Academic literature on the topic 'IFN related signature'
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Journal articles on the topic "IFN related signature"
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Chng, Wee-Joo, Gaofeng Huang, Peter Leif Bergsagel, and Rafael Fonseca. "Identification of Cellular Pathways Mediating Progression of Monoclonal Gammopathy (MGUS) to Multiple Myeloma (MM) Using Gene Expression Profiling (GEP)." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 1673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.1673.1673.
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Abstract Events mediating transformation from pre-malignant MGUS to MM is currently not well defined. Recurrent genetic abnormalities such as t(11;14), t(4;14), hyperdiploidy and chromosome 13 deletion are already present in MGUS at relatively similar frequency to MM. The unified deregulation of D-type cyclins is also already present in MGUS. Previous GEP studies have revealed little differences between MGUS and MM. A more recent study using a large patient cohort and new generation Affymetrix genechip identifies an MGUS signature but the functional and biological significance underlying this signature is unknown. In the current study, we analyze a cohort of 22 MGUS and 101 MM from the Mayo Clinic with GEP performed on Affymetrix U133A genechip using gene set enrichment analysis, a method that analyze differentially expressed gene between 2 phenotypes of interest in the context of published or curated genesets that represent specific biological, chemical, or molecular perturbation to cells. This method increases the sensitivity of identifying low but significant changes in gene expression. We made further modification to the original method that allows assessment in individual samples rather than the average across a phenotype further increasing the specificity of the output. In this analysis, 313 genesets were significant enriched for genes over-expressed in MM compared to MGUS, representing potential activated pathways that mediate transformation. When MM samples and genesets were clustered using the enrichment score for each genesets and samples, 4 cluster of genesets emerged, one including a number of MYC genesets, one including a number of cell cycle related genesets, one including genesets related to metabolic activity and another including a number of IFN related genesets. Further dissection of these correlated genesets to identify common enriched genes (leading edge genes) led to identification of a MYC core signature, tRNA core signature, Proteosome core signature and metabolic core signature which are highly correlated. From known literature and biology, it is likely that MYC activation leads to downstream activation of protein synthesis (tRNA signature), degradation (proteasome signature), and metabolic pathway (metabolic signature). This is verified by GEP results from in vitro modulation of MYC activation in cell lines. In addition, a cell cycle core signature and IFN core signature was identified. Activation of IFN and MYC core signatures accounts for almost 90% of MM patients. The remaining patients have a metabolic signature without MYC or IFN activation. The activation of the different core signatures is significantly correlated with certain TC classes when assessed by Chi-Square test. IFN activation is significantly correlated with D1 subtypes and negatively correlated with D2 subtypes. MYC activation is negatively correlated with t(11;14). Similar patterns were observed in a validation dataset of 351 MM patients from UAMS (GSE2677) with GEP performed on the U133plus2.0 chip. These results are validated at the protein level using IHC on TMA of the Mayo cohort. The activation of the IFN and MYC pathway may represent predominant mechanism in MGUS to MM progression.
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Seguier, Julie, Elisabeth Jouve, Mickaël Bobot, Elisabeth Whalen, Bertrand Dussol, Stéphanie Gentile, Stéphane Burtey, et al. "Paradoxical association between blood modular interferon signatures and quality of life in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus." Rheumatology 59, no. 8 (November 27, 2019): 1975–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kez541.
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Abstract Objectives Blood transcriptomic IFN signature is a hallmark of SLE. The impaired health-related quality of life (HRQOL) observed in SLE is poorly related to disease activity. The aim of this study was to test how IFN signatures were associated with HRQOL in SLE patients. Methods Among consecutive patients, blood transcriptomic profiles were analysed with a modular framework comprising 3 IFN modules: M1.2, M3.4 and M5.12. Disease activity was evaluated by the SLEDAI score, and HRQOL was assessed with the SF-36 questionnaire, which includes eight domains: physical function, role physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role emotional, and mental health (MH) and physical component summary and mental component summary scores. Results A total of 57 SLE patients were evaluated, among whom 27 (47%) were clinically quiescent, 30 (53%) were flaring, and 19 (33%) had active lupus nephritis. All SF-36 domains were altered in SLE patients compared with the general French population (P < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, taking into account flares, age, ethnicity, smoking and renal severity, social functioning was independently associated with the IFN score (P = 0.027). Analyses restrained to quiescent patients (n = 27) yielded greater associations between social functioning and the three IFN modules, and between MH and M3.4. Considering all quiescent visits (n = 51), the IFN score was independently correlated with social functioning (P = 0.022) and MH (P = 0.038). Conclusion This unexpected paradoxical association between IFN signature and some specific HRQOL domains argues against a pivotal role of IFNs in the persistently altered HRQOL of SLE patients.
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Raupov, R., E. Suspitsin, R. Mulkidzhan, and M. Kostik. "POS1312 ANALYSIS OF INTERFERON TYPE I SIGNATURE IN JUVENILE DERMATOMYOSITIS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 81, Suppl 1 (May 23, 2022): 993.3–994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.3292.
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Backgroundthe crucial role of hyperactivation IFN I signaling pathway has been proved in the pathogenesis of dermatomyositis. IFN I genes and chemokines activity vary according to subtype of inflammatory myopathies. IFN type 1 signature could be measured using different genes in the blood, skin and muscle tissue [1].Objectivesto evaluate IFN-score in children with dermatomyositis and compare with disease activityMethods15 patients (5 boys and 10 girls) were enrolled in the study. Clinical and laboratory parameters, disease activity (CMAS-childhood myositis assessment tool, aCAT- abbreviated cutaneous assessment tool) and treatment were assessed. Patients were compared accordingly to IFN-score elevation. IFN I-score was assessed by RT-PCR quantitation of 5 IFN I-regulated transcripts (IFI44L, IFI44, IFIT3, LY6E, MXA1); median relative expression of ≥ 2 was considered as a cut-off. IFN I-score was evaluated in dynamics in 9 patients.Resultsmedian age of patients was 6.2 (3.6; 7.6) years. Skin and muscle involvement were in all patients, arthritis in 5 (33%) patients, calcinosis in 3 (20%), lipodystrophy in 2 (13%) and lung involvement in 5 patients (33%), and 9 patients (60%) had positive myositis-related antibodies. Ten patients (67%) had an active disease, while elevated IFN-signature was detected in 12 (80%) patients.Cumulative IFN I-score and its’ five components were higher in active patients, compare to inactive (13.6 vs 1.4, p=0.006).Patients with increased IFN I-score had lower CMAS score and higher aCAT score compare to patients with normal levels of IFN I-score. IFN-I score correlated with aCAT, arthritis and lung involvement.ConclusionIFN-I score may be considered as disease activity biomarker in juvenile dermatomyositis with predominantly skin activity process.References[1]Rigolet M, Hou C, Baba Amer Y, Aouizerate J, Periou B, Gherardi RK et al. Distinct interferon signatures stratify inflammatory and dysimmune myopathies. RMD Open. 2019 Feb 26;5(1):e000811. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2018-000811. PMID: 30886734; PMCID: PMC6397431.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the RSF grant № 20-45-01005Disclosure of InterestsNone declared
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van den Hoogen, Lucas L., Joël A. G. van Roon, Jorre S. Mertens, Judith Wienke, Ana Pinheiro Lopes, Wilco de Jager, Marzia Rossato, et al. "Galectin-9 is an easy to measure biomarker for the interferon signature in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 77, no. 12 (September 5, 2018): 1810–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213497.
