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1
CAVALETTO, TOMMASO. "Democrazie in crisi epistemica: il suffragio universale alla prova." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/277367.
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La ricerca analizza la crisi sistemica attraversata dalle democrazie contemporanee leggendone i sintomi alla luce di un profilo specifico, ossia quello del declino epistemico che colpisce l’utenza di tali sistemi normativi. Si è in particolare focalizzata l’attenzione sul divario sempre più marcato tra, da una parte, lo scarso livello di (in)formazione e capacità di ragionamento dei cittadini e, dall’altra, la crescente quantità di competenze necessarie per orientarsi correttamente all’interno della società. Si è quindi cercato di dimostrare come l’esacerbazione di tutti i principali sintomi dell’attuale crisi democratica sia fortemente correlata alle preoccupanti dimensioni ormai raggiunte da questo “differenziale epistemico”, il quale, pur rappresentando una fonte di criticità sempre latente all’interno di società organizzate democraticamente, incontra oggi condizioni di contesto che favoriscono il pieno dispiegamento dei suoi effetti anche sul piano fenomenico. La sintomatologia della crisi democratica viene esaminata ricorrendo all’ausilio di elaborazioni socio-demoscopiche sul rapporto tra cittadini e politica, di dati statistici relativi alle abilità cognitive e al livello delle competenze possedute dagli elettori, e di ricerche sul decision making applicato al contesto elettorale, prestando un’attenzione particolare al panorama italiano. Questo complesso di studi ha consentito di approcciare criticamente quelle teorie che, pur con molteplici sfaccettature, fondano la legittimazione assiologica della democrazia su una presunta capacità dei cittadini di autogovernarsi.
L’analisi è stata quindi orientata verso la ricerca di soluzioni istituzionali volte a superare la crisi in modo strutturale. In primo luogo si è esplorata la possibilità di intervenire sul sistema formativo e sulla regolamentazione di quello mediatico, con l’obiettivo di innalzare il livello delle competenze, di incrementare le abilità analitiche, e di migliorare lo stato informativo dei cittadini. Realisticamente, simili interventi si prospettano tuttavia soltanto parzialmente risolutivi rispetto a un fenomeno diffuso, consolidato e persistente come il deficit epistemico che colpisce l’elettorato democratico. Nella seconda parte del lavoro si è quindi rivolto lo sguardo alle teorie elaborate nell’ambito della filosofia politica di orientamento epistocratico, la quale, pur con molte sfumature e diverse declinazioni, propone di ridiscutere la pressoché incondizionata universalità del suffragio caratterizzante le democrazie contemporanee, per sostituirla con forme di selezione dell’elettorato fondate sulla valorizzazione della conoscenza. La scelta di concentrare l’attenzione sulle dottrine epistocratiche discende dal fatto che esse stanno acquistando un ruolo sempre più rilevante nel dibattito scientifico, e configurano uno dei filoni di ricerca attualmente più innovativi (e al contempo più controversi) per l’analisi critica del modello democratico. Si sono quindi esaminate le condizioni giuridiche che un’eventale restrizione del suffragio dovrebbe rispettare per non violare i principî supremi degli ordinamenti democratici, per poi trattare il problema della realizzabilità di queste proposte anche dal punto di vista assiologico. Da ultimo ci si è interrogati se, al di là della legittimità giuridica e della condivisibilità teorica, simili interventi risulterebbero altresì realisticamente concretizzabili nell’attuale contesto socio-politico, ovvero se quest’ultimo imponga di orientare il processo di epistocratizzazione verso soluzioni politicamente meno dirompenti. In particolare, si sono prese in considerazione alcune proposte che, pur mantenendo formalmente inalterato il suffragio universale, potrebbero comunque ridurre per via indiretta l’incidenza dell’ignoranza politica sul processo elettorale.This work analyzes the crisis faced by contemporary democracies moving from a specific point of view, i.e. the epistemic decline of democratic electorates. In particular, I focused on the gap between low level of information/reasoning ability of the average citizen, and the growing amount of skills he needs to get properly oriented in contemporary society. Therefore, I show that all the main symptoms of the current democratic crisis are strongly correlated with this “epistemic gap”, which has always been a potential problem for democracy, but its effects are nowadays amplified by the social, political and technological context we live in. In order to analyze the features of this epistemic crisis, I used surveys on the relationship between citizens and politics, statistical data on voters’ cognitive skills and studies on voters’ decision-making, focusing in particular on the Italian context. As a result, these studies cast a shadow over many democratic theories that base the axiological legitimacy of democracy on a citizens’ supposed ability to govern themselves. Therefore, I tried to find institutional solutions to overcome the crisis. First of all, I proposed some interventions for improving education and media systems, aimed at increasing competences, analytical skills, and information of citizens. However, a phenomenon as pervasive and entrenched as epistemic deficit cannot be fully solved only by this kind of interventions. Therefore, in the second part of the thesis I considered the theories developed by epistocratic political philosophy, which proposes to rethink universal suffrage and replace it with some kind of knowledge-based electorate selection. I chose to focus on epistocratic doctrines because of the increasingly key role they are acquiring in the contemporary scientific debate: nowadays, they are one of the most innovative (and controversial) line of research in the field of critical analysis of the democratic model. I studied the legal conditions that a suffrage restriction should respect in order not to violate the supreme principles of democratic systems. I then studied the same issue also from an axiological point of view. Lastly, I wondered about the feasibility of these kind of interventions in the current socio-political context. From this point of view, it has emerged it was appropriated to think also of less disruptive solutions in the short-medium term. In particular, I analyzed some reform proposals that could reduce indirectly the incidence of political ignorance on the electoral process, while keeping universal suffrage formally unchanged.
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Meyer, Marie-Christine Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Ignorance and grammar." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84420.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 176-186).
In this thesis, I propose a new theory of implicature. I argue that the two main theories available so far - the (Neo-)Gricean pragmatic theory on the one hand (e.g., Sauerland (2004)), and the hybrid grammatical theory of scalar implicatures on the other hand (e.g., Fox (2007)) - cannot provide a satisfactory account of disjunctions like Al drank some or all of the beers. As I will show, the meaning of these sentences is characterized by the presence of grammatical ignorance implicatures. In this they differ from their simpler alternatives. I will show how the proposed Matrix K theory of implicature derives this result. The new theory is a radically grammatical theory in that all kinds of implicatures - weak, scalar, and ignorance implicatures - are derived in the grammar. I will also show how Hurford's constraint can be derived from a general principle of manner in the new theory. I will then turn to logically under-informative statements like Some elephants are mammals and show how their oddness falls out from the Matrix K theory without further stipulations. Next, I argue that the theory extends to infelicitous Hurford disjunctions like Jean is from France or from Paris. Both phenomena can receive a uniform explanation in terms of grammatically derived, contextually inconsistent implicatures, without stipulating obligatory scalar implicatures. Lastly, I turn to the case of implicature suspension and show how the new theory can account for missing implicatures.
by Marie-Christine Meyer.
Ph.D.
3
Mainieri, Nicholas. "Tools of Ignorance." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2011. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/137.
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Douailler, Stéphane. "L'espace public des ignorants." Paris 8, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA081261.
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Une part importante de la these est consacree a relire le livre i de la republique de platon. Le' point de vue adopte a consiste a comprendre ce que platon avait voulu dire en indiquant que ce texte etait un prologue. Examinant la confrontation qu'il met en scene entre le propos philosophique et les figures ordinairement reconnues comme figures de savoir dans l'athenes du - 4eme siecle, on a ete amene a y voir, non seulement (comme il est habituel) la representation d'une victoire du questionnement philosophique, mais encore la construction precise d'un personnage d'auditeur intelligent susceptible d'incarner un destinataire du propos philosophique justifiant qu'il s'enoncat a partir du deuxieme livre dans une rigueur propre. Ainsi compris, le prologue de la republique se laisserait donc lire comme proposant l'une des inventions poetiques par lesquelles platon s'est laisse engager, non pas dans une celebration du souvenir de socrate, mais dans une perpetuation rigoureuse de son propos. L'autre aspect de la these a considere le risque qu'il y aurait pour la philosophie, heritant de cette construction poetique d'un destinataire intelligent, de reduire l'espace public sur lequel elle parait a celui d'un monde de lecteurs. Contre une tendance perceptible des peut-etre la lettre vii ou la "vie de platon" de diogene laerce, puis en echo a certaines questions au sujet du livre posees au dix-huitieme siecle, il a paru possible de souligner que le propos philosophique ne se tient pas seulement devant un lecteur intelligent, mais qu'il s'enonce encore, ainsi que la republique le montre, a l'echelle par exemple d'une cite. Par la, la philosophie se revele etre un savoir restant redevable, tout en etant savoir, d'une question de justiceAn important part of the presented work has consist in re-reading the first book of plato's republic. The prospect has been to unterstand what plato mearied as he indicated that this text was a preamble. Investigating the confrontation in republic's first book between the figures of knowledge ordinarily admitted in the athenian society and the philosophical purpose, we have not only looked, as usual, at the victorious performance of the philosophical inquire, but we have also discovered that the text precisely built the character of an intelligent hearer, who justified in book two a true and rigorous exposition of the philosophical purpose. The preamble of the republic has so been understood as offering one of the poetical inventions which led plato out of the celebrating of socrate's memory, and gave to his work the aspect of a rigorous prolongation of the socratic purpose. An other question has been the danger for philosophy, inheriting from this poetical construction of an intelligent hearer, to confine her publicity in her readers'world. Against a tendency shown perhaps by letter vii and later by "plato's life" of diogen laerce, against some conclusions that have been recently drawn in france from the histoy of book in the period of enlightenment, we dwell upon the fact that the philosophical purpose not only apply to an intelligent reader, but also exists, as the republic shows, in relation with for example a city. Philosophy is a knowledge which cannot be discharged from the question of justice
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Bartz, Deborah Teo. "Young Children’s Meta-Ignorance." Thesis, Harvard University, 2017. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33051609.
