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1
Martins, Paula Cristina Silva. "A política pública desportiva e a reestruturação do IDP, IP." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/3449.
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Mestrado em Ciência PolíticaO presente relatório de estágio, «A Política Pública Desportiva e a Reestruturação do IDP, IP», pretende analisar a evolução que as políticas desportivas sofreram ao longo dos tempos e as consecutivas remodelações do organismo do estado que foi operacionalizando estas políticas, que hoje se chama Instituto de Desporto de Portugal, IP. As políticas são o meio pelo qual uma organização escolhe as suas principais directrizes. Para satisfazer as necessidades da sociedade, o estado traça as suas metas através de políticas públicas. A área do desporto foi tomando importância e hoje é uma das políticas públicas definidas pelo Estado. O actual IDP, IP, responsável pelo apoio à implementação da política pública desportiva, é o resultado de várias mudanças que foram ocorrendo, tendo sido recentemente reorganizado através da implementação do Programa de Reestruturação da Administração Central do Estado (PRACE). O tema principal abordado diz respeito à mudança organizacional e à condução de processos de mudança. Por um lado, o mundo está em constante mudança, facto que obriga as pessoas e as organizações que dele fazem parte a acompanhar as suas mudanças. Por outro lado, o desejo crescente de uma melhoria da qualidade e de uma redução de custos também levam a que muitas organizações se reorganizem para fazerem face às novas exigências. As organizações que queiram sobreviver terão de saber lidar com as mudanças. Os actores principais serão os dirigentes das organizações, que devem definir o rumo das alterações, mas também todos os restantes funcionários da organização, pois são eles que executam as tarefas que dão origem aos bens e serviços prestados aos utentes. ABSTRACT: The present report, Sport Public Policy and the Restructuring of IDP, IP, aims to study the evolution that sports policies have suffered over time and consecutive remodellings of the organism of the state that has been materializing these policies, which today is called the Institute of Sport in Portugal, IP. Policies are the way by which an organization chooses its principal directives. To satisfy the needs of society, the state outlines its goals through public policies. The area of sport was taking importance and today is one of the public politics defined by the state. The current IDP, IP, the responsible for supporting the implementation of public policy in sport, is the result of several changes that have occurred, has recently been reorganized through the implementation of the Restructuring Program of the Central State Administration. The main subject addressed concerns the organizational change and driving change processes. On the one hand, the world is constantly changing, which forces people and organizations tracking your changes. Moreover, the growing wish for an improvement quality and a reduction of costs also is taken by them to which many organizations recognize to face to the news demands. Organizations that want to survive will have to deal with the changes. The principal actors are the leaders of organizations, who should define the path of change, but also all other employees of the organization, as they are execute the tasks that give rise to the goods and services provided to users.
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Kallonen, Markko Samu <1972>. "Conflict affected peoples’ access to education: IDP pupils in Georgia." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6718/1/KALLONEN_Markko_tesi.pdf.
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This work seeks to understand what kind of impact educational policies have had on the secondary school students among internally displaced persons (IDPs) and their identity reconstruction in Georgia. The study offers a snapshot of the current situation based on desk study and interviews conducted among a sample of secondary school IDP pupils. In the final chapter, the findings will be reflected against the broader political context in Georgia and beyond. The study is interdisciplinary and its methodology is based on social identity theory.
I shall compare two groups of IDPs who were displaced as a result of two separate conflicts. The IDPs displaced as a result of conflict in Abkhazia in 1992–1994 are named as old caseload IDPs. The second group of IDPs were displaced after a conflict in South Ossetia in 2008. Additionally, I shall touch upon the situation of the pupils among the returnees, a group of Georgian old caseload IDPs, who have spontaneously returned to de facto Abkhazia. According to the interviews, the secondary school student IDPs identify themselves strongly with the Georgian state, but their group identities are less prevailing. Particularly the old case load IDP students are fully integrated in local communities. Moreover, there seems not to be any tangible bond between the old and new caseload IDP students. The schools have neither tried nor managed to preserve IDP identities which would, for instance, make political mobilisation likely along these lines.
Right to education is a human right enshrined in a number of international conventions to which the IDPs are also entitled. Access to education or its denial has a deep impact on individual and societal development. Furthermore, education has a major role in (re)constructing personal as well as national identity.La tesi mira a comprendere l’impatto delle politiche educative su IDP (internally displaced persons, persone internamente dislocate) studenti delle scuole superiori in Georgia e sulla ricostruzione della loro identità. Lo studio offre un quadro della situazione attuale in base a un’analisi on desk e a interviste svolte con un campione di studenti IDP delle scuole superiori. Il capitolo conclusivo illustra i risultati alla luce del più ampio contesto politico georgiano. La ricerca assume carattere interdisciplinare e si basa sulla teoria dell’identità sociale. L’elaborato confronta due gruppi di IDP dislocati in seguito a due conflitti. Gli IDP dislocati a causa del conflitto in Abcasia nel periodo 1992–1994 sono denominati “prima ondata”. Il secondo gruppo proviene dal conflitto in Ossezia del Sud nel 2008. Si è inoltre considerata la situazione degli studenti tra i Ritornati, un gruppo di georgiani della prima ondata tornati spontaneamente in territorio abcaso. Le interviste indicano che gli IDP studenti delle superiori si identificano fortemente con lo Stato georgiano, ma le loro identità di gruppo risultano meno evidenti. Sono in particolare gli IDP della prima ondata a essere completamente integrati nelle comunità locali. Sembra inoltre non sussistere alcun legame tangibile tra la prima e la seconda ondata di studenti dislocati. Le scuole non si sono impegnate per preservare le identità degli IDP, non ottenendo un risultato che avrebbe probabilmente favorito la mobilitazione politica. Il diritto all’istruzione è un diritto dell’uomo sancito da diverse convenzioni internazionali che si applicano anche agli IDP. Consentire o impedire l’accesso all’istruzione ha un profondo impatto sullo sviluppo dell’individuo e della società. L’istruzione svolge inoltre un ruolo primario nella (ri)costruzione dell’identità personale e nazionale.
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Kallonen, Markko Samu <1972>. "Conflict affected peoples’ access to education: IDP pupils in Georgia." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6718/.
Full textAbstract:
This work seeks to understand what kind of impact educational policies have had on the secondary school students among internally displaced persons (IDPs) and their identity reconstruction in Georgia. The study offers a snapshot of the current situation based on desk study and interviews conducted among a sample of secondary school IDP pupils. In the final chapter, the findings will be reflected against the broader political context in Georgia and beyond. The study is interdisciplinary and its methodology is based on social identity theory.
I shall compare two groups of IDPs who were displaced as a result of two separate conflicts. The IDPs displaced as a result of conflict in Abkhazia in 1992–1994 are named as old caseload IDPs. The second group of IDPs were displaced after a conflict in South Ossetia in 2008. Additionally, I shall touch upon the situation of the pupils among the returnees, a group of Georgian old caseload IDPs, who have spontaneously returned to de facto Abkhazia. According to the interviews, the secondary school student IDPs identify themselves strongly with the Georgian state, but their group identities are less prevailing. Particularly the old case load IDP students are fully integrated in local communities. Moreover, there seems not to be any tangible bond between the old and new caseload IDP students. The schools have neither tried nor managed to preserve IDP identities which would, for instance, make political mobilisation likely along these lines.
Right to education is a human right enshrined in a number of international conventions to which the IDPs are also entitled. Access to education or its denial has a deep impact on individual and societal development. Furthermore, education has a major role in (re)constructing personal as well as national identity.La tesi mira a comprendere l’impatto delle politiche educative su IDP (internally displaced persons, persone internamente dislocate) studenti delle scuole superiori in Georgia e sulla ricostruzione della loro identità. Lo studio offre un quadro della situazione attuale in base a un’analisi on desk e a interviste svolte con un campione di studenti IDP delle scuole superiori. Il capitolo conclusivo illustra i risultati alla luce del più ampio contesto politico georgiano. La ricerca assume carattere interdisciplinare e si basa sulla teoria dell’identità sociale. L’elaborato confronta due gruppi di IDP dislocati in seguito a due conflitti. Gli IDP dislocati a causa del conflitto in Abcasia nel periodo 1992–1994 sono denominati “prima ondata”. Il secondo gruppo proviene dal conflitto in Ossezia del Sud nel 2008. Si è inoltre considerata la situazione degli studenti tra i Ritornati, un gruppo di georgiani della prima ondata tornati spontaneamente in territorio abcaso. Le interviste indicano che gli IDP studenti delle superiori si identificano fortemente con lo Stato georgiano, ma le loro identità di gruppo risultano meno evidenti. Sono in particolare gli IDP della prima ondata a essere completamente integrati nelle comunità locali. Sembra inoltre non sussistere alcun legame tangibile tra la prima e la seconda ondata di studenti dislocati. Le scuole non si sono impegnate per preservare le identità degli IDP, non ottenendo un risultato che avrebbe probabilmente favorito la mobilitazione politica. Il diritto all’istruzione è un diritto dell’uomo sancito da diverse convenzioni internazionali che si applicano anche agli IDP. Consentire o impedire l’accesso all’istruzione ha un profondo impatto sullo sviluppo dell’individuo e della società. L’istruzione svolge inoltre un ruolo primario nella (ri)costruzione dell’identità personale e nazionale.
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Smit, Anneke. "The limits of housing and property restitution and IDP/refugee return." Thesis, University of Reading, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501336.
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The thesis examines protections afforded by the emerging right in international law of refugees or internally displaced persons to retum to their homes of origin following conflict. The establishment of discrete, quasi-judicial housing and property restitution mechanisms (for example in Kosovo and Bosnia-Herzegovina) promising "restitution in kind" has become the preferred approach of the international community. Their attractiveness is that they promise both legal redress and a practical outcome - the retum of refugees and IDPs to their homes. However, as the thesis discusses, the desires of refugees and IDPs often shift over a long displacement, to the point that return often no longer equates with going "home". Meanwhile ties begin to form with the host community. The thesis assesses the effectiveness of restitution mechanisms as concerns the decision-making of refugees and displaced persons, and concludes that they will be useful if undertaken quickly and in coordination with a larger project to encourage return. In protracted refugee situations, by contrast, restitution is unlikely to lead to widespread retum. A wider array of remedies (including increased use of compensation in place of restitution in kind) and approaches to the protection of housing and property rights for displaced persons should be available. Further, rather than detracting from the rights-based approach, such solutions are solidly rooted in the larger property rights discourse and may in fact strengthen protections of the rights to housing and property for returnees. Based in qualitative and quantitative empirical research, the last chapter presents a case study of protracted displacement and the possibilities for housing and property rights approaches which support a range of durable solutions in the Republic of Georgia and South Ossetia.
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Widder, Katharina [Verfasser], Dariusz [Gutachter] Hinderberger, and Heinz-Jürgen [Gutachter] Steinhoff. "Characterisation of the effects of intrinsically disordered protein (IDP)-solvent and IDP-lipid interactions in aqueous solution and lipid monolayers / Katharina Widder ; Gutachter: Dariusz Hinderberger, Heinz-Jürgen Steinhoff." Halle (Saale) : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1210731673/34.
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Castillo, Vanessa, and Freddy Salgado. "The SUITED Framework for International Development Project Management : Enhancing Flexibility in IDP." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-115813.
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International Development Projects (IDP) are designed to deliver sustained solutions to human life quality threatens. They aim to improve living conditions in emerging countries through initiatives that should provide long-term sustained results. However, the extreme characteristics of IDP contexts challenge traditional project management methodologies. The dynamic nature of stakeholders’ relationships and influence adds additional pressures to the management teams. Higher levels of uncertainty in IDP are faced with non-flexible strategies that compromise the long-term desired results. Not enough participation of relevant stakeholders and beneficiaries limits the impact of development initiatives. The authors could identify that IDP management is overall an under-investigated field. Specifically, contemporary challenges arisen from unbalanced robust/flexible strategies and low stakeholders participation have undermined the impact success of those projects. Moreover, there is no academic study that constructs on how flexibility could be enhanced in IDP, while maintaining control. Methodologies such as design thinking and agile have elucidated new paths of action for better impact and customer satisfaction in other industries, by enabling flexibility and change management. Despite their huge proven success, these methodologies are still a phenomenon limited to IT and design industries. Therefore, in IDP field there is no framework linking contingency and participatory development theories with flexible methods similar to design thinking and agile methodologies. In order to bridge this gap the authors will embark in a qualitative study to explore literature and gain insights from actors within the IDP field about the problem at hand. A multiple embedded case study will be conducted with ID academics and practitioners at supervisory and implementation levels from across the world. A possible solution will be designed for IDP management from a different angle to that of traditional management, in order to build up flexibility without compromising project structure. The proposed framework will tackle flexibility and participation issues by integrating design thinking and agile methodologies into IDP. The theoretical findings suggest that enabling participatory development strategies in the design phase, and expanding the available project knowledge would enhance IDP flexibility. Likewise, IDP flexibility during the implementation phase is impacted by the quality and relevance of information and methodological tools available, stakeholders’ involvement, as well as the handover process. Therefore, since no previous studies interconnecting those theories to enhanced flexibility could be found in IDP, an expansion of available theoretical knowledge on contingency and participatory development theory in IDP is produced. The authors concluded that design thinking and agile principles may conceptually prove useful to effectively deal with the problems identified, thus project design is more adequate, and collaboration among stakeholders proves effective to deal with uncertainty and complexity. These constructs are explained in the propositions made for the SUITE framework to IDP, which aims to practically contribute to the management field of IDP.
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Pereira, Paulo Roberto Alves. "Otimização dinamica de um reator de polimerização pela aplicação da metodologia IDP." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/267100.