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ObjectiveThe interferon (IFN) signature is related to disease activity and vascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and represents a promising therapeutic target. Quantification of the IFN signature is currently performed by gene expression analysis, limiting its current applicability in clinical practice. Therefore, the objective of this study was to establish an easy to measure biomarker for the IFN signature.MethodsSerum levels of galectin-9, CXCL-10 (IP-10) and tumour necrosis factor receptor type II (TNF-RII) were measured in patients with SLE, SLE+APS and primary APS (PAPS) and healthy controls (n=148) after an initial screening of serum analytes in a smaller cohort (n=43). Analytes were correlated to measures of disease activity and the IFN signature. The performance of galectin-9, CXCL-10 and TNF-RII as biomarkers to detect the IFN signature was assessed by receiver operating characteristic curves.ResultsGalectin-9, CXCL-10 and TNF-RII were elevated in patients with SLE, SLE+APS and PAPS (p<0.05) and correlated with disease activity and tissue factor expression. Galectin-9 correlated stronger than CXCL-10 or TNF-RII with the IFN score (r=0.70, p<0.001) and was superior to CXCL-10 or TNF-RII in detecting the IFN signature (area under the curve (AUC) 0.86). Importantly, in patients with SLE(±APS), galectin-9 was also superior to anti-dsDNA antibody (AUC 0.70), or complement C3 (AUC 0.70) and C4 (AUC 0.78) levels in detecting the IFN signature.ConclusionGalectin-9 is a novel, easy to measure hence clinically applicable biomarker to detect the IFN signature in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases such as SLE and APS.
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Puig, Montse, Kevin Tosh, Lucja Grajkowska, and Daniela Verthelyi. "Differential IFN signature for TLR7 and 9 agonists (136.16)." Journal of Immunology 184, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2010): 136.16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.136.16.
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Abstract Innate immune response modulators that stimulate TLR7 and 9 activate similar signaling pathways but their therapeutic range is distinct. Moreover, 3 structurally different types of stimulatory sequences for TLR9 have been identified (CpG ODN type D/A, B/K and C) that act on the same receptor but activate distinct immunostimulatory pathways and elicit different clinical effects. This study characterizes and compares gene expression in human and macaque cells treated with different TLR7 & 9 agonists. In vitro results showed that overall TLR7 and 9 agonists elicit transcription of a similar repertoire of immune-related genes; however the magnitude and kinetics of the gene expression differed significantly, particularly for IFN-related genes as well as cell mobilization and adhesion genes. Interestingly, while transcription level and kinetics of type I IFNs gene expression in cells treated with CpG ODN D, B and C differed significantly, the relative distribution of IFNα subtypes was almost identical. In contrast, the same cells stimulated with the TLR7 agonist elicited a different pattern of IFNα subtypes and IFNα-inducible genes. In vivo, only rhesus macaque monkeys treated with CpG ODN type D showed a robust IFN type I response both locally and systemically. The data suggest a higher mobilization and activation of the pDC with CpG ODN type D treatment. Understanding the nature of these differences has implications for the therapeutic application of TLR agonists in humans.
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Mahdi, Haider, Peter Graham Rose, Fadi W. Abdul-Karim, Bradley J. Monk, and Ying Ni. "The role of proinflammatory immune (IFN-gamma) gene signature in predicting prognosis and response to chemotherapy in uterine carcinoma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2019): e14209-e14209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e14209.
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e14209 Background: Immunotherapy is promising option given low toxicity and potential durable response. In mismatch repair proficient endometrial and ovarian cancers, the reported response rate is ranging from 10-15% in recurrent setting. We need to better identify subset of patients who benefits from immunotherapy. Multigene immune signatures represent a robust means of capturing a complex, T cell–inflamed phenotype necessary for the clinical activity of PD-1–/PD-L1–directed monoclonal antibodies. IFN-γ is a key cytokine produced by activated T cells, as well as natural killer (NK) and NK T cells, in the tumor microenvironment. An immune-related IFN-γ 18-gene profile was derived through a cross-validated penalized regression modeling strategy to predict response to anti-PD1 therapy across 9 different tumor types. We want to test if this gene panel can also predict cancer outcome and response to chemotherapy. Methods: We used whole transcriptome sequencing of RNA matched tumor-normal samples from 38 high stage (Stage III and IV) uterine serous cancer patients. All patients received chemotherapy with platinum and taxanes. IFN-18 gene expression score was calculated by averaging the normalized and log transformed individual gene read counts. The optimized score cut off was selected to best separating the progression free survival. Then the cut off score was tested in The Cancer Genomic Atlas (TCGA) uterine and ovarian cancer RNAseq datasets. Results: The IFN score of 2.46 was determined based on 18-gene expression derived from 38 high-stage uterine serous cancer samples. Average age was 67 years (range: 56-82 years). Uterine serous cancer is known to be MSI stable. Patients with score higher than 2.46 showed significantly longer progression free survival (PFS – 57.6 months vs 15months, p = 0.002) and longer overall survival (73.1 months vs 51.1 months), not statistically significant given our small sample size, p = 0.13) compared to the patients with score lower than 2.46. Then this IFN based gene signature was then applied to TCGA 541 uterine cancer samples with RNAseq data. Similarly, this signature predicted significant improvement in both progression-free survival (p = 0.001) and overall survival (p = 0.005). Interestingly, this score cannot separate outcome for TCGA ovarian cancer cohort. Conclusions: Immune-related IFN-γ gene signature predicted prognosis and response to chemotherapy. We plan to assess if this signature will predict endometrial cancer patients who benefits from anti-PD1 therapy.
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Wigston, Z., A. Burska, A. Alase, K. Mahmoud, and E. Vital. "OP0091 A TWO-SCORE INTERFERON SIGNATURE AND MUSCULOSKELETAL IMAGING EXPLAIN THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INTERFERON AND ARTHRITIS IN SLE." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 60.2–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.3564.
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Background:Interferon (IFN) signature is associated with disease activity and flare in SLE. We previously described two independent IFN gene expression scores; IFN Score A (the most commonly measured ISGs) and IFN Score B (less commonly measured ISGs which may also respond to IFN-II or other immune mediators)[1]. Many more clinical outcomes are associated with IFN Score B than with a “classic” interferon signature. These include progression of At-Risk individuals to SLE, response to rituximab, and differentiation of IFN signature in RA and SLE.In previous work, the relationship of IFN Signatures with arthritis was less clear than for other SLE features. This may be related to the local regulatory effects of IFN-beta in the synovium, contrasting with the pro-inflammatory effects of other interferons. Another reason may be the proven imprecision of clinical examination as a measure of MSK inflammation in SLE.USEFUL was a multicentre longitudinal study including serial ultrasound assessment of SLE patients with inflammatory MSK pain receiving treatment with glucocorticoids (GC).Objectives:To determine whether IFN scores A and B are associated with imaging-proven synovitis in SLE and measure the responsiveness of IFN scores to GC treatment.Methods:133 SLE patients were recruited into the USEFUL study if the referring physician deemed they had inflammatory pain warranting treatment. Participants received depomedrone 120mg IM then were assessed at 0, 2 and 6 weeks using clinical instruments and ultrasound (US). OMERACT US criteria were used to categorise patients as active (GS2 or PD1 in at least one joint or tendon), active in both joints and tendons, or non-active (no GS1 and PD0 or better in all joints).Expression of 26 interferon stimulated genes, normalised to PP1A was measured in whole blood collected in TEMPUS tubes using a custom Taqman array. IFN scores A and B were calculated as previously described[1]. Missing data was imputed using expectation-maximisation method. Parametric tests were applied with post hoc Tukey to compare scores between groups.Results:At baseline, there was no significant difference in IFN Score A between ultrasound groups (F = 1.045, p = 0.355). In contrast, IFN Score B differed significantly between ultrasound groups (F = 4.168, p = 0.018). The greatest difference was between active ultrasound for both joints and tendons (n=22) and non-active ultrasound (n=53) (difference = 0.75, 95% CI 0.13, 1.37, p=0.013).There was no significant change from baseline in IFN Score A at week 2 (mean difference 0.08, 95% -0.14, 0.31, p = 0.45) or week 6 (mean difference -0.03, 95% -0.25, 0.19, p = 0.79). Similarly, there was no significant change in IFN Score B at week 2 (mean difference -0.01, 95% -0.18, 0.17, p = 0.93) or week 6 (mean difference -0.07, 95% -0.21, 0.08, p = 0.36).Conclusion:Previous studies were unable to demonstrate an association between a typical interferon signature and arthritis in SLE. Our study includes a homogenous patient population and therapy, objective measure of synovitis, and a more detailed assessment of IFN Status. We found that imaging-proven synovitis is associated with increased expression of a specific subset of ISGs (IFN score B), but not a the more typical interferon signature genes (IFN Score A).This increases the body of evidence for the value of IFN score B in predicting clinical outcomes. GC treatment did not affect systemic IFN signature scores at follow up. Future analysis will explore the role of IFN Scores in predicting clinical responses to therapy in this study.References:[1]El-Sherbiny, Y.M., et al. Scientific Reports, 2018.8(1): p. 5793.Disclosure of Interests:Zoe Wigston: None declared, Agata Burska: None declared, Adewonuola Alase: None declared, Khaled Mahmoud: None declared, Edward Vital Grant/research support from: AstraZeneca, Roche/Genentech, and Sandoz, Consultant of: AstraZeneca, GSK, Roche/Genentech, and Sandoz, Speakers bureau: Becton Dickinson and GSK
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Blokland, Sofie L. M., Lucas L. van den Hoogen, Emmerik F. A. Leijten, Sarita A. Y. Hartgring, Ruth Fritsch, Aike A. Kruize, Joel A. G. van Roon, and Timothy R. D. J. Radstake. "Increased expression of Fas on group 2 and 3 innate lymphoid cells is associated with an interferon signature in systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren’s syndrome." Rheumatology 58, no. 10 (April 8, 2019): 1740–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kez116.
