conclusion In this geocoded clinical dataset, area-level socioeconomic disadvantage was a significant correlate of increased glycaemic-related risk. Geocoded clinical data can inform more targeted use of health service resources, with the potential for improved health care equity and cost-effectiveness. What is known about the topic? The rapid increase in the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes (T2D), both globally and nationally within Australia, is a major concern for the community and public health agencies. Individual socioeconomic disadvantage is a known risk factor for abnormal glucose metabolism (AGM), including T2D. Although small-area-level socioeconomic disadvantage is a known correlate of AGM in Australia, less is known of the association of area-level disadvantage and glycaemic-related risk in individuals with AGM. What does this paper add? This study demonstrates a robust association between small-area-level socioeconomic disadvantage and glycaemic-related risk in regional New South Wales. The study demonstrates that it is feasible to use geocoded, routinely collected clinical data to identify communities at increased health risk. What are the implications for practitioners? The identification of at-risk populations is an essential step towards targeted public health policy and programs aimed at reducing the burden of AGM, its complications and the associated economic costs. Collaboration between primary care and public health in the collection and use of data described in the present study has the potential to enhance the effectiveness of both sectors.
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Westley-Wise, Victoria, Luise Lago, Judy Mullan, Franca Facci, Rebekah Zingel, and Kathy Eagar. "Trends in unplanned readmissions over 15 years: a regional Australian perspective." Australian Health Review 44, no. 2 (2020): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah18072.

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Objective The aim of this study was to assess 15-year trends in unplanned readmissions in an Australian regional health service. Methods Drawing on data held in the Illawarra Health Information Platform (IHIP), this longitudinal retrospective study of adults admitted to hospital between 2001–02 and 2015–16 assessed rates of unplanned all-cause readmissions within 30 days (‘early’) and 1–6 months (‘late’) following discharge. Rates were compared over time and between patient groups. Results Age-adjusted early readmission rates declined over the 15 years by an average of 1.3% per annum, whereas late readmission rates increased by an average of 0.6% per annum. Together, there was an overall decline in readmission rates. The entire decline in early readmission rates and a reversal of the increasing trend in late readmission rates occurred since 2010–11. Similar trends occurred across age groups, but were most pronounced among those aged ≥75 years. Conclusions The decline in readmissions since 2010–11 suggests that the region has achieved improvements in discharge planning and in continuity between hospitals and community-based care. These improvements have occurred across broad patient groups. The longitudinal and linked data held in the IHIP provides a unique opportunity to examine patterns of service utilisation at a regional level. What is known about the topic? Published reports of longitudinal trends in readmissions are typically limited by short study periods and narrow criteria used to define study populations and readmissions. Australian longitudinal data suggest rates of early readmission have remained relatively unchanged in recent years, despite the focus on readmission rates as a metric to assess the quality and continuity of care. What does this paper add? This unique longitudinal study reports on long-term readmission trends over 15 years to hospitals within a single geographic area, with trends reported for both early (30-day) and late (1- to 6-month) readmissions by age group and major diagnostic categories. The findings reflect more complex patterns than are typically reported in cross-sectional and more limited longitudinal studies. What are the implications for practitioners? The results suggest improvements at a regional level that may be associated with care during the initial hospitalisation and discharge (reflected particularly in early readmissions) and in the community (reflected particularly in late readmissions). Future investigations will explore specific patient groups and the effects of specific initiatives, services and models of care to better predict those at risk of readmission and to inform translation locally and further afield. The relationship between readmissions and the use of ambulatory services (primary care, emergency department and out-patient) also warrants further investigation.
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Mo, Matthew, and David R. Waterhouse. "Notes on the Bassian Thrush Zoothera lunulata in the Illawarra region, south-eastern Australia." Australian Field Ornithology 33 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo33025027.

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46

Jafari, Yasaman, Brian G. Jones, Joanna C. Pacheco, and Sultan Umoru. "Trace element soil contamination from smelters in the Illawarra region, New South Wales, Australia." Environmental Earth Sciences 79, no. 15 (July 23, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09115-y.

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47

"First person – Shannon McMahon." Journal of Cell Science 134, no. 7 (April 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.258681.

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ABSTRACT First Person is a series of interviews with the first authors of a selection of papers published in Journal of Cell Science, helping early-career researchers promote themselves alongside their papers. Shannon McMahon is first author on ‘DNAJB chaperones suppress destabilised protein aggregation via a region distinct from that used to inhibit amyloidogenesis’, published in JCS. Shannon is a PhD student in the lab of Heath Ecroyd at Molecular Horizons and the Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia, investigating whether the intrinsic proteostasis machinery can be manipulated to combat neurodegenerative diseases.
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Kodela, Phillip. "Pollen morphology of some rainforest taxa occurring in the Illawarra region of New South Wales, Australia." Telopea, November 13, 2006, 346–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7751/telopea20065734.

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Hu, Ren, and Nicholas Gill. "The Family Farming Culture of Dairy Farmers: A Case‐Study of the Illawarra Region, New South Wales." Sociologia Ruralis, January 4, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/soru.12329.

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Toms, Renin, Darren J. Mayne, Xiaoqi Feng, and Andrew Bonney. "Geographic variation in cardiometabolic risk factor prevalence explained by area-level disadvantage in the Illawarra-Shoalhaven region of the NSW, Australia." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (July 29, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69552-4.

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