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Journal articles on the topic 'IIR'
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1
Pohl, Radek, Viktor Prutianov, and Svatava Smrčková-Voltrová. "Nucleophilic Substitution in a Series of 4-Nitronicotinic Acid 1-Oxide Derivatives." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 60, no. 7 (1995): 1170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19951170.
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Nucleophilic substitution of the nitro group in 4-nitro-3-pyridinecarboxanilide 1-oxide (IIa) afforded 4-hydroxy- (IIb), 4-chloro- (IIc), 4-methoxy- (IId), 4-ethoxy- (IIe), and 4-dimethylamino-3-pyridinecarboxanilide (IIf). The 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts of the pyridine moiety were correlated with the Hammett constants of the substituent in position 4, with the exception of compound IIb. The reason of this phenomenon is discussed.
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Weng, Yueh-Shan, Hsueh-Fang Wang, Pei-Ying Pai, Gwo-Ping Jong, Chao-Hung Lai, Li-Chin Chung, Dennis Jine-Yuan Hsieh, Cecilia HsuanDay, Wei-Wen Kuo, and Chih-Yang Huang. "Tanshinone IIA Prevents Leu27IGF-II-Induced Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy Mediated by Estrogen Receptor and Subsequent Akt Activation." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 43, no. 08 (January 2015): 1567–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x15500895.
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IGF-IIR plays important roles as a key regulator in myocardial pathological hypertrophy and apoptosis, which subsequently lead to heart failure. Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen) is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb used to treat cardiovascular diseases. Tanshinone IIA is an active compound in Danshen and is structurally similar to 17[Formula: see text]-estradiol (E[Formula: see text]. However, whether tanshinone IIA improves cardiomyocyte survival in pathological hypertrophy through estrogen receptor (ER) regulation remains unclear. This study investigates the role of ER signaling in mediating the protective effects of tanshinone IIA on IGF-IIR-induced myocardial hypertrophy. Leu27IGF-II (IGF-II analog) was shown in this study to specifically activate IGF-IIR expression and ICI 182,780 (ICI), an ER antagonist used to investigate tanshinone IIA estrogenic activity. We demonstrated that tanshinone IIA significantly enhanced Akt phosphorylation through ER activation to inhibit Leu27IGF-II-induced calcineurin expression and subsequent NFATc3 nuclear translocation to suppress myocardial hypertrophy. Tanshinone IIA reduced the cell size and suppressed ANP and BNP, inhibiting antihypertrophic effects induced by Leu27IGF-II. The cardioprotective properties of tanshinone IIA that inhibit Leu27IGF-II-induced cell hypertrophy and promote cell survival were reversed by ICI. Furthermore, ICI significantly reduced phospho-Akt, Ly294002 (PI3K inhibitor), and PI3K siRNA significantly reduced the tanshinone IIA-induced protective effect. The above results suggest that tanshinone IIA inhibited cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, which was mediated through ER, by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway and inhibiting Leu27IGF-II-induced calcineurin and NFATC3. Tanshinone IIA exerted strong estrogenic activity and therefore represented a novel selective ER modulator that inhibits IGF-IIR signaling to block cardiac hypertrophy.
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Milata, Viktor, Dušan Ilavský, Igor Goljer, and Lubomír Zalibera. "Thermal Cyclocondensation of Ethyl (1-Methyl-5- and 6-Benzimidazolyl/benzotriazolyl)aminomethylenepropanedioates." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 59, no. 5 (1994): 1145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19941145.
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Thermal cyclocondensation of starting ethyl (1-methyl-5- and 6-benzimidazolyl/benzotriazolyl)aminomethylenepropanedioates (Ia - Ie) in aprotic medium gives angularly condensed ethyl azolo[4,5-f]quinolonecarboxylates IIa, IIc, IIe and azolo[5,4-f]quinolonecarboxylates IIb, IId, respectively, which are hydrolyzed to the corresponding carboxylic acid III in acid medium. The structure of reaction products has been confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR, IR, and UV spectroscopy.
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Shore, Anna, Angela S. Rossney, Conor T. Keane, Mark C. Enright, and David C. Coleman. "Seven Novel Variants of the Staphylococcal Chromosomal Cassette mec in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Ireland." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, no. 5 (May 2005): 2070–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.5.2070-2083.2005.
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ABSTRACT Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates recovered in Irish hospitals between 1971 and 2002 were characterized using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) (n = 130) and SCCmec typing (n = 172). Where atypical SCCmec typing results were obtained, PCR amplification of entire SCCmec elements, analysis of amplimer mobility, and nucleotide sequencing were undertaken. MLST revealed that 129/130 isolates had the same genotypes as internationally spread MRSA clones, including ST239, ST247, ST250, ST5, ST22, ST36, and ST8. A novel genotype, ST496, was identified in one isolate. Half of the isolates (86/172) had SCCmec type I, IA, II, III, or IV. The remaining 86 isolates harbored novel SCCmec variants in three distinct genetic backgrounds: (i) 74/86 had genotype ST8 and either one of five novel SCCmec II (IIA, IIB, IIC, IID, and IIE) or one of two novel SCCmec IV (IVE and IVF) variants; (ii) 3/86 had genotype ST239 and a novel SCCmec III variant; (iii) 9/86 had a novel SCCmec I variant associated with ST250. SCCmec IVE and IVF were similar to SCCmec IVc and IVb, respectively, but differed in the region downstream of mecA. The five SCCmec II variants were similar to SCCmec IVb in the region upstream of the ccr complex but otherwise were similar to SCCmec II, except for the following regions: SCCmec IIA and IID had a novel mec complex, A.4 (ΔmecI-IS1182-ΔmecI-mecR1-mecA-IS431mec); SCCmec IIC and IIE had a novel mec complex, A.3 (IS1182-ΔmecI-mecR1-mecA-IS431mec); SCCmec IID and IIE lacked pUB110; SCCmec IIC and IIE lacked a region of DNA between Tn554 and the mec complex; and SCCmec IIB lacked Tn554. This study has demonstrated a hitherto-undescribed degree of diversity within SCCmec.
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Haedar, Jabal, Agustinus Uria, Subehan Lallo, Dya Fita Dibwe, and Toshiyuki Wakimoto. "New Theonellapeptolides from Indonesian Marine Sponge Theonella swinhoei as Anti-austerity Agents." Marine Drugs 20, no. 11 (October 25, 2022): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20110661.
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We reported three new members of the theonellapeptolide family from theonellapeptolide II series, namely theonellapeptolides IIb (1), IIa (2), IIc (3), and three known members—IId (4), IIe (5), and Id (6)—from Kodingarengan marine sponge Theonella swinhoei collected in Makassar, Indonesia. The structures of tridecadepsipeptides 1–3, including the absolute configurations of their amino acids, were determined by the integrated NMR and tandem MS analyses followed by Marfey’s analysis. To the best of our knowledge, 1 and 2 are the first theonellapeptolide-type compounds to have a valine residue with D configuration at residue position 6. The isolated theonellapeptolide-type compounds 1–6 showed selective cytotoxic activity against human pancreatic MIA PaCa-2 cancer cells in a nutrient-deprived medium. Among them, the most potent preferential cytotoxicity was observed in new theonellapeptolide IIc (3) and known IId (4), IIe (5), and Id (6).
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Bae, Tae-Suk, and Chang-Ki Hong. "Analysis of Parameter Correlations of the ECOM Solar Radiation Pressure Model for GPS Orbit." Journal of Sensors 2019 (April 16, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5190496.
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The modeling of solar radiation pressure is the most important issue in precision GNSS orbit determination and is usually represented by constant and periodic terms in three orthogonal axes. Unfortunately, these parameters are generally correlated with each other due to overparameterization, and furthermore, the correlation does not remain constant throughout a long-term period. A total of 500 weeks of GPS daily solutions were estimated with the empirical CODE orbit model (ECOM) to cover various block types of satellites. The statistics of the postfit residuals were analyzed in this study, which shows the dominant annual variation of the correlations over time. There is no significant difference between eclipsing and noneclipsing satellites, and the frequency of the correlation exactly corresponds to the GPS draconitic year. Based on the residual analysis, the ECOM is the most appropriate for the Block IIR/IIR-M satellites but does not properly account for the behavior of either older Block IIA or newer IIF satellites. In addition, the daily mean residuals show a different pattern for satellite orbital planes. Therefore, the orbit model should be customized for the block types and orbital plane for better representation of multi-GNSS orbits.