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Abstract Objective The role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in the pathophysiology of rheumatic diseases is emerging. Evidence from animal studies implicate type I IFN, produced by plasmacytoid dendritic cells, to be involved in regulating the survival of group 2 and group 3 ILCs (ILC2s and ILC3s) via the upregulation of Fas (CD95) expression. For the first time, we explored the frequency and phenotype of circulating ILCs in SLE and primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) in relationship to the IFN signature. Methods Frequencies and phenotypes of ILC subsets and plasmacytoid dendritic cells were assessed by flow cytometry in peripheral blood of patients with SLE (n = 20), pSS (n = 20) and healthy controls (n = 17). Patients were stratified by the presence or absence of an IFN signature as assessed by RT-qPCR on circulating mononuclear cells. Results ILC1 frequencies were increased in peripheral blood of patients with SLE as compared with healthy controls and correlate with disease activity in pSS patients. Overall, the frequencies of ILC2s or ILC3s did not differ between patients with SLE, pSS and healthy controls. However, patients with a high type I IFN signature expressed elevated levels of Fas on ILC2s and ILC3s, which coincided with decreased frequencies of these cells in blood. Conclusion The presence of a type I IFN signature is related to Fas expression and frequencies of circulating ILC2s and ILC3s in patients with SLE and pSS, potentially altering the homeostatic balance of ILCs.
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Pin, Alessia, Lorenzo Monasta, Andrea Taddio, Elisa Piscianz, Alberto Tommasini, and Alessandra Tesser. "An Easy and Reliable Strategy for Making Type I Interferon Signature Analysis Comparable among Research Centers." Diagnostics 9, no. 3 (September 4, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics9030113.
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Interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) are a set of genes whose transcription is induced by interferon (IFN). The measure of the expression of ISGs enables calculating an IFN score, which gives an indirect estimate of the exposition of cells to IFN-mediated inflammation. The measure of the IFN score is proposed for the screening of monogenic interferonopathies, like the Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, or to stratify subjects with systemic lupus erythematosus to receive IFN-targeted treatments. Apart from these scenarios, there is no agreement on the diagnostic value of the score in distinguishing IFN-related disorders from diseases dominated by other types of cytokines. Since the IFN score is currently measured in several research hospitals, merging experiences could help define the potential of scoring IFN inflammation in clinical practice. However, the IFN score calculated at different laboratories may be hardly comparable due to the distinct sets of IFN-stimulated genes assessed and to different controls used for data normalization. We developed a reliable approach to minimize the inter-laboratory variability, thereby providing shared strategies for the IFN signature analysis and allowing different centers to compare data and merge their experiences.
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Del Papa, Nicoletta, Antonina Minniti, Maurizio Lorini, Vincenzo Carbonelli, Wanda Maglione, Francesca Pignataro, Nicola Montano, Roberto Caporali, and Claudio Vitali. "The Role of Interferons in the Pathogenesis of Sjögren’s Syndrome and Future Therapeutic Perspectives." Biomolecules 11, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11020251.
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There is a great deal of evidence pointing to interferons (IFNs) as being key cytokines in the pathogenesis of different systemic autoimmune diseases, including primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS). In this disease, a large number of studies have shown that an overexpression of type I IFN, the ‘so-called’ type I IFN signature, is present in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and that this finding is associated with the development of systemic extra-glandular manifestations, and a substantial production of autoantibodies and inflammatory cytokines. In contrast, the absence or a milder expression of type I IFN signature and low level of inflammatory cytokines characterizes patients with a different clinical phenotype, where the disease is limited to glandular involvement and often marked by the presence of widespread pain and depression. The role of type II (IFNγ) in this subset of pSS patients, together with the potentially related activation of completely different immunological and metabolic pathways, are emerging issues. Expression of both types of IFNs has also been shown in target tissues, namely in minor salivary glands where a predominance of type II IFN signature appeared to have a certain association with the development of lymphoma. In view of the role played by IFN overexpression in the development and progression of pSS, inhibition or modulation of IFN signaling has been regarded as a potential target for the therapeutic approach. A number of therapeutic compounds with variable mechanisms of action have been tested or are under consideration for the treatment of patients with pSS.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "IFN related signature"
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RAUS, Svjetlana. "Reversion of anti-viral status in human tumors." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/694361.
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Le terapie con virus oncolitici stanno diventando una possibile alternativa per tumori difficilmente trattabili con le terapie standard.
Il nostro gruppo ha dimostrato l’esistenza in cellule neoplastiche di due possibili fenotipi distinguibili in base all’espressione di geni stimolati dagli interferoni (ISGs) e di geni indotti dallo stress virale (VSIG) che possono essere facilmente distinti utilizando la proteina MxA come marcatore.
Abbiamo dimostrato che l’esistenza di questo fenotipo ISGs e’ capace di bloccare nelle cellule tumorali sia la lisi virale sia l’espressione genica di proteine inserite in vettori virali.
Inoltre, abiamo pubblicato che questo fenotipo caratterizza cellule di tumore che costituiscono una recidiva di tumore ovarico che era stato inizialmente curato con terapie con virus oncolitici.
Poiche’ questo fenomeno e’ condiviso da tumori solidi ed ematologici, capire il meccanismo che induce l’espressione di questa signature di geni associati agli interferoni e’ di importanza chiave nel cercare di ottimizzare terapie con virus oncolitici o trials di terapie geniche basate su vettori adenovirali.
Per individuare le vie di segnalazione coinvolte nel sostenere questo fenotipo abbiamo utilizzato linee cellulari di adenocarcinoma di pancreas e di mieloma multiplo.
L’adoncarcinoma di pancreas e’ uno dei tumori piu’ aggressivi per cui ancora ad oggi non esiste una cura. Invece il mieloma multiplo e’ fra i tumori piu’ diffusi e ci sono gia’ molti trials clinici che sperimentano possibili terapie alternative con virus oncolitici.
La finalita’ del presente progetto e’ confermare l’esistenza del dualismo del fenotipo ISGs in tumori di diversa origine istologica, e di dissezionare i pathways che sono maggiormente coinvolti nella risposta agli interferoni, e che portano all’upregolaizone di geni ISGs e VSGs, andando di volta in volta a bloccare in modo selettivo.
Abbiamo focalizzato la nostra attenzione al pathway di NFkB nell’adenocarcinoma di pancreas e in quello di STAT3 nel mieloma multiplo.
Dai nostril risultati sembra che l’acido acetilsalicilico e la curcumina possono bloccare l’espressione endogena degli ISGs nei tumori di pancreas, ristabilendo la normale permissivita’ alle infezioni con adenovirus, mentre lo stesso effetto lo abbiamo ottenuto nelle line di mieloma multiplo utilizzando il resveratrolo.