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Meta-ignorance is an awareness of one’s own knowledge or lack of knowledge. The goal of this dissertation is to examine the development of children’s meta-ignorance between 14 months and 42 months. I examine the hypothesis that children have some awareness of their own epistemic states, notably states of knowledge and ignorance.
In Study 1, eight children’s use of the mental verb know was examined when they were between 18 and 36 months. Children (from the Child Language Data Exchange System) used know to affirm their own knowledge and that of their interlocutor. When they used know in the context of asking a question, they typically asked about their interlocutor’s knowledge states and not their own. Conversely, they often denied their own knowledge but rarely their interlocutor’s. Finally, they rarely referred to a third party’s knowledge.
In Study 2, 64 children’s production of the flip gesture (hold two hands palm up out to the side to communicate “I don’t know”) was examined when they were between 14 and 42 months. The video recordings were from the Language Development Project. Flip gestures were observed at 14 months, which is four months before a minority of children were first observed saying: “I don’t know.” Children often flipped following their interlocutors’ comments and questions, suggesting that children used flips in a dialogic fashion. When children flipped, their interlocutors often interpreted flips as an expression of ignorance and responded accordingly.
Study 3 involved an experiment in which 52 children aged 16 to 37 months were presented with familiar and unfamiliar pictures and asked to label them. For familiar pictures, children mostly produced the correct name. For unfamiliar pictures, children were more likely to display signs of uncertainty, including turning to gaze at an adult, producing a filled pause such as Um, asking for help, and saying I don’t know.
Children’s ability to produce I DON’T KNOW flips, to say I don’t know, and to express uncertainty when asked to name unfamiliar objects indicates that they come to express a simple understanding of knowledge and ignorance in the course of the second and third year.
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Nanni, Milo. "Moral responsibility and ignorance." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/49072/.
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The aim of this thesis is to defend a version of volitionism from objections concerning the epistemic condition of moral responsibility (especially of moral culpability). My view states that an agent is morally blameworthy for her action only if (a) the action is morally wrong and (b) she has performed the action against her better judgement that the action is wrong or from a state of culpable ignorance. In chapter 1 I provide reason in favour of volitionism and against attributionism to motivate further articulation of volitionism. In chapter 2 I discuss when it is appropriate to blame an agent for holding a false belief. In chapter 3 I defend the thesis that an agent is blameworthy for performing an action only if the action is objectively wrong (the Objective View). In chapter 4 I defend the thesis that whenever an agent acts from ignorance, she is culpable for the act only if she is culpable for the ignorance from which she acts (the Ignorance Thesis). In chapter 5 I defend the thesis that moral culpability always involves akrasia (the Akrasia Thesis). Finally, in chapter 6 I will conclude the defence of my version of volitionism by undermining the thesis that in order for an agent to be morally responsible for an action, it is necessary (and sufficient when the other conditions are met) that some facts she takes to be playing a role in explaining why the action is good or bad be personally available to her (The Consciousness Thesis).
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Hanisch, Kathrin. "Die ignorantia facti im Betrugstatbestand." Hamburg Kovač, 2006. http://www.verlagdrkovac.de/978-3-8300-2914-4.htm.
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Hanisch, Kathrin. "Die ignorantia facti im Betrugstatbestand /." Hamburg : Kovač, 2007. http://www.verlagdrkovac.de/978-3-8300-2914-4.htm.
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Burch-Brown, Joanna May. "Consequences, action guidance and ignorance." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648094.
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Fernández, Budajir Luis Guillermo. "Aproximación al concepto de willful blindness y su tratamiento en criminal law." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664949.
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La expansión que ha tenido la figura de la ignorancia deliberada dentro del derecho penal Iberoamericano, a raíz de la adopción por parte del Tribunal Supremo español de la doctrina de la willful blindness, justifican la realización del presente trabajo. Desde esta perspectiva se pretende dar respuesta a qué es la willful blindness en su esencia. Para ello, se realiza una acercamiento al funcionamiento del sistema jurídico del common law con la finalidad de comprender el desarrollo de la willful blindness y proponer una aproximación conceptual de esta figura jurídica a partir de un doble enfoque sustantivo y procesal. Al finalizar, se estará en la capacidad de responder a las siguientes interrogantes: ¿A qué se hace referencia cuando se habla de willful blindness y por qué un determinado individuo decide ignorar lo que las circunstancias del hecho le está planteando como probable?;¿Es exactamente lo mismo hablar de willful blindness y de ignorancia deliberada?; ¿Es necesaria la utilización o el acceso a un recurso como la willful blindness para tratar los supuestos de desconocimiento provocado de los elementos del tipo objetivo en el derecho continental? La tesis se estructura en tres partes: (i) El sistema jurídico del common law; (ii) La doctrina de la willful blindness; (iii) Aproximación al concepto de willful blindness.The expansion that the willful blindness doctrine has had within Ibero-American criminal law, following the adoption by the Spanish Supreme Court of this doctrine, justifies this investigation. From this perspective it is intended to answer what is the essence of the willful blindness doctrine. To achieve this task, an approach to the common law legal system is carried out in order to understand the development of the willful blindness doctrine, and a conceptual proposal to this legal entity based on a substantive and procedural approach is submitted. At the end, we will be in the ability to answer the following questions: What is referred to when we talk about willful blindness, and why a particular individual decides to ignore what the attendant circumstances suggests as probable? It is exactly the same to talk about willful blindness and deliberate ignorance? Is it necessary to use such a resource like willful blindness doctrine to deal with cases of contrived ignorance of the objective elements of the crime in the continental law? The thesis is structured in three parts: (i) The legal system of common law; (ii) The doctrine of the willful blindness; (iii) A conceptual approach to willful blindness.
L'expansió que ha tingut la figura de la ignorància deliberada dins el dret penal Iberoamericà, arran de l'adopció per part del Tribunal Suprem espanyol de la doctrina de la willful blindness, justifiquen la realització del present treball. Des d'aquesta perspectiva es pretén donar resposta a què és la willful blindness en la seva essència. Per a això, es realitza una aproximació al funcionament del sistema jurídic del common law amb la finalitat de comprendre el desenvolupament de la willful blindness i proposar una aproximació conceptual d'aquesta figura jurídica a partir d'un doble enfocament substantiu i processal. En acabar, s'estarà en la capacitat de respondre a les següents interrogants: ¿A què es fa referència quan es parla de willful blindness i per què un determinat individu decideix ignorar el que les circumstàncies del fet li està plantejant com a probable?; És exactament el mateix parlar de willful blindness i d'ignorància deliberada ?; És necessària la utilització o l'accés a un recurs com la willful blindness per tractar els supòsits de desconeixement provocat dels elements del tipus objectiu en el dret continental? La tesi s'estructura en tres parts: (i) El sistema jurídic del common law; (ii) La doctrina de la willful blindness; (iii) Aproximació al concepte de willful blindness.
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Assy, Maria Rita do Amaral. "A força inventiva da voz ignorada." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/15340.