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Orientador: Ana Maria Frattini FiletiTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T11:28:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_PauloRobertoAlves_D.pdf: 4037300 bytes, checksum: da84be7f1c008bf7d365f44936f53414 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: Um grande número de indústrias químicas, bioquímicas e farmacêuticas, utiliza reatores de polimerização em batelada para a produção de polímeros especiais de alto valor agregado. Para tanto, são requeridas ferramentas de controle que forneçam informações confiáveis e otimizem as principais variáveis envolvidas na reação, conferindo propriedades específicas aos polímeros. Para o presente trabalho, adotou-se a reação de polimerização em batelada do metacrilato de metila (MMA) via radicais livres em solução, formando o polimetacrilato de metila (PMMA). O peróxido de benzoíla foi usado como iniciador e o acetato de etila como solvente. Para as etapas da reação do MMA, utilizou-se um modelo matemático fenomenológico conhecido e testado experimentalmente. Para o controle ótimo da temperatura do reator (T), manipulou-se a vazão do líquido de resfriamento (Fcw) e a potência de aquecimento on/off (Q) para o reator em batelada, composto de vidro encamisado, com capacidade para um litro de mistura reacional e um litro de fluido de resfriamento em sua jaqueta. Para a otimização do sistema MMA-PMMA, optou-se pela metodologia IDP (Iterative Dynamic Programming). Desenvolveu-se um programa IDP em Matlab, cuja confiabilidade foi testada com sucesso por um exemplo disponível na literatura especializada. Os resultados mostraram que o programa IDP é capaz de otimizar diferentes características de interesse como a conversão do monômero (Xm), representando um potencial de melhoria econômica. A comparação dos resultados das trajetórias de T e de Fcw obtidos pela otimização off line via IDP, com os resultados experimentais obtidos por Nunes (2004) e Antunes et al. (2005), apresenta comportamentos discrepantes ao longo do tempo. Esta discrepância pode explicar o rendimento experimental de 0,4 para Xm, cujo setpoint para T foi fixado em 63 ºC (336 K) e o seu controle executado pelo modelo PIDFuzzy, contra 0,6 da otimização off line via IDP, que considera os valores de Xm obtidos em cada estágio P para indicar novos setpoints de T. Logo, pode-se inferir que não é o controle de T através de um setpoint fixo que irá permitir um valor máximo de Xm, mas o controle de T para setpoints variáveis em cada estágio de tempo P, definidos pela trajetória de Xm obtida na otimização off line. Esta constatação pode ser considerada a grande contribuição da metodologia IDP para este trabalho. Portanto, pode-se afirmar que o programa IDP desenvolvido é adequado para a otimização off line do processo de polimerização do MMA.
Abstract: A considerable number of chemical, biochemical and pharmaceutical industries, make use of batch polymerization reactors in their processes, mainly to produce polymers with special characteristics and high aggregated value. In order to supply products with high quality standards required by the market, control tools are necessary to provide as fast as possible reliable processes information and at the same time, to optimize the main variables involved in the reaction and attribute special properties to the polymers. This work is concerned with the methyl metacrilate (MMA) free-radical batch solution polymerization reaction, which produces the polymethyl methacrilate (PMMA). Ethyl acetate is used as solvent and benzoyl peroxide as the reaction initiator. To represent the MMA polymerization reaction, a known and experimented phenomenological mathematical model was used. For the reaction optimal temperature (T) control were defined as manipulated variables the inlet cooling water flow rate (Fcw) and the heating power (Q). The equipment is a glass reactor of one liter capacity surrounded by a glass jacket for the heat exchange with the cooling water. To optimize the MMA-PMMA system, a program based on IDP (Iterative Dynamic Programming) technique was developed in Matlab and successfully tested through an example from the specialized literature. The results showed that the IDP program is capable of optimizing different characteristics of interest as the monomer conversion (Xm), and may represent a potential of economic improvement. The comparison between the results of trajectories T and Fcw from the off line optimization via IDP, with the experimental results presented by Nunes (2004) and Antunes et al. (2005), shows discrepant behaviors along the reaction time. This discrepancy may explain the poor experimental value of 0.4 for Xm, once the set point for T was set up in 336 K and its control performed by a PID-Fuzzy model during the runs, against a value of 0.6 for Xm from the off line optimization trough IDP program, which suggests new set points based on the results of Xm for each stage P. Therefore, it is possible to affirm that the use of a fixed set point to control T during the reaction probably will not lead the reaction to a maximum value of Xm, but the use of variable set points for each time stage P, according to off line optimization results for Xm. This description may be considered the major contribution from the IDP methodology for this work. Therefore, the program IDP developed in this work can be considered suitable for the off line optimization of MMA polymerization reaction.
Doutorado
Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica
Doutor em Engenharia Química
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Tamburini, Filippo <1990>. "Azerbaigian, un paese in crescita: il ruolo del governo nel problema IDP." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/6132.
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Il lavoro di tesi si propone di analizzare il rapporto fra l'impetuosa crescita economica dell'Azerbaigian negli ultimi vent'anni e il miglioramento delle condizioni di vita degli IDP (Internally Displaced Persons) residenti nel Paese attraverso l'azione di enti pubblici come il Fondo Statale Petrolifero (SOFAZ) e la Fondazione Culturale Heydar Aliyev. Lo sviluppo dell'elaborato ha visto l'utilizzo di diversi tipi di fonti come rapporti delle organizzazioni internazionali, articoli specialistici, banche dati online e pubblicazioni sull'argomento. Il lavoro è stato integrato anche da interviste effettuate direttamente sul campo in Azerbaigian.
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Fokane, Molete Edwin. "An assessment of Rosendal-Mautse participation in the IDP process of Dihlabeng Municipality." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1487.
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Siphuma, Zwiitani Ralson. "An assessment of the role of public participation in IDP : the Thulamela Municipality." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1662.
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Thesis (MPA (School of Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.The concept of public participation has gained wider acceptance in government circles as a tool to strengthen the pillars of this government’s democratic structures. Globally, governments’ accountability can be gauged by the extent to which they practise public participation in decision-making in facing up to the challenges of the day. The concept of public participation arrived in South Africa in the 1980s and was supposedly applied to the inception of a true democratic dispensation in 1994. In the South African context, public participation cannot be over-emphasised as it underpins the democracy introduced in 1994. Because of the great importance of public participation, the South African government has enacted a number of statutes such as the Constitution (1996) and the Municipal Structures Act (2000) that give substance to public participation. Even though public participation is applied at national and provincial government levels in South Africa, it is principally in the Local Government field where it is widely applied in order to enable good governance and sustainable service delivery. This study examines the role of ward committees in public participation in Local Government, with specific reference to Thulamela Municipality. The study suggests that the transformation and democratisation of South African Local Government can be achieved through effective implementation of public participation at grassroots level. Apart from passing legislation, more needs to be done to stimulate public participation. The study has furthermore found that even though statutes provide for communities to participate in a range of government-created regulatory structures such as the IDP Representative Forums and Ward Committees, municipalities need to develop strategies for public participation. Not only do municipalities need to develop strategies for public participation, they also need to develop proper mechanisms to encourage the participation of community stakeholders and organisations. The study is primarily based on qualitative data collected from Thulamela Municipality through personal interviews with councillors, officials and ward committee members. Moreover, the study also rests on observations at IDP Representative Forums, IDP and Budget consultative meetings, focus group discussions and a review of local government statutes and literature providing knowledge on the subject under study.
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TEDESCHI, GIULIA. "Effect of electrostatic charges on aggregation and conformation of intrinsically disordered proteins." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/198946.
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Intrinsecamente disordinata” viene definita una proteina nativa priva di struttura secondaria o terziaria, non esposta ad agenti denaturanti. Le proteine con queste caratteristiche sono indicate come IDP/IDR, e rappresentano una ampia porzione del proteoma di tutti gli esseri viventi. Le IDP sono coinvolte in molte funzioni fisiologiche e patologiche, come la formazione di organuli cellulari privi di membrane e nei processi di fibrillazione associate ad amiloidosi. Entrambi questi fenomeni appaiono sempre più associati alla capacità delle IDP di formare interazioni intermolecolari. Stati patologici possono essere causati da disfunzioni e cattiva regolazione delle proprietà conformazionali e di aggregazione delle IDP. L’aggregazione e la conformazione delle IDP sono state ascritte a diversi fattori: la lunghezza della sequenza, le interazioni idrofobiche, i legami ad idrogeno e le cariche elettrostatiche. A questa ultima abbiamo rivolto la nostra attenzione dal momento che le IDP sono ricche di amminoacidi carichi. La carica netta per residuo (NCPR), la frazione totale di residui carichi (FCR) e la distribuzione di residui di carica opposta (valore κ) sono stati considerati i principali determinanti della dimensione della catena e delle classi conformazionali delle IDP. La prima parte del piano sperimentale interessa il concetto di NCPR, cioè la carica netta normalizzata per la lunghezza della proteina. Il nostro obiettivo è di descrivere come questo parametro influenzi la risposta delle IDP a cambiamenti di pH, con conseguente perdita di solubilità. Come modello viene utilizzata PNT del virus del morbillo ed a partire da questa si ottiene un array di varianti aventi la stessa idrofobicità e FCR, ma differenti per NCPR ed il punto isoelettrico (pI). Le proteine analizzate mostrano solubilità minima in corrispondenza del loro valore di pI, come atteso, ma tale diminuzione di solubilità non è uniforme, ma guidata dal valore di NCPR di ciascuna variante proteica. I nostri dati suggeriscono che la solubilità complessiva della proteina sia legata al valore di NCPR. La seconda parte del lavoro si è ispirata al concetto di clusterizzazione di cariche ed ha come obiettivo la valutazione di come le proprietà di compattezza delle IDP dipendano dal valore di κ. In questo caso sono state utilizzate due IDP ben caratterizzate, NTAIL dal virus del morbillo e PNT4 da Hendra virus. Grazie alla possibilità di modificare la sequenza amminoacidica delle IDP, senza interferire sul complessivo disordine strutturale, entrambi i geni sono stati riprogettati. Sono stati ottenuti due set di proteine sintetiche, ciascuno contenente una proteina wt e due varianti in cui le cariche sono uniformemente distribuite (low κ) o completamente segregate all’N- ed al C-terminus (high κ). Le proprietà conformazionali della proteina wt e delle corrispondenti varianti sono valutate mediante tecniche biofisiche. Complessivamente i dati sperimentali confermano il trend atteso cioè un aumento del grado di compattezza conformazionale all’aumentare dei valori di κ, secondo una proporzione che è tipica di ciascuna proteina in relazione al suo contenuto di proline. Complessivamente i nostri risultati confermano precedenti dati computazionali e sperimentali suggerendo come residui carichi, attraverso la loro frequenza (NCPR) e la distribuzione (κ) influenzino solubilità e compattezza delle IDP. I due lavori sperimentali sottolineano il contesto, ambientale (ad esempio le condizioni di pH) o di sequenza (la % di proline), in cui NCPR e distribuzione di cariche sono più efficaci nel determinare le caratteristiche di solubilità e compattezza conformazionale delle IDP. La rilevanza di queste informazioni è legata non solo allo studio IDP naturali, ma anche alla progettazione razionale di proteine non naturali con proprietà aggregative e conformazionali ben definite“Intrinsic disorder” is generally referred to the conformational status of native proteins lacking of secondary and/or tertiary structure, although not exposed to any denaturing agent. These proteins, which are called intrinsically disordered (IDP/IDRs) represent a large class in the proteomes of all living beings, with a remarkable abundance among more complex eukaryotes and viruses. IDPs have been recognized to be involved in many relevant physiological and pathological functions, such as the coacervation of membrane-less organelles or the fibrillation in amyloid bodies. It is becoming clearer that fast and massive intermolecular interactions involving IDPs are governing both kinds of phenomena and that pathologies can arise from dysregulations of conformational properties and aggregation ability. The conformation and aggregation features of IDPs have been ascribed in turn to several factors, such as sequence length, hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds or electrostatic charges. The latter deserve particular attention since charged residues are particularly abundant in IDPs. The net charge per residue (NCPR), the total fraction of charged residues (FCR), and the linear distribution of opposite charges (κ value) have been recently regarded as the primary determinants of IDPs conformational properties. The first part of the experimental work presented in this thesis was inspired by the concept of NCPR, which represents the net charge normalized by the protein length. The aim is to describe how the NCPR influences the ability of IDPs to respond to environment pH changes through loss of solubility. PNT from measles virus was used as a model IDP. Moreover, the wild type (wt) protein was compared with an array of PNT variants sharing the same hydrophobicity and total number of charged residues (FCR), but differing in net charges per residue and isoelectric points (pI). Tested proteins showed a solubility minimum close to their pI, as expected, but the pH-dependent decrease of solubility was not uniform and driven by the NCPR of each variant. Our data suggest that the overall solubility of a protein can be dictated by protein regions endowed with NCPR and, hence, prompter to respond to pH changes. The second part of experimental work was inspired by the concept of charge clustering. The aim was consisting at verifying that the compaction properties of IDPs are tunable by the κ value. We have used two well-characterized IDPs, namely measles virus NTAIL and Hendra virus PNT4, as model systems. Taking advantage of the high sequence designability of IDPs, genes of PNT4 and NTAIL were redesigned to obtain two sets of synthetic proteins each including the wild type (wt) form and two “κ variants”. In low-κ variants, charged amino acids are most evenly distributed, in high-κ variants charges are clustered as much as possible at the N- and C-termini (high κ). κ variants, along with wt forms, were subjected to various biophysical techniques to assess their conformational properties.Overall, experimental data confirm the expected trend, with compactness increasing with κ value. The increase of compactness does not follow a general trend, but it is protein-specific and related to the proline content. All together, these findings confirm previous theoretical and experimental data on the role of charged residues frequency (NCPR) and distribution (κ). The main value of this experimental work is in pinpointing the context, which is the environment – pH – or the amino acid composition – proline % –, where such driving forces of aggregation and compaction are mostly effective. This knowledge is useful not only to describe how the conformational behavior of IDPs is encoded by their amino acid sequence, but also to rationally design non-natural IDPs with desired conformational and aggregation properties
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Dickinson, Eleanor. "Characterising disordered proteins of the cancer genome using biophysical techniques." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/characterising-disordered-proteins-of-the-cancer-genome-using-biophysical-techniques(e7b59c5c-293c-4d49-b1cf-cb4c0bf2ccd3).html.
