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1
J, Carey Linda. Foundations for creativity in the writing process: Rhetorical representations of ill-defined problems. Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1989.
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Carey, Linda. Foundations for creativity in the writing process: Rhetorical representations of ill-defined problems. Berkeley, Ca: Center for the Study of Writing, 1989.
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Hayden, Robert Charles. A field study of control systems in environments with ill-defined technology and output. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1989.
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Pfau, Aleksandra Nicole. Medieval Communities and the Mad. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462983359.
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The concept of madness as a challenge to communities lies at the core of legal sources. Medieval Communities and the Mad: Narratives of Crime and Mental Illness in Late Medieval France considers how communal networks, ranging from the locale to the realm, responded to people who were considered mad. The madness of individuals played a role in engaging communities with legal mechanisms and proto-national identity constructs, as petitioners sought the king’s mercy as an alternative to local justice. The resulting narratives about the mentally ill in late medieval France constructed madness as an inability to live according to communal rules. Although such texts defined madness through acts that threatened social bonds, those ties were reaffirmed through the medium of the remission letter. The composers of the letters presented madness as a communal concern, situating the mad within the household, where care could be provided. Those considered mad were usually not expelled but integrated, often through pilgrimage, surveillance, or chains, into their kin and communal relationships.
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Borzillo, Stefano, and Dani�le Chauvel. Innovative Company: An Ill-Defined Object. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2017.
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The dynamics of solving selection-type, ill-defined problems by in-service teachers. 1989.
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Wernerman, Jan. Pathophysiology of nutritional failure in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0203.
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Nutritional and metabolic care makes a difference in critical illness. Optimal nutrition can improve outcomes and complications with nutrition may do harm. The energy needs of critically-ill patients are controversial, and it is important to discriminate between this initial phase of critical illness and a more stable phase evolving into rehabilitation. Indirect calorimetry is very helpful to optimize the energy supply. It is repeatedly suggested that protein supply to critically-ill patients should be higher than to healthy individuals. There is, however, little evidence for this proposal, although it is a part of most guidelines. To consider nutritional failure, optimal nutrition should be defined. In critical illness more mechanistic research is needed to define optimal nutrition and metabolic care.
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Sperling, James, and Mark Webber. NATO Operations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0052.
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In the post-cold-war period, NATO’s mission has shifted from static territorial defence against a well-defined adversary to expeditionary missions against ill-defined adversaries along the entire conflict spectrum. We trace the evolution of NATO security strategies and the attendant changes in allied threat perception, purpose, and force structure, the range and kinds of military operations between 1990 and 2016, and military exercises undertaken after the Russian annexation of Crimea. We then assess allied contributions to those operations (burden- and risk-sharing) and the selective participation of allies in operations (risk-assuming and risk-shirking). A final substantive concern is the growing capabilities gap among the allies, its implications for future allied operations, and its consequences for the alliance. The conclusion addresses the key question facing the alliance: should NATO abandon expeditionary operations and return to static territorial defence consistent with the original intent of the North Atlantic Treaty?
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Crawford, Laura, and Ruth Kleinpell. Principles and prevention of pressure sores in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0279.
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A pressure ulcer, defined by the National Pressure Advisory Panel and European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panels as localized injury to the skin or tissue as the result of pressure or pressure in combination with shear, can be an adverse complication of a hospital stay, especially for acute and critically-ill patients. Factors that can contribute to pressure ulcer development include the intensity and duration of pressure, tissue tolerance, shear, and friction. Common anatomical sites for pressure ulcers development are over bony prominences. The National Pressure Advisory Panel and European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panels define pressure ulcers in six stages according to the degree of tissue damage present in the wound. A risk assessment should be performed to identify the vulnerability of pressure ulcer development and provide guidance for the implementation of preventative interventions. For the critically-ill patient, several specific measures are advocated for preventing pressure ulcers.
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Heyland, Daren K., and Marina Mourtzakis. Malnutrition in Critical Illness: Implications, Causes, and Therapeutic Approaches. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0036.