Questi risultati possono essere considerati come dati preliminari utilizabili nel disegno di terapie combinatorie cosi’ da aumentare l’efficacia di terapie oncolitiche o di terapie geniche mediate da vettori adenovirali che possono costituire il futuro terapeutico per molti tipi di tumori ancora incurabili.Oncolytic viral therapy is becoming an interesting alternative to standard therapies for incurable diseases. Our group has demonstrated the existence of two distinguishable phenotypes based on the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and Virus Stress Induced Genes (VSIG) with Myxovirus-resistance-A (MxA) protein as a marker. The existence of this ISGs phenotype has been proved to block viral oncolysis and viral mediated gene expression in cancer cells. We demonstrated that this caused in vivo an acquisition of a viral resistant phenotype in recurrent tumors cured in the first place with adeno-mediated oncolytic therapies. This is a phenomenon shared in both, solid and hematological tumors as well. The understanding of the mechanism that induces the expression of this interferon-related signature became of a key importance in optimizing oncolytic and gene therapies. In order to discover the pathways involved in the tumor-acquired ISGs phenotype, we focused our attention on tumor cell lines, and in particular pancreatic cancer and multiple myeloma cancer cell lines in vitro. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma represents one of the most vicious cancers, for which no effective cure is optimised. On the other hand, multiple myeloma is the most frequent hematological tumor in humans and was often used as a possible target tumor for virus based therapies. The main aim of the present work was to confirm the existence of the dualism of ISGs phenotype in different cancer models and dissect the most important interferon pathways by specifically silencing different steps that could be responsible for the downstream ISGs up-regulation. We focused our attention to NFkB pathway in PDAC cancer cells and STAT3 pathway in multiple myeloma. We conclude that ASA and curcumin treatement can effectively revert the resistance in PDAC cell lines, while only resveratrol treatment can affect the infectivity of multiple myeloma cell lines to adenoviral vectors. Those findings can be considered the rational for a combinatory therapy with the aim of increasing the efficacy of oncolytic or gene therapy adeno-based approaches that might constitute the future for curing incurable cancers as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Books on the topic "IFN related signature"
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Trade, Canada Dept of Foreign Affairs and International. Telecommunications (INTELSAT) : amendment of the operating agreement relating to the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization "INTELSAT" to implement multiple signatory arrangements, Washington, April 16, 1996, acceptance by Canada April 16, 1996, in force for Canada September 11, 1996 =: Télécommunications (INTELSAT) : amendement à l'accord d'exploitation relatif à l'Organisation internationale des télécommunications par satellites "INTELSAT", pour mettre en oeuvre le regime à signataires multiples, Washington, le 16 avril 1996, acceptation du Canada le 16 avril 1996, en vigueur pour le Canada le 11 septembre 1996. Ottawa, Ont: Queen's Printer = Imprimeur de la Reine, 1998.
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Gerard, McMeel. Part II Related Doctrines, 15 Proof of Terms and Incorporation of Terms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198755166.003.0015.
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This chapter considers the issue of ‘proof of terms’. It first describes the modern approach to proof of terms is described, and introduces the impact of ‘entire agreement’ clauses. Traditionally most cases concerned with the construction of private law instruments involved deeds or other documents signed by one or more parties. To this day a signature on a contract or form is the most effective way for a party to ensure that its terms form the basis for the relationship. However, it is clear that a signature on a document is not the sole or even principal means by which it can become the basis of the contract. The straightforward question to be addressed is if the parties intended to embody their agreement in a document, or to reduce it to writing in the form of a document.
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Lloyd, Ian J. 9. National and international responses to computer-related crime. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198787556.003.0009.
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This chapter discusses the application of the criminal law to computer-related crime. Criminal law was traditionally seen as the province of national authorities. However, as developments in technology gathered pace, it became increasingly apparent that national legislation might be of limited effectiveness. Beginning with the Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention, which was opened for signature in 2001, there have been a number of international initiatives with the EU also becoming increasingly active in the field. As well as making provision for harmonising substantive criminal offences, there have been moves to enhance cooperation between law enforcement agencies at a procedural level.
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Klimecki, Olga M., and Tania Singer. The Compassionate Brain. Edited by Emma M. Seppälä, Emiliana Simon-Thomas, Stephanie L. Brown, Monica C. Worline, C. Daryl Cameron, and James R. Doty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464684.013.9.
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This chapter focuses on the neuroscience of compassion and related social emotions such as empathy, empathic concern, or empathic distress. First, we review neuroscientific literature on empathy and relate empathy to similar social emotions. We then turn to neuroscientific research on caregiving and social connection before describing cross-sectional studies on the neural signatures of compassion. To investigate whether training of compassion can change neural functions, the neural “fingerprints” of compassion expertise were studied in both expert and inexperienced meditators. The latter included the comparison between functional plasticity induced by empathy for suffering as opposed to compassion training. These studies show that compassion training changes neural functions, and that the neural substrates related to empathy for suffering differ experientially as well as neuronally. This is in line with the observation of distinct behavioral patterns related to feelings of empathic distress and compassion, described towards the end of the chapter.
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Kaufmann, Liane, Karin Kucian, and Michael von Aster. Development of the numerical brain. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.008.
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This article focuses on typical trajectories of numerical cognition from infancy all the way through to adulthood (please note that atypical pathways of numerical cognition will be dealt in‘Brain Correlates of Numerical Disabilities’). Despite the fact that developmental imaging studies are still scarce to date there is converging evidence that (1) neural signatures of non-verbal number processing may be observed already in infants; and (2) developmental changes in neural responsivity are characterized by increasing functional specialization of number-relevant frontoparietal brain regions. It has been suggested that age and competence-related modulations of brain activity manifest as an anterior-posterior shift. On the one hand, the recruitment of supporting frontal brain regions decreases, while on the other hand, reliance on number-relevant (fronto-)parietal neural networks increases. Overall, our understanding of the neurocognitive underpinnings of numerical development grew considerably during the last decade. Future research is expected to benefit substantially from the fast technological advances enabling researchers to gain more fine-grained insights into the spatial and temporal dynamics of the neural signatures underlying numerical development.
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McNeil, Bryan T. Gender, Solidarity, and Symbolic Capital. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036439.003.0008.
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This chapter considers the significance of prominent women's leadership in the movement to stop mountaintop removal. The prominence of women in leadership positions is a signature characteristic of Appalachian community activism, including the CRMW and the Friends of the Mountains (FOM) networks. However, the role of women is related to the decline of the union and the shifting sites of organizing within the community. Though women have always been active in social issues in the coalfields, the union's historically dominant role in organizing activism limited women's ability to rise to leadership positions. Organizing outside of the union affords women greater flexibility to link together social issues that a labor perspective may not have addressed directly. As such, women are able to forge a more comprehensive approach to social justice built upon different symbolic capital foundations.
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Gottlieb, Jacqueline. Neuronal Mechanisms of Attentional Control. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.033.
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Damage to the human inferior parietal lobe produces an attentional disturbance known as contralateral neglect, and neurophysiological studies in monkeys have begun to unravel the cellular basis of this function. Converging evidence suggests that LIP encodes a sparse topographic map of the visual world that highlights attention-worthy objects or locations. LIP cells may facilitate sensory attentional modulations, and ultimately the transient improvement in perceptual thresholds that is the behavioural signature of visual attention. In addition, LIP projects to oculomotor centres where it can prime the production of a rapid eye movement (saccade). Importantly, LIP cells can select visual targets without triggering saccades, showing that they implement an internal (covert) form of selection that can be flexibly linked with action by virtue of additional, independent mechanisms. The target selection response in LIP is modulated by bottom-up factors and by multiple task-related factors. These modulations are likely to arise through learning and may reflect a multitude of computations through which the brain decides when and to what to attend.
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Mirka, Danuta. Topics and Meter. Edited by Danuta Mirka. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199841578.013.0014.
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The connection between topics and meter was supported by Wye Allanbrook (1983) with references to eighteenth-century authors representing an old tradition of metric notation in which meter was closely related to tempo, affect, and genre. In the late eighteenth century this tradition was continued by Johann Philipp Kirnberger, who posited a standard tempo for each meter: the so-calledtempo giusto. But the tradition oftempo giustowas dissolved by another tradition of metric notation in which time signatures had no tempo significance and no affective implications. While the new tradition enabled eighteenth-century composers to include several topics in one piece, it complicates the task of the analyst by making identification of topics contingent on identification of the composed meter and, in some cases, on analysis of phrase structure. This chapter demonstrates the problem of topical identification in relation to the main theme of Mozart’s Symphony in G minor, K. 550/i.