Full textAbstract:
Protein function and dysfunction, and their intimate ties to protein structure, has been a core focus of research for several decades. More recently, research into the lack of structure in proteins has reached fever pitch. Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are proteins (or protein regions) that exist as collapsed or extended, dynamically mobile conformational ensembles, either at secondary or tertiary level, whilst remaining biologically active. The properties of IDPs can impede their study; they are often inherently unstable, are vastly wide-ranging in molecular weight and often difficult to express in large quantities. Mass spectrometry (MS) has evolved into a tool for the study of dynamic systems such as IDPs due to its large dynamic range, high sensitivity, low sample consumption and its lack of bias towards the folded state of a protein. The addition of ion mobility separation to mass spectrometry analysis (IM-MS) provides insight into the conformations adopted by proteins and their complexes, measuring their rotationally averaged collision cross section which can be compared with coordinates from other biophysical techniques such as X-ray crystallography, NMR and to molecular modelling. The work presented in this thesis uses both MS and IM-MS, along with several other biophysical techniques, to interrogate a number of IDPs which are implicated in cancer. Firstly, variable temperature IM-MS is used to probe several proteins of increasing disorder; structured protein cytochrome c, the tumour suppressor protein p53 and the oncoprotein Murine Double Minute 2 (Mdm2), performing IM-MS measurements at a range of temperature from 200 K to 571 K to elucidate the gas-phase unfolding behaviour of each protein. The interaction between p53 and Mdm2 is a current target for cancer drug therapy. Hence MS and IM-MS, alongside circular dichroism and hydrogen-deuterium exchange are next employed to determine the effect of several known small molecule ligands on the conformations adopted by these disordered domains. The significant structuring of both of these disordered proteins upon binding to their respective ligands can be observed using IM-MS, but is not apparent when using other biophysical techniques, highlighting the ability of IM-MS to capture conformational changes occurring in solution on a short timescale. The regulation of disorder in cells is postulated to be mediated by proline residues. I investigate the impact of proline replacement on the populations of conformers presented by p53 using a range of mutants and then go on to study how these mutations impact upon the binding stoichiometry, affinity and conformational preference of p53 for its interaction partner Mdm2. Finally, the disordered melanoma associated antigen 4 MAGE-A4, and its ability to bind to p53 and block its transcriptional activity is probed using MS and IM-MS.
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Beltrandi, Matilde. "Characterization of the intrinsically disordered and multimerization regions of the Henipavirus P proteins." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4115.
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Le objectif de ma thèse était la caractérisation moléculaire de la P des virus Nipah et Hendra (BL4) du genre Henipavirus. Le génome est encapsidé par la N qui sert de substrat pour la transcription et la réplication. La polymérase est composée par la L e son cofacteur la P. La P est composée d’un domaine N-terminal (PNT) désordonné et un domaine C-terminal (PCT) constitué d’une alternance de régions désordonnés et ordonnés (PMD domaine de multimerization). J'ai étudié PMD, PCT et PNT utilisant le «cross-linking», le CD, le SAXS, la RMN et la modélisation moléculaire. J'ai montré que le PMD du Hendra et Nipah sont un coiled-coil triméreric. La région PCT, est également un trimère en solution. Les protéines P des henipavirus constituent à ce jour le seul exemple de protéines P paramyxovirales ayant une organisation trimérique. En utilisant le SAXS, j'ai obtenu une description de Hendra PNT en tant qu’ensemble conformationnel. J'ai entrepris la caractérisation de la PNT par RMN. J’ai divisée la PNT avec l’approche divide et impera (PNT1,2,3,4). J’ai pu réaliser des expériences permettant l’attribution de PNT1, et j’ai également effectué des mesures de relaxation (R1, R2 et NOE) sur les fragments PNT1, PNT2 et PNT3. Les résultats issus des travaux effectués ont ouvert la voie vers l’obtention d’une description atomistique de la PNT en tant qu'ensemble conformationnel. Ces informations avec les informations structurales que j’ai sur PCT, PMD et XD, devraient conduire à une description atomistique de la P entière en tant qu’ensemble conformationnel. Ces informations structurales détaillées constitueront aussi un socle pour des approches antivirales rationnellesThe objective of my PhD project was the molecular characterization of the P protein from the Nipah and Hendra viruses (BL4) belonging to the Henipavirus genus. The genome is encapsidated by the N that is the substrate for transcription and replication. The polymerase is made up the L and its cofactor the P. The P protein consists of an intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain (PNT), and a C-terminal domain (PCT) made of alternating disordered and ordered domain (PMD or P multimerization domain). I investigated the PMD, PCT and PNT regions, using cross-linking, AUC, CD, SAXS, NMR and molecular modeling. I showed that Hendra and Nipah PMD are a trimeric coiled-coil in solution. The Henipavirus proteins constitute so far the unique examples of a trimeric organization in paramyxoviral P proteins. The PCT is a trimer as well. Using SAXS, I obtained an ensemble description of PNT. To obtain site-specific information that improve SAXS-based models, I undertook the characterization of Hendra PNT by NMR. The latter was divided using the “divide et impera” approach to get four fragments (PNT1,2,3,4). Experiments for the assignment have been performed for PNT1. R1, R2 and NOE were carried out on PNT1,2,3. Altogether the results laid the basis for achieving an atomic-resolution conformational ensemble description of Hendra PNT. This information, combined with structural information that I collected on PCT, PMD and XD, is expected to lead an atomistic ensemble description of the full-length P, which would represent the first, such a description of a paramyxoviral P protein. This detailed structural information will also constitute an asset for rational antiviral approaches
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Erasmus, Vernon William Hendry. "Administrative support for community participation in the IDP : a case study of the Oostenberg Municipality." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51566.
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Thesis (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study explains community participation in the Integrated Development Planning (lDP) process and indicates that administrative support in the Oostenberg Municipality is not conducive for the facilitation of effective participation in this process. This resulted in poor attendance of the 1997/98 cycle of the IDP meetings. Certain improvements in this regard to the 1998/99 cycle did not show any significant difference. This situation did not allow the Oostenberg Municipality to achieve the objective of meaningful input from the community in the IDP policy process. It resulted in the budget not reflecting the priority needs of community specifically. Data in the study was obtained by means of a questionnaire. Information derived at supports the researcher's hypothesis that administrative support is not conducive to effective participation. The study yielded various reasons for non-participation, inter-alia that: the community was uninformed about the IDP, preventing people from access to information and effective participation; II> community participation was undertaken by various directorates on a fragmented basis while no official plan for implementing participation in a coordinated fashion existed; the Oostenberg Municipality relied only on community meetings as a method of participation. The illiteracy factor in the Oostenberg community however, made this an ineffective method; and the community do not value their participation because of the perception that the municipality and it's officials do not regard the community input in a serious light. Based on these findings, criteria for supporting effective community participation processes were developed. Practical recommendations which can be used to overcome the problems of participation in the context of the study were formulated. The principle recommendations derived at in this study are the following: ~ participation should be institutionalised by making one directorate responsible for it; ~ incorporating a participation policy into the organisation; ~ introducing alternative participation mechanisms, techniques and structures for the IDP; ~ the establishment of better communication systems and processes for the IDP; and, ~ the use of developmental-orientated officials and councillors (by providing them with ongoing training and development). If officials and councillors become developmentorientated they will eventually value community participation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie verduidelik deelname in die Geïntegreerde Ontwikkelingsbeplanning proses (GOP) en dui daarop dat administratiewe steun in die Oostenberg Munisipaliteit nie bevorderlik is vir die ontwikkeling van effektiewe deelname in die proses nie. Dit het veroorsaak dat daar swak bywoning van die 1997/98 siklus van GOP vergaderings was. Verbeterings in hierdie verband tot die 1998/99 siklus het nie enige merkwaardige verbeterings getoon nie. Die swak bywoning het nie die Oostenberg Munisipaliteit toegelaat om die doelwitte van betekenisvolle insette van die gemeenskap in die GOP proses te bereik nie. Dit het gevolg dat die prioriteite van die gemeenskap nie in die begroting gereflekteer is nie. Data in die studie was verkry deur middel van 'n vraelys. Afleiding gemaak vanafinligting ondersteun die navorser se hipotese dat administrasie steun nie bevorderlik is vir effektiewe deelname nie. Die studie verskaf verskeie redes vir die swak deelname, onder andere dat: die gemeenskap oningelig was oor die GOP en dat dit die mense weerhou het van toegang tot informasie en effektiewe deelname; .. gemeenskapsdeelname onderneem was deur verskeie direktorate op 'n gefragmenteerde basis terwyl geen amptelike plan vir die implementering van effektiewe deelname op 'n gekoordineerde manier bestaan het nie; Oostenberg Munisipaliteit slegs op gemeenskapsvergaderings staatgemaak het as 'n metode van deelname. Die ongeletterdheid in die Oostenberg gemeenskap het dit 'n oneffektiewe metode gemaak; en .. die gemeenskap heg geen waarde aan hul deelname nie aangesien die persepsie bestaan dat die munisipaliteit en sy amptenare nie die gemeenskap se insette in 'n ernstige lig beskou nie. Gebaseer op hierdie bevinding was kriteria vir effektiewe deelname ontwikkel. Praktiese aanbevelings wat gebruik kan word om probleme van deelname te oorkom was in die konteks van hierdie studie geformuleer. Die belangrikste aanbevelings is as volg: .. deelname moet ge-institusionaliseer word en een direktoraat verantwoordelik te maak daarvoor; .. die daarstelling van 'n deelname-beleid by die munisipaliteit; .. die bekendstelling van alternatiewe deelname meganisme, tegnieke en strukture vir die GOP; .. die vestiging van beter kommunikasie stelsels en prosesse vir die GOP; en .. die aanwending van ontwikkeling georiënteerde amptenare en raadslede (deur hulle te voorsien van deurlopende opleiding en ontwikkeling). Indien amptenare en raadslede ontwikkelings-georiënteerd is, sal hulle waarde kan heg aan gemeenskapsdeelname.
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BIANCHI, GRETA. "Compaction and condensation properties of intrinsically disordered model proteins." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/10281/404606.
Full textAbstract:
Le proteine prive di una struttura terziaria stabile sono definite proteine intrinsecamente disordinate (IDP). La risultante plasticità conformazionale conferisce alle IDP l’abilità di interagire con numerosi partner. Di conseguenza, le IDP sono coinvolte nelle cascate di trasduzione del segnale e nei fenomeni di condensazione proteica (detti separazione di fase liquido-liquido), i quali originano i cosiddetti “organelli privi di membrana” (MLO). Gli MLO includono svariati condensati citoplasmatici e nucleari che svolgono funzioni biologiche cruciali nella cellula. Le IDP mantengono il proprio network di interazioni principalmente attraverso contatti elettrostatici, essendo le loro catene particolarmente ricche di residui cationici ed anionici. La distribuzione delle cariche opposte (o patterning delle cariche) è emersa come caratteristica chiave responsabile delle dimensioni complessive e della propensione alla condensazione delle IDP. Un parametro di sequenza, k, è stato introdotto per descrivere in maniera quantitativa il patterning delle cariche nelle catene polipeptidiche.
Investigare l’importanza del patterning delle cariche in relazione alla conformazione delle IDP e alla separazione di fase è l’obiettivo principale di questa tesi, che si organizza in due sezioni. Nella prima sezione, è stato studiato l’effetto della distribuzione delle cariche sull’ensemble conformazionale di IDP modello, determinando parallelamente l’influenza del contenuto di proline e degli elementi di struttura secondaria. Tre regioni intrinsecamente disordinate modello (IDR), ovvero NTAIL, PNT4 e NFM, similmente cariche ma con differente contenuto di proline, sono state permutate così da ottenere, a partire da ciascuna sequenza wild-type (wt), due varianti di k che presentano una differente distribuzione dei residui carichi: un costrutto “Low k”, che mostra un’alternanza più regolare rispetto alla proteina wt dei residui dotati di carica opposta; una variante “High k” con una separazione più pronunciata delle cariche elettriche opposte. La composizione amminoacidica complessiva e le coordinate dei residui non carichi non sono state alterate. Le proprietà conformazionali della proteina wt e delle varianti di k sono state determinate combinando la cromatografia ad esclusione molecolare e la spettrometria di massa nativa. I dati sperimentali suggeriscono che la clusterizzazione delle cariche produce il rimodellamento dell’ensemble conformazionale delle IDP, il quale promuove la compattazione della catena polipeptidica e/o l’acquisizione di una forma più sferica in maniera proteino-specifica, secondo il contesto di sequenza.
Nella seconda sezione, il patterning delle cariche è stato analizzato in relazione ai fenomeni di separazione di fase. Il dominio disordinato N-terminale (hNTD) della topoisomerasi I umana è stato scelto come IDR modello a causa dell’elevata densità di residui carichi e della sua propensione alla separazione di fase predetta attraverso metodi bioinformatici. Due mutanti di carica di hNTD, Mk-NTD e Hk-NTD, caratterizzati da una progressiva clusterizzazione dei residui cationici ed anionici, sono stati prodotti al fine di verificare l’impatto del patterning delle cariche sul processo di separazione di fase. Sono stati impiegati il salto di pH e l’aggiunta di RNA come stimoli efficienti per promuovere la condensazione delle proteine modello. Le analisi di turbidimetria e microscopia confocale hanno confermato che hNTD va incontro a separazione di fase attraverso interazioni elettrostatiche e che una più spiccata clusterizzazione dei residui amminoacidici con carica opposta intacca la morfologia dei condensati e la sensibilità a sali e RNA.