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Malnutrition is generally defined as an inadequate intake of nutrients or calories for appropriate physiological functioning. Undernourishment specifically refers to hypocaloric intake as well as reduced macro- and micronutrient intakes relative to the calculated recommendation for a patient. This chapter discusses the undernourishment of the critically ill patient and its attendant physiological and clinical consequences. Achieving 80–90% of prescribed protein and calories is both achievable and is associated with the beneficial physiological and clinical outcomes in a significant proportion of patients. Strategies to maximize these benefits as well as minimizing the risk of enteral nutrition are essential. These should include early initiation of enteral nutrition (within 24–48 hours), adoption of second-generation feeding protocols, use of motility agents, small bowel feeding tubes, and elevation of the head of the bed. Given the encouraging results of early mobilization, it could be hypothesized that combining early mobilization and nutrition interventions would limit muscle mass loss and maintain muscle integrity and function in critically ill patients.
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Lincoln and Douglas: The Debates that Defined America. Simon & Schuster, 2008.
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Nagarajan, Chandramouli. Terminal care in haematological disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0292.
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Care of the terminally ill haematology patient presents a unique challenge, due to the complexity of treatment decisions in an era of newly developing therapeutic options, and the speed of change in patient’s condition from a potentially curable to a terminal phase. Terminal illness is defined as progressive disease for which curative treatment is neither possible nor appropriate and from which death is inevitable, although this may not be impending and the prognosis can vary from a few days to many months. The focus of this chapter is to try and bring together various palliative treatment options that should be made available to this cohort of patients with terminal disease.
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Cullen, Francis T., and Teresa C. Kulig. Evaluating Theories of Environmental Criminology. Edited by Gerben J. N. Bruinsma and Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.7.
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This chapter examines the strengths and weaknesses of environmental criminology. Environmental criminology’s strengths include the shift in the focus from criminals to conventional people, thus enriching understanding of crime events and their prevention; challenging the view that some sort of “evil” condition generated the evil of crime; rejecting the root causes approach to crime, instead showing the benefits of a situational perspective; and rejecting the “nothing works” professional ideology of criminology in favor of practical solutions to reducing crime. The weaknesses of environmental criminology include neglecting the study of “motivated offenders,” treating them as a given in the crime event; reliance on the concept of “informal social control,” which is often ill-defined and its components left unspecified; and neglecting the role of inequality in the broader social environment.
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Noll, Steven. Institutions for People with Disabilities in North America. Edited by Michael Rembis, Catherine Kudlick, and Kim E. Nielsen. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190234959.013.19.
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The institution or asylum in North America was established as a mechanism for confining, controlling, and containing groups of individuals classified and labeled as mentally ill or intellectually disabled and defined as deviant, defective, or delinquent. These congregate facilities, established both for the protection of the individuals housed there and for the simultaneous protection of society from those same people, developed into massive structures designed to accommodate thousands of residents/patients/inmates. The rationale behind the rapid rise of the institution throughout the nineteenth and into the mid-twentieth centuries paralleled the growth of modern medicine and psychiatry. By the 1950s, institutions housed hundreds of thousands of individuals. Yet by the start of the twenty-first century, the institutional model had been intellectually discredited, and these facilities had been all but abandoned. This rather astounding demise mirrored broader social, scientific, and medical trends.
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Heinrichs, Douglas W. Model-Based Science and the Ethics of Ongoing Treatment Negotiation. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Werdie (C W. ). van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732372.013.26.
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Current thinking in medical ethics posits that treatment decisions should result from negotiation between clinician and patient as autonomous agents. However the view of science that underlies most thinking about evidence in medicine encourages the belief that in principle optimal evi-dence-based judgment as to best treatments can be reached by the clinician apart from such ne-gotiation, reducing negotiation to a sham process. A model-based notion of science, derived from a naturalistic philosophy of science, argues that the process of predicting optimal treatment re-quires consideration of a patient’s goals, and thus requires ongoing negotiations with the patient. Hence values are integral to the scientific process, not something extra-scientific that must be reconciled with it. From this perspective the clinician’s activity becomes one with scientific method rather than an ill-defined, and typically undervalued, art.
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Klabbers, Jan. Sources of International Organizations’ Law. Edited by Samantha Besson and Jean d’Aspremont. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198745365.003.0046.
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This chapter reflects on the uncertainties regarding the question of why international organizations would be bound by international law. It places these uncertainties in the broader framework of a vague and ill-defined ‘turn to accountability’. As the chapter shows, international organizations are often held to account for wrongdoing without it being clear whether they have also violated an international legal obligation resting upon them. The chapter then discusses in some detail the 1980 WHO–Egypt advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) regarding whether the WHO could close their Alexandria office and move it to Jordan. Afterwards, the chapter reviews several recent attempts to overcome the ‘basis of obligation’ problem in the law of international organizations, such as the putative constitutionalization of international law or international organizations, the adoption of accountability models, and the emergence of Global Administrative Law.