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PERIŠIĆ, DJURDJE M. "NEW KIND OF IIR DIGITAL FILTERS INTENDED FOR PULSE PERIOD FILTERING." REVUE ROUMAINE DES SCIENCES TECHNIQUES — SÉRIE ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE ET ÉNERGÉTIQUE 69, no. 1 (April 1, 2024): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.59277/rrst-ee.2024.1.11.
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This paper describes a new kind of infinite impulse response (IIR) digital filter designed for pulse period filtering. The IIR digital filter is designed using a third-order IIR frequency locked loop (IIR FLL), which is based on the time measurement and processing of both, the input and output periods. A general form of the difference equation describing this type of IIR FLL of any order is developed and compared with the corresponding difference equation of classical digital filters. The mathematical analyses in the time domain were performed using the Z transform approach and the theory of linear discrete systems. An analysis of the IIR digital filter was performed in the time and frequency domain. The transfer functions and Z transform of the third-order IIR FLL outputs are developed. The main part of the article is devoted to designing the appropriate IIR FLL digital filter using the corresponding IIR FLL. For this purpose, the theory of IIR digital filter and the corresponding MATLAB tools are used, but taking into account the differences between these systems. The filtering abilities of the designed IIR FLL digital filter are demonstrated. Computer simulation of the designed IIR FLL is made in the time domain to enable precise insight into its properties.
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Tang, Qi, Shiteng Hu, Lijing Han, Chengzhong Zong, and Jujie Sun. "Morphological Evolution and Damping Properties of Dynamically Vulcanized Butyl Rubber/Polypropylene Thermoplastic Elastomers." Polymers 14, no. 13 (July 4, 2022): 2740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14132740.
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We successfully prepared butyl rubber (IIR)/polypropylene (PP) thermoplastic vulcanizate (IIR/PP-TPV) for shock-absorption devices by dynamic vulcanization (DV) using octyl-phenolic resin as a vulcanizing agent and studied the morphological evolution and properties during DV. We found that the damping temperature region of the IIR/PP-TPV broadened with the disappearance of the glass transition temperature (Tg) in the PP phase, which is ascribed to the improvement of compatibility between the IIR and PP with increasing DV time. As DV progresses, the size of the dispersed IIR particles and the PP crystalline phase decreases, leading to the formation of a sea–island morphology. After four cycles of recycling, the retention rates of tensile strength and elongation at break of the IIR/PP-TPV reached 88% and 86%, respectively. The size of the IIR cross-linking particles in the IIR/PP-TPV becomes larger after melt recombination, and the continuous PP phase provides excellent recyclability. Significantly, the prepared IIR/PP-TPV exhibits excellent recyclability, high elasticity, and good damping property.
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Wanninger, Lambert. "Detection of RINEX-2 Files With Mixed GPS L2P(Y)/L2C Carrier Phase Observations." Sensors 18, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 4507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124507.
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Presently, the global positioning system (GPS) satellite constellation consists of 40% older Block IIA and IIR space vehicles and 60% newer IIR-M and IIF satellites. Only newer GPS satellites are capable of transmitting the L2C signal which is in quadrature to the legacy L2P(Y) signal being broadcast by all satellites. The data format RINEX-2 is not prepared to contain carrier phase observations of both L2 signals, but should contain either one or the other. If a mix of unaligned L2P(Y) and L2C carrier phase observations are stored in a RINEX-2 file, the quarter cycle bias causes the file to be defective and not usable for precise positioning purposes. Algorithms that detect such files are presented in this study. They are mainly based on the analysis of widelane fractional ambiguities and were applied to RINEX-2 files of 2624 reference stations. Seventy-two station files (2.7%) were found to be defective since they contained mixed and unaligned L2P(Y) and L2C carrier phase observations. If such files are used for precise positioning with ambiguities being fixed to integer values, resulting coordinate errors in long baselines can reach centimeter levels. Unaligned L2 observations often prevent ambiguity fixing, especially in short baselines.
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Zhao, Weicheng, Xiaolei Huang, Xue Han, Dan Hu, Xiaohuai Hu, Yuantao Li, Pinjie Huang, and Weifeng Yao. "Resveratrol Suppresses Gut-Derived NLRP3 Inflammasome Partly through Stabilizing Mast Cells in a Rat Model." Mediators of Inflammation 2018 (December 20, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6158671.
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Background. Inflammatory responses induced by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IIR) lead to serious systemic organ dysfunction and pose a challenge for current treatment. This study aimed at investigating the effects of resveratrol on IIR-induced intestinal injury and its influence on mast cells (MCs) in rats. Methods. Rats subjected to intestinal ischemia for 60 min and 4 h of IIR were investigated. Animals were randomly divided into five groups (n=8 per group): sham, IIR, resveratrol (RESV, 15 mg/kg/day for 5 days before operation) + IIR, cromolyn sodium (CS, MC membrane stabilizer) + IIR, and RESV + compound 48/80 (CP, MC agonist) + IIR. Results. Intestinal injury and increased proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-18 were observed in the IIR group. Intestinal MC-related tryptase and β-hexosaminidase levels were also increased after rats were subjected to IIR accompanied by activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes. Interestingly, pretreatment with resveratrol significantly suppressed the activities of proinflammatory cytokines and attenuated intestinal injury. Resveratrol also reduced MC and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which was consistent with the effects of cromolyn sodium. However, the protective effects of resveratrol were reversed by the MC agonist compound 48/80. Conclusions. In summary, these findings reveal that resveratrol suppressed IIR injury by stabilizing MCs, preventing them from degranulation, accompanied with intestinal mucosa NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition and intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis reduction.
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Abdel-Megeed, Mohamed F., Salah M. Yassin, and Mohamed A. Saleh. "Synthesis of Some New Chloro Derivatives of Quinazolino[4,3-b]quinazolin-5-one and Tetrazolo[5,4-c]quinazoline." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 57, no. 7 (1992): 1559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19921559.
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Introducing of chlorine into biologically versatile heterocyclic rings might led to the improvement of their pharmacological activity. Therefore compounds IIa-IIr and IIIa-IIIf were prepared with the aim to combine the pesticidal qualities of heterocyclic nuclei.
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Daud, F., G. S. Ortori, and J. A. Roper. "SPONTANEOUS IR DUPLICATIONS GENERATED AT MITOSIS IN ASPERGILLUS NIDULANS: FURTHER EVIDENCE OF A PREFERENTIAL SITE OF TRANSPOSED ATTACHMENT." Genetics 110, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/110.2.229.
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ABSTRACT A radiation-induced translocation, T(IIR → IIIL), has been shown to be nonreciprocal and to have most of IIR, including its terminus, attached uninverted to the terminus of IIIL.—Progeny with the IIR segment in duplicate, obtained from crosses of T(IIR → IIIL) to strains with a standard genome, were unstable at mitosis; like earlier duplication strains, they suffered deletions from either duplicate segment. Frequent mitotic crossing over occurred between the duplicate IIR segments so that, following deletions, more than two classes of stable, balanced products arose from each heterozygous duplication strain.— Spontaneous, mitotically arising duplications of the IR segment, bearing the rate-limiting adE20 allele, can be selected on adenine-free medium on which they emerge as vigorous sectors from the stunted adE20 colony. It was shown previously that most such duplications, when selected from a strain with standard genome, had the terminal IR segment attached to the end of IIR. Selection has now been made from an adE20 strain carrying T(IIR → IIIL), and seven of the 13 independent IR duplications were linked to the III-IIR translocation complex. In three strains analyzed further, the duplicate IR segments, which included the IR terminus, were attached uninverted to the terminus of IIR; the segments of IR were of approximately equal genetic length.—This supports earlier suggestions that there is a preferential site for the initiation of IR duplications and a preferential site, the IIR terminus, for their attachment.
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N.S.M. Radzi and S.R. Yaziz. "Forecasting Malaysian overnight islamic interbank rate using the Box-Jenkins model." Data Analytics and Applied Mathematics (DAAM) 2, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/daam.v2i1.6837.
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Modelling the overnight Islamic interbank rate (IIR) is imperative to define the IIR performance as it would help the Islamic banks to adjust its costs of funding effectively and facilitate the policy makers to regulate a comprehensive monetary policy in Malaysia. The IIR framework which has been regulated by Bank Negara Malaysia under dual banking and financial system has always been overlooked in most previous studies in modelling the financial instruments rates. Therefore, it is vital to select the appropriate model as it resembles with the features of the IIR. The study assesses the forecasting performance of overnight IIR using the Box-Jenkins model. The suggested Box-Jenkins model has been applied to the Malaysian overnight IIR (in percentage) from 02/01/2001 to 31/12/2020. The empirical results determine that ARIMA (0,1,1) is the most appropriate model in forecasting overnight IIR as the model provides the smallest Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). In multistep ahead forecasting, it can be summarised that ARIMA (0,1,1) model is able to trail the actual data trend of daily Malaysian overnight IIR up to 5-day ahead within 95% prediction intervals.