Complessivamente, i risultati inclusi in questa tesi di dottorato aiutano a delineare il ruolo sfaccettato della distribuzione delle cariche nel determinare sia le proprietà della singola catena che quelle multi-catena.Proteins lacking a stable tertiary structure are defined as intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). The resulting conformational plasticity gives IDPs the ability to rapidly and reversibly respond to environmental changes and to interact with multiple partners, acquiring an ordered structure upon binding or maintaining fuzzy conformations. As a consequence, IDPs are largely involved in signal transduction cascades and protein condensation phenomena (designated as liquid-liquid phase separation), which give rise to the so-called “membraneless organelles” (MLOs). MLOs include many cytoplasmatic and nuclear condensates, such as stress granules and the nucleolus, which exert crucial biological functions in the cell. IDPs maintain this interaction network primarily through electrostatic contacts, being their chains particularly enriched in cationic and anionic residues, together with prolines and glycines. Besides the net charge of the proteins, the distribution of opposite charges (or charge patterning) has emerged as a key feature dictating the overall size and condensation propensity of IDPs. A sequence parameter, k, has been introduced to quantitatively describe charge patterning in polypeptide chains. Investigating the relevance of charge patterning on IDP conformation and phase separation is the main objective of this thesis, which is organized into two sections. In the first section, the effect of charge distribution on the conformational ensemble of model IDPs was studied, in parallel assessing the influence of other sequence features such as proline content and secondary structure elements. Three model intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), namely NTAIL, PNT4 and NFM, similarly charged yet with different proline fractions, were permutated in order to obtain from each wild-type (wt) sequence two k -variants with different distributions of charged residues: a “Low-k" variant, with a more regular alternation of oppositely charged residues than in the wt protein; a “High- k" variant with a more pronounced separation of opposite charges. The overall amino acid composition and the coordinates of uncharged residues were not altered. Conformational properties of wt and k-variants were assessed combining size-exclusion chromatography and native mass spectrometry. Experimental data confirm that charge clustering induces the remodeling of the IDP conformational ensemble, promoting chain compaction and/or increasing the spherical shape in a protein-specific manner, depending on the sequence context. In the second section, charge patterning was analyzed in relation to phase separation phenomena. The disordered N-terminal domain (hNTD) of human topoisomerase I was chosen as the model IDR for this study due the high density of its charged residues and the propensity for phase separation predicted by bioinformatic methods. It was observed that the charge pattern of NTDs follows a clear evolutionary trend, with vertebrates showing an extremely regular distribution of opposite charges, while yeasts and fungi present the strongest charge separation. Two hNTD charge permutants, named Mk-NTD and Hk-NTD, with progressive clustering of opposite charges, were recombinantly produced to assess the impact of different charge patterns on phase separation. The pH jump and the addition of RNA proved to be effective stimuli for the condensation of all model proteins. Turbidimetric and confocal microscopy analyses confirmed that hNTD undergoes phase separation through electrostatic interactions and that the increased clustering of residues with opposite charges impairs condensate morphology and sensitivity to salts and RNA. Overall, the results included in this thesis help delineate the multifaceted role of charge patterning in determining both single-chain and multiple-chain properties.
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ABDELBAGI, OSMAN MOHAMED MAWA. "Solidarity in Time of Armed Conflict. Women’s patterns of solidarity in Internally Displaced Person (IDPs) camps in Darfur, Western Sudan." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/382046.
Full textAbstract:
This study is an interdisciplinary study it brings together three rather unrelated traditions of social scientific thinking concerning social bonds: (1) sociological theory on solidarity, (2) anthropological theory on the cultural and social meanings of exchange, and (3) social psychology theory of emotions (based on conditions and circumstances that promote solidarity). The study also builds a framework to explore social solidarity in the context of armed conflict. Therefore, our research design comprises two studies, a qualitative study and a quantitative one, with a sample of 505 married, widows, divorced, and separated women (50 for the qualitative investigation) coming from different ethnic groups. We also interviewed the camp leader, government institutions, and NGOs. And to gain a better understanding of the practices of solidarity at the everyday level, we did participant observation. Moreover, the mixed methodology adopted in this study has allowed us to approach and explore the phenomena in two different ways, reaching a more comprehensive understanding
Through qualitative exploration, we have been able to explain how the community mange to build social fabric with the help of the NGOs and the camp leaders. Also, it shows how political and economic situations can impact social bonds. Also, it explains how Darfurian women have shown themselves to be highly competent and active who draw on personal, social, and external resources to enhance their social solidarity so they can cope with the hard-living condition. Women’s solidarity has emerged as particularly multidimensional, revealing the importance of moving across individual, family, community, and societal levels when examining life in war-torn contexts. The conceptual model built from our data highlights the crucial interconnection between women’s coping strategies and practices of solidarity. Furthermore, the results show how women’s agency as a bottom-up approach to peacebuilding can contribute to states’ long-term peacebuilding efforts and, thus, can complement the existing top-down efforts if given support and recognition.
Through quantitative exploration, we have been able to see with whom women exchange gifts and who they trust and ask for help (ingroup and outgroup). In the quantitative study, we used logistic regression to examine the impact of armed conflict on social bonds. The study uses trust and associational participation measures as proxies for social capital. The empirical results show a renewed interest in associations. They also give support to the eroding trust between women. The loss of trust poses a true challenge in the concept of peacebuilding and rebuilding social cohesion.
Our findings challenge the picture mentioned above of women as helpless victims, portraying women living in the shadow of violence as strong mobilizing resources both within themselves and within their social and political world. By filling gaps in the available knowledge about women’s social solidarity in the context of armed conflict, this research suggests possible directions to follow in order to design better policies and interventions. Yet, Further research is needed to understand all social impacts of the Darfur conflict.This study is an interdisciplinary study it brings together three rather unrelated traditions of social scientific thinking concerning social bonds: (1) sociological theory on solidarity, (2) anthropological theory on the cultural and social meanings of exchange, and (3) social psychology theory of emotions (based on conditions and circumstances that promote solidarity). The study also builds a framework to explore social solidarity in the context of armed conflict. Therefore, our research design comprises two studies, a qualitative study and a quantitative one, with a sample of 505 married, widows, divorced, and separated women (50 for the qualitative investigation) coming from different ethnic groups. We also interviewed the camp leader, government institutions, and NGOs. And to gain a better understanding of the practices of solidarity at the everyday level, we did participant observation. Moreover, the mixed methodology adopted in this study has allowed us to approach and explore the phenomena in two different ways, reaching a more comprehensive understanding Through qualitative exploration, we have been able to explain how the community mange to build social fabric with the help of the NGOs and the camp leaders. Also, it shows how political and economic situations can impact social bonds. Also, it explains how Darfurian women have shown themselves to be highly competent and active who draw on personal, social, and external resources to enhance their social solidarity so they can cope with the hard-living condition. Women’s solidarity has emerged as particularly multidimensional, revealing the importance of moving across individual, family, community, and societal levels when examining life in war-torn contexts. The conceptual model built from our data highlights the crucial interconnection between women’s coping strategies and practices of solidarity. Furthermore, the results show how women’s agency as a bottom-up approach to peacebuilding can contribute to states’ long-term peacebuilding efforts and, thus, can complement the existing top-down efforts if given support and recognition. Through quantitative exploration, we have been able to see with whom women exchange gifts and who they trust and ask for help (ingroup and outgroup). In the quantitative study, we used logistic regression to examine the impact of armed conflict on social bonds. The study uses trust and associational participation measures as proxies for social capital. The empirical results show a renewed interest in associations. They also give support to the eroding trust between women. The loss of trust poses a true challenge in the concept of peacebuilding and rebuilding social cohesion. Our findings challenge the picture mentioned above of women as helpless victims, portraying women living in the shadow of violence as strong mobilizing resources both within themselves and within their social and political world. By filling gaps in the available knowledge about women’s social solidarity in the context of armed conflict, this research suggests possible directions to follow in order to design better policies and interventions. Yet, Further research is needed to understand all social impacts of the Darfur conflict.
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Cooper, Shaun John. "Adult Education of Internally Displaced Persons in Medellin, Colombia: Factors Affecting Access and Participation." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för beteendevetenskap och lärande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-147847.
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This study aims to identify barriers to access and participation of adult internally displaced persons (IDPs) within the metropolitan area of Medellin, Colombia, as perceived by a sample of advisors, administrators and educators working with this population. Displacement often presents substantial barriers to education and IDPs fulfilling their human rights. These barriers and their underlying structures are analysed and compared to Cross' (1981) situational, institutional and dispositional categories, as well as corresponding the data to Maslow’s (1943) 5-scale Hierarchy of Needs. The study found a variety of reasons why IDPs do not participate in education, and complex networks between these, which could be mapped to Maslow’s and Cross’ theoretical models. Lack of resources, cost/ benefit choices (both economically and in terms of time) and family obligations figure as much as poor prior study experience, literacy skills and confidence in one's own abilities. This is not surprising, and agrees with the literature regarding adult education of this population. This study aims to contribute to a complex model of deterrents to participation. A full model could be combined with existing knowledge to form a dynamic model of participation in adult education of the IDP population.
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WITBOOI, OWEN HOWARD. "Integrated development planning in Drakenstein municipality: issues and considerations." University of the Western Cape, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7796.
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Magister Administrationis - MAdminThe primary objective of this study is to critically examine the extent to which the Drakenstein municipality has achieved the principles spelt out in legislation and policy documents in relation to the implementation of Integrated Development Planning (IDP). Central to this process is to determine the roles that each of the stakeholders plays In the design, implementation and monitoring of the IDP On investigating the IDP it became evident that there were various shortcomings in the process in which it was prepared. For example, there was a lack of participation with necessary stakeholders, and, as a result of inadequate knowledge on the subject, councillor discussion in general council meetings on issues pertaining to development and especially to the IDP process was inadequate. Also lacking was the necessary administrative capacity, and proper consultation with other spheres of government with regards to the IDP process. The IDP is a key development instrument for Drakenstein municipality and its people and it is essential that proper systems are in place to effectively address the need for development in the region. However, budgetary constraints curtail the capacity of the Municipality to address all its priorities in one given year. Important and significant gaps therefore exist between the IDP and departmental business plans. It is in these gaps where the private sector and community organisations can add to the capacity of the municipality in support of broad community development priorities. Therefore, to address the aforementioned, it was found that departments should institute business plans in order to translate strategic themes into tangible and measurable activities. The IDP should define synergies between the activities of the Council, NGOsjCBOs and the business community (especially the farming sector) where different players are encouraged to explore roles for their organisations towards a better life for all.
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Oliveira, Adaíla Monteiro de. "Análise dos regimes próprios de Previdência Social dos municípios cearenses à luz do Índice de Desenvolvimento Previdenciário (IDP) – 2006 a 2008." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2011. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/5702.
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OLIVEIRA, Adaíla Monteiro de. Análise dos regimes próprios de previdência social dos municípios cearenses à luz do índice de desenvolvimento previdenciário (IDP) - 2006 a 2008. 2011. 67f. Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Programa de Pós Graduação em Economia, CAEN, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 2011.Submitted by Mônica Correia Aquino (monicacorreiaaquino@gmail.com) on 2013-08-27T20:21:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dissert_amoliveira.pdf: 616265 bytes, checksum: aadd289a4199311e404ab2b82499db11 (MD5)
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The study aims to analyze comparatively the level of development of the social security to the public sector (RPPSs - Regimes Próprios de Previdência Social) in cities of the State of Ceará – Brazil, from the period of 2006 to 2008, with available data on the Internet. To this end, it was made use of bibliography and data collection. The study dealt with information taken from the Annual Statement of Actuarial Valuations (DRAA – Demonstrativo Anual das Avaliações Atuariais), Social Security Statement and others. After collecting the data, it was performed the calculation of the indicators that construct the Social Security Development Index (IDP – Índice de Desenvolvimento Previdenciário). They are indicators of: 1)incorporated reserves (IRC – Indicador das Reservas Constituídas); 2) impairment of net current revenues (DPI – Dívida Pública Implícita); 3) pension plans maturity (IMP – Indicador de Maturidade Previdenciária); 4) commitment current (ICC – Indicador de Comprometimento Corrente); 5) commitment to personal tax (IFP – Indicador de Comprometimento Fiscal com Pessoal); and 6) legal framework (CRP – Certificado de Regularidade Previdenciária). The results of the study show that recent changes in legislation are allowing the construction and growth of sustainable pension systems, since most of the twenty-nine cities examined showed a change in level of pension plans development in the years 2006 to 2008, and suggests the inclusion of additional cost as another indicator of management of the IDP, whose influence was demonstrated by an econometric model.
Este estudo objetiva analisar, comparativamente, o nível de desenvolvimento previdenciário dos Regimes Próprios de Previdência Social (RPPSs) dos municípios do Estado do Ceará no período de 2006 a 2008 que possuem dados disponíveis na internet. Para esse fim, fez-se uso de pesquisa bibliográfica e coleta de dados. Trata-se de um estudo que envolveu informações do Demonstrativo Anual das Avaliações Atuariais (DRAA), Demonstrativo Previdenciário e outros. Após a coleta dos dados, foi realizado o cálculo dos indicadores que compõem o Índice de Desenvolvimento Previdenciário (IDP). São eles: Reservas Constituídas (IRC), Comprometimento da RCL (DPI), Maturidade Previdenciária (IMP), Comprometimento Corrente (ICC), Comprometimento Fiscal com Pessoal (IFP) e Enquadramento Legal (CRP). Os resultados do estudo mostram que as recentes mudanças ocorridas na legislação estão permitindo a construção e o crescimento de sistemas previdenciários sustentáveis, pois, dos vinte e nove municípios analisados, a maioria apresentou uma evolução no nível de desenvolvimento previdenciário no decorrer dos anos 2006 a 2008, bem como sugere a inclusão do custo suplementar como mais um indicador de gestão do IDP, cuja influência foi demonstrada através de um modelo econométrico.
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Dyum, Thami. "The extent of public participation in the formulation of the IDP: The case of Beaufort West." University of Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7834.