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Block, David. Inequality and Class in Language Policy and Planning. Edited by James W. Tollefson and Miguel Pérez-Milans. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190458898.013.9.
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In recent years, critical language policy and planning (LPP) researchers have increasingly turned to political economy as a source discipline, and neoliberalism has come to be a baseline concept. Nevertheless, political economy in LPP research is often underdeveloped; neoliberalism remains ill-defined and under-theorised; and inequality and class are virtually erased from analysis. This chapter elaborates on the value of these concepts for LPP research. It begins with a brief discussion of LPP and then discusses political economy as a field of inquiry, neoliberalism as a master frame for a growing body of LPP research, and finally, inequality and class as key constructs for understanding the effects of neoliberalism on contemporary societies. This theoretical background is followed by a section examining how inequality and class have emerged as constructs in recent LPP research, and the chapter closes with considerations about further research.
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Callina, Kristina, Nancy Snow, and Elise D. Murray. The History of Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives on Hope. Edited by Matthew W. Gallagher and Shane J. Lopez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.013.2.
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This chapter presents ideas from philosophers and psychologists throughout history about why scholars should study hope and how it should be defined in the science of positive human development. It uses the relational developmental systems metatheory as a framework for these ideas. Drawing from historical and contemporary philosophy and psychology, several key ingredients necessary for hope are presented: positive future expectations, agency, and trust. The chapter presents evidence from historical and philosophical perspectives on hope, including perspectives from modern and contemporary philosophy, as well as perspectives from the more recent history of hope within the psychology. The chapter then looks beyond the most common conceptions of hope. Drawing on a range of sources, but especially nursing science studies of hope in terminally ill patients, it also suggests that people can have hope not only in the present for the future but also in the present for the present.
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Mittleman, Alan L., ed. Holiness in Jewish Thought. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796497.001.0001.
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Holiness is a challenge for contemporary Jewish thought. The concept of holiness is crucial to religious discourse in general and to Jewish discourse in particular. “Holiness” seems to express an important feature of religious thought and of religious ways of life. Yet the concept is ill defined. This collection explores what concepts of holiness were operative in different periods of Jewish history and bodies of Jewish literature. It offers preliminary reflections on their theological and philosophical import today. The contributors illumine some of the major episodes concerning holiness in the history of the development of the Jewish tradition. They think about the problems and potential implicit in Judaic concepts of holiness, to make them explicit, and to try to retrieve the concepts for contemporary theological and philosophical reflection. Holiness is elusive but it need not be opaque. This volume makes Jewish concepts of holiness lucid, accessible, and intellectually engaging.
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Geue, Tom, and Elena Giusti, eds. Unspoken Rome. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108913843.
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Latin literature is a hotbed of holes and erasures. Its sensitivity to politics leaves it ripe for repression of all sorts of names, places and historical events, while its dense allusivity appears to hide interpretative clues in a network of texts that only the reader's consciousness can make present. This volume showcases innovative approaches to the field of Latin literature, all of which are refracted through this prism of absence, which functions as a fundamental generative force both for the hermeneutics and the ongoing literary aftermath of these texts. Reviewing and working with various influential approaches to textual absence, the contributors to Unspoken Rome treat these texts as silent types, listening out for what they do not say, and how they do not speak, whilst also tracing the ill-defined borders within which scholars and modern authors are legitimized to fill in the silences around which they are built.
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Muller, Hannah Weiss. The Free-born Subject’s Inheritance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190465810.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 demonstrates that subjecthood attracted considerable attention from subjects themselves. Indeed, both official and unofficial declarations of rights from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries popularized British subject status and lent it an almost mythical allure. Declaring and debating rights had a long history in the British world, and the notion that British subjects had inherited and ancient privileges was widely held. Many of these declarations drew on understandings of allegiance and the relationship between subjects and sovereign that echoed legal ones. Their many differences suggest that the rights, liberties, and privileges associated with subject status remained at once limitless and ill-defined. By analyzing a range of declarations, Chapter 2 reveals that subjects of diverse backgrounds had consistently and actively used the relationship between subjects and sovereign to make demands and that subject status, at least in the popular understanding, had been conceived of as a vibrant category of identity well before 1763.