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This study developed a proposal for listening interviews with workers and families attracted to work in the construction site of Sobradinho/Ba dam in the late 1970 s. Interviewees, as research shows, are ignored people, which is quite different than being exploited , decimated , oppressed , and isolated . It is not easy to understand them as a social class neither as a people. Somehow, this condition of being ignored marked the occupation of the region called lower-medium São Francisco . However, it is not a condition that is exclusive to these people. The forms of domination imposed on us since colonization have left empty spaces due to strategic reasons, and they were occupied with other means of life. It was the locus of domination where dominators were absent. It was the locus where smaller forces gained time. There is intensive existential production in this ignored locus. Only getting closer to this ignored existence makes it possible to see it. Audio was recorded about twenty years after the completion of construction. In the recordings, at the same time as one hears the conveyance of communication, of information, and the situation of interview becomes clear, ignored voices modulate the sound of the still-living marks of the fact. Will the meeting of this form of language matter be capable of housing a field where voices operate and listeners can see themselves in the struggle with the world? Said in another way, is it possible that, after interpreted by editing and mediated by technological devices, voice performance forces operate as thought, activating the invention of themselves and the world? What about academia, where only information is usually extracted from interviews, that is, one listens only that which was pre-established by the researcher? To answer that, this paper proposes a quality of attention in which it is possible to listen with concentration, however without focus, like a deer hunter, who perceives the landscape and the landscape that perceives him; and weaves a text following excerpts of the interviews, giving up this form of attention. Successive listening may provide the exercise of the same type of attention to the reader-listener and, who knows, not a new version of the construction of Sobradinho dam, neither a historical reconstitution of that period, but other ways of thinking. This is the thesis
O presente trabalho desenvolveu uma proposta de audição de entrevistas com trabalhadores e seus familiares atraídos para as obras de construção da barragem de Sobradinho/BA no final da década de 1970. Os entrevistados, como mostra a pesquisa realizada, é uma gente ignorada, condição um tanto diferente de explorada , dizimada , oprimida , isolada . Não é fácil compreendê-la como classe social, nem como um povo. De algum modo, essa condição de ignorada marcou a ocupação da região do submédio São Francisco. No entanto, não é uma condição exclusiva dessa gente. As formas de dominação a que estivemos submetidos desde as conquistas dos territórios colonizados deixaram vazios, por razões estratégicas, e estes foram ocupados com outros modos de vida. Foi o lugar da dominação em que o dominador exerceu a sua ausência. Foi o lugar onde as forças menores ganharam tempo. Há uma intensa produção existencial nesse lugar do ignorado. Só mesmo aproximando-se de sua existência ignorada para vê-la. O áudio foi gravado cerca de vinte anos depois de concluídas as obras. No mesmo momento em que, nas gravações, ouve-se a emissão de uma comunicação, de informações e evidencia-se a situação da entrevista, modula-se nas vozes ignoradas o som das marcas ainda vívidas do acontecimento. O encontro nessa forma da matéria linguajeira será capaz de abrigar um campo onde as vozes atuem e o ouvinte veja-se no corpo-a-corpo com o mundo? Dito de outro modo, interpretadas pela edição e mediadas por esses dispositivos tecnológicos é possível que as forças performativas das vozes atuem como pensamento, ativem a invenção de si e do mundo? E na academia, onde se costuma extrair das entrevistas apenas as informações, ou seja, ouvir só aquilo que atende ao preestabelecido pelo pesquisador? Para responder, este trabalho propõe uma qualidade de atenção, em que seja possível ouvir com concentração, porém sem foco, como um caçador de veados, que percebe a paisagem e a paisagem que o percebe. E tece uma escrita acompanhando os trechos das entrevistas, ela própria se fazendo dessa atenção. A audição sucessiva pode oferecer o exercício da mesma atenção ao leitor-ouvinte e, quem sabe, não uma nova versão sobre a construção da barragem de Sobradinho, nem mesmo uma reconstituição histórica desse período, mas outros modos de pensar. Essa é a tese
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Mishra, Himanshu Kumar. "Ignorance is bliss the information malleability effect /." Diss., University of Iowa, 2006. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/60.
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Di, Carlo Christopher W. "Evolutionary epistemology and the concept of ignorance." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0008/NQ32823.pdf.
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Montano, Kierstin. "Pluralistic ignorance, social comparison, and body satisfaction." Connect to resource, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/32016.
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Rubio, Correa Marcial. "Error e ignorancia en el Derecho Civil." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 1988. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/7008.
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Esta tesis pretende ser un estudio dogmático del tema del
error y la ignorancia en el Derecho Civil. Está elaborada en base
a dos perspectivas: la conceptual contemporánea, y la histórica
que se remonta hasta la compilación justinianea. Se trata de
esclarecer la conceptualización, y no de proponer un proyecto
legislativo alternativo, aunque el capitulo VII trata de lo que
estimamos los asuntos esenciales en esta materia.
El capitulo 1 es una presentación breve de la problemática
conceptual del error tal como aparece hoy dia. El. capitulo II es
largo y pretende describir la evolución del error desde Roma
hasta el final del siglo XIX, cuando aparece el Código Civil
alemán.
El capitulo III es un intento de evaluar la actual
conceptualización del error, pero no en abstracto, sino a través
de los ejemplos que presentan Justiniano, Savigny, Mazeaud y
Messineo. Es una especie de laboratorio (que después continuamos
en el capitulo VI) para apreciar la coherencia de los conceptos.
El capitulo IV estudia el tema del error y la ignorancia en
nuestro Código Civil, no sólo en la parte del Acto Jurídico, sino
en todos las artículos en los que estas figuras aparecen
expresamente. El Capitulo V es un intenta de analizar el mistake
del Derecho Anglosajón en sus propias fuentes, para luego
compararlo con el Derecho romano-germánico. El capitulo VI es una
digresión teórica que trata, de su lado, de mostrar lo que nos
aparece evidente, y es que en materia de error, el Derecho
Anglosajón evoluciona mucho más rápidamente que e1 Romano-germánico.
Esto se debe a varios factores pero, uno de ellos, es
que entre nosotros, seguimos pensando la sociedad con ejemplos
que, en lo esencial, fueron diseñados en Roma. Esto contradice
una de las ideas generalizadas en el Derecho: que el sistema
anglosajón es mucho más conservador que el Romano-germánicoTesis
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Feduzi, Alberto. "Three essays on uncertainty, ignorance and ambiguity." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612071.
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Messina, Aïcha Liviana. "Le destin innocent de la philosophie." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STR20016.
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Si l'innocent est celui qui ne sait pas, rien, à priori, ne destine la philosophie à l'innocence. Mais qu'un procès fût attenté contre Socrate nous amène cependant à nous demander si ce n'était pas d'innocence dont la philosophie était coupable. Cette question nous permet d'observer que tout procès est un théâtre dans lequel le point de vue de l'innocent aurait une vertu critique : celle de mettre en question les fondements de la jusice. Une figure s'esquisse alors, celle, kafkaienne, de la "diabolique innocence". Diabolique, cette figure a-t-elle une vertu éthique ? A travers les lectures de Kafka, Nietzsche, Blanchot, Levinas et Derrida, nous avons cherché à poser les jalons de ce questionnement et à en tirer les conséquences au sein des différents modes d'appréhension de la question de la responsabilitéIf the innocent is the one who does not know, nothing a priori dooms philosophy to innocence. But that a trial has been attempted against Socrates makes us wonder if, nonetheless, it was not innocence philosophy was guilty of. This question leads us to observe that all trial is a theatre in which the point of view of the innocent would have a critical virtue : the one that puts into question the foundation of justice. Thus, a character can be drown : the one that Kafka called '"diabolic innocence". According to this diabolic feature, does innocence have an ethical virtue ? Through the reading of Kafka, Nietzsche, Blanchot, Levinas and Derrida, we attempted to draw the horizon of such a questioning and therefore to discuss its consequences within the different ways in which the notion of responsibility has been apprehended
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Israilidis, John. "Ignorance Management : an alternative perspective on Knowledge Management." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14049.
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Managing organisational knowledge is crucial to increase business performance and competitiveness. However, given the complexity and dynamic nature of knowledge management practices, multinational organisations experience difficulties in identifying business opportunities and often fail to make necessary investments. This thesis develops an alternative perspective on knowledge management through the creation of a model based on socio-technical characteristics and organisational ignorance, and argues that managing nescience, i.e. knowing what needs to be known and also acknowledging the power of understanding the unknown, could facilitate employees' knowledge sharing behaviour and could improve both short-term opportunistic value capture and longer term business sustainability. It also creates a novel technique for managing dysfunctional knowledge management scenarios and improving knowledge management practices in the workplace by definition of the concept of KM anti-patterns, while discussing practices that reduce the risk of making the wrong decision when using uncertain information. The philosophy of this study is based on an interpretative approach with inductive reasoning. Both qualitative and quantitative methods, based mainly on workshop style discussions, questionnaires and semi-structured interview data, were implemented using various departments of one multinational organisation within the Aerospace and Defence industry as units of the analysis. Managing organisational ignorance is seldom and insufficiently discussed by the current KM literature and no previous attempt has been made to detect, analyse and categorise KM dysfunctional situations using a systematic KM anti-pattern template. It is argued that the issues addressed in this study could lead to inefficient or otherwise inappropriate KM practices; therefore it is important, particularly for managers and senior executives, to acknowledge, verify and act upon such matters in order to increase performance within their business, and optimise the level of knowledge for an individual employee or group in knowledge intensive settings.
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Jones, Tim. "'Slowness', 'Identity' and 'Ignorance' : Milan Kundera's French variations." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2012. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/50555/.