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Clemmensen, Melanie Landvad, and Pia Borlund. "Order effect in interactive information retrieval evaluation: an empirical study." Journal of Documentation 72, no. 2 (March 14, 2016): 194–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jd-04-2015-0051.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report a study of order effect in interactive information retrieval (IIR) studies. The phenomenon of order effect is well-known, and it is the main reason why searches are permuted (counter-balanced) between test participants in IIR studies. However, the phenomenon is not yet fully understood or investigated in relation to IIR; hence the objective is to increase the knowledge of this phenomenon in the context of IIR as it has implications for test design of IIR studies. Design/methodology/approach – Order effect is studied via partly a literature review and partly an empirical IIR study. The empirical IIR study is designed as a classic between-groups design. The IIR search behaviour was logged and complementary post-search interviews were conducted. Findings – The order effect between groups and within search tasks were measured against nine classic IIR performance parameters of search interaction behaviour. Order effect is seen with respect to three performance parameters (website changes, visit of webpages, and formulation of queries) shown by an increase in activity on the last performed search. Further the theories with respect to motivation, fatigue, and the good-subject effect shed light on how and why order effect may affect test participants’ IR system interaction and search behaviour. Research limitations/implications – Insight about order effect has implications for test design of IIR studies and hence the knowledge base generated on the basis of such studies. Due to the limited sample of 20 test participants (Library and Information Science (LIS) students) inference statistics is not applicable; hence conclusions can be drawn from this sample of test participants only. Originality/value – Only few studies in LIS focus on order effect and none from the perspective of IIR.
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Vaillant de Guélis, Thibault, Gérard Ancellet, Anne Garnier, Laurent C.-Labonnote, Jacques Pelon, Mark A. Vaughan, Zhaoyan Liu, and David M. Winker. "Assessing the benefits of Imaging Infrared Radiometer observations for the CALIOP version 4 cloud and aerosol discrimination algorithm." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, no. 6 (March 30, 2022): 1931–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1931-2022.
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Abstract. The features detected in monolayer atmospheric columns sounded by the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) and classified as cloud or aerosol layers by the CALIOP version 4 (V4) cloud and aerosol discrimination (CAD) algorithm are reassessed using perfectly collocated brightness temperatures measured by the Imaging Infrared Radiometer (IIR) aboard the same satellite. Using the IIR's three wavelength measurements of layers that are confidently classified by the CALIOP CAD algorithm, we calculate two-dimensional (2-D) probability distribution functions (PDFs) of IIR brightness temperature differences (BTDs) for different cloud and aerosol types. We then compare these PDFs with 1-D radiative transfer simulations for ice and water clouds and dust and marine aerosols. Using these IIR 2-D BTD signature PDFs, we develop and deploy a new IIR-based CAD algorithm and compare the classifications obtained to the results reported by the CALIOP-only V4 CAD algorithm. IIR observations are shown to be able to identify clouds with a good accuracy. The IIR cloud identifications agree very well with layers classified as confident clouds by the V4 CAD algorithm (88 %). More importantly, simultaneous use of IIR information reduces the ambiguity in a notable fraction of “not confident” V4 cloud classifications. 28 % and 14 % of the ambiguous V4 cloud classifications are reclassified more appropriately as confident cloud layers through the use of the IIR observations in the tropics and in the midlatitudes, respectively. IIR observations are of relatively little help in deriving high-confidence classifications for most aerosols, as the low altitudes and small optical depths of aerosol layers yield IIR signatures that are similar to those of clear skies. However, misclassifications of aerosol layers, such as dense dust or elevated smoke layers, by the V4 CAD algorithm can be corrected to cloud layer classification by including IIR information. 10 %, 16 %, and 6 % of the ambiguous V4 dust, polluted dust, and tropospheric elevated smoke, respectively, are found to be misclassified cloud layers by the IIR measurements.
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Kruželák, Ján, and Ivan Hudec. "VULCANIZATION SYSTEMS FOR RUBBER COMPOUNDS BASED ON IIR AND HALOGENATED IIR: AN OVERVIEW." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 91, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct-18-82609.
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ABSTRACT The properties of IIR and halogenated IIRs, such as excellent steam and gas impermeability, heat aging stability, and oxygen and ozone resistance and increased chemical resistance, meet the demands of various industrial applications. However, due to the low level of unsaturation of IIR, the vulcanization rate is rather low and the degree of cross-linking is usually insufficient, causing IIR to be minimally co-vulcanized with unsaturated general-purpose rubbers. The low reactivity of IIR requires the consideration of a special composition of curing systems to provide the best possible rate and state of vulcanization. The type of curing system selected must also be a function of the composition of rubber formulations in which the IIR is used, and with respect to the final product's performance requirements. Therefore, the curing systems for IIR differ and can include standard sulfur systems, phenol-formaldehyde resins, or quinones. The incorporation of halogen (chlorine or bromine) atoms into the structure of IIR significantly increases the chemical reactivity, which can be subsequently reflected in a higher curing rate and the possibility to use some additional vulcanization systems such as metal oxides, diamines, or peroxide with co-agent. This study reviews the types and selection of applicable curing systems for IIR and its halogenated derivates.
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CHEONG, NGAI. "ANALYSIS OF MULTI-STAGE AND MULTI-RATE IIR SC DECIMATORS USING ISCMRATE." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 23, no. 07 (June 2, 2014): 1450093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126614500935.
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This paper describes an analysis of multi-stage and multi-rate IIR switched capacitor (SC) decimators using an interactive switched capacitor multi-rate compiler (ISCMRATE). Motivated by the experimental observations, the purpose of this paper is to explore a portion of characteristics for the multi-stage IIR SC decimators, with their implications in the context of a complete IIR SC filter. To overcome the limitations of conventional multi-stage IIR SC decimators, a novel solution has been introduced for the implementation of a multi-stage IIR SC circuit. Based on the statistical approach of the compiler, we provide the comparative analysis for different IIR SC decimators, including total capacitor area, capacitance spread and arbitrary anti-aliasing amplitude responses with a decimating factor in single and multi-stage building blocks. Examples are given to illustrate the practical feasibility of this compiler.
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Zhang, Rui, and Xianru He. "Crystallization and molecular dynamics of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer/butyl rubber blends." RSC Advances 5, no. 1 (2015): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra10568k.
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In this article, butyl rubber (IIR) was blended with ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) through a molten method. In the blends, IIR is beneficial to the crystallization of EVA, while EVA confined the molecular motions of IIR.
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Chai, Wen Bo, Xiao Yan Liu, Xin Ying Zhang, Jun Chen Zou, and Li Fei Dong. "Evaluation of Modified Isobutylene-Isoprene Rubber Cryogels as Sorbents for Oil Removal." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.671.
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Two new kinds of modified isobutylene-isoprene rubber (IIR) oil absorbers were successfully prepared via freeze-thaw method. In order to further improve IIR oil-sorbents performance, graphite and nanosilica were chosen as modifiers. The cryogels were prepared cross-linking of IIR containing modifier in benzene at-5 °C, using sulfur monochloride as crosslinker. The modified IIR structures were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle analysis (CA). The results show that graphite-modified IIR exhibit much higher uptake capacity than silica-modified. The sorption capacity of the best graphite-modified sample reaches 19.68 g.g-1for crude oil, 19.98 g.g-1for diesel and 19.50 g.g-1for lubricating oil, respectively. The adsorbed liquids can be removed by centrifuging and the recovered materials could also be used more than 30 cycles. This study demonstrated graphite-modified IIR are more excellent and recommendable materials for oil removal.
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Zhu, Dong Xu, Jiu Ying Zhi, and Gang Fu. "A New Frequency Estimator in Multi-Frequency Estimation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 3727–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.3727.
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By analyzing the second-order and fourth-order IIR filter that affect the variance adaptive prove second-order IIR model has a single peak characteristics, to achieve stable convergence; while the higher-order IIR model polymorphic, so the need for the estimated parameters are initialized conclusions. Proposed use of FFT frequency estimation assisted IIR adaptive filter to achieve more frequent rate estimation, parameter estimation for the multi-point frequencies adaptive selection process provides a theoretical basis.
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Li, Jiaye, Zhanghao Yang, Shanjun Hu, Xianhong Huang, Stephen Jerrams, Shui Hu, Li Liu, and Shipeng Wen. "High Barrier Properties of Butyl Rubber Composites Containing Liquid Rubber and Graphene Oxide." Nanomaterials 14, no. 6 (March 18, 2024): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14060534.