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Giuseffi, Jennifer, John McPherson, Chad Wagner, and E. Wesley Ely. Acute cognitive disorders: recognition and management of delirium in the cardiovascular intensive care unit. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0074.
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Delirium is the most common acute cognitive disorder seen in critically ill patients in the cardiovascular intensive care unit. It is defined as a disturbance of consciousness and cognition that develops suddenly and fluctuates over time. Delirious patients can become hyperactive, hypoactive, or both. The occurrence of delirium during hospitalization is associated with increased in-hospital and long-term morbidity and mortality. The cause of delirium is multifactorial and may include imbalances in neurotransmitters, inflammatory mediators, metabolic disturbances, impaired sleep, and the use of sedatives and analgesics. Patients with advanced age, dementia, chronic illness, extensive vascular disease, and low cardiac output are at particular risk of developing delirium. Specialized bedside assessment tools are now available to rapidly diagnose delirium, even in mechanically ventilated patients. Increased awareness of delirium risk factors, in addition to non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments for delirium, can be effective in reducing the incidence of delirium in cardiac patients and in minimizing adverse outcomes, once delirium occurs.
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McPherson, John, Jennifer Giuseffi, Chad Wagner, and E. Wesley Ely. Acute cognitive disorders: recognition and management of delirium in the cardiovascular intensive care unit. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0074_update_001.
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Delirium is the most common acute cognitive disorder seen in critically ill patients in the cardiovascular intensive care unit. It is defined as a disturbance of consciousness and cognition that develops suddenly and fluctuates over time. Delirious patients can become hyperactive, hypoactive, or both. The occurrence of delirium during hospitalization is associated with increased in-hospital and long-term morbidity and mortality. The cause of delirium is multifactorial and may include imbalances in neurotransmitters, inflammatory mediators, metabolic disturbances, impaired sleep, and the use of sedatives and analgesics. Patients with advanced age, dementia, chronic illness, extensive vascular disease, and low cardiac output are at particular risk of developing delirium. Specialized bedside assessment tools are now available to rapidly diagnose delirium, even in mechanically ventilated patients. Increased awareness of delirium risk factors, in addition to non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments for delirium, can be effective in reducing the incidence of delirium in cardiac patients and in minimizing adverse outcomes, once delirium occurs.
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Isaacs, Yoaav. Fine-Tuning Fine-Tuning. Edited by John Hawthorne. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798705.003.0008.
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This chapter argues that the fine-tuning argument for the existence of God is a straightforwardly legitimate argument. The fine-tuning argument takes certain features of fundamental physics to confirm the existence of God because these features of fundamental physics are more likely given the existence of God than they are given the non-existence of God. And any such argument is straightforwardly legitimate, as such arguments follow a canonically legitimate form of empirical argumentation. The chapter explores various objections to the fine-tuning argument: that it requires an ill-defined notion of small changes in the laws of physics, that it over-generalizes, that it requires implausible presuppositions about divine intentions, and that it is debunked by anthropic reasoning. In each case it finds either that the putatively objectionable feature of the fine-tuning argument is inessential to it or that the putatively objectionable feature of the fine-tuning argument is not actually objectionable.
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Verma, Vidhu. Secularism in India. Edited by Phil Zuckerman and John R. Shook. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.14.
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This chapter examines the historical emergence of secularism through movements, debates, and legal formulations to explain specific features that the concept has acquired in the context of India. The first part examines the tensions between the theoretical narratives of Indian constitutionalism and the practices of politics that led to the acceptance of certain essential conditions of secularism. The approach towards secularism found in writings of Nehru, Gandhi and Ambedkar are then discussed. The third part focuses on the ill-defined meaning of secularism that does not accurately reflect the conceptual shifts made by the modern legal system. The final section critically examines the claim that secularism is a state-led exercise in certain domains. An overview of the legal literature shows that secularism is also the domain of experts, bureaucrats, and professionals. The history of court decisions about what constitutes a religious practice that is protected by law reveals considerable variation and arbitrariness..
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Tarsia, Paolo. Dyspnoea in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0083.