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This thesis explores in detail three academically neglected novels by Milan Kundera: Slowness (1995), Identity (1998) and Ignorance (2002). Originally written in French, the author’s second language, after six novels, a short-story collection and a play originally written in Czech, these texts are often bracketed off from the rest of his writing and seen as something of an inferior addendum. This is despite clear thematic similarities that cross the linguistic divide and that I demonstrate here are of central significance to the author’s entire novelistic project. This exploration not only reveals that these three French novels place in the foreground themes that have rippled in and out of focus across Kundera’s earlier Czech work and so are of central importance to Kundera as a novelist. It also shows that the lateness of the variations on the themes of slowness, identity and ignorance within these three French novels does not hold everything in common with the lateness that Adorno locates in late Beethoven. It is true that like late Beethoven, Kundera’s late variations on these themes demonstrate the manoeuvres of an oeuvre sensing its death across the horizon. But through the specific nature of the late variations on slowness, identity and ignorance, the oeuvre works hard to pull its readers down into the textual spaces of these three late novels with a fresh urgency, rather than truculently push them away, so that Kundera’s audience might be adequately prepared to continue its own voyages once the oeuvre has played its final notes.
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Chan, Lok-Chi. "Metaphysical Naturalism and the Ignorance of Categorical Properties." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/16555.
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The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the connections between metaphysical naturalism and the categorical ignorance thesis – offered by Rae Langton (1998), David Lewis (2009), Frank Jackson (1998), and Simon Blackburn (1990) – and determine whether the latter will challenge the former. According to metaphysical naturalism, the actual world contains only metaphysically natural things. According to the categorical ignorance thesis, all we can know about things are their dispositional properties, but the categorical properties that bear these properties remain in principle unknowable. In this dissertation, I will determine whether the ignorance of categorical properties – as Rae Langton (1998), David Braddon-Mitchell and Frank Jackson (2007), John Foster (1993) and Alyssa Ney (2007) argue (or worry about) – is consistent with metaphysical naturalism (or physicalism), and whether it will lead to a scepticism about the metaphysical naturalness of categorical properties, which will, in turn, significantly decrease the probability that metaphysical naturalism is true. Being attracted to metaphysical naturalism, the categorical ignorance thesis, and also the philosophical position that the two theses are consistent, I will argue that the answer to the former question is yes, and that the answer to the latter question is no. Russellian Monism, an influential doctrine in philosophy of mind that is relevant to the topic, will also be considered. According to the doctrine, our first-person experiences are constituted by their categorical bases in some manner that is not (solely) via the dispositions borne by these bases. Some philosophers, such as Bertrand Russell (1992/1927a, 1927b), thus consider categorical properties to be knowable through our acquaintance with those experiences. On the other side, some philosophers, such as Daniel Stoljar (2001a, 2001b, 2006), David Chalmers (1996), and Galen Strawson (2013), argue that Russellian Monism is compatible with metaphysical naturalism (or physicalism). In this dissertation, I will determine whether the acquaintance view put forward by some Russellian Monists, understood as an objection to the categorical ignorance thesis, is true and whether it is compatible with metaphysical naturalism; I will argue that the answers to both questions are no.
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Trofimov, Alexandra. "Should have known better : responsibility, ignorance and reasons." Thesis, University of Kent, 2016. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/60197/.
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Sometimes, we accept "I'm sorry, I didn't know" as an excuse, but at other times we do not. When are we justified in claiming that a person should have known better and that they are, therefore, responsible and blameworthy for their ignorant wrongdoing? Through a detailed investigation of ignorant wrongdoing, I establish conditions of responsibility for ignorant wrongdoing that not only provide a coherent justification for many of our standard judgements regarding responsibility and blame but also enable me to defend those judgements against objections and revisionist perspectives. I argue that: (1) Persons are responsible for their ignorant wrongdoing if and only if they are responsible for their ignorance. And that: (2) Persons are responsible for their ignorance if and only if: (a) They possess the rational capacity to accurately appreciate the relevant reasons. (b) There are no limitations in their circumstances that make it unreasonably difficult for them to accurately appreciate the relevant reasons. I argue that if both conditions (a) and (b) are met, then it is reasonable to claim that a person should have known better because they have had fair opportunity to avoid both their ignorance and their wrongdoing that results. In developing this account of responsibility for ignorant wrongdoing, I argue that internalist accounts of practical reasons are untenable from the perspective of responsibility and blame.
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Sentís, Herrera Gael. "Dealing with ignorance: universal discrimination, learning and quantum correlations." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/134830.
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Una de las tareas fundamentales de la Teor a de la Informaci on Cu antica
consiste en identi car el estado en que ha sido preparado un sistema cu antico.
Cuando las posibles preparaciones forman una lista nita de estados, el problema
recibe el nombre de discriminaci on de estados. El caso fundamental de
unicamente dos estados posibles se conoce tambi en bajo el nombre de contraste
de hip otesis. Una de las caracter sticas distintivas de la teor a cu antica
es el hecho de que para dos estados no ortogonales no hay medida concebible
que pueda identi car el estado del sistema con certeza. El indeterminismo
cu antico exige, por tanto, un enfoque probabil stico para llevar a cabo esta
tarea. Habitualmente se considera que los estados posibles del sistema son
conocidos para el experimentador. En esta tesis analizo el papel que desempe~
na la informaci on previa disponible en la tarea de discriminaci on y, en
particular, analizo situaciones en las que dicha informaci on es incompleta.
Suponiendo una total ignorancia de la identidad de los estados posibles,
estudio la probabilidad de error de una m aquina programable de discriminaci
on para estados de qubit. Esta m aquina incorpora la informaci on sobre
los estados en forma de programas de entrada donde se introducen los sistemas
cu anticos en las diferentes preparaciones. Es decir, la informaci on
es utilizada en su forma genuinamente cu antica, en lugar de como una descripci
on cl asica de los estados. Esta ignorancia cl asica se tiene en cuenta en
el dise~no de la m aquina, la cual ya no es espec ca para cada caso, sino que es
capaz de discriminar entre cualquier par de estados de qubit, una vez ha sido
convenientemente programada mediante las entradas de estados cu anticos.
Estudio en detalle el rendimiento optimo de estas m aquinas para estados de
qubit generales cuando se dispone de un n umero de copias arbitrario, tanto
de los programas como del estado que se ha de identi car. Espec camente,
obtengo las probabilidades de correcta identi caci on en los esquemas usuales de error m nimo y discriminaci on no ambigua, as como en el esquema m as
general de discriminaci on con margen de error.
A continuaci on, este tipo de automatizaci on en tareas de discriminaci on
se lleva un paso m as all a. Entendiendo una m aquina programable como
un dispositivo entrenado con informaci on cu antica que es capaz de realizar
una tarea espec ca, propongo una m aquina de aprendizaje cu antico para
clasi car estados de qubit que no requiere una memoria cu antica para almacenar
los qubits de los programas, permitiendo as repetidos usos de la
m aquina sin necesidad de volver a entrenarla. Demuestro que dicha m aquina
de aprendizaje es capaz de clasi car el estado de un qubit con la m nima
tasa de errores admitida por la mec anica cu antica, y por tanto puede ser
reusada manteniendo un rendimiento optimo. Tambi en estudio un esquema
de aprendizaje similar para estados de luz coherente. Este se presenta en
un contexto de lectura de una memoria cl asica mediante se~nales coherentes
correlacionadas cl asicamente cuando estas son producidas por una fuente imperfecta
y, por lo tanto, en un estado con un cierto grado de incertidumbre
asociado. Muestro que la extracci on de la informaci on almacenada en la
memoria es m as e ciente si la incertidumbre se trata de una forma completamente
cu antica.
Por ultimo, analizo la estructura matem atica de las medidas cu anticas
generalizadas, omnipresentes en todos los temas tratados en esta tesis. Propongo
un algoritmo constructivo y e ciente para descomponer cualquier medida
cu antica en una combinaci on convexa estad sticamente equivalente de
medidas m as simples (extremales). Estas en principio son menos costosas de
implementar en un laboratorio y, por tanto, pueden ser utiles en situaciones
pr acticas donde a menudo prevalece una perspectiva de recursos m nimos.Discriminating the state of a quantum system among a number of options is one of the most fundamental operations in quantum information theory. A primal feature of quantum theory is that, when two possible quantum states are nonorthogonal, no conceivable measurement of the system can determine its state with certainty. Quantum indeterminism so demands a probabilistic approach to the task of discriminating between quantum states. The usual setting considers that the possible states of the system are known. In this thesis, I analyze the role of the prior information available in facing a quantum state discrimination problem, and consider scenarios where the information regarding the possible states is incomplete. In front of a complete ignorance of the possible states' identity, I discuss a quantum programmable discrimination machine for qubit states that accepts this information as input programs using a quantum encoding, rather than just as a classical description. This \classical" ignorance is taken into account in the design, and, as a consequence, the machine is not case-speci c but it is able to handle discrimination tasks between any pair of possible qubits, once conveniently programmed through quantum inputs. The optimal per- formance of programmable machines is studied in detail for general qubit states when several copies of the states are provided, in the main schemes of unambiguous and minimum-error discrimination as well as in the more general scheme of discrimination with an error margin. Then, this type of automation in discrimination tasks is taken further. By realizing a programmable machine as a device that is trained through quantum information to perform a speci c task, I propose a quantum learning machine for classifying qubit states that does not require a quantum memory to store the qubit programs. I prove that such learning machine classi es the state of a qubit with the minimum-error rate that quantum mechanics permits, thus allowing for several optimal uses of the machine without the need of retraining. A similar learning scheme is also discussed for coherent states of light. I present it in the context of the readout of a classical memory by means of classically correlated coherent signals, when these are produced by an imperfect source and hence their state has some uncertainty associated. I show that the retrieval of information stored in the memory can be carried out more accurately when fully general quantum measurements are used. Finally, I analyse the mathematical structure of generalized quantum measurements, ubiquitous in all the topics covered in this thesis. I pro- pose a constructive and e cient algorithm to decompose any given quantum measurement into a statistically equivalent convex combination of simpler (extremal) measurements, which are in principle less costly to implement in a laboratory. Being able to compute this type of measurement decomposi- tions becomes useful in practical situations, where often a minimum-resources perspective prevails.