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The high elasticity and excellent gas barrier properties of rubber composites make them irreplaceable in the field of sealing. Constructing a complicated barrier network to reduce free volume is crucial to improving gas barrier properties. In this research, liquid acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber/γ-Methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane (KH570) modified graphene oxide/butyl rubber composites (LNBR/KGO/IIR) were fabricated. A KGO lamellar network was constructed to resist gas diffusion in the IIR matrix. Meanwhile, LNBR macromolecules further occupied the free volume inside the IIR composites, thereby maximizing the retardation of the path of small molecule gas permeation. The modification of GO by KH570 was successfully demonstrated through FTIR and XRD. The grafting rate of KH570 was calculated to be approximately 71.4%. KGO was well dispersed in IIR due to emulsion compounding and the formation of lamellar networks. The 300% modulus, tensile strength and tear strength of KGO/IIR were improved by 43.5%, 39.1% and 14.8%, respectively, compared to those of the IIR composite. In addition, the introduction of LNBR resulted in a 44.2% improvement in the gas barrier performance of nitrogen permeability relative to the original IIR composite.
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Zhu, Dong Xu, Jiu Ying Zhi, and Gang Fu. "Study on IIR Adaptive Frequency Estimator in the Multi-Frequency Estimation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 3731–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.3731.
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Propose a use of IIR adaptive frequency estimator to achieve multi-frequency estimation algorithm. Analysis IIR filter characteristics, indicating that the second-order IIR model has a single peak characteristics, to achieve stable convergence; while the higher-order IIR model polymorphic, so the need for the estimated parameters are initialized. More traditional phase locked loop algorithm, which has no mixing components, to achieve the advantages of full-band frequency estimation, frequency estimation accuracy under the same environment and phase locked loop fairly.
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Hébert, Eric. "Mannose-6-phosphate/Insulin-like Growth Factor II Receptor Expression and Tumor Development." Bioscience Reports 26, no. 1 (June 15, 2006): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10540-006-9002-3.
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The mannose-6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor (M6P/IGF-IIR) is a multi-functional transmembrane glycoprotein whose major function is to bind and transport M6P-bearing glycoproteins from the trans-Golgi network or the cell surface to lysosomes. The cell surface M6P/IGF-IIR also bind and internalizes the insulin-like growth factor II. The receptor gene is considered a « candidate » tumor suppressor gene. The phenotypic consequences of loss of M6P/IGF-IIR through somatic mutation are potentially very complex since M6P/IGF-IIR has a number of roles in cellular physiology. Loss of function mutations in M6P/IGF-IIR gene could contribute to multi-step carcinogenesis. In the light of the multi-functional cellular potential roles of the M6P/IGF-IIR the purpose of this review is to highlight some recent data concerning its normal functions and the potential role of its loss in tumor pathophysiology with the aim to try to clarify the possible underlying mechanisms of its involvement in tumor development.
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Wang, Zixuan. "Different Methods of Linear Phase IIR Filer Realization." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 27 (December 27, 2022): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v27i.3739.
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Signal processing has become one of the most popular research topics. Researchers have designed a variety of digital filters to exclude unwanted random noises during the transmission or extract part of the signal in the desired range. There is a prevalent trend for digital filters to replace analog ones since they do not require hardwires. All the performances are operated on a single processor and are free from the effect of external factors. Finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR) filters in digital filters respectively provide infinite and finite impulse responses. In the application, it is preferred to have a linear phase digital filter, and FIR filters are naturally linear. However, FIR filters have higher orders and group delay than IIR filters, so researchers found various ways to implement linear phase IIR filters for improvement. This paper introduces and compares Powell and Chau Linear Phase IIR Filter, Kwan Linear Phase IIR Filter, and Xiao, Oliver, and Agathoklis Linear Phase IIR Filter.
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Lencioni, Riccardo, Masatoshi Kudo, Richard S. Finn, Shukui Qin, Kwang-Hyub Han, Kenji Ikeda, Ann-Lii Cheng, et al. "Independent imaging review (IIR) results in a phase 3 trial of lenvatinib (LEN) versus sorafenib (SOR) in first-line treatment of patients (pts) with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2018): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.4_suppl.345.
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345 Background: LEN showed treatment effect on OS by statistical demonstration of noninferiority to SOR in a phase 3 study in pts with uHCC, with significant improvement ( P < 0.00001) in median PFS (7.4 vs 3.7 mos; HR: 0.66; 95% CI, 0.57−0.77), median TTP (8.9 vs 3.7 mos; HR: 0.63. 95% CI, 0.53−0.73), and ORR (24% vs 9%). Tumor assessments were by investigator review (IR) per modified RECIST (mRECIST). We present IIR results to assess concordance for IR vs IIR and mRECIST vs RECIST 1.1 by IIR. Methods: In this open-label study, pts with uHCC, ≥ 1 measurable target lesion, BCLC stage B or C, Child-Pugh class A, ECOG PS ≤ 1, and no prior systemic therapy were randomized 1:1 to LEN (body weight ≥60 kg: 12 mg/d; <60 kg: 8 mg/d) or SOR 400 mg twice daily. Primary endpoint was OS. Secondary efficacy endpoints were PFS, TTP, and ORR by mRECIST. IR tumor assessments were done every 8 wks. Post hoc exploratory blinded IIR studies were done using mRECIST and RECIST 1.1 (first timepoint at wk 8). Results: A total of 954 pts enrolled (LEN: 478; SOR: 476), of which 952 (99.8%) pts were IIR assessable (table). Adjudication rate (AR; percentage of cases adjudicated due to disagreement) for timepoint of PD was similar for mRECIST (47%) and RECIST 1.1 (45%); for responder (CR or PR)/nonresponder (SD, PD, or not evaluable [NE]), it was 32% for mRECIST and 17% for RECIST 1.1. PFS and TTP results were nearly the same per mRECIST by IIR as by IR and the same by IIR per mRECIST and RECIST 1.1. Very good concordance was seen between IIR and IR in best overall response (BOR) per mRECIST with the greatest discordance due to more pts being assessed as PR than SD for LEN. Conclusions: IIR supports IR results. ORR was higher in both arms by IIR vs IR but relative ORR was preserved in LEN vs SOR. Higher AR for IIR per mRECIST on response may be due to the greater number of responders or disease complexity. Median PFS and TTP were the same by IIR per mRECIST and RECIST 1.1, showing these data can be compared between methods. Clinical trial information: NCT01761266. [Table: see text]
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Lee, Shin-Da, Chun-Hsien Chu, Erh-Jung Huang, Min-Chi Lu, Jer-Yuh Liu, Chung-Jung Liu, Hsi-Hsien Hsu, James A. Lin, Wei-Wen Kuo, and Chih-Yang Huang. "Roles of insulin-like growth factor II in cardiomyoblast apoptosis and in hypertensive rat heart with abdominal aorta ligation." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 291, no. 2 (August 2006): E306—E314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00127.2005.
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Although IGF-II activating the IGF-II receptor signaling pathway has been found to stimulate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, the role of IGF-II in cardiac cell apoptosis remains unclear. This study aimed to identify the roles of IGF-II and/or IGF-II receptors (IGF-II/IIR) in cardiomyoblast apoptosis and in hypertensive rat hearts with abdominal aorta ligation. Cultured rat heart-derived H9c2 cardiomyoblasts and excised hearts from Sprague-Dawley rats with 0- to 20-day complete abdominal aorta ligation, a model of ANG II elevation and hypertension, were used. IGF-II/IIR expression, caspase activity, DNA fragmentation, and apoptotic cells were measured by RT-PCR, Western blot, agarose gel electrophoresis, and TUNEL assay following various combinations of ANG II, IGF-II/IIR antibody, CsA (calcineurin inhibitor), SP-600125 (JNK inhibitor), SB-203580 (p38 inhibitor), U-0126 (MEK inhibitor), or Staurosporine (PKC inhibitor) in H9c2 cells. ANG II-induced DNA fragmentation and TUNEL-positive cells were blocked by IGF-II/IIR antibodies and antisense IGF-II, but not by IGF-II sense. IGF-II-induced apoptosis was blocked by IGF-IIR antibody and CsA. The increased gene expressions of IGF-II and -IIR induced by ANG II were reversed by U-0126 and Sp600125, respectively. Caspase 8 activities induced by ANG II were attenuated by U-0126, SP-600125, and CsA. DNA fragmentation induced by ANG II was totally blocked by SP-600125, and CsA and was attenuated by U-0126. In rats with 0- to 20-day complete abdominal aorta ligation, the increases in IGF-II/IIR levels in the left ventricle were accompanied by hypertension as well as increases in caspase 9 activities and TUNEL-positive cardiac myocytes. ANG II-induced apoptosis was reversed by IGF-II/IIR blockade and coexisted with increased transactivation of IGF-II and -IIR, which are mediated by ERK and JNK pathways, respectively, both of which further contributed to cardiomyoblast apoptosis via calcineurin signaling. The increased cardiac IGF-II, IGF-IIR, caspase 9, and cellular apoptosis were also found in hypertensive rats with abdominal aorta ligation.