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Dyspnoea may be defined as a subjective experience of discomfort associated with breathing. Breathing discomfort arises as a result of complex interactions between signals relayed from the upper airways, the chest wall, the lungs, and the central nervous system. Integration of this information with higher brain centres provides further processing. The final aspects of the sensation of dyspnoea are influenced by contextual, environmental, behavioural, and cognitive factors. At least three qualitatively distinct sensations have been employed to describe discomfort in breathing—air hunger, increased effort of breathing, and chest tightness. Air hunger has been shown to be associated with stimulation of chemoreceptors. Increased effort of breathing may arise in clinical conditions that impair respiratory muscle performance through abnormal mechanical loads or when respiratory muscles are weakened (neuromuscular diseases). Chest tightness is often experienced by asthmatic patients during episodes of acute bronchoconstriction. Measurement of dyspnoea is essential in order to assess it adequately and monitor response to treatment. Dyspnoea assessment may be carried out thorough a number of different scales, questionnaires, or exercise tests. Strategies in controlling dyspnoea should not focus uniquely on decreasing dyspnoea intensity. Patients may profit from interventions that decrease the unpleasantness associated with breathlessness without necessarily affecting the intensity component of the symptom.
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Vieillard-Baron, Antoine. Right ventricular function in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0135.
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Under normal conditions, the right ventricle (RV) virtually acts as a passive conduit. In critically-ill patients many situations induce uncoupling between the right ventricle and pulmonary circulation, leading to RV systolic dysfunction, then failure. Mechanical ventilation has a major impact by decreasing RV preload, but also significantly increasing RV afterload. RV function should thus always be interpreted and re-evaluated in the light of respiratory mechanics and ventilator settings. RV systolic function is key to the patient’s haemodynamic profile and must be monitored to achieve optimal haemodynamic management. Echocardiography is the best compromise between clinical effectiveness and invasiveness to monitor RV function. A limitation is its inability to monitor haemodynamics continuously. Acute cor pulmonale is defined by the combination of RV dilatation with paradoxical septal motion during systole. In conclusion, RV function monitoring is strongly recommended in many situations encountered in the intensive care unit, such as ARDS, septic shock, and pulmonary embolism. Many devices are available, but echocardiography constitutes the best compromise between accuracy and invasiveness.
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Lameire, Norbert, Wim Van Biesen, and Raymond Vanholder. Overall outcomes of acute kidney injury. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0237_update_001.
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This chapter describes the overall short- and long-term, mainly non-renal outcomes of patients who suffer from acute kidney injury (AKI). Despite increasing age and greater burden of co-morbidity at the occurrence of AKI, patient mortality shows an overall decline over time. However, relatively ‘mild’ forms of AKI (i.e. defined as an absolute increase in serum creatinine of at least 0.3 mg/dL (26.4 µmol/L)) are associated with statistically significant decreased patient survival. The absolute mortality rates of AKI vary according to the different patient groups studied (intensive care unit, hospital, and population based), differences in parameters used for the criteria of AKI, differences in acquisition of baseline serum creatinine, differences between need of renal replacement therapy or not, and timing of endpoints (in-hospital mortality, 30 days, 60 days, or longer). In many instances, particularly in critically ill patients, AKI occurs in the setting of other diseases, such as sepsis, which are associated with a significant mortality risk. In such cases, AKI appears to amplify the risk of death associated with the underlying disease.
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Froio, Sara, and Franco Valenza. Aspiration of gastric contents in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0106.
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This chapter focuses on the pathophysiology, clinical features, management and prevention of aspiration pneumonitis, aspiration pneumonia, and airway obstruction. Aspiration is defined as the inhalation of oropharyngeal or gastric contents into the larynx and lower respiratory tract. Pulmonary syndromes caused by aspiration are different, depending on the amount and nature of the aspirated material, the frequency of aspiration and the host’s response. This results in a chemical burn of tracheobronchial tree and pulmonary parenchyma. The caustic effects of the low pH of the aspirate cause an intense inflammatory reaction. As a consequence, severe hypoxaemia and infiltrates on chest radiograph occur. If colonized oropharyngeal material enters the lungs, aspiration pneumonia develops and antibiotics are needed. Even if not toxic per se, large volumes of fluids may cause suffocation by mechanical obstruction. Prevention of aspiration is of vital importance and the patient at risk must be identified. The major therapeutic approach is to correct hypoxia, support pulmonary function, and prevent pneumonia development.