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Mair, Jonathan Robert. "Faith, knowledge and ignorance in contemporary Inner Mongolian Buddhism." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252078.
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House, Richard. "Clients' understanding of distress and context : ignorance is bliss?" Thesis, University of Leicester, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31271.
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Robust research evidence shows a higher incidence of psychological distress is endured by those living in deprived social and economic contexts. Yet psychological interventions often focus on self-scrutiny which could over estimate the individual's ability to change their situation. The current research aimed to develop an account of how distressed individuals understand the relationship between distress and context. This knowledge is essential if professionals wish to avoid being regarded by clients as insensitive to the effects of contextual inequalities (e.g. Williams, 1996). Six ex-clients of clinical psychologists were selected and interviewed about their experience of distress, and in particular what they understood about the role of context. Grounded theory methodology was used to guide data collection and analysis. A theme which frequently re-occurred in the data was that distressed individuals sought to ignore their context. This was reflected in the participants' perception of their distress as a personal, internal and unique phenomenon. Consequently efforts to overcome distress emphasised self-management rather than changing context. Interpretation of the results considered how ignoring context might seem beneficial for a distressed individual. However it was also recognised that society had much to gain if distressed individuals did not perceive context to be important in the resolution of distress. It was proposed that clinicians need to question public discourses which seems to encourage distressed individuals to ignore context. Therapeutic interventions should seek to achieve a balance between recognising and valuing private accounts of distress, and challenging any understanding which ignores context.
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Brock, Kevin Michael. "Wyatt's "My Mother's Maids" and the Perils of Ignorance." NCSU, 2007. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-06262007-135435/.
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Sir Thomas Wyatt?s epistolary satire, ?My mother?s maids,? is often overlooked by critics, purportedly because of the superiority of the poet's other two verse satires; and too often dismissed as little more than a straightforward retelling of the ?country mouse? fable in Horace?s Satire 2.6. However, Wyatt?s version does not merely endorse Horace's view of the superiority of the simple country life over that of the city and court. Indeed, his poem focuses attention on the inherent violence that characterizes the outside world regardless of the setting. In fact, Wyatt's poem is better read as a satire of its Horatian ?source,? genre, and central theme about the peace and contentment that can be supposedly found in the country. For Wyatt, exerting any effort to find peace outside of oneself is not only a chimera but a search that may inevitably end in tragedy. This inward focus is reflected beyond this satire in his lyric poems, where Wyatt's criticisms of his fellow courtiers for lacking such a focus grow more ambiguous, veiled by careful use of narrative personae. Wyatt ultimately argues that the only way to survive in the court is through a Stoic philosophy, turning inward and trusting only in oneself and the certainty of appearance as appearance rather than possessing faith in others or the outside world.
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Mair, Jonathan. "Belief, knowledge and ignorance in contemporary Inner Mongolian Buddhism." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.606790.
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Pensgard, David. "Existential temporality as fore-ignorance implications for divine foreknowledge /." Lynchburg, Va. : Liberty University, 2008. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu.
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Jordan, Alexander Huff. "Pluralistic ignorance in the perception of others' emotional lives /." May be available electronically:, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Paul, Ryan Singh. "The Unknowing Self: Knowledge, Ignorance, and Early Modern Subjects." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194293.
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This dissertation explores the role of ignorance in the process of early modern self-fashioning. Renaissance historiography has, by and large, been based on a Cartesian-cum-Hegelian understanding of the subject as a subject of knowledge. An individual's recognition of her self-motivated agency, her power to act as an independent self, has been read as the product of the generation of knowledge and epistemologies that assert human ability to pursue and master knowledge. Critical theories of subjectivity have challenged the humanist subject and its epistemological foundations, but ignorance and the unknown have rarely been theorized as anything more than empty spaces to be invaded and filled by knowledge. Building on recent philosophical and cultural materialist investigations into knowledge, ignorance, and the subject, my work studies how ignorance can operate as a positive force in the production of the self and how, paradoxically, knowledge can erode the epistemological foundations of subjectivity. Primarily focused on the literature of early modern Europe, this dissertation advances the study of early modern subjectivity as well as the relationship between epistemology and the self as perceived in contemporary theory by tracing the hitherto ignored operations of ignorance and complicating the assumption of a teleological connection between knowledge and subjectivity. In particular, the major areas of study are: how hegemonic discourses produce not only knowledge but also ignorance in order to stabilize the existence and authority of social hierarchies and empowered subject; how the creation and pursuit of knowledge outside of these demarcations can erode the foundations of social identity and individual subjectivity by revealing the fiction of cultural "truths"; how cultural spaces of ignorance can provide disempowered individuals opportunities for resistance and self-fashioning against socially prescribed norms; and how submission to or acknowledgment of one's own ignorance can become internalized as an essential part of a subjectivity that does not rely on knowledge as a form of power.
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Laemers, Jeroen Willem Joseph. "Invincible ignorance and the discovery of the Americas: the history of an idea from Scotus to Suárez." Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4674.
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The dissertation addresses the impact of the medieval notion of what scholastic theologians termed "invincible ignorance" upon later Spanish attitudes toward and actual treatment of their New World Indian subjects. Once sixteenth-century theologians expanded the range of topics of which "invincible" – and thereby excusable – ignorance could theoretically be had, official Spanish policy towards the pagan and culturally alien Native Americans became noticeably less inhumane and oppressive.
This study adds significantly to our knowledge of the interaction between Native Americans and their European conquerors during the first century of Iberian settlement. First, it uncovers the ideological justification for the aforementioned shift in Spain's treatment of its Indian subjects. Second, this study successfully explains why Spanish attitudes towards the American Indians changed at the moment they did. Third, it provides an alternative to the largely discredited but inadequately replaced explanation that Spanish colonial administrators introduced more moderate policies because they increasingly abandoned the position that the Indians were not fully human.
This dissertation, moreover, presents a critical contribution to our understanding of the genesis of the concept of individual human rights. As sixteenth-century theologians concluded that insurmountable ignorance constituted valid grounds to excuse some individuals for such "sins" as unbelief, idolatry, and human sacrifice, what became progressively obvious was that no single moral standard could be applied to all human beings, irrespective of upbringing and education. As a result, morality became more subjective and dependent upon the individual circumstances of the actor. Thus, in order to maintain a minimum of justice, what was morally "right" came to be seen in an increasingly direct relation to the individual.
Although the connection between moral subjectivity and individual human rights has been well-established in the secondary literature, the underlying issue of invincible ignorance in relation to the problem of colonial conquest has so far not been recognized. Indeed, the very concept of "invincible ignorance" has never been systematically studied. This project reintroduces this critical notion to the center of the conversation.
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Feng, Yuanyuan. "Toyota Crisis: Management Ignorance? : A Swedish Case of Consumers Perceptions." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-5463.
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Since the late 2009, the famous vehicle manufacture Toyota has suffered a severe crisis due to unintended quality problems in its cars which had triggered Toyota’s largest officially recalls of its cars around the world. This crisis threatens the company’s previous reputation of good quality cars, as well as the brand image built up over time. This study aims to elaborate on the Toyota crisis in order to understand why Toyota faces this crisis and how they deal with the crisis; and investigate consumers’ perceptions of Toyota brand as the outcome of the crisis, with a focus on Swedish market. A qualitative research along with a number of face-to-face interviews with Toyota Swedish dealer and Swedish vehicle consumers is conducted. The findings reveal that the impact of the Toyota crisis in Sweden is not as serious as that in North America; there remain satisfied and loyal Toyota’s customers who are not swayed by the negative publicities; While Toyota should manage the crisis even in a better way in order to retain its good reputation.
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Sherba, Girard Michael. "Canon 1096 on ignorance: Application to tribunal and pastoral practice." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6085.