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Elhaddad, Ahmed, Mohamed Awad, Sherif M. Shehata, and Mohamed A. Shehata. "Laparoscopic management of infantile hydrocele in pediatric age group." Pediatric Surgery International 38, no. 4 (February 6, 2022): 581–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00383-022-05064-8.
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Abstract Purpose To evaluate laparoscopic management of hydroceles in pediatrics, with evaluation of the internal inguinal ring (IIR) and the PPV (patent processus vaginalis) in different types of hydroceles, and the incidence of the contralateral PPV. Methods The IIR and the type of hydrocele on the same side of 93 patients with 106 infantile hydroceles were evaluated and managed, in addition to contralateral side. Results The IIR on same side was closed in 8.5% (Type I) and patent in 91.5% (Type II and III) with different shapes. Contralateral IIR was open in 88.7% of cases. The operative time was 30.99 ± 7.23 min, with no intra-operative complication. The vas deferens and testicular vessels were secured and there were no injuries or bleeding. The conversion rate was zero, and all procedures (Type II and II) were completed totally laparoscopic. No post-operative complications except a case of tense hydrocele developed scrotal edema that managed conservatively. Conclusion Laparoscopic hydrocelectomy is safe, applicable and feasible for management of different types of hydroceles in pediatrics. The IIR is patent in nearly all cases with/out communication to the hydrocele. The contralateral IIR can be managed in the same session. Laparoscopic hydrocelectomy with/out hydrocelectomy and IIR closure is essential in preventing recurrence.
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Chen, Rong, Yun-yan Zhang, Jia-nan Lan, Hui-min Liu, Wei Li, Yang Wu, Yan Leng, et al. "Ischemic Postconditioning Alleviates Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Enhancing Autophagy and Suppressing Oxidative Stress through the Akt/GSK-3β/Nrf2 Pathway in Mice." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2020 (March 16, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6954764.
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Aims. Ischemic postconditioning (IPO) has a strong protective effect against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IIR) injury that is partly related to autophagy. However, the precise mechanisms involved are unknown. Methods. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to unilateral IIR with or without IPO. After 45 min ischemia and 120 min reperfusion, intestinal tissues and blood were collected for examination. HE staining and Chiu’s score were used to evaluate pathologic injury. We test markers of intestinal barrier function and oxidative stress. Finally, we used WB to detect the expression of key proteins of autophagy and the Akt/GSK-3β/Nrf2 pathway. Results. IPO significantly attenuated IIR injury. Expression levels of LC3 II/I, Beclin-1, and p62 were altered during IIR, indicating that IPO enhanced autophagy. IPO also activated Akt, inhibited GSK-3β, induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation, and upregulated HO-1 and NQO1 expression, thus providing protective effects against IIR injury by suppressing oxidative stress. Consistently, the beneficial effects of IPO were abolished by pretreatment with 3-methyladenine, SC66, and brusatol, potent inhibitors of autophagy, Akt, and Nrf2, respectively. Conclusion. Our study indicates that IPO can ameliorate IIR injury by evoking autophagy, activating Akt, inactivating GSK-3β, and activating Nrf2. These findings may provide novel insights for the alleviation of IIR injury.
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Gan, Xiaoliang, Dandan Xing, Guangjie Su, Shun Li, Chenfang Luo, Michael G. Irwin, Zhengyuan Xia, Haobo Li, and Ziqing Hei. "Propofol Attenuates Small Intestinal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury through Inhibiting NADPH Oxidase Mediated Mast Cell Activation." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2015 (2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/167014.
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Both oxidative stress and mast cell (MC) degranulation participate in the process of small intestinal ischemia reperfusion (IIR) injury, and oxidative stress induces MC degranulation. Propofol, an anesthetic with antioxidant property, can attenuate IIR injury. We postulated that propofol can protect against IIR injury by inhibiting oxidative stress subsequent from NADPH oxidase mediated MC activation. Cultured RBL-2H3 cells were pretreated with antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or propofol and subjected to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulation without or with MC degranulator compound 48/80 (CP). H2O2significantly increased cells degranulation, which was abolished by NAC or propofol. MC degranulation by CP further aggravated H2O2induced cell degranulation of small intestinal epithelial cell, IEC-6 cells, stimulated by tryptase. Rats subjected to IIR showed significant increases in cellular injury and elevations of NADPH oxidase subunits p47phoxand gp91phoxprotein expression, increases of the specific lipid peroxidation product 15-F2t-Isoprostane and interleukin-6, and reductions in superoxide dismutase activity with concomitant enhancements in tryptase andβ-hexosaminidase. MC degranulation by CP further aggravated IIR injury. And all these changes were attenuated by NAC or propofol pretreatment, which also abrogated CP-mediated exacerbation of IIR injury. It is concluded that pretreatment of propofol confers protection against IIR injury by suppressing NADPH oxidase mediated MC activation.
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Ulitin, N. V., K. A. Tereshchenco, D. A. Shiyan, and G. E. Zaikov. "CATIONIC COPOLYMERIZATION OF ISOBUTYLENE WITH ISOPRENE: KINETICS OF THE PROCESS AND DETERMINATION OF KINETIC CONSTANTS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 88, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 574–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.15.84889.
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ABSTRACT A theoretical description has been developed of the kinetics of isobutylene with isoprene (IIR) cationic polymerization in the environment of methyl chloride on aluminum trichloride as the catalyst. Based on experimental data on the kinetics of copolymerization (isobutylene conversion curve) and the molecular weight characteristics of the copolymer of IIR, kinetic constants for the process were found. Adequacy of the developed theoretical description of the kinetics of the IIR copolymerization process was confirmed by comparing the experimental molecular-weight characteristics calculated by this description, independent characteristics, and IIR unsaturation.
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Murdika, Umi, and Yessi Mulyani. "Perancangan Dan Simulasi Filter IIR Menggunakan Graphical User Interface (GUI)." Electrician 11, no. 3 (January 26, 2018): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/elc.v11n3.2060.
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Intisari--- Pada makalah ini telah disajikan metode mensimulasikan filter IIR menggunakan GUI. Metode ini tidak hanya tergantung pada kode matlab, tetapi juga menampilkan control penggunaan yang dibangun berdasarkan GUI, sehingga semua operasi pemfilteran dapat diselesaikan oleh GUI. Makalah ini menggunakan metode Pole-zero placement, Impulse invariant, Matched z-transform , dan Bilinear z-transfor dalam merealisasikan filter IIR dan untuk sebagai contoh untuk merancang filter low-pass, high-pass and band-pass. Dari simulasi menunjukkan bahwa perancangan berdasrkan GUI ini sangatlah nyaman, cepat, dan fleksibelKata kunci--- GUI, IIR, Filter Digital, Simulasi Abstract--- A method to simulate the IIR filter based on GUI(Graphic User Interface) is introduced in this paper. This method not only depended on Matlab code, but also made use of controls which generate a GUI, All the operations have been done by GUI. This paper took Pole-zero placement, Impulse invariant, Matched z-transform method to realize IIR filter for example to design digital low-pass, high-pass and band-pass filters. The simulation results showthat the design based on GUI is convenient, fast, and flexible.Keywords--- GUI, IIR, Digital Filter, Simulation
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Warde, P., M. Gospodarowicz, T. Panzarella, C. Catton, J. Sturgeon, M. Moore, and M. Jewett. "Management of stage II seminoma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 16, no. 1 (January 1998): 290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1998.16.1.290.