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Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS)This study analyses public participation in the formulation of the Integrated Development Planning in the Beaufort West Municipality. The aim of the study is to examine the nature and extent of public involvement in the formulation of the IDP document through the lens of legislative mandatory processes and public views. It looked at the extent to which the public’s view was considered and also focused on the quality of this engagement with citizens.
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Tshikovha, Nenweli Cedric. "The role and effectiveness of integrated development planning (IDP) on service delivery in Vhembe District Municipality." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1142.
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Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of LimpopoIn this study the researcher wanted to disclose the problems undermining the role and effectiveness of IDP for service delivery in the Vhembe District Municipality. The study succeeded in investigating the role and effectiveness of IDP on service delivery in Vhembe District Municipality. The research questions: “is there a role and effectiveness of the Integrated Development Planning in Vhembe District Municipality on service delivery?” and “is there a significant improvement of municipal services since the introduction of the IDP process in the year 2000?” and finally, “Is the IDP of Vhembe District Municipality Linked to the Budget?” were interrogated. The specific objectives of the study which include “investigating how the IDP impacts on service delivery” were outlined. The study also endeavoured to satisfy the second objective by suggesting possible solutions as to how the IDPs could be strengthened to address service delivery constraints and challenges. The research also looked at the historical background of Integrated Development Planning. In doing so, the research looked at the development planning evolution in South Africa. Policy and Legislative Framework governing the formulation and implementation of the IDP in South Africa were also considered. The study strove to outline the problems and other dynamics associated with linkage of the IDP to the budgeting process. Public participation and the role of provincial and national government departments in the IDP were also looked into. Three methods of data collection were identified for use in this study, namely: unstructured interviews, participant observation and documentation. The population for the study comprised the stakeholders for IDP. This was divided into government officials and members of community. Purposive sampling was conducted to each group of the population. The researcher presented data in an explanatory way. The main problem identified on the role and effectiveness of the IDP is its lack of alignment with the budget of the municipality. Recommendations were made at the end of the study.
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Meyer, Sandra. "Caractérisation des domaines N-terminal et de liaison à l'ADN du récepteur des androgènes par des approches biophysiques." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ091/document.
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Cette thèse se situe à l’interface entre la biologie et la biophysique. Les méthodologies utilisées recouvrent principalement la résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN), la diffusion des rayons X aux petits angles (SAXS), le dichroïsme circulaire (CD) et la spectroscopie de fluorescence. Une première partie vise à étudier le domaine de liaison à l’ADN (DBD) du récepteur des androgènes (AR) et les déterminants de l’interaction avec l’ADN. Une mutation faux-sens dans le DBD altère la spécificité de reconnaissance de l’ADN du récepteur bien que la structure tridimensionnelle soit identique au DBD sauvage. Les résultats montrent un changement dans la dynamique du récepteur mutant entrainant une déstabilisation de l’homo-dimère.La seconde partie de ma thèse consiste à établir un lien séquence/fonction au niveau du domaine N terminal (NTD) de AR. D’après la littérature, cette région joue un rôle important pour l’activité du récepteur, et elle est également décrite comme étant intrinsèquement désordonnée. Les résultats révèlent que cette région établit des contacts transitoires avec le DBD. Ceci suggère l’existence d'un couplage allostérique entre le DBD et les résidus adjacents sur le NTD.Ce couplage modifie l'ensemble conformationnel accessible au NTD en favorisant une conformation en hélice-αMy PhD project is at the boundary between biology and biophysic. Methods used include nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), small ange X-ray scattering (SAXS), circular dichroïsm (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The androgen receptor (AR) DNA binding domain (DBD) and its interaction with DNA was studied in a first part. A mutation in the DBD leads to a modified DNA recognition by the mutant compared to the wild-type. Our results indicate changes in dynamic of the mutant receptor that leads to the homodimer destabilisation.The second part of my project aim to establish a link between sequence and function of the AR N terminal domain (NTD).As described in literature, this region is involved in the activity of the receptor and is also an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP). The results obtained during my thesis indicate that this region is involved in transient contact with the DBD. This suggest an allosteric coupling between the DBD and the neighboring residues on the NTD.This coupling modifies the conformational ensemble accessible to the NTD by stabilizing a α-helix conformation
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Mathe, Isidore Paul Nkosiyezwe. "Institutional capacity for implementing an integrated development plan (IDP)the Emfuleni Local Municipality / Isidore Paul Nkosiyezwe Mathe." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8112.
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Institutional Capacity has been a hidden factor that has not been given much attention in the service delivery protests that have seen many residents of the townships taking to the streets. The year 2005 saw the beginning of these protests right up to 2010. South Africa`s Constitution of 1996, has empowered municipalities through the developmental goals set out in chapter 7as well as the Bill of Rights. The Municipal Systems Act 32 of 2000 and the Municipal Finance Management Act of 2003 empowered all the municipalities to embark on a developmental agenda that is guided by the Integrated Development Planning (IDP). The IDP process has ensured that the needs of the communities are prioritised and are budgeted for. Hence the approval of the budget is tied to the IDP. Once the IDP is approved by the Council, outcomes and impact must be seen on the ground and this is not happening in most municipalities especially at Emfuleni Local Municipality. The completion of the IDP process is as a result of planning by all departments within a municipality. Once this is done, it is then that the budget is approved. In most cases implementation is the next step that should follow and this is not the case at Emfuleni Local Municipality. Programmes and projects do not reach the completion stage hence service delivery protests. The issue of capacity becomes a critical factor in that municipalities must be able to implement what was planned in the IDP. Currently it seems there are challenges that are caused by capacity problems and political interference in the administrative duties of the administrators. Much as it is admissible that South Africa has undergone political transformation, at the same time it is not excusable to fail when it comes to implementing projects that are planned for. It would seem that capacity challenges are not given proper attention as to whether managers and employees understand what needs to be implemented and how that should be done. Skills and qualifications are the most critical factors that need to be given serious attention when it comes to implementation of programmes and projects. By appointing incompetent people in critical position or politically connected people, the end product or the outcomes thereof are likely to be disastrous as this is revealed by service delivery protests. Project management and financial management skills are very critical when it comes to implementation of any projects. Hence the hypothesis of this study was formulated that due to lack of institutional capacity, Emfuleni Local Municipality was unable to implement the IDP to the satisfactory of the communities that they serve. In support of the empirical research, institutional capacity issues and problems were analysed. The research analysis and outcomes indicate that a majority of the employees used in the sample admit to the fact that lack of skills and political interference as well as misalignment of functions within departments result in the municipality not being able to function to its full capacity.Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011
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Mlele, Mzimkhulu Maxwell. "Challenges facing the implementation of integrated development plan (IDP): the case of Motherwell township in Nelson Mandela Bay." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021120.
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This research outlines the challenges facing the implementation of the IDP in the Motherwell Township. Firstly, it is the physical setting and background of the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality. Secondly, it is the brief background on IDP. Thirdly, it is the legislative framework for the IDP implementation. Fourthly it will be the discussion on the importance of the study. It is followed by the objectives of the study and the research methodology. The discussion on the literature review is also covered. Lastly, It is the chapter on recommendations and a conclusion.
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Pule, Banguxolo. "An examination of public participation in decision-making within the IDP processes with reference to Mhlontlo Local Municipality." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1019746.
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Public Participation is widely accepted as a way to strengthen the pillars of democratic and accountable governance. In South Africa, public participation is receiving prominence and increasing attention especially at local government level as this level is regarded as the sphere of government closest to the people. The new democratic government in South Africa regards public participation as a cornerstone of democracy. Ackerman (2004:448) asserts that the opening up of the core activities of the state to societal participation is one of the most effective ways to improve accountability and governance. Such accountability and involvement can be better achieved when communities are part of decision making processes in their communities. In South Africa, public participation was heralded by various pieces of legislations which obligated the public to participate and have a say in the decisions taken by their communities. Section 152 of the constitution: Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act No 108 of 1996) requires local authority to “encourage the involvement of local communities and community organizations in matters of local government” Informed by the broad principles of the Constitution, the White Paper on Local Government 1998 introduced the notion of developmental local government. According to this Paper, “developmental local government is defined as local government that is committed to working with citizens and groups within the community to find sustainable ways to meet their social, economic and material needs and improve the quality of their lives”. It is through the process of public participation that citizens are given the opportunity to provide input and partake in decision making on service delivery and governance matters of their municipalities. It is widely acknowledged that active public participation is evidence of deepened democracy and can assist municipalities in i) enhancing service delivery ii) making government and officials more effective and accountable and most importantly involve the communities in decisions affecting their lives and communities. By and large, community involvement through public participatory systems ensures that municipalities incorporate the developmental needs of the people. Theseneeds are expressed and consolidated in municipal integrated development plans. To realise the above, the White Paper on Local Government 1998 suggests that “municipalities should develop mechanisms to ensure citizen participation in policy initiation and formulation, and the 3 monitoring and evaluation of decision-making and implementation”. As outlined above various laws gave a new meaning and a legitimised mandate to the role of local communities in the development of their communities. Informed by the above, this study examines the extent to which public participation influences decision making within the IDP processes and by association its impact on service delivery. This study is premised on the widely accepted view that public participation is a process involving the community or the public to gather opinions, investigate the needs, desires and wishes of the local community and to ensure that they as the community are involved in the decision making processes of their municipality. The study is of the view that the IDP processes represent a structured vehicle to enable citizens and groups to influence decision making through institutionalised municipal participatory structures. By so doing, the public and the government form a pact/partnership to ensure that the needs and aspirations of the community receive priority in the IDP processes.
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Demarqui, Edgar Nogueira [UNESP]. "Determinação automática da altura de edifícios em imagens aéreas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86786.
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Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia monoscópica para a determinação automática da altura de edifícios em fotografias aéreas digitais, baseando-se no deslocamento radial dos pontos projetados no plano imagem e na geometria formada no momento de obtenção da fotografia aérea. O conhecimento da altura de edifícios pode ser utilizado para a modelagem da superfície em áreas urbanas, estudos para a instalação de antenas de transmissão de sinais, planejamento de rotas para aeronaves, geração de true-orthophoto etc.. A metodologia emprega um conjunto de etapas para a detecção das bordas dispostas radialmente em relação ao sistema de coordenadas fotogramétrico, sendo que estas bordas representam as arestas laterais dos edifícios registradas na fotografia. Na primeira etapa realiza-se a redução do espaço de busca através da detecção das sombras projetadas pelos edifícios, gerando sub-imagens das áreas no entorno de cada sombra detectada. Na seqüência, é realizada a extração de bordas e conexão dos pixels destas sub-imagens. As bordas são analisadas individualmente para identificar qual par, dentre os pontos que compõem a borda, melhor corresponde aos extremos da aresta lateral do edifício. Os critérios utilizados para a seleção dos pares de pontos são os seguintes: análise do coeficiente linear da equação da reta formada pelo par de pontos; distância entre os pontos; e grau de sobreposição com a borda rotulada. Deste modo, a partir da seleção das arestas laterais, assim como o conhecimento da altura de vôo, são calculadas as alturas destes edifícios. Os resultados alcançados nos testes realizados com imagens reais se mostraram promissores para a identificação das arestas e cálculo da altura de edifícios.
This work proposes an automatic extraction of buildings height in digital images through a monoscopic methodology. Surface modeling of urban areas planning of aircraft routes, true-orthophoto and so on, can be performed by knowing the buildings heights. In photographs taken from an aircraft the buildings edges appear as radial lines due to the relief displacement, which occurs radially from the principal point. The first step of the methodology consists on the sub-images creation with the aim to reduce the search space on image. Thus, its used a shadows extraction procedure, by selecting only those with the biggest area (projected at ground) according to threshold. The edge extraction and pixels connection are performed for each sub-image produced and analyzed individually in order to identify if they belong to a building. The adopted criteria are based on the linear coefficient of straight line, the distance and the overlapping degree with regard to the labeled edge. With the lateral edges selected and the knowledge of the flight height, the buildings heights can be calculated. The experimental results obtained with real images show that the proposed approach is suitable to perform the automatic identification of the buildings height in digital images.
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Kodam, Triveni. "A roadmap for ensuring SAML authentication using Identity server for on- premises and cloud." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för system- och rymdteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-73988.
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Cloud-based applications especially SaaS applications have become essential for startups and various sized businesses. Adapting to these web applications helps to reduce operational costs and further provide flexibility in accessing individual data of the users. On the other hand, usage of these cloud services poses security-related issues such as authentication, authorization, web application security. Additionally, if the on-premises application is moved to the cloud then the traditional Identity solutions will not work, which affects the user authentication. This thesis considers ‘Authentication’ as one of the main security issues to be addressed. Thus, a new federated Identity and Access Management (IAM) system needs to be realized, which can be used for both on-premises and cloud to authenticate users correctly and securely. To meet the described challenges within the cybersecurity domain, this thesis focuses on two aspects of IT Security: 1) SaaS application rely on IAM; 2) IAM for securely authenticating users. This thesis work addresses both these aspects in two parts. First, by developing a SaaS web application that includes an authentication module with the support of the SAML 2.0 standard protocol. Second, the use of open source WSO2 IAM server for authenticating the users securely. To implement a SaaS application, a play framework PAC4j security library is used to support SAML SSO profile for authenticating users. The profile provides functionality for the two scenarios: SAML- Service provider and SAML- Identity Provider. The developed SaaS application acts as a service provider while WSO2 identity server acts as an Identity Provider. The SAML request-response authentication workflow between these providers are verified to prove the correctness and security of user login information. The research presented in this thesis is helpful for startup companies, that are initially looking to minimize application cost that works both on-premises and cloud without compromising on the security of user’s login information.
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Spandidos, Nikiforos. "Regulation of RNA polymerase III transcription by the ID1, ID2, ID3 and E47 proteins." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1723/.