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Carrier, Tyler J., Adam M. Reitzel, and Andreas Heyland, eds. Section 1 Summary—Evolutionary Origins and Transitions in Developmental Mode. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0006.
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Abiotic variables and biotic interactions can act on variation in life history traits, ultimately leading to divergence in reproductive mode. Marine invertebrates have a remarkable diversity in such strategies, sometimes even between closely related species. It is this natural diversity that lends itself to employing a powerful comparative approach, both for particular morphological characteristics as well as molecular signatures from developmental genes. For example, complex life histories, where a larval stage is interposed between the embryo and juvenile, likely represent the product of numerous selection pressures, historical and current, that have shaped the diversity of larval stages in extant marine species. In fact, the very question about “what is a larva?” has to be addressed, as it is so intimately connected to bentho-planktonic life cycle and metamorphosis. Furthermore, novel larval types have evolved in particular lineages and larvae have been secondarily lost in others. This in itself creates an interesting and exciting playground to test evolutionary developmental hypotheses....
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Hiltebeitel, Alf. Freud's India. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878375.001.0001.
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This first three chapters or first third of this book documents the ups and downs in the conflictual correspondence between Sigmund Freud and India’s first psychoanalyst, Girindrasekhar Bose. They trace the relationship through three phases of their 1920–1937 correspondence, and also compare their correspondence with Freud’s contemporary correspondence with Romain Rolland, noting similar disaffections while documenting in both exchanges Freud’s evasions about India. Psychoanalytic topics covered in these chapters include maternal transference as it relates to Bose’s work, to Freud’s therapeutic work with the poet H. D., to Bose’s and Freud’s treatments of the Oedipal and pre-Oedipal, and to André Green’s “dead mother complex.” The middle three chapters each treat a concept by which Bose sought to challenge Freud, producing conflicts between tham that had a much richer content than either of them realized or cared to elaborate upon. New answers to two questions are posed: why Bose never wrote an article for Freud on his signature concept of “opposite wishes,” the topic of chapter 4; and why Bose chose an icon of Viṣṇu for Freud’s 75th birthday gift rather than a Bengali goddess, which is asked through the last three chapters.
Book chapters on the topic "IFN related signature"
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Kulkarni, Anand S., and Karla Conn Welch. "Classifying Energy-Related Events Using Electromagnetic Field Signatures." In Design, User Experience, and Usability. User Experience in Novel Technological Environments, 105–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39238-2_12.
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Dinur, Itai, and Niv Nadler. "Multi-target Attacks on the Picnic Signature Scheme and Related Protocols." In Advances in Cryptology – EUROCRYPT 2019, 699–727. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17659-4_24.
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Boschini, Cecilia, Jan Camenisch, and Gregory Neven. "Relaxed Lattice-Based Signatures with Short Zero-Knowledge Proofs." In Developments in Language Theory, 3–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99136-8_1.
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Cauzzi, G., A. Falchi, R. Falciani, E. Hiei, and L. A. Smaldone. "Minor Photospheric and Chromospheric Magnetic Activity and Related Coronal Signatures." In Magnetodynamic Phenomena in the Solar Atmosphere, 433–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0315-9_83.
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Horster, Patrick, Markus Michels, and Holger Petersen. "Hidden signature schemes based on the discrete logarithm problem and related concepts." In IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 160–77. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34943-5_14.
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Shapiro, S. A., R. Patzig, E. Rothert, and J. Rindschwentner. "Triggering of Seismicity by Pore-pressure Perturbations: Permeability-related Signatures of the Phenomenon." In Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Coupling in Fractured Rock, 1051–66. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8083-1_16.
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Patil, Rajkumar, Ching-Yu Cheng, Chui Ming Gemmy Cheung, and Tien Yin Wong. "Unique Genetic Signatures in Asian Age-Related Macular Degeneration: An Opportunity for Drug Development." In Essentials in Ophthalmology, 497–507. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56511-6_37.
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Bártek, Filip, and Martin Suda. "Neural Precedence Recommender." In Automated Deduction – CADE 28, 525–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79876-5_30.
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AbstractThe state-of-the-art superposition-based theorem provers for first-order logic rely on simplification orderings on terms to constrain the applicability of inference rules, which in turn shapes the ensuing search space. The popular Knuth-Bendix simplification ordering is parameterized by symbol precedence—a permutation of the predicate and function symbols of the input problem’s signature. Thus, the choice of precedence has an indirect yet often substantial impact on the amount of work required to complete a proof search successfully.This paper describes and evaluates a symbol precedence recommender, a machine learning system that estimates the best possible precedence based on observations of prover performance on a set of problems and random precedences. Using the graph convolutional neural network technology, the system does not presuppose the problems to be related or share a common signature. When coupled with the theorem prover Vampire and evaluated on the TPTP problem library, the recommender is found to outperform a state-of-the-art heuristic by more than 4 % on unseen problems.
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Baezconde-Garbanati, Lourdes, Bibiana Martinez, Carol Ochoa, Sheila Murphy, Rosa Barahona, Carolina Aristizabal, and Yaneth L. Rodriguez. "Optimizing Engagement of the Latino Community in Cancer Research." In Advancing the Science of Cancer in Latinos, 101–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14436-3_9.
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AbstractTo optimize engagement of Latino communities in cancer research, University of Southern California researchers are working with communities on prevention of cervical cancer, a highly preventable and treatable disease. Two recent studies from their signature initiatives, Es Tiempo and Tamale Lesson, are presented to illustrate the situation in the Latino community regarding the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and cervical cancer screening. These population-based studies included promotores de salud (lay community health workers) and community members who were engaged from conceptualization, recruitment, translation, cultural adaptation, information dissemination, and other important aspects of the research. A third exploratory effort used virtual reality as a research tool to better understand vaccine hesitancy, especially among boys and explored end-of-life quality improvements for immigrant Latino populations. These studies serve as a backdrop for discussing common strategies to increase participation in cancer research in key areas such as information delivery, consultation with stakeholders and partners, and collaboration with community opinion leaders. Strategies are discussed, which optimize engagement in cancer research, stimulate communication, and empower participants to engage in research. These strategies shape attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors, improving outcomes for Latinas at risk of cervical and other HPV-related cancers.
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Chen, Yangjun. "An Overview on Signature File Techniques." In Handbook of Research on Innovations in Database Technologies and Applications, 644–54. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-242-8.ch069.
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An important question in information retrieval is how to create a database index which can be searched efficiently for the data one seeks. Today, one or more of the following four techniques have been frequently used: full text searching, B-trees, inversion and the signature file. Full text searching imposes no space overhead, but requires long response time. In contrast, B-trees, inversion and the signature file work quickly, but need a large intermediary representation structure (index), which provides direct links to relevant data. In this paper, we concentrate on the techniques of signature files and discuss different construction approaches of a signature file. The signature technique cannot only be used in document databases, but also in relational and object-oriented databases. In a document database, a set of semistructured (XML) documents is stored and the queries related to keywords are frequently evaluated. To speed up the evaluation of such queries, we can construct signatures for words and superimpose them to establish signatures for document blocks, which can be used to cut off non-relevant documents as early as possible when evaluating a query. Especially, such a method can be extended to handle the socalled containment queries, for which not only the key words, but also the hierarchical structure of a document has to be considered. We can also handle queries issued to a relational or an objectoriented database using the signature technique by establishing signatures for attribute values, tuples, as well as tables and classes.
Conference papers on the topic "IFN related signature"
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Huang, Huan, Natalie Baddour, and Ming Liang. "Effects of Parameter Selection on Oscillatory Behavior-Based Signal Decomposition for Bearing Fault Signature Extraction." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59391.
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Oscillatory Behavior-based Signal Decomposition (OBSD) is a new technique which employs Morphological Component Analysis (MCA) and the Tunable Q-factor Wavelet Transform (TQWT) to decompose a signal into components consisting of different oscillatory behaviors rather than different frequency bands or scales. Due to the low oscillatory transients of bearing fault-induced signals, this method shows promise for application to effectively extract bearing fault signatures from raw signals contaminated by interferences and noise. In this paper, the application of OBSD to bearing fault signature extraction is investigated. It is shown that the quality of the results obtained via the OBSD is highly dependent on the selection of method-related parameters. The effects of each parameter on the performance of the OBSD for bearing fault signature extraction are investigated. The analysis is also validated by implementing the OBSD on experimental data collected from a test rig with a defective bearing.