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PURPOSE To assess the results of treatment, patterns of failure, and prognostic factors for relapse in a contemporary cohort of patients with stage II seminoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS From January 1981 and December 1993, 99 patients (median age, 35 years) with stage II seminoma (IIA, 41; IIB, 28; IIC, 24; IID, six) were managed at our institution. Eighty were treated with radiation therapy (RT) and 19 with chemotherapy (ChT). RESULTS With a median follow-up of 6.7 years, the five-year overall actuarial survival was 94%, the 5-year cause-specific survival was 94%, and the 5-year relapse-free rate was 83%. Sixteen (20%) of the 80 patients treated with RT relapsed (median time to relapse, 9 months). Relapse occurred outside the irradiated area in all but two patients. Distant relapse sites included the supraclavicular fossa, bone (four patients, three with spinal cord compression), and lung/mediastinum. All 19 patients treated primarily with ChT achieved disease control and none has relapsed. The relapse rate at 5 years for patients with stage IIA to IIB was 11% (seven of 64), and 56% (nine of 16) for those with stage IIC to IID disease (P < .0001). No patient with IIC or IID disease treated with ChT relapsed as compared with 56% of patients treated with RT (0 of 14 v nine of 16, P = .002). CONCLUSION Radiation therapy is highly effective in patients with stage IIA or IIB seminoma (89% were relapse free). In stage IIC or IID disease, although local control with RT is excellent, a 50% risk of distant relapse is unacceptable, and not all patients who relapse can be salvaged. Chemotherapy should clearly be the primary treatment in patients with stage IIC or IID seminoma.
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Ishikawa, Takuya, Shigeru Suzuki, Yoshiaki Katada, Tomoko Takayanagi, Rika Fukui, Yuzo Yamamoto, and Koji Tanigaki. "Evaluation of three-dimensional iterative image reconstruction in virtual monochromatic imaging at 40 kilo-electron volts: phantom and clinical studies to assess the image noise and image quality in comparison with other reconstruction techniques." British Journal of Radiology 93, no. 1110 (June 2020): 20190675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20190675.
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Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the image quality in virtual monochromatic imaging (VMI) at 40 kilo-electron volts (keV) with three-dimensional iterative image reconstruction (3D-IIR). Methods: A phantom study and clinical study (31 patients) were performed with dual-energy CT (DECT). VMI at 40 keV was obtained and the images were reconstructed using filtered back projection (FBP), 50% adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASiR), and 3D-IIR. We conducted subjective and objective evaluations of the image quality with each reconstruction technique. Results: The image contrast-to-noise ratio and image noise in both the clinical and phantom studies were significantly better with 3D-IIR than with 50% ASiR, and with 50% ASiR than with FBP (all, p < 0.05). The standard deviation and noise power spectra of the reconstructed images decreased in the order of 3D-IIR to 50% ASiR to FBP, while the modulation transfer function was maintained across the three reconstruction techniques. In most subjective evaluations in the clinical study, the image quality was significantly better with 3D-IIR than with 50% ASiR, and with 50% ASiR than with FBP (all, p < 0.001). Regarding the diagnostic acceptability, all images using 3D-IIR were evaluated as being fully or probably acceptable. Conclusions: The quality of VMI at 40 keV is improved by 3D-IIR, which allows the image noise to be reduced and structural details to be maintained. Advances in knowledge: The improvement of the image quality of VMI at 40 keV by 3D-IIR may increase the subjective acceptance in the clinical setting.
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Trindade Souza, Jorge Raimundo da, José Alexandre Da Silva Valente, Ana Cristina Pimentel Carneiro de Almeida, and Licurgo Peixoto de Brito. "Ilhas interdisciplinares de racionalidade no ensino de ciências: uma experiência didática no PARFOR na Ilha do Marajó, Pará, Brasil." Amazônia: Revista de Educação em Ciências e Matemáticas 12, no. 24 (July 31, 2016): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18542/amazrecm.v12i24.3194.
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A pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o uso da abordagem CTS a partir do desenvolvimento de Ilhas Interdisciplinares de Racionalidade (IIR) com alunos de Licenciatura em Ciências Naturais, na cidade de Breves, Ilha do Marajó (PA). Este curso enfatiza conhecimentos de Química, Física, Biologia e Geociências. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na disciplina “Prática Docente para o Ensino de Ciências: Educação em Ciências e Tecnologia”, culminando com a construção de uma IIR. Para esta análise, além do desenvolvimento da IIR, aplicou-se um questionário para identificação de conhecimentos prévios. A análise foi realizada a partir dos produtos da IIR, das respostas aos questionários e das observações do pesquisador no contexto de uma pesquisa-ação. Conclui-se que o uso da abordagem CTS, a partir de IIR, contribui para evidenciar a relação entre os conhecimentos científicos e o cotidiano.
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Han, Xue, Weifeng Yao, Zipeng Liu, Haobo Li, Zhong-jun Zhang, Ziqing Hei, and Zhengyuan Xia. "Lipoxin A4 Preconditioning Attenuates Intestinal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury through Keap1/Nrf2 Pathway in a Lipoxin A4 Receptor Independent Manner." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9303606.
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Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of intestinal ischemia reperfusion (IIR) injury. Enhancement in endogenous Lipoxin A4 (LXA4), a potent antioxidant and mediator, is associated with attenuation of IIR. However, the effects of LXA4 on IIR injury and the potential mechanisms are unknown. In a rat IIR (ischemia 45 minutes and subsequent reperfusion 6 hours) model, IIR caused intestinal injury, evidenced by increased serum diamine oxidase, D-lactic acid, intestinal-type fatty acid-binding protein, and the oxidative stress marker 15-F2t-Isoprostane. LXA4 treatment significantly attenuated IIR injury by reducing mucosal 15-F2t-Isoprostane and elevating endogenous antioxidant superoxide dismutase activity, accompanied with Keap1/Nrf2 pathway activation. Meanwhile, LXA4 receptor antagonist Boc-2 reversed the protective effects of LXA4 on intestinal injury but failed to affect the oxidative stress and the related Nrf2 pathway. Furthermore, Nrf2 antagonist brusatol reversed the antioxidant effects conferred by LXA4 and led to exacerbation of intestinal epithelium cells oxidative stress and apoptosis, finally resulting in a decrease of survival rate of rat. Meanwhile, LXA4 pretreatment upregulated nuclear Nrf2 level and reduced hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced IEC-6 cell damage and Nrf2 siRNA reversed this protective effect of LXA4in vitro. In conclusion, these findings suggest that LXA4 ameliorates IIR injury by activating Keap1/Nrf2 pathway in a LXA4 receptor independent manner.
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Inoue, M., and I. Imanaga. "Phosphatase is responsible for run down, and probably G protein-mediated inhibition of inwardly rectifying K+ currents in guinea pig chromaffin cells." Journal of General Physiology 105, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 249–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.105.2.249.
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The mechanism of G protein-mediated inhibition of an inwardly rectifying K+ current (IIR) in adrenal chromaffin cells was investigated using the whole-cell version of the patch clamp technique. In case of recording with use of ATP-containing patch solution, the IIR was well maintained; otherwise, it ran down within 15 min. This run down was not prevented by replacement with adenylyl-imidodiphosphate, a nonhydrolysable analogue of ATP, but was markedly reduced by the addition to the ATP-free solution of 1 microM calyculin A, a specific inhibitor of serine/threonine phosphatase 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). The addition of alkaline phosphatase to the ATP-containing solution facilitated run down of the current, and application of 100 microM H-7, a general kinase inhibitor, reversibly suppressed IIR. These results taken together suggest that inwardly rectifying K+ channels are under the influence of kinase and phosphatase without external signals. Infusion of nonhydrolysable analogues of GTP, guanosine-5'-O-(3-thiophosphate) (GTP gamma S) or guanylyl-imidodiphosphate, through the pipette produced little inward current at -55 mV, but completely inhibited IIR within approximately 5 or 6 min in all cells tested in the presence of 12 microM Mg2+ inside the cell. In contrast, infusion of aluminum fluoride (AlF) complex, another GTP binding (G) protein activator, consistently produced large inward currents, but did not alter IIR noticeably for 15 min in 17% of the cells tested. In the other cells, the inhibition of IIR developed slowly after long latent periods. This inhibitory potency of AlF was not enhanced by an increase in Mg2+ concentrations. Subtraction of the current-voltage relationship before from that noted during the generation of inward current by AlF complex revealed that the inward current diminished progressively with hyperpolarizations, as is the case with a nonselective cation current (INS) induced by a muscarinic agonist. Thus, AlF complex seems to be potent with the generation of INS, but not with IIR inhibition. The addition of 3 microM calyculin A significantly retarded the IIR inhibition by GTP gamma S, whereas that of 1 microM okadaic acid, another inhibitor of PPI and PP2A, markedly prevented the decline of IIR by AIF complex. Our observations suggest that the low potency of AlF complex in inhibiting IIR may be due to interference with phosphatase activity and that the activation of G protein suppresses IIR, probably by enhancing the apparent activity of phosphatase, which may explain run down of the current.