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Champigneulle, Benoit, and Frédéric Pène. Pathophysiology and management of neutropenia in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0274.
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Neutropenia is defined by an absolute neutrophil count <500 per mm3. Chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression represents the main mechanism accounting for neutropenia, although various bone marrow disorders might also result in impaired granulopoiesis. Neutropenia, especially when profound and prolonged, is a major risk factor for severe bacterial and fungal infections. Early initiation of empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy represents the cornerstone of the treatment of febrile neutropenia. A number of infected neutropenic patients may exhibit organ failures, such as acute respiratory failures and/or severe sepsis requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission. This chapter discusses the particularities in the management of neutropenic patients in the ICU, including outcome and criteria for ICU admission, management of antimicrobials with respect to the current epidemiological trends, and other measures specific to this subgroup of patients.
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Holmes, Sean P. For the Dignity and Honor of the Theatrical Profession. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037481.003.0006.
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This chapter examines the Actors' Equity Association's (AEA) campaign to raise the status of the acting community by cleansing it of its long-standing reputation for immorality. It focuses in the first instance on the efforts of Equity leaders to improve the collective image of actors by persuading the Methodist Church to lift its ban on commercial amusements and taking newspapers to task for reinforcing the association that existed in the public mind between acting and criminality. Its primary concern, however, was with the internal dimension of the campaign. It takes as its starting point the AEA's crusade against the excessive consumption of alcohol, a practice that straddled not only the divide between the legal and the extralegal but also the ill-defined line between the public sphere and the private sphere. It argues that accusations of drunkenness often functioned as a pretext for disciplining those performers whose sexual habits were at odds with the so-called civilized morality embraced by the leadership of the AEA—that is, “promiscuous” women and homosexual men. Even as the theater as a cultural institution was helping to redraw the boundaries of propriety in American society, the AEA was seeking to bind the men and women of the legitimate stage to a moral code that was rooted in increasingly outmoded notions of respectability.
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Morgan-Owen, David G. The Fear of Invasion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805199.001.0001.
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The Fear of Invasion presents a new interpretation of British preparation for war before 1914. It argues that protecting the British Isles from invasion was the foundation upon which all other plans for the defence of the Empire were built up and that defensive concerns played a crucial role in shaping British preparations for war before 1914. The requirements of home defence were a crucial factor in the distribution of military strength across the Empire, and determined the relative priorities of the Army and Navy—both of which played an important role in preventing an invasion. As politicians were reluctant to prepare for precipitant British military action against other Great Powers, home defence became the means by which the government contributed to an ill-defined British ‘grand’ strategy by dictating the relative roles and responsibilities of the two services. The Royal Navy formed the backbone of British defensive preparations, yet after 1905 the Admiralty came to view the threat of a German invasion of the British Isles as far more credible than is commonly realized. As the Army became more closely associated with operations in Europe, the Navy thus devoted an ever-greater amount of time and effort to safeguarding the vulnerable British coast with ‘very insidious’ consequences: the role of the Fleet became overly defensive and reactive. This book explains how and why this came to pass, presenting a new perspective on British strategy in 1914 and questioning the role of government in making strategy more broadly.
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Pennington, Madeleine. Quakers, Christ, and the Enlightenment. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895271.001.0001.
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The Quakers were by far the most successful of the radical religious groups to emerge from the turbulence of the mid-seventeenth century—and their survival into the present day was largely facilitated by the transformation of the movement during its first fifty years. What began as a loose network of charismatic travelling preachers was, by the start of the eighteenth century, a well-organized and international religious machine. This shift is usually explained in terms of a desire to avoid persecution, but Quakers, Christ and the Enlightenment argues instead for the importance of theological factors as the major impetus for change. In the first sustained account of the theological motivations guiding the development of seventeenth-century Quakerism, the volume explores the Quakers’ positive intellectual engagement with those outside the movement to offer a significant reassessment of the causal factors determining the development of early Quakerism. Tracing the Quakers’ engagement with such luminaries as Baruch Spinoza, Henry More, John Locke, and John Norris, the volume unveils the Quakers’ concerted attempts to bolster their theological reputation through the refinement of their central belief in the ‘inward Christ’, or ‘the Light within’. In doing so, the study challenges persistent stereotypes of early modern radicalism as anti-intellectual and ill-educated—and indeed, as defined either by ‘rationalist’ or ‘spiritualist’ excess. Rather, the theological concerns of the Quakers and their interlocutors point to a crisis of Christology weaving through the intellectual milieu of the seventeenth century, which has long been underestimated as significant fuel for the emerging Enlightenment
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Arneil, Barbara. Domestic Colonies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803423.001.0001.