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RNA polymerase III (pol III) is responsible for transcribing a set of genes that are involved in protein synthesis, including transfer (tRNA) and 5S ribosomal RNA (5S rRNA). Pol III transcription levels are increased in many cancers, as increased protein synthesis is required for tumour growth. Furthermore, it has been shown that a number of oncoproteins and tumour suppressor proteins interact directly with the pol III machinery. The work presented in this thesis aimed to investigate whether the inhibitor of differentiation (ID) and E47 proteins regulate pol III transcription, as well as the mechanisms behind these processes.
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Matsuno, Junya. "On the origin and formation process of glass with embedded metal and sulfides (GEMS) inferred from 3D observation and reproduction experiment." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199114.
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PASQUIER, JEAN-BAPTISTE. "Remote surveys to monitor IDPs leaving displacement sites : A case study in the eastern DR Congo." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-179640.
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In the last 20 years, on-going conflicts in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and neighbouring countries have led to massive displacements. In the province of Nord-Kivu, epicentre of the crisis, there are currently 53 displacement sites that host about 185,000 Internally Displaced People (IDPs). IDPs tend to leave camps as soon as they consider their home villages to be safe. At the same time, camps are also being closed for political motivations, creating large flows of IDPs to unknown areas. The World Food Programme (WFP) and other humanitarian actors need to track returnees and understand their need for assistance. WFP conducts a monthly phone survey in Mugunga III, an IDP camp on the outskirts of Goma, the capital of Nord-Kivu. The main goal of this remote survey is to monitor the food security situation in the camp. However, this paper demonstrates that this innovative tool also proves successful in monitoring the situation of returnees and understanding the dynamics of their returns. This remote monitoring technology is expected to be even more useful when the authorities decide to close the camp. If the results are disseminated, an increase in government accountability should be observed. This research was conducted in collaboration with WFP in an attempt to extend the applications of high frequency survey data. To continue this research, methodological adjustments should be taken before considering applying the tool to another displacement site.
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Hirsh, Åsa. "The individual development plan as tool and practice in Swedish compulsory school." Doctoral thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Högskolan i Jönköping, HLK, Livslångt lärande/Encell, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-22540.
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Since 2006 Swedish compulsory school teachers are required to use individual developmentplans (IDPs) as part of their assessment practices. The IDP has developed through two major reforms and is currently about to undergo a third in which requirements for documentation are to be reduced. The original purpose of IDP was formative: a document containing targets and strategies for the student's future learning was to be drawn up at the parent-pupil-teacher meetingeach semester. The 2008 reform added requirements for written summative assessments/grade-like symbols to be used in the plan. This thesis aims to generate knowledge of the IDP as a tool in terms of what characterizes IDP documents as well as teachers' descriptions of continuous IDP work. It contains four articles. The first two are based on 379 collected IDP documents from all stages of compulsoryschool, and the last two build on interviews with 15 teachers. Throughout, qualitative content analysis has been used for processing data. The analytical framework comprises Latour's conceptual pair inscription – translation, Wartofsky's notions of primary/secondary/tertiary artifacts, and Wertsch's distinction between mastery and appropriation, which together provide an overall framework for understanding how the IDP becomes a contextually shaped tool that mediates teachers' actions in practice. Moreover, the activity theoretical concept of contradictionis used to understand and discuss dilemmas teachers experience in relation to IDP. In article 1, targets and strategies for future learning given to students are investigated and discussed in relation to definitions of formative assessment. Concepts were derived from the data and used for creating a typology of target and strategy types related either to being aspects (students' behavior/attitudes/personalities) or to subject matter learning. In article 2, the distribution of being and learning targets to boys and girls, respectively, is investigated. The results point to a significant gendered difference in the distribution of being targets. Possible reasons for the gendered distribution are discussed from a doing-gender perspective, and the proportion of being targets in IDPs is discussed from an assessment validity point of view. In article 3, teachers' continuous work with IDPs is explored, and it is suggested that IDP work develops in relation to perceived purposes and the contextual conditions framing teachers' work. Three qualitatively different ways of perceiving and working with IDP are described in a typology. Article 4 elaborates on dilemmas that teachers experience in relation to IDP, concerning time, communication, and assessment. A tentative categorization of dilemma management strategies is also presented. Results are synthesized in the final part of the thesis, where the ways in which documents are written and IDP work is carried out are discussed as being shaped in the intersection between rules and guidelines at national, municipal and local school level, and companies creating solutions for IDP documentation. Various purposes are to be achieved with the help of the IDP, which makes it a potential field of tension that is not always easy for teachers to navigate. Several IDP-related difficulties, but also opportunities and affordances, are visualized in the studies of this thesis.Svensk sammanfattning: s. 111-126.
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Bakanova, Irina, and Dewan Jahidul Hassan. "An exploratory study of project selection in donor funded development programme : An analysis of case studies of project selection in International Development Programmes (IDPs) in Bangladesh." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-39483.
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International Development Programmes (IDPs) are United Nations‘ (UN) and developedcountries‘ initiatives to develop world‘s least developed countries. IDPs significantly vary fromother mainstream project management topics, as most often they do not have eye for commercialsuccess or are not of simple charity nature of humanitarian perspective aid. Projects under IDPstry to deliver United Nations‘ and rich countries commitment to provide sustainable developmentto developing world in terms of reducing poverty and hunger, improving health and educationsystem, building capacity to face disasters, eliminating gender discrimination, among others.This significant difference and lack of research in this field has left a gap in established projectmanagement methodologies that could be generalised as specifically suitable for IDPs.The knowledge of project selection methodologies has reached to its extreme variety, as itspreads from the simplest model of a checklist to the highest degree mathematical model.Leading researchers in the field have come to conclusion that project selection methods have tomatch the needs of a specific programme or portfolio to serve its purpose. The uniqueness ofIDPs intensified the necessity of choosing projects by understanding the financial and strategicbenefit they can deliver matching their resource requirement. In absence of straight direction inthe research and real life case observations, the practice in project selection in IDPs has not stillbeen an established procedure.To explore this need the authors of this report examined the theoretical framework of projectselection and their compliance with IDPs unique characteristics. Project selection methodsshowed that due to organisations‘ varied need of delivering financial or strategic objectives, theselection models significantly vary. The use of different financial or strategic criteria withdifferent emphasis on them is highlighted in project selection articles. Further analysis wasfocused on project selection stages and possible challenges evolving in the selection process.The researchers tried to explore project selection methods used in IDPs in Bangladesh byanalyzing four different cases. The examination of the project selection process showed that itmainly follows the multi-stage assessment procedure, with project evaluation conducted by theassessment panel, comprised from the functional experts and in some cases stakeholders‘representatives. Further, from the findings it was evident that the primary theoretical suggestionsfor IDPs project selection methods being strategy driven rather than being commercial in natureis true. In all four cases, the researchers have seen the selectors using scoring and ranking modelthat are specifically designed with higher emphasis on the strategic factors, and that try to deliverdevelopment objective rather than contributing to commercial success. In addition, thechallenges in IDP project selection practice are also discussed. Challenges like deliveringdevelopment needs while trying to make the project sustainable in the long run, managing thepowerful influence of different stakeholders in selecting projects, avoiding country politics,among others are making the project selection more difficult. The main contribution of thisresearch has been establishing a primary selection framework from case evidence withsuggestions on appropriate model, set of criteria which can be used and a set of challenges to beaware of. The study is presented as a basis for further research in this field.
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Mkumbeni, Jeany Noma. "Performance management as a mechanism for effective service delivery at Emfuleni Local Municipality / by Jeany Noma Mkumbeni." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2862.
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Section 38 of the Local Government Municipal Systems Act (32 /2000) tasks municipalities to establish a performance management system that corresponds with resources, circumstances, objectives, indicators and targets as stated in the municipalities integrated development plan. The Act further states that a culture of performance management should be promoted amongst all stakeholders. Thus, the Emfuleni Local Municipality (ELM) has the statutory obligation to provide an effective and efficient people cantered administration that will ensure quality and sustainable service delivery. The Emfuleni Local Municipality tends to have a culture of non - performance or low service delivery which is prevalent amongst employee or personnel. Performance Management System (PMS) is the service delivery tool, which in this regard is designed to specifically enhance service delivery among the communities. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of implementation of PMS by officials and employees to ensure whether there is effective, efficient and economic delivery of services at ELM. For the purpose of this study, the hypothesis was formulated that due to the inability of integrating IDP planning system with performance management and service delivery, Emfuleni Local Municipality is ineffective in successful implementation of the IDP. To test the validity or otherwise of the hypothesis, use was made of theoretical review of literature on PMS as a tool for enhancing service delivery at ELM. Further there was an empirical research methodology of open - ended questionnaire that was used to test attitudes and perceptions of municipal officials and employees and effectiveness of implementation of PMS at ELM. It was found among others, that: there is lack of experience and proper training among municipal officials at ELM, ELM employs inexperienced and not well trained employee in the management level, balance scorecard remains a valid instrument at Emfuleni's disposal to influence commitment to the delivery of service, management at ELM did not market PMS effectively to the staff,
the PMS has positive influence on production, the political and administrative accountability in a democratic government cannot be dissociated from each other. The study ends with recommendations for action to be taken by management of ELM.Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.
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Mbelengwa, Simon. "Community participation in the Integrated Development Plan of the City of Johannesburg municipality." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60390.
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A qualitative research approach was utilised with the goal to explore the views and interpretation of community members concerning the participation in the Integrated Development Plan (IDP) of the City of Johannesburg Municipality. The objectives were to conceptualise the legal and policy framework for the implementation of IDP's in South African municipalities (with reference to community/public participation); explore the nature and extent of community participation in the IDP processes (understanding of the IDP process and its meaning to the community); explore community participation in relation to decision-making in the process of IDP consultation, and make suggestions for advocacy on meaningful community participation to optimise the success of IDP in the City of Johannesburg Municipality.
Using applied research made it possible for suggestions of meaningful community participation to optimise the success of IDP in the City of Johannesburg Municipality. A sample of 18 participants was drawn from Region E of which only 10 people participated, focusing on Alexandra as the population. The most suitable research design was a qualitative design with a collective case study. A focus group session was held with each of the two groups of participants. The focus group session with community representatives took place at the AlexSankopano multi-purpose main hall in Alexandra, whilst the session with the representatives of the City of Johannesburg municipality, took place at the boardroom of Region E offices in Sandton.
Data collected were analysed using Creswell's data analysis spiral. The findings of the research showed that, although participation in the IDP of the Alexandra community which forms part of Region E of the City of Johannesburg Municipality was acknowledged, it was not meaningful and effective to the community and municipal officials. The above finding seems to suggest that the value of community participation for sustainable development in the community, as well as for nation building has not been realised.Mini Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Social Work and Criminology
MA
Unrestricted
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Tavella, Davide. "Investigating the Contribution of Disordered Domains to the Biological Activity of RNA-binding Proteins." eScholarship@UMMS, 2018. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/1005.
Full textAbstract:
Many proteins contain disordered domains under physiological conditions. These disordered regions may be functional, although under pathological conditions they may lead to protein aggregation and degradation, as observed in proteins related to neurodegenerative diseases. In my thesis study, I aimed to understand how the primary sequence of these proteins encodes for the diverse ensemble of conformations rather than a stable folded state. I focused on the role of disordered domains in the activity of RNA-binding proteins involved in post-transcriptional regulation, but may lead to pathogenesis in many diseases.
The human TIS11 proteins bind to AU-rich elements in the 30 UTR of mRNAs through a CCCH-type tandem zinc finger (TZF) domain. Mutations in these proteins have been linked to cancer. A member of this protein family, Tristetraprolin (TTP), is partially unfolded in the C-terminal zinc finger in the apo state, but folds upon RNA binding. The homolog protein TIS11d is folded in both free and bound states. Previous studies have shown that the extent of structure of the TZF domain in the apo state does not affect the affinity to target RNA in vitro, however it modulates the activity of the protein in cell. To understand which interactions determine the zinc affinity of the C-terminal zinc fingers of TTP and TIS11d, I investigated the stability of their TZF domains using homology modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. I found that, in the C-terminal zinc finger of TIS11d, a hydrogen bond is necessary to allow for [pi-[pi] stacking between the side chains of a conserved phenylalanine and the zinc-coordinating histidine. Using mutagenesis and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, I demonstrated that the lack of this hydrogen bond is responsible for the reduced zinc affinity, and thus lack of structure, of the C-terminal zinc finger in TTP.
These results suggest that the CCCH-type TZF domain in different proteins have evolved to differentiate their function through a disorder-to-order transition.
In Caenorhabditis elegans several RNA-binding proteins contain a TZF domain homologous to the RNA-binding domain of TIS11 proteins, but have different RNA-binding specificity. I characterized the structure and the dynamics of the C. elegans protein MEX-5 using NMR spectroscopy and MD simulations. I found that MEX-5, like its mammalian counterpart TTP, contains a zinc finger that is partially unfolded in the free state but that folds upon RNA-binding. To assess if the disorder-to-order transition upon RNA-binding contributes to MEX-5 function, I designed a variant MEX-5 where both zinc fingers are stably folded in the absence of RNA. I characterized the RNA-binding activity of this variant MEX-5 and I found that the binding affnity and specificity are unchanged compared to the wild type protein. Together with Ryder's lab, we used CRISPR-hr to introduce this variant into the endogenous C. elegans mex-5 locus. Homozygotes animals are sterile, form massive uterine tumors within a few days of reaching adulthood, and often die by bursting.
These results show that the unfolded state of MEX-5 is critical to its function in vivo by a mechanism distinct from its RNA-binding activity.
To further investigate how the equilibrium between structural order and disorder affects the function of a protein in the cell, I focused on the human protein TDP-43, a major component of the cellular proteinaceous aggregates found in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies have shown, both in vitro and in vivo, that the second RNA recognition motif (RRM2) of TDP-43 domain contains peptide regions that are particularly prone to fibril formation. In addition, RRM2 has been shown to populate, to a small degree, one or more partially folded states under native conditions. To determine if the partially folded states of TDP-43 RRM2 contribute to the formation of aggregates observed in the human diseases, I characterized the structures of these states using MD simulations including enhanced sampling methods and restraints from experimental chemical shifts. I found that in these states the protein exposes to the solvent aggregation-prone regions that are instead buried in the protein core in the native state.