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Gomes, Ligia R., John Nicolson Low, Ana S. M. C. Rodrigues, James L. Wardell, Camillo H. da Silva Lima, and Marcus V. N. de Souza. "FiveN′-benzylidene-N-methylpyrazine-2-carbohydrazides." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 69, no. 5 (April 17, 2013): 549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270113010056.
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The compoundsN′-benzylidene-N-methylpyrazine-2-carbohydrazide, C13H12N4O, (IIa),N′-(2-methoxybenzylidene)-N-methylpyrazine-2-carbohydrazide, C14H14N4O2, (IIb),N′-(4-cyanobenzylidene)-N-methylpyrazine-2-carbohydrazide dihydrate, C14H11N5O·2H2O, (IIc),N-methyl-N′-(2-nitrobenzylidene)pyrazine-2-carbohydrazide, C13H11N5O3, (IId), andN-methyl-N′-(4-nitrobenzylidene)pyrazine-2-carbohydrazide, C13H11N5O3, (IIe), have dihedral angles between the pyrazine rings and the benzene rings in the range 55–78°. These methylated pyrazine-2-carbohydrazides have supramolecular structures which are formed by weak C—H...O/N hydrogen bonds, with the exception of (IIc) which is hydrated. There are π–π stacking interactions in all five compounds. Three of these structures are compared with their nonmethylated counterparts, which have dihedral angles between the pyrazine rings and the benzene rings in the range 0–6°.
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Xu, Lantao, and Yanyan Wu. "Pathways of Complement Activation Following Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion in Macaque." Journal of Medical Biochemistry 31, no. 3 (July 1, 2012): 228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10011-012-0004-3.
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Pathways of Complement Activation Following Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion in MacaqueComplement activation is a key component in the inflammation cascade. In the present study, intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IIR) was introduced to macaques, and the pathways of complement activation in the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) following IIR were investigated, which may provide evidence on the mechanisms underlying the endogenous protection in systemic inflammatory response. IIR was performed by clamping superior mesenteric artery and releasing clamp in 5 macaques. Immunization rate nephelometry and CH50 total complement detection were employed to measure the serum concentration of C3, C4, C-reactive protein (CRP) and total complements. Immunocytochemistry was carried out to detect the contents of IL-1 and NF-κB in polymorphonuclear cells (PMN). Flow cytometry was done to measure the apoptosis rate of PMN. At 24 h after IIR, the amount of total complement (106.6±18.07 U/mL) was reduced to 62.1±9.52 U/mL (p<0.05). In addition, the C3 was reduced by 30% (p<0.05) but C4 remained unchanged after IIR (0.1342±0.07 vs 0.1420±0.06, P>0.05). The apoptosis rate (15.4%±1.14%) of PMN was markedly reduced (3.5%±0.53%) following IIR (p<0.05) accompanied by increased contents of IL-1 and NF-κB. Moreover, CRP was also significantly elevated after IIR (4.33±1.13 mg/L vs 17.73±0.86 mg/L; p<0.01). Following IIR, complements are activated through the alternative pathway. Complement activation fragments can inhibit the apoptosis of PMN and elevate the expressions of acute phase inflammatory proteins including CRP and IL-1, which promotes the inflammation cascade and facilitates the occurrence of MODS.
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Nguyễn, Ngọc Lâu. "Các tín hiệu mới từ những vệ tinh GPS thế hệ mới." Tạp chí Khoa học Đo đạc và Bản đồ, no. 1 (September 1, 2009): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54491/jgac.2009.1.514.
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Bài báo giới thiệu các tín hiệu mới L2C và L5 trên các vệ tinh GPS Block IIR-M và Block IIF; các đặc điểm và cấu trúc của loại tín hiệu mới; và sự ảnh hưởng của nó đối với cộng đồng dân sự sử dụng GPS cho những ứng dụng chính xác cao
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Nguyễn, Ngọc Lâu. "Các tín hiệu mới từ những vệ tinh GPS thế hệ mới." Tạp chí Khoa học Đo đạc và Bản đồ, no. 1 (September 25, 2009): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54491/jgac.2009.1.621.
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Bài báo giới thiệu các tín hiệu mới L2C và L5 trên các vệ tinh GPS Block IIR-M và Block IIF; các đặc điểm và cấu trúc của loại tín hiệu mới; và sự ảnh hưởng của nó đối với cộng đồng dân sự sử dụng GPS cho những ứng dụng chính xác cao
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Wang, Chun Mei, and Wei Cai Xiao. "Second-Order IIR Notch Filter Design and Implementation of Digital Signal Processing System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 347-350 (August 2013): 729–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.347-350.729.
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In this paper the AC power 50Hz power interference, we use IIR digital notch filter method for industrial frequency interference filter. From the design of IIR digital filter method proceed with, on the IIR digital notch filter simulation, the algorithm deduced, on the fixed-point DSP programming method and overflow handling problems made elaborate incisively, and in digital audio signal processing system has been applied.
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Ramalakshmanna, Y., Dr P. Shanmugaraja, Dr P. V. Rama Raju, and Dr T. V. Hymalakshmi. "Adaptive Infinite Impulse Response System Identification Using Elitist Teaching-Learning- Based Optimization Algorithm." International Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing 17 (March 3, 2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/9106.2023.17.1.
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Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) systems identification is complicated by traditional learning approaches. When reduced-order adaptive models are utilised for such identification, the performance suffers dramatically. The IIR system is identified as an optimization issue in this study. For system identification challenges, a novel population-based technique known as Elitist teacher learner-based optimization (ETLBO) is used to calculate the best coefficients of unknown infinite impulse response (IIR) systems. The MSE function is minimised and the optimal coefficients of an unknown IIR system are found in the system identification problem. The MSE is the difference between an adaptive IIR system's outputs and an unknown IIR system's outputs. For the unknown system coefficients of the same order and decreased order cases, exhaustive simulations have been performed. In terms of mean square error, convergence speed, and coefficient estimation, the results of actual and reduced-order identification for the standard system using the novel method outperform state-of-the-art techniques. For approximating the same-order and reduced-order IIR systems, four benchmark functions are examined utilizing GA, PSO, CSO, and BA. To demonstrate the improvements, the approach is evaluated on three conventional IIR systems of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th order models. On the basis of computing the mean square error (MSE) and fitness function, the suggested ETLBO approach for system identification is proven to be the best among others. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the suggested ETLBO method outperforms some of the other known system identification strategies. Finally, the efficiency of the dynamic nature of the control parameters of DE, TLBO, and BA in finding near parameter values of unknown systems is demonstrated through comparison data. The simulation results show that the suggested system identification approach outperforms the current methods for system identification.
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Mvuma, Aloys. "Adaptive IIR Filters for Single Interference Suppression in a BPSK DS CDMA System In Rayleigh Fading Channel." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 30, no. 1 (June 30, 2007): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v30i1.398.
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In this paper, effect of a single narrow-band interference (NBI) on bit error rate (BER) performance for a binary phase shift keying (BPSK) synchronous direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS CDMA) communication system operating in a frequency nonselective Rayleigh fading channel is analyzed. Second-order adaptive infinite impulseresponse (IIR) notch filters with plain gradient algorithm (GA) for suppression of NBI in the DS CDMA system are proposed. A general closed-form BER expression for the DS CDMA system with NBI suppression second order adaptive IIR notch filters is derived based on the standard Gaussian approximation (SGA) method. BER expressions are then derived for the allpass filter-based adaptive IIR notch filter and adaptive IIR notch filter with constrained poles and zeros, the two structures that are commonly found in literature. It is observed that both adaptive IIR notch filter structures exhibit comparable BER performance. Extensive computer simulation results are presented to verify the accuracy and limitations of the analysis.
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Konopacki, Jacek, and Katarzyna Mościńska. "A Procedure for Quasi-Equiripple Linear-Phase IIR Filters Design." International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications 56, no. 4 (November 1, 2010): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10177-010-0052-x.
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A Procedure for Quasi-Equiripple Linear-Phase IIR Filters DesignThe linear-phase IIR filters are described in many cases, mainly due to distortion-free transmission of signals. One of the major problems of IIR filter design is stability, which can be obtained with suitable value of group delay τ. This paper concerns calculation of filter orderNand group delay τ in case of quasi-equiripple design of IIR filters. We propose a novel procedure for determiningNand τ values; the procedure is valid for all types of filters with arbitrary number of zeros and a few non-zero poles. Evaluation of the proposed approach as well as examples illustrating its application are provided in the paper.
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Chiu, Yu-Wen, Chien-Hsing Lee, and Hui-Chen Lo. "Oral post-treatment supplementation with a combination of glutamine, citrulline, and antioxidant vitamins additively mitigates jejunal damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation in rats with intestinal ischemia and reperfusion." PLOS ONE 19, no. 2 (February 2, 2024): e0298334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298334.