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McGee, C. Gavin, and Douglas E. Adams. "Simulating and Detecting a Vibration-Induced Failure in an Air-Handling Assembly." In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/vib-21501.
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Abstract Excessive vibrations usually cause mechanical parts to fail. This paper describes a vibration-induced failure in an air handling assembly. Cyclic impacts between a valve and a set of powdered metal bushings cause the failure. A variety of signal processing techniques are used to analyze experimental response data from the failing part including standard spectral signature approaches (i.e. Fourier, cepstral) in addition to more advanced time-frequency analysis techniques (i.e. wavelet contour maps). The theory and application of each method is reviewed in the context of the specific failure mode under consideration. The paper demonstrates that where friction or impact related vibrations are present, structural dynamic “health” monitoring schemes can be used to track changes in operating response signatures and schedule condition-based maintenance or re-design.
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Cui, Handong, Xianrui Qin, Cailing Cai, and Tsz Hon Yuen. "Security on SM2 and GOST Signatures against Related Key Attacks." In 2021 IEEE 20th International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/trustcom53373.2021.00038.
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Su, Qiang, Zhenyu Liu, Yongbei Zhu, and Jie Tian. "Metabolic-related gene signature model forecasts biochemical relapse in primary prostate cancer." In 2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871189.
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Qamhiyah, A. Z., B. Benhabib, and R. D. Venter. "Coding and Classification of Geometric Models." In ASME 1995 Design Engineering Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1995 15th International Computers in Engineering Conference and the ASME 1995 9th Annual Engineering Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1995-0230.
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Abstract For the efficient manipulation of information in support of design and manufacturing one would need to access large active databases. In this context, it is envisioned that 3-D object models must be easily retrieved for modification, or for simply reviewing related information. This paper addresses the development of a classification system for the efficient retrieval of 3-D object CAD models. For the design of a new object the user would access the database to locate the most similar object model and, if worthwhile, modify it to attain a model for the new object under consideration. The proposed classification procedure comprises three main stages: First, 3-D geometrical data, sufficient for classification, is determined and extracted from a selected model of the object, and a primary representation domain is determined. Contours, were selected as the basic descriptive units. Based on this selection, relationships defined by descriptor elements were established between (a) two solid contours; (b) a solid and a hollow contour; and, (c) two hollow contours. In order to facilitate the use of the descriptor elements, a simple alpha-numeric coding system was developed. In the second stage, the description of the object is mapped from the geometrical domain into a numerical-factor domain, where each contour is represented by a numerical value. In the final stage, a code is generated based on the factor-domain representation in the form of a Fourier signature. Classification is then carried out according to the similarity of the generated Fourier signatures.
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Pan, Min-chun, and Jeng-xing Chen. "Development and Implementation of Adaptive Order Analysis in the Application of Multiaxial Systems." In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/vib-21757.
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Abstract This study investigates the varying-order analysis based on mechanism, and realizes it in dynamic signal processing of rotary machinery. Firstly, the synthetic signatures consisting of fixed-order, varying-order components and resonance-related ones as well are designed to validate the developed computation schemes. Secondly, this work takes an electrical scooter as a test bench, which some experiments have been conducted on. The noise and vibration signatures are measured and processed to characterize different spectral components and identify their sources. Some of the annoying ones belong to fixed order (e.g., gear whine noise), varying order (e.g., CVT-belt noise) and structure resonance (e.g., the structure-borne noise originated from the CVT housing). Therefore, the concerned noise/vibration can subsequently be coped with via machine component modification.
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Shenas, Sona Khaneh, Ugur Halici, and Metehan Cicek. "A comparative analysis of functional connectivity data in resting and task-related conditions of the brain for disease signature of OCD." In 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6943756.
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Tsuruta, Karina M., Lucas A. A. Rocha, Aldemir Ap Cavalini, Roberto M. Finzi Neto, and Valder Steffen. "Evaluation of the ISHM Method Applied for Composite Rotors." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98119.
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Abstract The use of SHM (structural health monitoring) techniques has shown promising results for fault detection in rotating machines, making possible to identify various malfunctions. SHM methods provide maintainability and safe operation for these systems. The objective of the present work is to evaluate the SHM method based on the electromechanical impedance (ISHM) to detect faults in a composite rotor shaft. Composite materials present complex damage mechanisms due to their anisotropy and heterogeneity. Moreover, the process of damage detection in these materials is more challenging than in metallic structures. The ISHM approach uses piezoelectric (PZT – Lead Zirconate Titanate) patches as sensors and actuators coupled to the monitored structure. Variations in their electrical impedance are associated with changes in the mechanical integrity of the system. The electrical impedance of the PZT sensor is directly related to the mechanical impedance of the structure, which changes according to variations in the mass, stiffness, and damping properties of the structure. Damage metrics are used to quantify variations in the electrical impedance (impedance signatures) of the PZT patches. Despite the ISHM approach be able to detect incipient faults, it presents some disadvantages. For instance, the impedance signatures are susceptible to temperature variation. In the present contribution, to detect damages in the considered composite rotor shaft, the ISHM technique was implemented based on a data normalization methodology. Thus, an optimization procedure based on hybrid optimization was used to avoid false diagnostics.
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Hübbers, C., O. Siefer, U. Drebber, M. Odenthal, B. Akgül, M. Hufbauer, D. Beutner, EJ Speel, and JP Klußmann. "Oxidative stress signatures are related with a mesenchymal-like phenotype and an unfavorable prognosis in a subgroup of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma." In Abstract- und Posterband – 90. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e.V., Bonn – Digitalisierung in der HNO-Heilkunde. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1686004.
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Hann, Christopher E., J. Geoffrey Chase, Crispen Berg, Richard G. Brown, Rodney B. Elliott, and XiaoQi Chen. "Specialised Image Capture Systems for a DIET Breast Cancer Screening System." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34261.
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Digital Image-based Elasto-Tomography (DIET) is an emerging technology for non-invasive breast cancer screening. This technology actuates breast tissue and measures the surface motion using digital imaging technology. The internal distribution of stiffness is then reconstructed using Boundary Element or Finite Element Methods (FEM or BEM). However, obtaining accurate imaging at high frequency and high resolution in terms of numbers of pixels is challenging if enough accuracy is to be obtained in the motion sensing to deliver a useful result. The overall focus of such mechatronic and digitally centred systems is on providing a low-cost, radiation dose-free and portable screening system capable of screening numerous patients per day — in direct contrast to current low throughput, non-portable and high cost x-ray and MRI based approaches. Thus, DIET technology relies on obtaining high resolution images of a breasts surface under high frequency actuation, typically in the range of 50–100Hz. Off-the-shelf digital cameras and imaging elements are unable to capture images directly at these speeds. A method is presented for obtaining the required high speed image capture at a resolution of 1280×1024 pixels and actuation frequency of 100Hz. The prototype apparatus presented uses two imaging sensors in combination with frame grabbers and a dSpace™ control system, to produce an automated image capture system. The system integrates a precision controlled strobe lighting system to selectively capture sinusoids at different points in the sinusoidal cycle of response. The final working system produced images that enabled effective 3D motion tracking of the surface of a silicon phantom actuated at 100Hz. The surface of the phantom was strobed at pre-selected phases from 0 to 360 degrees, and an image was captured for each phase. The times at which image capture occurred were calculated for a phase lag increment of 10 degrees resulting in an image effectively every 0.00028s for the actuator cycle of 0.01s. The comparison of the actual trigger times and pre-selected ideal trigger times gave a mean absolute error of 1.4%, thus demonstrating the accuracy of the final system. Final validation is performed using this system to track motion in a silicon gel phantom. The motion is tracked accurately using a novel Euclidean Invariant signature method. Both cameras delivered similar results with over 90% of points tracked to within 1–2%. This level of accuracy confirms the ability to effectively accurately reconstruct the stiffness as validated in other related studies.