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Colonization is generally defined as a process by which states settle and dominate foreign lands or peoples. Thus, modern colonies are assumed to be outside Europe and the colonized non-European. This volume contends such definitions of the colony, the colonized, and colonization need to be fundamentally rethought in light of hundreds of ‘domestic colonies’ proposed and/or created by governments and civil society organizations initially within Europe in the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth centuries and then beyond. The three categories of domestic colonies in this book are labour colonies for the idle poor, farm colonies for the mentally ill, and disabled and utopian colonies for racial, religious, and political minorities. All of these domestic colonies were justified by an ideology of domestic colonialism characterized by three principles: segregation, agrarian labour, improvement, through which, in the case of labour and farm colonies, the ‘idle’, ‘irrational’, and/or custom-bound would be transformed into ‘industrious and rational’ citizens while creating revenues for the state to maintain such populations. Utopian colonies needed segregation from society so their members could find freedom, work the land, and challenge the prevailing norms of the society around them. Defended by some of the leading progressive thinkers of the period, including Alexis de Tocqueville, Abraham Lincoln, Peter Kropotkin, Robert Owen, Tommy Douglas, and Booker T. Washington, the turn inward to colony not only provides a new lens with which to understand the scope of colonization and colonialism in modern history but a critically important way to distinguish ‘the colonial’ from ‘the imperial’ in Western political theory and practice.
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Donaghy, Michael. The clinical approach. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0030.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter describes the appropriate clinical approach to take when presented with a patient reporting a neurological symptom. Just under 10 per cent of the population consult their general practitioner about a neurological symptom each year in the United Kingdom. About 10 per cent of these are referred for a specialist opinion, usually to a neurologist. Nine conditions account for roughly 75 per cent of general neurological referrals and are diagnosed initially on purely clinical grounds, with the other 25 per cent representing the full range of other, potentially very rare, neurological disorders.This chapter underlines the importance of a thorough and informative history to achieve successful diagnosis. Crucial facets for a good history include information on the time course of symptom development, whether symptoms are negative or positive, previous neurological history (both personal and familial), as well as other potentially contributory general medical disorders. The general neurological examination is also described, as are specific examination manoeuvres that may be added to the general neurological examination in specific clinical circumstances.Reflexes play an important role in diagnostic neurology because they reflect the integrity of, or alterations in, the neural structures responsible for their arc. Loss of a reflex may be due to interruption of the afferent path by a lesion involving the first sensory neurone in the peripheral nerves, plexuses, spinal nerves, or dorsal roots, by damage to the central paths of the arc in the brainstem or spinal cord, by lesions of the lower motor neurone at any point between the anterior horn cells and the muscles, of the muscles themselves, or by the neural depression produced by neural shock. In clinical practice, the most useful and oft-elicited reflexes are the tendon reflexes of the limbs, the jaw jerk, the plantar response, the superficial abdominal reflexes, the pupil-light response, and in infants, the Moro reflex. The place of these particular reflexes in the routine neurological examination is outlined, and the elicitation and significance of these reflexes and of a wide variety of others which are used occasionally are described.Examinations that allow localization lesions that are responsible for muscle weaknesses and the assessment of somatosensory abnormalities are described, as are neurological disorders that result in identifiable gait disorders. The clinical signs and examinations relevant to autonomic disorders are also discussed.Intensive care may be required for patients critically ill either as a result of primary neurological disease, or in those in whom a neurological disorder is a component of, or secondary to, a general medical disorder. Indications for admission to neurological intensive care have been defined (Howard et al. 2003): impaired consciousness, bulbar muscle failure, severe ventilatory respiratory failure, uncontrolled seizures, severely raised intracranial pressure, some monitoring and interventional treatments, and unforeseen general medical complications. Naturally specific treatments indicated for the particular diagnosis should be instituted along with general intensive care measures.Finally, the discussion of diagnoses of chronic or terminal conditions with patients is discussed, with particular focus on the best way to present the diagnosis to the patient.