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Introduction Intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (IIR) injury is closely associated with oxidative stress. Evidence shows that oral supplementation with glutamine and citrulline alleviates IIR-induced jejunal damage. We investigated the effects of a combination of glutamine, citrulline, and antioxidant vitamins on IIR-induced jejunal damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Method Male Wistar rats that underwent 60 min of superior mesenteric artery occlusion were orally administered glutamine plus citrulline (GC), vitamin C plus E (CE), or a combination of GC and CE 15 min before and 3, 9, and 21 h after reperfusion. Healthy rats without IIR were used as controls. Results After reperfusion for 24 h, rats with IIR showed lower levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin, serum glucose, and jejunal DNA and increased white blood cell counts compared to controls (1-way ANOVA with the least significant difference, P < 0.05). The IIR-induced decrease in serum albumin and increase in plasma interleukin-6 and jejunal thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) were significantly reversed by GC and/or CE. The results of the 2-way ANOVA indicated that GC was the main factor that increased jejunal villus height and muscularis DNA, and CE was the main factor that increased jejunal muscularis protein and decreased jejunal proinflammatory cytokine levels and myeloperoxidase activity. In addition, GC and CE are the main factors that decrease plasma proinflammatory cytokine levels and the jejunal apoptotic index. Conclusion Oral post-treatment supplementation with glutamine and citrulline, combined with vitamins C and E, may alleviate IIR-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and jejunal damage.
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Mannucci, P. M., C. F. Abildgaard, H. R. Gralnick, F. G. H. Hill, L. W. Hoyer, R. Lombardi, I. M. Nilsson, E. Tuddenham, and D. Meyer. "Multicenter Comparison of von Willebrand Factor Multimer Sizing Techniques." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 54, no. 04 (1985): 873–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660152.
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SummaryA multicenter study of various types of von Willebrand’s disease (vWD) was conducted in order to compare the different electrophoretic techniques used to evaluate von Willebrand factor multimers in plasma. Seven laboratories participated in the blind study of eight plasma samples from two healthy subjects and six vWD types and subtypes (la, lb, IIA, IIB, IIC and IID). From the results of the multimeric analysis of these samples, it appears that the differential diagnosis of vWD types and subtypes should be first approached by using a low-resolution electrophoretic technique, where each vWF multimer appears as a single band. Low-resolution techniques differentiate type I from type II, subtype la from lb and also subtype IIA from other type II subtypes. When type II subtypes other than IIA are identified with these techniques, samples should be rerun using high resolution techniques that resolve each of the fastest migrating multimers in at least three subbands, and permit the differentiation of subtypes IIB, IIC and IID.
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Sidhu, D. S., J. S. Dhillon, and Dalvir Kaur. "Design of Digital IIR Filter with Conflicting Objectives Using Hybrid Gravitational Search Algorithm." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/282809.
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In the recent years, the digital IIR filter design as a single objective optimization problem using evolutionary algorithms has gained much attention. In this paper, the digital IIR filter design is treated as a multiobjective problem by minimizing the magnitude response error, linear phase response error and optimal order simultaneously along with meeting the stability criterion. Hybrid gravitational search algorithm (HGSA) has been applied to design the digital IIR filter. GSA technique is hybridized with binary successive approximation (BSA) based evolutionary search method for exploring the search space locally. The relative performance of GSA and hybrid GSA has been evaluated by applying these techniques to standard mathematical test functions. The above proposed hybrid search techniques have been applied effectively to solve the multiparameter and multiobjective optimization problem of low-pass (LP), high-pass (HP), band-pass (BP), and band-stop (BS) digital IIR filter design. The obtained results reveal that the proposed technique performs better than other algorithms applied by other researchers for the design of digital IIR filter with conflicting objectives.
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Granja, Tiago F., David Köhler, Veronika Leiss, Claudia Eggstein, Bernd Nürnberg, Peter Rosenberger, and Sandra Beer-Hammer. "Platelets and the Cybernetic Regulation of Ischemic Inflammatory Responses through PNC Formation Regulated by Extracellular Nucleotide Metabolism and Signaling." Cells 11, no. 19 (September 27, 2022): 3009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11193009.
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Ischemic events are associated with severe inflammation and are here referred to as ischemic inflammatory response (IIR). Recent studies identified the formation of platelet–neutrophil complexes (PNC) as key players in IIR. We investigated the role of extracellular platelet nucleotide signaling in the context of IIR and defined a cybernetic circle, including description of feedback loops. Cybernetic circles seek to integrate different levels of information to understand how biological systems function. Our study specifies the components of the cybernetic system of platelets in IIR and describes the theoretical progression of IIR passing the cybernetic cycle with positive and negative feedback loops based on nucleotide-dependent signaling and functional regulation. The cybernetic components and feedback loops were explored by cytometry, immunohistological staining, functional blocking antibodies, and ADP/ATP measurements. Using several ex vivo and in vivo approaches we confirmed cybernetic parameters, such as controller, sensor, and effector (VASP phosphorylation, P2Y12, ADORAs and GPIIb/IIIa activity), as well as set points (ADP, adenosine) and interfering control and disturbance variables (ischemia). We demonstrate the impact of the regulated platelet–neutrophil complex (PNC) formation in blood and the resulting damage to the affected inflamed tissue. Taken together, extracellular nucleotide signaling, PNC formation, and tissue damage in IIR can be integrated in a controlled cybernetic circle of platelet function, as introduced through this study.
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Pan, Shing-Tai. "CSD-Coded Genetic Algorithm on Robustly Stable Multiplierless IIR Filter Design." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/560650.
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A Canonic-Signed-Digit-(CSD-) coded genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed to find the optimal design of robustly stable infinite impulse response digital filter (IIR). Under the characteristics of the CSD structure, the circuit of the filter can be simplified and also the calculation speed can be raised to increase the hardware’s efficiency. However, the design of CSD has a big challenge: the CSD structure of the system parameters will be destroyed by an optimal design procedure. To solve this problem, in this research a CSD-coded GA is proposed so that the CSD structure can be maintained. Moreover, the robustly stable IIR filters design problem is included in this paper. The robustness of the IIR filters is achieved by ensuring that all poles of the filters are located inside a diskD(α,r)contained in the unit circle, in whichαis the center,ris the radius of the disk, and|α|+r<1. Consequently, in this paper, a new and more efficientD(α,r)-stability criterion will be derived and then embedded in GA for the design of robust IIR filters. It is worthwhile to note that to design an IIR filter simultaneously with CSD-structured parameters and robust stability is difficult and is not well explored so far. An example will be presented to show the efficiency of the proposed strategy for design of IIR filters.
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Garnier, A., J. Pelon, M. A. Vaughan, D. M. Winker, C. R. Trepte, and P. Dubuisson. "Optical depths of semi-transparent cirrus clouds over oceans from CALIPSO infrared radiometer and lidar measurements, and an evaluation of the lidar multiple scattering factor." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, no. 2 (February 25, 2015): 2143–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-2143-2015.
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Abstract. This paper provides a detailed evaluation of cloud absorption optical depths retrieved at 12.05 μm and comparisons to extinction optical depths retrieved at 0.532 μm from perfectly co-located observations of single-layered semi-transparent cirrus over ocean made by the Imaging Infrared Radiometer (IIR) and the Cloud and Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) flying on-board the CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) satellite. The blackbody radiance taken in the IIR Version 3 algorithm is evaluated, and IIR retrievals are corrected accordingly. IIR infrared absorption optical depths are then compared to CALIOP visible extinction optical depths when the latter can be directly derived from the measured apparent 2-way transmittance through the cloud. Numerical simulations and IIR retrievals of ice crystal sizes suggest that the ratios of CALIOP extinction and IIR absorption optical depths should remain roughly constant with respect to temperature. Instead, these ratios are found to increase quasi-linearly by about 40% as the temperature at the layer centroid altitude decreases from 240 to 200 K. This behavior is explained by variations of the multiple scattering factor ηT to be applied to correct the measured transmittance, which is taken equal to 0.6 in the CALIOP Version 3 algorithm, and which is found here to vary with temperature (and hence cloud particle size) from ηT = 0.8 at 200 K to ηT = 0.5 at 240 K for clouds with optical depth larger than 0.3. The revised parameterization of ηT introduces a concomitant temperature dependence in the simultaneously derived CALIOP lidar ratios that is consistent with observed changes in CALIOP depolarization ratios and particle habits derived from IIR measurements.