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Before Vatican II, marriage was often considered, or at least popularly expressed, as a union of bodies; that is to say, marriage was an exclusive contract by which a man and a woman mutually handed over their bodies for the purpose of acts which led to the procreation of children. Matrimonial jurisprudence was primarily focused on this marital contract. With the advent of Vatican II and its emphasis on the personalist notion of marriage, a new age dawned whereby canonists, especially auditors of the Roman Rota, were henceforth to view marriage as a union of persons. "Person" is more than a "body"; rather, a person is an individual consisting of wants, needs, desires, impulses, hopes and dreams, whose life experience has been shaped by the milieu---cultural, familial, religious---from which he or she comes. "Union" is not only simply understood as a "contract", but also is now once again recognized as a "covenant", a concept which, at least in the Latin Church, was prevalent until the 12th century. One of the canons of the 1983 CIC, although almost identical in wording to its predecessor in the 1917 CIC, but which now must be understood and interpreted in light of the teachings of Vatican II, is canon 1096 which pertains to the effect of ignorance on matrimonial consent. Given the current appreciation of marriage founded in the teachings of Vatican II, especially in Gaudium et spes, reiterated by Popes Paul VI and John Paul II and described in the Catechism of the Catholic Church, complicated by today's western society's stress on individualism and permeated by a divorce mentality, what is the impact of this canon on matrimonial consent? How can its meaning, once understood as being wider than merely the sexual act itself, be better utilized by those in tribunal ministry? This is the major thrust of the present work. The research of the history and development of the concept of ignorance in canonical writings, how its understanding broadened especially after Vatican II and our conclusions on how to apply its richness to marriage nullity led us to expand the use of this canon: how it can aid in the development of pre-marital preparation programs which would not only possibly help prevent couples from being ignorant of the essence of marriage but also help them to appreciate this richness more deeply in their own lives so that marriage truly can become, as we read in canon 1055, "a partnership of the whole of life which is ordered by its nature to the good of the spouses and the procreation and education of offspring". It is our sincere hope that this study will be of benefit to all who read it.
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Ingle, Jennifer F. "Virtue and inquiry, knowledge and ignorance : lessons from the Theaetetus." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001962.
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Lindbergh, Jessica. "Overcoming Cultural Ignorance : Institutional Knowledge Development in the Internationalizing Firm." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Univ, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4757.
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Salisbury, Jonathan James. "Non-transitive phenomenal indiscriminability : the identity problem and ignorance solution." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.629456.
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This dissertation puts forward a solution to a long standing problem concerning the identity relation between phenomenal qualities. It seems that some indiscriminability relation should be materially equivalent to the identity relation for phenomenal qualities. That seems to be the case since phenomenal qualities are entirely experiential, so if there is any difference between two phenomenal qualities then it will be experienced and hence we should be able to discriminate between them on the basis of that difference. However, on the basis of experience it seems such indiscriminability relations are typically nontransitive. Supposing that the identity relation between phenomenal qualities is also non-transitive leads to contradiction. The resulting problem is what I term the identity problem of non-transitive phenomenal indiscriminability. Over the course of the first three chapters I introduce and analyse the nature of the problem, this includes: distinguishing it from the related but distinct phenomenal sorites problem; an examination of the problem's scope; and consideration of the notion of phenomenal indiscriminability. During these chapters I also assess five proposed solutions to the identity problem. In chapter four, I present a criticism of three recent accounts of the related problem of the speckled hen, followed by an analysis of the problem. I then draw on recent psychological research into numerosity perception to give a fuller account of speckles perception which leads to a solution to the speckled hen problem. This solution rests on a distinction between experience of phenomenal speckles and our awareness of their number. It serves to introduce the distinction between phenomenal experience and awareness of phenomenal experience that will be used to solve the identity problem. It is also, I believe, a significant contribution to knowledge in its own right. Chapter five assesses the possibility of constructing a solution to the identity problem based on inexact representation that would be analogous to the solution given to the speckled hen problem. The primary contribution to knowledge, and the thesis of this dissertation, is what I term the ignorance solution to the identity problem of non-transitive phenomenal indiscriminability, which I present in chapter six. The ignorance solution is based on the distinction between phenomenal experience and awareness of phenomenal experience. The central idea of the ignorance solution is that we can be unaware of differences between pairs of phenomenal qualities even though we experience, and are aware of, both phenomenal qualities. In support of this I then draw together various strands of philosophical and psychological research to present a case for the distinction between phenomenal experience and awareness of phenomenal experience of the type required by the ignorance solution. Finally in chapter seven I summarise the thesis of this dissertation, re-access some of the other proposed solutions to the identity problem and note some of the wider implications of the distinction between phenomenal experience and awareness of phenomenal experience that I have argued for.
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Zhang, Angela M. "Ignorant gaze : George Macartney's negotiation with China in 1793." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/23750.
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Preserved in the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, the kesi (silk tapestry) of the British Embassy has been exhibited in the context of Europe’s economic, cultural and exploitative encounters with the Americas, Africa and Asia. The kesi, which has contributed to the misinterpretation of China’s practice of foreign relations, provides invaluable insight into the political strategies of the Qianlong Emperor in the face of British imperialism. The work commemorates the infamous meeting between the Emperor and the English ambassador George Macartney in 1793. The event marks the failed negotiation between two incommensurable power systems due to conflicting interests and grave misunderstandings on both sides. Yet in English and Chinese language histories, the failed negotiation is often attributed to the backwardness of China’s practice of foreign relations. Within the context of historical writing and museum display, the kesi is made to emphasize the Emperor’s cultural blindness and ignorance of the changing world beyond China.
A closer reading of the kesi will reveal that its image and inscription integrates the zhigong tu genre (the official documentation of China’s foreign relations) and li (the guiding principle of China’s foreign relations). I will argue that the emperor employed the zhigong tu genre and li to assert the power of the Qing Empire and divert his criticism of British imperialism. Pictorially the kesi follows the power structuring process of li by emphasizing the contingent relationship between the supreme lord (the Qianlong Emperor) and the lesser lord (George Macartney). The kesi’s inscription, composed by the Emperor himself, embodies the core of China’s tributary practice: “In my kindness to men from afar I make generous return.” Thus far, the kesi channels the conventions of zhigong tu and manifests the principles of li. During the Qing Dynasty, the Qianlong Emperor’s materialization of his power through the appropriation of zhigong tu and li was necessary to foster domestic confidence. The kesi, marking the end of China’s tributary practice, can be alternatively understood as the Emperor’s last capacity to maintain internal stability through the Chinese tributary system.
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Luzzi, Federico Walter. "Knowledge from ignorance : a study in the acquisition of inferential knowledge." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=165819.
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The view that knowledge-yielding single-premise deductive inference must proceed from a known premise is very plausible at first blush. In this thesis I explore in detail the possibility that this view is false. I construct a series of challenging cases against the principle of Counter-Closure, which expresses this view. These cases force theorists endorsing a variety of contemporary views to either (i) abandon Counter-Closure; (ii) admit into their epistemology novel and theory-specific kinds of Gettier cases; or (iii) make significant revisions to their theories. I offer considerations that help would-be deniers of Counter-Closure explain away its prima facie plausibility and suggest a suitable theoretical replacement phrased in terms of justification rather than knowledge. Finally, I connect this discussion with debates in the epistemologies of testimony and memory, where analogue principles to Counter- Closure have been recently subjected to critical scrutiny.
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Mina, Fabiano de Oliveira. "Epistemologia apofática: a função da negação na obra De Docta Ignorantia." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/1874.
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This study, work under the Nicholas of Cusa s De Docta Ignorantia, aims to present an epistemology apophatic (denial knowledge) aiming at "function of denial", contributing to discussions relevant to the Theory of Knowledge, justified by the material produced little bias in this epistemological author and this work is compared to others in Brazil. Therefore, contributing to the appreciation of the Department of Religious Sciences. Fundamentally it is a theoretical analysis of the first two books in this same work, analyzing the limits of reason (ratio) before the intuition (intellectus), under the concepts Absolute Maximum, Privative Universe and Concrete Maximum, the relationship between Creator (One) and creature. The creation (explicatio) contained in God (complicatio) inevitably requires an "apophatic dialectic" that assumes the paradoxalidades in and of the world. Therefore, a Apophatic Philosophy". This requires that we become "ignorant scholars"
Esta dissertação, sob a obra De Docta Ignorantia de Nicolau de Cusa, tem como objetivo apresentar uma epistemologia apofática (conhecimento via negação) com vistas na função da negação , contribuindo para discussões pertinentes à Teoria do Conhecimento, justificado pelo pouco material produzido nesse viés epistemológico desse autor e obra se comparado a outros no Brasil. Portanto, contribuindo também para apreciação do Departamento de Ciências da Religião. Fundamentalmente é uma análise teórica dos dois primeiros livros dessa mesma obra, analisando os limites da razão (ratio) diante da intuição (intellectus), sob os conceitos Máximo Absoluto, Universo Privativo e Máximo Concreto, na relação entre Criador (Uno) e criatura. A criação (explicatio), contida em Deus (complicatio), inevitavelmente exige uma dialética apofática que assume as paradoxalidades no e do mundo. Portanto, uma Filosofia Apofática . Para isso é necessário que nos tornemos doutos ignorantes
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Acaralp, Linnéa. "U.S. Drone Attacks and the Proportionality Principle : Growing ignorance or Consciousness?" Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-157224.