These results suggest a role in fibrogenesis for the transient partially folded states of TDP-43 RRM2.
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Mabuza, Constance Annah. "Factors that affect the implementation of the Integrated Development Plan (IDP) : the case of Molemole Local Municipality in Limpopo, South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2594.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MBA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016Integrated Development Plan (IDP) are required for municipalities to function effectively. Local municipalities in South Africa use IDPs as a method to plan for the present and future development in their respective areas.The primary objectives of this study was to assess factors that facilitate or hinder successful implementation of the prioritised programmes or projects in the Integrated Development Plan of the Molemole Local Municipality. The study used qualitative approach to collect data from municipal officials, municipal council and community representatives. The study revealed that the community were not aware of the programmes or projects identified in the IDP and that there is lack of capacity to effectively implement the IDP and, communication between municipal employees and the community is not perceived to be adequate.The study recommends that the municipality should conduct training, improve communication methods and conduct awareness on IDP processes.
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Fernandes, Laetitia. "Développement de nouvelles sondes pour l'analyse par RMN des fonctions cellulaires des biomolécules." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB095/document.
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La compréhension des interactions intra- et inter-moléculaires à l’échelle atomique représente un enjeu scientifique important. A l’heure actuelle, les techniques de RMN ont déjà prouvé leur efficacité pour l’analyse de ces interactions in vitro, dans les solutions tampons. Toutefois, il a également été montré que la plupart des biomolécules ont une structure et une dynamique différentes in vivo, à l’intérieur des cellules, de celle in vitro. Il est donc crucial d’analyser les biomolécules dans leur milieu naturel, la cellule. Récemment, les progrès dans le domaine de la RMN dans les cellules ont permis de mieux comprendre la dynamique et les interactions des biomolécules présentes dans le milieu cellulaire complexe. Cependant, la biomolécule étudiée étant présente en faibles concentrations, elle possède un faible signal sur le spectre RMN, qu’il est difficile de suivre. De plus, du fait de la forte viscosité du milieu cellulaire, la relaxation rapide de l’aimantation transverse se traduit par un élargissement des raies spectrales. L’utilisation des états de spin à longs temps de vie et de la Polarisation Dynamique Nucléaire suivie par la dissolution de l’échantillon (dissolution-DNP) pourraient permettre de pallier aux problèmes d’élargissement de raies et de sensibilité. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a été d’explorer les bénéfices des ces avancées récentes de la RMN pour l’étude des petites molécules, peptides et protéines à l’intérieur des cellules. Pour la protéine c-Src, qui appartient à la classe des protéines intrinsèquement désordonnées (IDP), la dynamique de l’ensemble des conformations de l’extrémité N-terminale a été suivie utilisant des états de spin à longs temps de vie LLS. Le signal du noyau de carbone-13 de la molécule de pyruvate a été augmenté utilisant la Polarisation Dynamique Nucléaire (DNP) afin de mieux l’observer dans le milieu cellulaire. Un peptide représentatif pour la partie active d’une autre protéine, IκBα, a été introduit dans des cellules HepG2 par l’électroporation. Les observations faites lors des ces expériences sont discutées dans la perspective de faciliter les études RMN des biomolécules à l’intérieur des cellulesMost NMR studies are carried out in vitro, but the structure and dynamics of some biomolecules inside cells differ from those in vitro. It thus becomes interesting to analyze biomolecules such as proteins in their natural environment: the cell. Recent progress of in cell NMR allowed to better understand the behaviour of proteins: their dynamics and their interactions with other biomolecules in the cell. But the low concentration of proteins leads to low signal intensity. Moreover, the viscosity of the environment induces faster transverse relaxation, resulting in line broadening for proteins signals. The use of the Long-Lived States and Coherences (LLS and LLC, respectively) as well as dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (dissolution-DNP) can improve NMR observations in cells. LLS were used to understand and characterize the structure of the N-terminal domain of c-Src, which is intrinsically disordered. To follow the phosphorylation of proteins, a first preliminary study of a 21-aa peptides derived from IKBα electroporated into HepG2 cell lines was carried out
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Sjöberg, Josefin. "National policies on internally displaced persons : A comparative study on policies inclusiveness of environmental IDP´s in Cambodia and Papua new Guinea." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-96158.
Full textAbstract:
The impacts from climate change is among the most pressing issues that the international community is currently faced with. Climate change makes that thousands of people all over the world are and will continue to be forced to flee from their homes, thus becoming displaced. Very little is written about this group of environmental IDP´s and their protection by national policies. This is especially problematic for less developed countries, where little focus is on the IDP´s but where their plight is even more dire. This is due to the fact that those countries to a greater extent lack resources to manage climate change disasters in effective ways. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the debate on IDP´s, and to address the need to involve IDP´s in national policies, in an effort to protect those groups. This research problem was examined through analysing two cases, i.e. the development countries, Cambodia and Papua New Guinea, which have been studied through a qualitative case study with the use of structured focused comparison. The analytical framework used to analyse the findings retrieved from the cases was the Policy implementation process framework, which offered different variables to examine and guide the analysis. This was further complemented by the concept vulnerability, in order to get a more comprehensive picture on influencing variables. The findings illustrate that both cases has managed to introduce extensive policy frameworks on the subject of climate change and environmental disasters, but only PNG explicitly incorporates IDP´s in their policy plan. The study further recognised the shared challenges for both cases on policy implementations. Insufficient human and financial resources due to lack of commitment and mainstreaming at government-levels are the main problems facing both Cambodia and Papua New Guinea. For future research it is therefore important to continue efforts of recognising the need for national protection for environmental IDP´s and to continue evaluating national frameworks.
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Alebiosu, Olumide Ademola. "An investigation of integrated development planning (IDP) as a mechanism for poverty alleviation in Grahamstown in the Makana Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005517.
Full textAbstract:
Poverty among individuals, households or communities is not a static condition. There are many factors which contribute to its causes and depth. In South Africa the economic gaps imposed by the previous apartheid government aggravated economic inequalities and caused considerable disparities, which has resulted in high unemployment rates. Inequalities were also manifest in the neglect of infrastructural and service provision as well in the effective absence of independent governance among some race group. This led to a call for pro-active initiatives by the post-1994 democratic government to remedy the living condition of the previously disadvantaged people. As part of its poverty relief drive the South African government has embarked on a series of developmental initiatives in bringing infrastructure related services to the poor and to reduce the enormous prevailing backlog, with the aim of increasing community participation, improving service delivery and promoting the upliftment of the lives of poor people through the medium of local governance. This study investigated the Integrated Development Planning, which has been undertaken in Grahamstown in the Makana Municipality in the Eastern Cape to respond to the prevailing poverty and underdevelopment among the poor communities. Relying on their developmental mandate to initiate and co-ordinate all development activities within their area of jurisdiction through the IDP, the Makana Municipality has drawn up a development strategic plan in conjunction with the local communities and with other stakeholders and organisations to identify and assess development backlogs within the communities with the aim of addressing such backlogs. This study revealed from the interviews conducted with some municipal personnel and questionnaires administered to sampled residents of Grahamstown that some faces of poverty, such as unemployment and lack of access to some of the most basic of infrastructure such as, sanitation facilities, water, electricity, formal house, education, security and recreation facilities are apparent in Grahamstown. However, the Makana Municipality through, the IDP has achieved some notable feats in the provision of providing some of the basic amenities such as water, housing, electricity and sanitation albeit at a slow rate. The mechanism of delivery is hampered by bureaucratic settings within government and the ambiguity attached to some of the projects. The service and infrastructural developments targeted towards the poor and the involvement of communities in the affairs of the local government might be seen as a partially panacea for poverty alleviation in South Africa. However the capacity of the local governments to effectively carry out this developmental challenge assignment might be a new twist in the developmental challenge facing local governments in South Africa. The thesis provides an overview of the Makana Municipality IDP and the degree to which is serving as one mechanism to address poverty in the Grahamstown urban area
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Hibino, Emi. "Physicochemical studies on interaction between intrinsically disordered regions in transcription factors Sp1 and TAF4." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/225524.
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Mojapelo, Mahlaku Anna. "The effectiveness of the integrated development planning (IDP) as a tool to accelerated service delivery : a case study of Aganang Local Municipality in Limpopo Province / Mahlaku Anna Mojapelo." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1567.
Full textAbstract:
The research focuses on the effectiveness of the integrated development planning (IDP) as a tool to accelerated service delivery: A case study of Aganang Local Municipality.
The main problem investigated in the research is that the community of Aganang Local municipality does not have adequate services. The objective of the research is to investigate the integrated development planning process's impact on service delivery, to investigate if the budget is aligned to the IDP and to make possible recommendations on how the IDP could accelerate and improve service delivery.
The hypothesis of the research centres on the acceleration of service delivery by implementing the IDP. Change in integration and cooperation in municipalities can be met if the management, process, systems, culture and innovation are improved.
Qualitative and quantitative data was used in this research; the primary sources include questionnaires and interviews while the secondary sources include books, journals and reports.
The findings revealed that Aganang local municipality has limited capacity in terms of human and financial resources; the municipality should have a retention and succession policy to ensure that the skills in the municipality are retained. The research also revealed that most people in the municipal area are illiterate and have insufficient skills. The study also revealed that the sector departments do not ensure that municipal strategies take cognisance of provincial strategies during the strategic sessions. The study also revealed that the budgets are only done per financial year and not on a Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTERF) basis (3-year plan) and are not properly aligned to the IDP.
The research recommends that municipalities should strengthen the inter-governmental relations to ensure alignment and integration both horizontally and vertically. The research also recommends that the municipality should build capacity and develop skills in the community. The study also recommends adopt the cluster planning and implementation including forward planning to ensure that there is maximum resource allocation and shared functions. The study also recommends that the budget should be on a three-year basis to allow for proper project planning.Thesis (M.Art. et Scien. (Town and Regional Planning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.
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Demarqui, Edgar Nogueira. "Determinação automática da altura de edifícios em imagens aéreas /." Presidente Prudente : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86786.
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Resumo: Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia monoscópica para a determinação automática da altura de edifícios em fotografias aéreas digitais, baseando-se no deslocamento radial dos pontos projetados no plano imagem e na geometria formada no momento de obtenção da fotografia aérea. O conhecimento da altura de edifícios pode ser utilizado para a modelagem da superfície em áreas urbanas, estudos para a instalação de antenas de transmissão de sinais, planejamento de rotas para aeronaves, geração de true-orthophoto etc.. A metodologia emprega um conjunto de etapas para a detecção das bordas dispostas radialmente em relação ao sistema de coordenadas fotogramétrico, sendo que estas bordas representam as arestas laterais dos edifícios registradas na fotografia. Na primeira etapa realiza-se a redução do espaço de busca através da detecção das sombras projetadas pelos edifícios, gerando sub-imagens das áreas no entorno de cada sombra detectada. Na seqüência, é realizada a extração de bordas e conexão dos pixels destas sub-imagens. As bordas são analisadas individualmente para identificar qual par, dentre os pontos que compõem a borda, melhor corresponde aos extremos da aresta lateral do edifício. Os critérios utilizados para a seleção dos pares de pontos são os seguintes: análise do coeficiente linear da equação da reta formada pelo par de pontos; distância entre os pontos; e grau de sobreposição com a borda rotulada. Deste modo, a partir da seleção das arestas laterais, assim como o conhecimento da altura de vôo, são calculadas as alturas destes edifícios. Os resultados alcançados nos testes realizados com imagens reais se mostraram promissores para a identificação das arestas e cálculo da altura de edifícios.Abstract: This work proposes an automatic extraction of buildings height in digital images through a monoscopic methodology. Surface modeling of urban areas planning of aircraft routes, true-orthophoto and so on, can be performed by knowing the buildings heights. In photographs taken from an aircraft the buildings edges appear as radial lines due to the relief displacement, which occurs radially from the principal point. The first step of the methodology consists on the sub-images creation with the aim to reduce the search space on image. Thus, its used a shadows extraction procedure, by selecting only those with the biggest area (projected at ground) according to threshold. The edge extraction and pixels connection are performed for each sub-image produced and analyzed individually in order to identify if they belong to a building. The adopted criteria are based on the linear coefficient of straight line, the distance and the overlapping degree with regard to the labeled edge. With the lateral edges selected and the knowledge of the flight height, the buildings heights can be calculated. The experimental results obtained with real images show that the proposed approach is suitable to perform the automatic identification of the buildings height in digital images.
Orientador: Júlio K. Hasegawa
Coorientador: Maurício Galo
Banca: Sergio Donizete Farias
Banca: Antônio Maria Garcia Tommaselli
Mestre
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Mokone, Mamasondo Rebecca. "Intergrated [i.e. Integrated] development planning (IDP) as a tool for promoting sustainable development : the case of Emfuleni Local Municipality (ELM) / by Mamasondo Rebecca Mokone." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2265.
Full textAbstract:
The government has taken constructive steps to address the issue of poverty in South Africa. The principal strategy on the government, and for that matter municipalities for poverty alleviation is to promote sustainable development (better quality of life for all) through the process of integrated development planning (IDP). Municipalities are, by virtue of legislation, required by the Government to use Integrated Development Planning as the vehicle to improve and fast-track service delivery and development. One of the main objectives of the IDP is to promote sustainable development. The objective of this study is to determine the extent to which the IDP is used to promote sustainable development at Emfuleni Local Municipality (ELM). For the purpose of the study, the hypothesis was formulated that the implementation of IDP as a tool for promoting sustainable development within ELM is significant for improving service delivery and the living standard of local communities. To test the validity or otherwise of the hypothesis use was made of theoretical review of literature in promoting sustainable development at ELM. Further there was an empirical research method of open-ended questionnaires that was used to test attitudes and perceptions of municipal officials, IDP representatives and the community of ELM on the effectiveness of IDP. It was found among others that:The council and management of ELM consider the IDP as effective management tool in promoting sustainable development; ELM has elaborate plans and mechanisms for initiating programmes on the IDP; Public participation in the process needs to be intensified. While the municipality has achieved much success with the use of the IDP, the rural residents of ELM are largely ignorant of the process and its benefits. The study ends with recommendations for improvement of the IDP process.Thesis (M.A. (Public Management and Administration))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2008.