Reports on the topic "IFN related signature"
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Blevins, Matthew, Gregory Lyons, Carl Hart, and Michael White. Optical and acoustical measurement of ballistic noise signatures. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39501.
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Supersonic projectiles in air generate acoustical signatures that are fundamentally related to the projectile’s shape, size, and velocity. These characteristics influence various mechanisms involved in the generation, propagation, decay, and coalescence of acoustic waves. To understand the relationships between projectile shape, size, velocity, and the physical mechanisms involved, an experimental effort captured the acoustic field produced by a range of supersonic projectiles using both conventional pressure sensors and a schlieren imaging system. The results of this ongoing project will elucidate those fundamental mechanisms, enabling more sophisticated tools for detection, classification, localization, and tracking. This paper details the experimental setup, data collection, and preliminary analysis of a series of ballistic projectiles, both idealized and currently in use by the U.S. Military.
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Manor, M. J., and S. J. Piercey. Whole-rock lithogeochemistry, Nd-Hf isotopes, and in situ zircon geochemistry of VMS-related felsic rocks, Finlayson Lake VMS district, Yukon. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328992.
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The Finlayson Lake district in southeastern Yukon is composed of a Late Paleozoic arc-backarc system that consists of metamorphosed volcanic, plutonic, and sedimentary rocks of the Yukon-Tanana and Slide Mountain terranes. These rocks host &gt;40 Mt of polymetallic resources in numerous occurrences and styles of volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) mineralization. Geochemical and isotopic data from these rocks support previous interpretations that volcanism and plutonism occurred in arc-marginal arc (e.g., Fire Lake formation) and continental back-arc basin environments (e.g., Kudz Ze Kayah formation, Wind Lake formation, and Wolverine Lake group) where felsic magmatism formed from varying mixtures of crust- and mantle-derived material. The rocks have elevated high field strength element (HFSE) and rare earth element (REE) concentrations, and evolved to chondritic isotopic signatures, in VMS-proximal stratigraphy relative to VMS-barren assemblages. These geochemical features reflect the petrogenetic conditions that generated felsic rocks and likely played a role in the localization of VMS mineralization in the district. Preliminary in situ zircon chemistry supports these arguments with Th/U and Hf isotopic fingerprinting, where it is interpreted that the VMS-bearing lithofacies formed via crustal melting and mixing with increased juvenile, mafic magmatism; rocks that were less prospective have predominantly crustal signatures. These observations are consistent with the formation of VMS-related felsic rocks by basaltic underplating, crustal melting, and basalt-crustal melt mixing within an extensional setting. This work offers a unique perspective on magmatic petrogenesis that underscores the importance of integrating whole-rock with mineral-scale geochemistry in the characterization of VMS-related stratigraphy.
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Thomas, M. D. Magnetic and gravity characteristics of the Thelon and Taltson orogens, northern Canada: tectonic implications. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329250.
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Differences of opinion concerning the relationship between the Thelon tectonic zone and the Taltson magmatic zone, as to whether they are individual tectonic elements or two independent elements, have generated various plate tectonic models explaining their creation. Magnetic and gravity signatures indicate that they are separate entities and that the Thelon tectonic zone and the Great Slave Lake shear zone form a single element. Adopting the single-element concept and available age dates, a temporally evolving plate tectonic model of Slave-Rae interaction is presented. At 2350 Ma, an Archean supercontinent rifted along the eastern and southern margins of the Slave Craton. Subsequent ocean closure, apparently diachronous, began with subduction at 2070 Ma in the northern Thelon tectonic zone, followed by subduction under the Great Slave Lake shear zone at 2051 Ma. Subduction related to closure of an ocean between the Buffalo Head terrane and the Rae Craton initiated under the Taltson magmatic zone at 1986 Ma, at which time subduction continued along the Thelon tectonic zone. At 1970 Ma, collision in the northern Thelon tectonic zone is evidenced in the Kilohigok Basin. From 1957 to 1920 Ma, plutonism was active in the Taltson magmatic zone, Great Slave Lake shear zone, and southern Thelon tectonic zone. The plutonism terminated in the northern Thelon tectonic zone at 1950 Ma, but it resumed at 1910 Ma and continued until 1880 Ma. The East Arm Basin witnessed igneous activity as early as 2046 Ma, though this took place more continuously from 1928 to 1861 Ma; some igneous rocks bear subduction-related trace element signatures. These signatures, and the presence of northwest-verging nappes, may signify collision with the Great Slave Lake shear zone as a result of southeastward subduction, completing closure between the Slave and Rae cratons.
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Lindroos, M., A. Bansil, K. Gofron, J. C. Campuzano, H. Ding, R. Liu, and B. W. Veal. Signature of the CuO{sub 2} plane related bands in YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 6.9} as seen by angle-resolved photoemission. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10158490.
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Aguilar Herrera, María Alejandra, and Alba Paula Granados Agüero. Inclusion of human, ethnic and gender rights in the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) of Colombia and Peru (in Spanish). Rights and Resources Initiative, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/zltf9832.
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In December 2015, the Paris Agreement was adopted at the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Five years after the submission the NDC proposals and their initial implementation, signatory countries had to update and share the progress of their NDCs in 2020. This study carried out by Asociación Ambiente y Sociedad, ONAMIAP (National Organization of Andean and Amazonian Indigenous Women of Peru) and RRI analyzes the degree that human rights, women’s rights, and the rights of Indigenous Peoples and Afro-descendants are included in the NDCs of Colombia and Peru, as well as in the processes related to updating them.
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Shpigel, Nahum Y., Ynte Schukken, and Ilan Rosenshine. Identification of genes involved in virulence of Escherichia coli mastitis by signature tagged mutagenesis. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699853.bard.
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Mastitis, an inflammatory response of the mammary tissue to invading pathogenic bacteria, is the largest health problem in the dairy industry and is responsible for multibillion dollar economic losses. E. coli are a leading cause of acute mastitis in dairy animals worldwide and certainly in Israel and North America. The species E. coli comprises a highly heterogeneous group of pathogens, some of which are commensal residents of the gut, infecting the mammary gland after contamination of the teat skin from the environment. As compared to other gut microflora, mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC) may have undergone evolutionary adaptations that improve their fitness for colonization of the unique and varied environmental niches found within the mammary gland. These niches include competing microbes already present or accompanying the new colonizer, soluble and cellular antimicrobials in milk, and the innate immune response elicited by mammary cells and recruited immune cells. However, to date, no specific virulence factors have been identified in E. coli isolates associated with mastitis. The original overall research objective of this application was to develop a genome-wide, transposon-tagged mutant collection of MPEC strain P4 and to use this technology to identify E. coli genes that are specifically involved in mammary virulence and pathogenicity. In the course of the project we decided to take an alternative genome-wide approach and to use whole genomes bioinformatics analysis. Using genome sequencing and analysis of six MPEC strains, our studies have shown that type VI secretion system (T6SS) gene clusters were present in all these strains. Furthermore, using unbiased screening of MPEC strains for reduced colonization, fitness and virulence in the murine mastitis model, we have identified in MPEC P4-NR a new pathogenicity island (PAI-1) encoding the core components of T6SS and its hallmark effectors Hcp, VgrG and Rhs. Next, we have shown that specific deletions of T6SS genes reduced colonization, fitness and virulence in lactating mouse mammary glands. Our long-term goal is to understand the molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions in the mammary gland and to relate these mechanisms to disease processes and pathogenesis. We have been able to achieve our research objectives to identify E. coli genes that are specifically involved in mammary virulence and pathogenicity. The project elucidated a new basic concept in host pathogen interaction of MPEC, which for the best of our knowledge was never described or investigated before. This research will help us to shed new light on principles behind the infection strategy of MPEC. The new targets now enable prevalence and epidemiology studies of T6SS in field strains of MPEC which might unveil new geographic, management and ecological risk factors. These will contribute to development of new approaches to treat and prevent mastitis by MPEC and perhaps other mammary pathogens. The use of antibiotics in farm animals and specifically to treat mastitis is gradually precluded and thus new treatment and prevention strategies are needed. Effective mastitis vaccines are currently not available, structural components and effectors of T6SS might be new targets for the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics.