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This thesis focuses on the usage of military drones, a type of semi-autonomous weapon, which has shifted the premises of conventional warfare, particularly relating to the ethics and legality of warfare. This paper examines the conditions that affect the civilian casualties in United States (U.S.) drone attacks. Drawing on Graham Allison’s work on the factors that influence U.S. foreign policy decision making, I theorize that civilian collateral casualties are more likely under certain conditions. These conditions changes depending on the type of administration in office, level of organization pressure, and the value and level of risk a target directs towards the U.S. In light of the discussion and the effect of drones on civilian casualties a debate upon the proportionality principle will be assessed. In the assessment a cost and benefit analysis is made between the military goal and civilian casualties (Gardam,1993). The proportionality principle refers to the balancing act of the excessive use of force on civilians in relation to the military goal. This paper is using a quantitative method. This study investigate data on US drone attacks, sourced from Bureau of Investigative Journalism, covering 733 attacks in four countries (Afghanistan, Yemen, Somalia and Pakistan) during the time period from 2002 to 2016. Based on Allison’s model three hypotheses are formulated and evaluated against the data using descriptive statistic and t-tests. The empirical result suggests that there was a statistical significance in all three hypotheses, indicating that it was possible to detect that under certain circumstances drone attacks are more likely to lead to more civilian casualties. However, when one observed the total casualties in proportion to the civilian casualties the result was not as grand as anticipated. However, the findings of this paper illustrates a pattern that during certain premises and cost and benefit analyses, the usage of drones are causing a greater risk towards civilians. Thus, these discussions further develop an already existing debate on today’s focus on military autonomous weapons and the results of using such weapons. Hence, this type of study can be applied to other military autonomous weapons as well. In light of the discussion of the proportionality principle, this paper suggest that the development of autonomous military weapons should not be taken lightly and an improvement of international regulations should perhaps be made.
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Lotfi, Sarvnaz. "Capitalizing the Measure of Our Ignorance: A Pragmatist Genealogy of RandD." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99877.
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As the dust of the Second World War began to settle, that which began life in the U.S. as an experimental space in early twentieth century firms became a knowable object of intervention for economics and accountancy alike. Jumpstarted by the war, research and development, or RandD, was pulled into the experimental forays of a new generation of experts, including macroeconomic growth theorists. By explaining growth outputs in terms of RandD inputs, postwar macroeconomists failed to learn the lesson that was so hard won by accountants, namely: that it is the very uncertainty of outcomes which makes experimental inquiry so valuable to society and yet so untenable as capital.Doctor of Philosophy
Over the course of the twentieth century, American "research and development" evolved from an experimental space within a handful of early twentieth century firms, into "RandD"—a knowable object of intervention for experts and regulators alike. Tracing this shift through the lens of accounting history, this dissertation draws out the debates involving RandD accounting which ultimately settled on the treatment of RandD as an ordinary and necessary business expense. Federal laws and regulations, however, continue to treat RandD as if it were a capital investment like any other. The implications of treating RandD as capital are discussed.
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Jesus, Jorge Manuel Lourenço de. "Ignorando Deus ou uma visão ateísta na literatura de ficção cientifica." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/12549.
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Mestrado em Línguas, Literaturas e Culturas - Estudos InglesesNa Ficção Científica, as sociedades ou civilizações que evoluiram utopicamente para estados ou estilos de vida perfeitos, perfilam duas categorias maiores, diametralmente opostas: 1) ou se afastam consciente e voluntariamente de um paradigma religioso 2) ou tendem a criar uma matriz deísta que se constitui como a base de sustentação de toda a sua existência, sem a qual (apenas em teoria, como é sabido) nada sobreviveria. Por outro lado, é nossa convicção que, na vida real, o espaço reservado a uma vertente mais metafísica ou espiritual se rarefaz, porquanto a Ciência vai (lenta, gradual e inexoravelmente) dando resposta a enigmas que os nossos antepassados, durante anos, séculos ou milénios consideravam insolúveis. A perspectiva conivente e intencionalmente redutora transmitida desde sempre pela Religião cria, ainda hoje, uma inércia mental no que diz respeito à demanda de respostas fora de um domínio dogmático, porque determinada pela fé e pelas normas de um qualquer “establishment” religioso... Num enquadramento teórico que contempla um compromisso quase impossível de assumir actualmente entre a Ciência e a Religião, o presente trabalho propôs-se estudar e reflectir sobre concepções de futuro científico-teológicas em várias obras de Ficção Científica, à luz de uma visão assumidamente Ateísta. Procurámos, consequentemente, fundamentar a pouca credibilidade (em termos filosóficos ou de narrativa) que assumem as representações de entidades divinas e argumentar em defesa da ausência de um Deus Criador, tal como ele é concebido pelo Cristianismo. Mostramos, enfim, o paradoxo (latente ou declarado) na co-existência de argumentos científicos e religiosos para a concepção e existência de vida no Mundo, confrontando esse mesmo paradoxo com a visão paralela apresentada pelos autores de Ficção Científica, na criação de mundos fantásticos futuros.
In Science Fiction, the societies and civilizations which have evolved into utopian, perfect states and lifestyles feature two major categories, standing in completely opposite fields: 1) either they have set themselves apart – deliberately and aware of it - from a religious paradigm 2) or they have fully embraced a theist matrix which ends up being the only anchor the society relies upon to survive (though we know this is only true in theory). On the other hand, it is our belief real life is keeping less and less space for a metaphysical and spiritual standpoint; Science has been accounting for a slow, but gradual and inexorable set of answers to questions our ancestors – years, centuries or even millennia ago – believed to be unanswerable. The incomplete and feeble accounts conveyed to us (nowadays still) by Religion nurture a state of permanent mental inertia. An installed, living dogma prevents us from moving beyond established faiths and religious establishments, in a quest for truths... From within a theoretical framework which hardly concedes any compromise between Science and Religion these days, the work at hand aims to study and reflect upon future visions - based on scientific as well as theological principles - depicted in several Science Fiction works. For that purpose, we take up an assumed Atheist perspective seeking to prove the lack of credibility (both philosophically and in terms of narrative) of divine entities as well as the absence of a god, in the manner that it is conceived by the Judea-Christian tradition. Last but not the least, we show how paradoxal – and unlikely - it may be to simultaneously come up with scientific and religious arguments to conceive life in the universe, as it is also portrayed by Science Fiction writers, whenever fantastic and parallel future worlds are designed.
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Aldrich, Andrea Stephanie. ""Ignorant and Confused?" Knowledge and Awareness as Determinants of Euroskepticism." unrestricted, 2009. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04152009-143419/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2009.Title from file title page. William Downs, committee chair ; Jelena Subotic, Charles Hankla, committee members. Description based on contents viewed Sep. 28, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 54-56).
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Leite, Luzia Madalena. "O projeto político-pedagógico na escola e a infância ignorada." Florianópolis, SC, 2006. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/88294.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Educação. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação.Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-22T07:26:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 264724.pdf: 895660 bytes, checksum: 4fc0f5c6f58383f720d142d7f423157b (MD5)
A pesquisa em questão realiza uma análise documental de dez Projetos Político-Pedagógico de Escolas que oferecem Ensino Fundamental pertencentes à rede pública estadual do município de Florianópolis-SC no período de 2000 à 2004. O objetivo principal é identificar e analisar as concepções de educação, escola, infância, criança e participação que estão presentes nestes PPP. Os Projetos Político-Pedagógicos selecionados foram analisados utilizando-se como instrumento metodológico a Análise de Conteúdo. Para tanto, dissertou-se sobre o caráter participativo do PPP na escola pública brasileira mediante seus aspectos históricos, filosóficos e ideológicos pautados numa ampla revisão bibliográfica. Analisaram-se também as orientações oficiais no âmbito estadual sobre Projeto Político Pedagógico procurando dar visibilidade aos aspectos históricos e legais. As escolas investigadas foram caracterizadas a partir dos dados extraídos dos PPP e também foram analisadas a estrutura, a organização e o funcionamento das instâncias e formas de participação destas escolas. Por fim apresenta-se a análise realizada dos conteúdos subjacentes às categorias educação, escola, criança/aluno no interior dos dez PPP selecionados. A pesquisa revela as disparidades existentes entre as categorias educação e escola frente à categoria criança/aluno. As primeiras expressam dimensões políticas e ideológicas de uma época quando o fenômeno da formação do sujeito crítico capaz de construir uma nova sociedade emergiu. Na segunda, a criança não é vista no aluno. A participação deixa de ser um valioso princípio democrático, além de ser normatizada e operacionalizada.
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Dzanic, Jasmin, and Josefine Swenson. "Sjuksköterskans förebyggande åtgärder avseende alkoholmissbruk." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-10291.
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Bakgrund: Enligt World Health Organisations världshälsorapport bidrar alkohol till mer än 9% av sjukdomsorsakerna i Europa och vållar 1,8 miljoner dödsfall årligen i hela världen. Alkohol har alltid varit och är än idag ett av världens största samhälls- och sjukvårdsproblem. I Sverige är det mer än sex tusen personer som dör i alkoholrelaterade sjukdomar per år, vilket motsvarar lika många dödsfall som i tobaksrelaterade sjukdomar. Alkoholproblematiken tas därför upp i litteraturstudien. Syfte: Att beskriva vilka förebyggande åtgärder en sjuksköterska kan erbjuda personer för att de ska undvika att missbruka alkohol. Metod: Arbetet är en allmän litteraturstudie baserat på kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar. Resultat: Okunskap och dålig utbildning skapade en osäkerhet hos sjuksköterskan, vilket kunde resultera i att de inte vågade ingripa när de mötte personer som hade ett alkoholmissbruk. Tidigt ingripande hade enligt studier en viktig uppgift då det visade sig att en tidig intervention oftast förhindrade ett skadligt intag av alkohol i framtiden. Det viktigaste och kanske tuffaste steget för en sjuksköterska var att våga uppmärksamma skadligt alkoholintag hos en patient och att det helst skulle vara en rutin i sjuksköterskans arbete.Background: According to the World Health Organization more than 9% of the disease-causes in Europe are caused by alcohol and more than 1.8 million people in the world die annually because of high alcohol consumption. Alcohol has always been and will always be regarded as a problem for the society and health. Only in Sweden more than six thousand people die annually in alcohol-related diseases, putting it on the same level as tobacco-related death-causes. The problems with alcohol are therefore discussed in this exam. Aim: To describe what preventive actions a nurse can offer to persons that may develop an abuse for alcohol. Methodology: This work is a general literature review in Swedish based on qualitative and quantitative articles from various databases. Results: Ignorance and the lack of education caused insecurity for the nurse resulting in fewer or no interventions for persons with alcohol-abuse problems. Early intervention has according to studies exposed its importance often preventing an unhealthy consumption of alcohol in the future. One of the most important and toughest steps for a nurse is to dare pointing out the high alcohol-consumption for a person and turning that practice into a routine.
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Hållén, Elinor. "A Different Kind of Ignorance : Self-Deception as Flight from Self-Knowledge." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Filosofiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-150701.
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In this dissertation I direct critique at a conception of self-deception prevalent in analytical philosophy, where self-deception is seen as a rational form of irrationality in which the self-deceiver strategically deceives himself on the basis of having judged that this is the best thing to do or, in order to achieve something advantageous. In Chapter One, I criticize the conception of self-deception as analogous to deceiving someone else, the so-called “standard approach to self-deception”. The account under investigation is Donald Davidson’s. I criticize Davidson’s outline of self-deception as involving contradictory beliefs, and his portrayal of self-deception as a rational and strategic action. I trace the assumptions involved in Davidson’s account back to his account of radical interpretation and argue that the problems and paradoxes that Davidson discusses are not inherent in self-deception as such but are problems arising in and out of his account. In Chapter Two, I present Sebastian Gardner’s account of self-deception. Gardner is concerned with distinguishing self-deception as a form of “ordinary” irrationality that shares the structure of normal, rational thinking and action in being manipulation of beliefs from forms of irrationality treated by psychoanalysis. I object to the way in which Gardner makes this distinction and further argue that Gardner is mistaken in finding support in Freud for his claim that self-deception involves preference. In Chapter Three, I present a different understanding of self-deception. I discuss self-deception in the context of Sigmund Freud’s writings on illusion, delusion, different kinds of knowledge, etc., and propose a view of self-deception where it is not seen as a lie to oneself but rather as motivated lack of self-knowledge and as a flight from anxiety. In Chapter Four, I discuss some problems inherent in the three accounts under investigation, for example, problems arising because first-person awareness is conflated with knowledge of objects.
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Seymour, Amy. "Overcoming Global Ignorance: Developing Geographic Literacy in a World Regional Geography Course." TopSCHOLAR®, 2007. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/432.
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The most recent Roper Survey (2006), a study of geographic literacy among 18-to 24-year-olds, found that despite constant coverage of the war in Iraq since 2003, 63% of Americans surveyed could not find Iraq on a map. Similar shortcomings abound in the poll, pointing to what must be considered a "geographic illiteracy" among Americans. This national geographic illiteracy has global implications that range from the local to the global scale, including issues of politics, economics, foreign policy, environmental policy, and resource use to name just a few. How badly prepared, then, are students entering colleges and universities in terms of basic geographic knowledge? What are the societal consequences of failing to address geographic ignorance, and what instructional methodology could successfully address the problem? Once baseline geographic knowledge is assessed in the classroom, how can it be improved? The hypothesis of this study is that teaching students geography through a rigorous system that reinforces the Five Themes of geography through regular analysis of current events can help to improve geographic knowledge and understanding, and that this heuristic device can be expected to increase students' base geographic knowledge by at least 30% over the course of a semester, bringing average pre-course F grades to a B within a short period of time. The study group was comprised of three World Regional geography classes offered during the spring 2007 semester at Western Kentucky University's Glasgow campus. Students took a pre-course survey prior to any lecture over the subject material. This same survey was administered at the end of course prior to the final exam, with the difference between the two representing the improvement score. During the semester the students were given eight assignments where the students had to analyze a current event using the Five Themes, with the expectation that these assignments would increase their knowledge content over the semester by the target average of 30%. The study returned a below-target actual increase of 15% - nonetheless a significant increase - but this increase could not be statistically attributed to the Five Themes rubric. The Five Themes heuristic did not appear instrumental in improving geographic knowledge during the course of a semester as the study duration may have been too short. However, the significant level of student improvement suggests that this concept warrants further investigation as a pedagogical methodology through a much more extended set of trials. Although this study, as designed, produced inconclusive results, it unexpectedly revealed evidence that factors of age and gender may strongly affect geographic learning, raising questions about adopting any one-size-fits-all approach to geography education. The study also suggests that the current trend of providing a single course in geography in pre-college education does not suffice in bridging the gap of geography illiteracy in America. The results argue for suggesting a need for new directions in educational policy and practice at both the secondary and post-secondary levels.
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Cook, Anna. "Unable to Hear: Settler Ignorance and the Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/24191.
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My dissertation provides an epistemic evaluation of settler colonialism in terms of settlers’ disavowal of past and ongoing settler colonial violence. I seek to explain how settlers can fail to hear Indigenous testimonies in ways that disrupt structural inequality and challenge settler colonial legitimacy. This theoretical consideration of settler ignorance reveals how the elimination of Indigenous peoples requires the delegitimatization of Indigenous peoples as knowers. This insight is crucial in evaluating contemporary governmental apologies and truth commissions aimed at reconciliation. In particular, I focus on the epistemic assumptions that do not challenge what I call ‘settler ignorance’ and so do not transform settler nation-myths that disavow past and present settler colonialism. My epistemic evaluation of settler colonialism demonstrates how the exclusion of Indigenous peoples from the realm of reason, what I call their ‘epistemic elimination,’ is not accidental, but integral to the settler colonial project of eliminating Indigenous presence.
Using this characterization of settler ignorance, I evaluate the Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in terms of its ability to accomplish its mandate of “establishing and maintaining respectful relationships” between Indigenous peoples and settler Canadians. I conclude that the TRC fails on its own terms because it does not challenge epistemic assumptions that prevent testimonies of residential school survivors to be heard as expressions of Indigenous refusal of settler authority. Without challenging these epistemic assumptions, testimonies cannot disrupt structural settler ignorance and so, cannot lead to meaningful reconciliation.
Meaningful reconciliation requires of settlers a reparative transformation of epistemic assumptions that work to maintain a structural ignorance of past and ongoing settler colonial violence. The goal of what I call ‘reparative knowing’ is both a personal one and a critical intervention into how settlers can become epistemically responsible agents. In the context of ongoing settler colonial violence, reparative knowing involves a troubling of settler common sense, and so, a disruption of structural settler ignorance. Without such an understanding of settler ignorance and reparative knowing, an investigation into the aims and transformations of settler colonialism would remain incomplete.
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Bertolucci, Franco. "Operant and classical learning in Drosophila melanogaster: the ignorant gene (ign)." kostenfrei, 2008. http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-wuerzburg/volltexte/2009/3398/.
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Arvidsson, Niklas. "The ignorant MNE : the role of perception gaps in knowledge management." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Institute of International Business (IIB), 1999. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-1158.
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Fratini, S. G. "Comprendere Gauthier : ricostruzione e critica dellâ etica della reciprocità." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/64318.
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Oggetto della tesi è la dottrina morale elaborata dal filosofo canadese David Gauthier. La prima parte di essa ricostruisce in modo diacronico le due proposte normative avanzate dall'autore a partire dagli anni sessanta del novecento, afferenti l'una all'idea di mutuo rispetto, l'altra all'idea di mutuo vantaggio. La seconda parte sviluppa in modo critico ed analitico i temi centrali attorno a cui si focalizza l'attenzione dell'autore: la concezione della razionalità e delle preferenze; l'idea di giustizia e di reciprocità ; la concezione della persona e dei diritti individuali; il modello procedurale di riferimento. La terza ed ultima parte ha carattere comparativo: in primo luogo, si analizza la posizione meta-etica sostenuta da D. Gauthier alla luce dello scetticismo morale di J. L. Mackie; in secondo luogo, si discutono i rapporti di continuità e discontinuità della dottrina morale dell'autore in relazione alle tesi di J. Rawls e di J. Harsanyi.