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Christensen, Björn. "Fabrication and characterization of gate last Si MOSFETs with SiGe source and drain." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211547.
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The continuous evolution of digital technology we enjoy today is the result of ever shrinking, faster and cheaper transistors that make up the ubiquitous integrated circuits of our devices. Over the decades, the industry has gone from purely geometrical scaling to innovative solutions like high-k dielectrics combined with metal gates and FinFETs. A possible future is the use of high mobility materials such as Germanium for the active areas of a transistor instead of Silicon. As a step towards building devices on Ge, we characterize a gate last process with epitaxial deposition of Si0.75Ge0.25 source and drain areas on bulk Si wafers. Devices fabricated are proof-of-concept PMOSFETs and NMOSFETs with channel widths of 10 µm and 40 µm and channel lengths between 0.6 µm and 50 µm. The gate electrode of the fabricated devices is insitu doped polycrystalline Silicon. The devices are electrically characterized through I-V measurements and exhibit a yield of 95%.Den konstanta utvecklingen av digital teknik som vi åtnjuter idag drivs av den ständiga utvecklingen av transistorer. Dessa blir mer kompakta, snabbare och kostar mindre för varje generation och bygger upp de integrerade kretsar som driver all vår vardagsteknik. Under ett tidsspann på flera decennier har krympningen gått från enbart geometrisk skalning till mer innovativa lösningar. Gate-oxiden har gått från rent kiseldioxid till material med lägre relativ permittivitet vilket möjliggjort en tunnare ekvivalent elektrisk tjocklek än vad som varit möjligt för kiseloxid. FinFet eller så kallade ’tri-gate’ transistorer har ersatt den plana varianten för att öka den ledande arean utan att enheterna sväller ut över substratet. En framtida möjlighet är även att använda material med högre mobilitet för elektroner och hål än kisel där en möjlig kandidat är Germanium. Som ett steg mot målet at bygga Germanium-transistorer tillverkar vi här gate last transistorer med source och drain i in-situ dopad kisel-germanium. Dessa konceptenheter används för att definiera och utveckla tillverkningsprocessen och tillverkas i flera omgångar. Varje skiva innehåller transistorer med en bredd på 40 µm och 10 µm. Kanallängden på transistorerna går mellan 0.6 µm och 50 µm för båda bredderna och av varje enhet finns 101 stycken per kiselskiva (100 mm diameter). Gate-elektroden består i samtliga fall av in-situ dopat poly-kristallint kisel. Enheterna karaktäriseras därefter genom elektriska mätningar och mätdata analyseras och sammanställs. Det visas genom dessa mätningar att ett utfall om över 95% fungerande enheter kan uppnås med processen.
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Dubique, Kobel. "Humanitarian aid after the 2010 Haitian earthquake: the case of accompaniment." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13041362.
Full textAbstract:
Background
After the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, there was a significant need for basic services such as health, water, food, sanitation, school, protection and security in the largest camp in Port-au-Prince, Park Jean Marie Vincent (PJMV). PJMV IDP camp was located in the commune of Cité Soleil; a slum in Haiti labeled as a red zone and widely regarded as the most insecure place on earth. As a result, the camp residents were left to live on their own contradicting the humanitarian principle of humanity and impartiality. Strong solidarity developed amongst camp residents leading them to organize themselves in order to decrease structural violence. Zanmi Lasante (ZL), a healthcare and human rights organization that works with poorest and most vulnerable communities in Central Plateau, would cross the red zone to accompany the camp residents by providing training, materials, and resources to set up aid activities. Using a qualitative methodology, this study will describe the activities ZL completed and present the outcomes of those activities. This study will argue that the ZL accompaniment helped to decrease structural violence and chaos and allowed the camp residents to persevere.
Methods
This study is based on a personal story and experience of the researcher in PJMV IDP camp after the 2010 Haitian earthquake. We collected data from semi-structured interviews with 5 ZL staff, 7 camp leaders, and 5 camp residents. The researcher conducted a narrative analysis to recreate a collective memory from four viewpoints: 1) Zanmi Lasante staff; 2) camp leaders; 3) IDP camp residents and 4) the researcher. The researcher used processual methods of qualitative research to identify themes and exemplar narratives to compare and contrast these multiple viewpoints.
Results
The interviews offered multiple viewpoints on the activities in the camp both before and during the time ZL was active. Activities included creating and staffing a health clinic, training community health workers, establishing a nutrition center, ensuring HIV-AIDS care, and launching a response to the cholera outbreak. In addition, ZL conducted other kinds of activities that put health in the social context, including building a water purification system, establishing a tent village, creating a school program, launching an initiative to protect women from sexual violence, and advocating for food and sanitation. The researcher finds that those additional activities generated good outcomes such as health, security, job creation, capacity building, community engagement and participation, and community empowerment. ZL used a collaborative approach, integrating accompaniment into all activities by working with local residents, leaders and other organizations. This accompaniment decreased structural violence and helped camp residents to be more self-sufficient. The study also explores the challenges of accompaniment as responsibilities for these activities were shifted from ZL to the camp residents and local leaders.
Conclusions
The goal of this study is to describe the activities conducted by ZL in PJMV from January 2010 to January 2012 and how the approach of offering aid using the accompaniment model impacted the social context in the camp. The researcher recommends that humanitarian aid from within and beyond a disaster affected community be geared toward supporting and partnering with local communities and local organizations. In this way, humanitarian aid will strengthen local communities in a way that may be sustained once these organizations leave.
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Befile, Temibsa. "An investigation of the implementation of integrated development planning (IDP) as a mechanism to alleviate poverty in Port Elizabeth in the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1268.
Full textAbstract:
South Africa is characterised by inequitable growth and development, a high degree of poverty, increasing demands and limited resources and the challenge of integration. The need for improved standards of living and access to better infrastructure which are seen as crucial issues in addressing poverty have necessitated the introduction of Integrated Development Planning (IDP). The IDP looks at the economic and social development of the area as a whole. It aims to coordinate the work of the local government in a coherent plan to improve the quality of life for all the people living in an area. In view of the above there is a need for proper planning and implementation of projects, as well as monitoring and assessment of success on the part of local government in order to help to eliminate poverty in the community. In this study I investigated the implementation of IDP as a mechanism to alleviate poverty in Port Elizabeth in the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality. Due to the vastness of the problem and the extensive nature of the geographical area of Port Elizabeth, this study focused exclusively on Motherwell and KwaZakhele. For the purposes of this study, a mixed methods research approach was employed. This means that the study followed both the qualitative and quantitative approaches for in-depth understanding and verification. The data collection tools/techniques and instruments used in this study were mainly closed-ended questionnaire and structured interview questions. Data was collected from residents by conducting surveys, making use of questionnaires. Structured interviews were conducted with municipality officials and councillors in order to understand the situation better. The findings of the study revealed that there is a lack of adequate public consultation. It is indicated that people are left in the dark and projects are implemented without proper consultation with the community.
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Sanchez, Laura. "A comparative study of refugees and idps." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/506.
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There is a grave concern for the life, liberty and security of individuals who have been forced to leave their homes and have become dispersed within their native countries and throughout the Asian continent. These internally displaced persons and refugees are the subject of this study. Some of the themes that will be discussed include: civil war, human rights violations and the economy, since these are the problems affecting the populations of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Myanmar. These case studies are of particular interest because Afghanistan is where most refugees come from, Myanmar has the longest-running military regime and Pakistan hosts the most refugees in the world. All three case studies are currently in a state of civil war, are breeding grounds for violations of human rights and have corrupt economies. Thus, the goal is to end armed conflict, to put an end to the human rights violations that come with it and to restructure the economies in each of these nation states so that the internally displaced persons and refugees can be repatriated, since displacement has become too much of a burden for Afghanistan, Pakistan and Myanmar's neighboring countries, who have been taking in all of the refugees from said countries. Theoretically, if the issues causing displacement were to be solved, then the countries that host refugees would be able to concentrate on their own populations. This study can potentially address the gap between knowledge, policy formation, and policy implementation to realize the goals of the international community in dealing with the displacement crisis.B.A.
Bachelors
Sciences
Political Science
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Mpofu, Sibongile. "Assessing the impact of integrated development planning (IDP) on gender equality and women's empowerment in South Africa: a case study of the Nelson Mandela Bay Metro Municipality." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/4751.
Full textAbstract:
The South African local government is expected to conform to all national policy directives including the principle of gender equality. Local government provides an immense opportunity for redressing imbalances and empowerment of women as they are the most negatively affected by poverty as a result of inequality. The South African Government has developed a wide range of legislation that ensures that women are empowered and participate in their own development. With all the legislation in place, women‟s empowerment as envisaged in the South African Constitution has, however, not yet been yielded the desired results as evidenced by the fact that women continue to remain disadvantaged in relation to men. This study therefore seeks to investigate whether and how the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality (NMBMM) has mainstreamed gender in support to the principles of gender equality and women‟s empowerment in the implementation of Integrated Development Planning (IDP) with particular reference to wards 15 and 17. The researcher used a mixed methods research approach, this means that the study followed both the qualitative and quantitative approaches for in-depth understanding followed in the design and implementation of the IDP process. Data was collected from women participants by conducting surveys, making use of questionnaires. Structured interviews were conducted with municipality officials in order to give more insight more insight into how the IDP process is initiated in the Nelson Mandela Bay Metro Municipality. The findings of the study revealed that there is a lack of a strategic understanding of gender mainstreaming particularly by the leadership of the municipality. This as a result, has made operationalisation and engendering the IDP difficult. Due to this strategic vacuum, gender is generally not taken seriously when compared to other developmental challenges such as infrastructure provision. Moreover, the municipality does not have a coordination mechanism nor does it have a proper consultation mechanism to ensure that the nature of development projects is appropriate, effective and actually targets women‟s developmental needs. The leadership of the municipality must commit to the process of gender mainstreaming if the IDP is to be an effective tool in addressing the gender imbalances.
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Goba, Themba. "An appraisal of the link between transformation and good governance at Sedibeng District Municipality / Themba Goba." Thesis, North-West University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/10643.
Full textAbstract:
The dawn of democracy and adoption of the new constitution heralded in a new political dispensation for South Africa. These development set local government in a new path as various pieces of legislations and policies were passed to transform local government from fragmented and racially – based municipalities into democratic and non – racial entities. Transformation did not end on amalgamation of racial municipal entities and change to racial composition of the administration staff but has to transcend beyond to ensure accountability, transparency, responsive and participation of communities in the affairs of local government to promote good governance. The Sedibeng District Municipality (SDM) established various structures, systems and processes intend on promoting transformation. However, its process of transformation is limited only to the structure and composition of the administration. Little was done to transform the reigning culture which has its roots in the apartheid past, despite the existence of policies including the White Paper on the Transforming Public Service Delivery (Batho Pele). Accordingly, the existence of new structures, systems and processes failed to curb corruption in the ranks of Sedibeng District Municipality. Currently, a number of staff members are facing various charges of fraud and corruption. The Auditor – General have found that millions of rands have spent without proper procedure being followed. The state of affairs give indications that existing structures, systems and processes are not solid enough to curb corruption. Furthermore, the situation is accentuated by the municipality’s failure to involve communities in the affairs of the local government. Communities are only used to rubber – stamp processes and programmes that are imposed by the municipality. This renders communities and community organisations useless and ineffective in holding the councillors accountable. Against the background of the problem statement, the hypotheses of the study were formulated as follows: * There is a non – compliance of municipal regulations required for transformation and good governance at Sedibeng District Municipality. * The leadership of the municipality does not possess adequate knowledge and the political will to monitor and ensure consistent adherence to regulations as required by law to promote transformation and good governance. The study utilized both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The study involved a number of techniques to gather information which includes literature study and empirical research. The findings of the study prove that there is a high level non – compliance of municipal regulations required to promote good governance at Sedibeng District Municipality. The responses of senior management also prove that there is a clear lack of leadership in the Sedibeng District Municipality. The study offers significant recommendations to improve the situation. The intend of the study was to explore and open avenue for further research in the field of change management (transformation of behaviour and culture), impact of cadre deployment in municipal performance and idea of public participation and involvement in the affairs of local government.M Development and Management (Public Management and Governance), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014
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Hopkins, Phillip, and n/a. "The teacher's voice : appraisal, development, and implications for professional identity : responses to teacher review and development plans in ACT secondary schools, 1990-1999." University of Canberra. Education, 2004. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061129.131120.
Full textAbstract:
This research explores the responses of eleven teachers, drawn from teaching, managerial,
policy, and union levels, to their involvement in the development and implementation of
Teacher Review and Development (TRAD) and Individual Development Plans (IDP).
Through a case study methodology that uses a phenomenological approach, this research
found that TRAD and IDP had little credibility as tools of teacher development or appraisal
for teachers because of a range of complexities that included the politicisation of the
processes, a lack of financial and resource support, and varied quality control measures.
The research elicited a list of criteria for successful design and development of appraisal
processes. These are detailed in Chapter Five of the thesis. They are rigorous monitoring and
modelling of the processes, clear goals with stated end dates and recognition for involvement,
appraisal that is integrated in existing work practices and based on shared understandings of
work value, the provision of resources and time targeted at the appraisal process, a
commitment to identifying and acting on inefficiencies, appraisal that is focused on teacher
development and not directly linked to salary "reward".
The research concludes that authentic teacher review and development will not take place
until teachers themselves take on the responsibility, as a professional group, external to
their employer, for the design of teacher review and development.