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Wakefield, Benjamin. Opportunities for the European Union to Strengthen Biosecurity in Africa. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/hbpq5439.
Full textAbstract:
The European Union (EU) has a long history of commitment to improving biological security and supporting multilateral approaches to arms controls and non-proliferation. It has supported various biosecurity programmes in recent years and continues to increase its financial support towards these, with a focus on the universalization of the Biological and Toxins Weapons Convention and United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540. More recently, through Council Decision 2021/2072/ CFSP, the EU has committed even further to strengthening biosafety and biosecurity capabilities in Africa, with more meaningful collaboration and an increase in the local and regional ownership of projects. This provides an opportunity for the EU to continue to broaden its approach and improve coordination with international partners. In particular focus is the newly formed European Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA), as it develops its international activities. However, there is still a demonstrated need to strengthen biosecurity-related capacities and capabilities across Africa. This paper highlights the significant opportunities for EU engagement and coordination with international initiatives, such as the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) Biosafety and Biosecurity Initiative (BBI) 2021–2025 Strategic Plan and the Global Partnership Signature Initiative to Mitigate Biological Threats in Africa.
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Kira, Beatriz, Rutendo Tavengerwei, and Valary Mumbo. Points à examiner à l'approche des négociations de Phase II de la ZLECAf: enjeux de la politique commerciale numérique dans quatre pays d'Afrique subsaharienne. Digital Pathways at Oxford, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-dp-wp_2022/01.
Full textAbstract:
Realities such as the COVID-19 pandemic have expedited the move to online operations, highlighting the undeniable fact that the world is continuing to go digital. This emphasises the need for policymakers to regulate in a manner that allows them to harness digital trade benefits while also avoiding associated risk. However, given that digital trade remains unco-ordinated globally, with countries adopting different approaches to policy issues, national regulatory divergence on the matter continues, placing limits on the benefits that countries can obtain from digital trade. Given these disparities, ahead of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Phase II Negotiations, African countries have been considering the best way to harmonise regulations on issues related to digital trade. To do this effectively, AfCFTA members need to identify where divergencies exist in their domestic regulatory systems. This will allow AfCFTA members to determine where harmonisation is possible, as well as what is needed to achieve such harmonisation. This report analyses the domestic regulations and policies of four focus countries – South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya and Senegal – comparing their regulatory approaches to five policy issues: i) regulation of online transactions; ii) cross-border data flows, data localisation, and personal data protection; iii) access to source code and technology transfer; iv) intermediary liability; and v) customs duties on electronic transmissions. The study highlights where divergencies exist in adopted approaches, indicating the need for the four countries – and AfCFTA members in general – to carefully consider the implications of the divergences, and determine where it is possible and beneficial to harmonise approaches. This was intended to encourage AfCFTA member states to take ownership of these issues and reflect on the reforms needed. As seen in Table 1 below, the study shows that the four countries diverge on most of the five policy issues. There are differences in how all four countries regulate online transactions – that is, e-signatures and online consumer protection. Nigeria was the only country out of the four to recognise all types of e-signatures as legally equivalent. Kenya and Senegal only recognise specific e-signatures, which are either issued or validated by a recognised institution, while South Africa adopts a mixed approach, where it recognises all e-signatures as legally valid, but provides higher evidentiary weight to certain types of e-signatures. Only South Africa and Senegal have specific regulations relating to online consumer protection, while Nigeria and Kenya do not have any clear rules. With regards to cross border data flows, data localisation, and personal data protection, the study shows that all four focus countries have regulations that consist of elements borrowed from the European Union (EU) General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). In particular, this was regarding the need for the data subject's consent, and also the adequacy requirement. Interestingly, the study also shows that South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria also adopt data localisation measures, although at different levels of strictness. South Africa’s data localisation laws are mostly imposed on data that is considered critical – which is then required to be processed within South African borders – while Nigeria requires all data to be processed and stored locally, using local servers. Kenya imposes data localisation measures that are mostly linked to its priority for data privacy. Out of the four focus countries, Senegal is the only country that does not impose any data localisation laws. Although the study shows that all four countries share a position on customs duties on electronic transmissions, it is also interesting to note that none of the four countries currently have domestic regulations or policies on the subject. The report concludes by highlighting that, as the AfCFTA Phase II Negotiations aim to arrive at harmonisation and to improve intra-African trade and international trade, AfCFTA members should reflect on their national policies and domestic regulations to determine where harmonisation is needed, and whether AfCFTA is the right platform for achieving this efficiently.
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Crowley, David E., Dror Minz, and Yitzhak Hadar. Shaping Plant Beneficial Rhizosphere Communities. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594387.bard.
Full textAbstract:
PGPR bacteria include taxonomically diverse bacterial species that function for improving plant mineral nutrition, stress tolerance, and disease suppression. A number of PGPR are being developed and commercialized as soil and seed inoculants, but to date, their interactions with resident bacterial populations are still poorly understood, and-almost nothing is known about the effects of soil management practices on their population size and activities. To this end, the original objectives of this research project were: 1) To examine microbial community interactions with plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their plant hosts. 2) To explore the factors that affect PGPR population size and activity on plant root surfaces. In our original proposal, we initially prqposed the use oflow-resolution methods mainly involving the use of PCR-DGGE and PLFA profiles of community structure. However, early in the project we recognized that the methods for studying soil microbial communities were undergoing an exponential leap forward to much more high resolution methods using high-throughput sequencing. The application of these methods for studies on rhizosphere ecology thus became a central theme in these research project. Other related research by the US team focused on identifying PGPR bacterial strains and examining their effective population si~es that are required to enhance plant growth and on developing a simulation model that examines the process of root colonization. As summarized in the following report, we characterized the rhizosphere microbiome of four host plant species to determine the impact of the host (host signature effect) on resident versus active communities. Results of our studies showed a distinct plant host specific signature among wheat, maize, tomato and cucumber, based on the following three parameters: (I) each plant promoted the activity of a unique suite of soil bacterial populations; (2) significant variations were observed in the number and the degree of dominance of active populations; and (3)the level of contribution of active (rRNA-based) populations to the resident (DNA-based) community profiles. In the rhizoplane of all four plants a significant reduction of diversity was observed, relative to the bulk soil. Moreover, an increase in DNA-RNA correspondence indicated higher representation of active bacterial populations in the residing rhizoplane community. This research demonstrates that the host plant determines the bacterial community composition in its immediate vicinity, especially with respect to the active populations. Based on the studies from the US team, we suggest that the effective population size PGPR should be maintained at approximately 105 cells per gram of rhizosphere soil in the zone of elongation to obtain plant growth promotion effects, but emphasize that it is critical to also consider differences in the activity based on DNA-RNA correspondence. The results ofthis research provide fundamental new insight into the composition ofthe bacterial communities associated with plant roots, and the factors that affect their abundance and activity on root surfaces. Virtually all PGPR are multifunctional and may be expected to have diverse levels of activity with respect to production of plant growth hormones (regulation of root growth and architecture), suppression of stress ethylene (increased tolerance to drought and salinity), production of siderophores and antibiotics (disease suppression), and solubilization of phosphorus. The application of transcriptome methods pioneered in our research will ultimately lead to better understanding of how management practices such as use of compost and soil inoculants can be used to improve plant yields, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. As we look to the future, the use of metagenomic techniques combined with quantitative methods including microarrays, and quantitative peR methods that target specific genes should allow us to better classify, monitor, and manage the plant rhizosphere to improve crop yields in agricultural ecosystems. In addition, expression of several genes in rhizospheres of both cucumber and whet roots were identified, including mostly housekeeping genes. Denitrification, chemotaxis and motility genes were preferentially expressed in wheat while in cucumber roots bacterial genes involved in catalase, a large set of polysaccharide degradation and assimilatory sulfate reduction genes were preferentially expressed.
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Shenker, Moshe, Paul R. Bloom, Abraham Shaviv, Adina Paytan, Barbara J. Cade-Menun, Yona Chen, and Jorge Tarchitzky. Fate of Phosphorus Originated from Treated Wastewater and Biosolids in Soils: Speciation, Transport, and Accumulation. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697103.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Beneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levelsBeneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levels that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction.