Academic literature on the topic 'Idiocentrism'

In this article I question the idiocentric/allocentric distinction on the grounds that: a) it utilizes an increasingly discredited humanist conception of the rational autonomous subject associated with the definition of idiocentrism; b) it distinguishes forms of motivation which fail to offer reliable indices of behavioural patterning; and c) it offers a characterization of different cultural norms and societal morality which is ultimately misleading.

The athlete's psychological profile is one of the most studied areas in sport psychology, but there is no consensus in this area. The purpose of this study was to elaborate and validate a scale to measure and classify athletes into a Idiocentric-Alocentric profile. The method was split in two phases: a) Items elaboration and theoretical model and b) Validation. Qualitative analyses were performed during the first phase and factorial analysis and Cronbach's Alpha were used to validate the instrument. The final instrument was composed by 27 items and the factorial structure showed three factors for Idiocentrism (Self-Realization & Competitiveness, Hedonism, Team Emotional Distance and a second order factor – Idiocentrism Level) and one factor for the Alocentrism (Alocentrism Level). It was concluded that the pattern and consistency of the results indicate that this inventory could be used as a reliable research tool in Brazilian sports context.

The present study examined the relationship between idiocentrism, allocentrism, psychological well being (self-esteem, depression, and social support), and suicidal ideation among 283 American college students and 343 Chinese college students. Idiocentrism was correlated with high self-esteem, high depression, and low social support, but the relationships were more likely to be significant for women than for men in both cultures. Allocentrism was primarily related to social support. As predicted, high levels of suicidal ideation were correlated with more idiocentrism, but only for women. Allocentrism was related to lower levels of suicidal ideation in both cultures, but the relationship was small. As suicide prevention may start from suicidal ideation treatment, the treatment of suicidal ideation may have to take into account cultural and personal characteristics, such as idiocentrism.

This paper examines the relationship between organizational justice and work withdrawal in a Chinese context, using the cultural syndrome allocentrism and idiocentrism as moderators. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the proposed model. The results indicate that distributive justice and procedural justice have negative relations with work withdrawal behaviors. Allocentrism and idiocentrism moderates the linkage between procedural justice and work withdrawal. Specifically, perceptions of procedural justice have a negative effect on work withdrawal but this effect is weaker for individuals high on allocentrism and low on idiocentrism. Results indicate that the interacting effects of allocentrism and idiocentrism were not established in the case of distributive justice. This study makes significant theoretical contribution to both cross-cultural management literature and organizational justice literature. It also indicates that cultural orientation should be taken into consideration by managers trying to understand why there might be different reactions from different employees to the same practices and policies in organizations.

The concept of coworker trust has gained importance for the last decade due to increased teamwork and collaboration within organizations. However, there is a need to study the concept of trust with emic perspective reflecting people or society’s different values, norms and expectations. The aim of this study is to examine the role of allocentrism and idiocentrism, which represent individual level manifestations of collectivism and individualism on coworker trust and its dimension (i.e. affect- and cognition-based trust). Besides that, this study investigates whether willingness to work with somebody else is affected by cognitiveor affect-based trust. Data were gathered from German and Turkish samples and analyzed separately. Hypotheses were supported in a German sample such that allocentrism predicted both overall coworker trust and affect-based trust, while idiocentrism predicted cognition-based trust. In Turkish sample, allocentrism was found to be associated with overall coworker trust and cognition-based trust. Neither idiocentrism, nor allocentrism could predict affect-based trust in this sample. Remarkably, willingness to work with German coworkers was associated with cognitive-based trust. The results demonstrated the differential effects of idiocentrism and allocentrism on coworker trust and they are discussed together with its implications.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the moderating influence of idiocentrism and allocentrism on person-organization fit, person-job fit and work attitudes relationship. Design/methodology/approach – The survey data were collected from 426 employees of a holding company. Findings – The results reveal that allocentrism makes a difference in fitting the particular aspect of work environment for the individual. Results showed that allocentrism positively moderates person-organization fit and job satisfaction and organizational commitment and turnover relationship. However, no moderating influence of idiocentrism was found on person-organization fit and employee attitude relationship. Furthermore, it was also found that neither idiocentrism nor allocentrism moderated the relationship between the person-job fit and employee attitudes relationship. Originality/value – This research adds a cultural component to the person-environment fit research.

This study investigated the dimensionality of a 21-item questionnaire measure of idiocentrism-allocentrism (the within-culture measure of individualism-collectivism) within the context of Sri Lankan culture. A survey of 438 Sri Lankan respondents, sampled from a wide variety of demographic contexts, provided data. Factor analysis indicated that idiocentrism and allocentrism are two independent, unipolar factors, rather than opposite poles of a single, bipolar dimension. The implications are discussed in the context of existing and future cross-cultural (etic) and within-cultural (emic) research on individualism-collectivism.

Sambandet mellan kultur och personlighet har studerats i stor utsträckning och tidigare forskning har visat på en koppling mellan kulturdimensionen individualism-kollektivism och personlighetsdimensionen idiocentrism-allocentrism. Den föreliggande studien undersöker förhållandet mellan individualism-kollektivism och idiocentrism-allocentrism bland internationella studenter i Sverige. 215 internationella studenter (M = 23 år, åldersintervall 19-44, 120 kvinnor, 94 män, 1 annat) gavs definitioner av individualistiska och kollektivistiska kulturer och ombads att bedöma sin ursprungskultur. De uppmanades sedan att uppskatta sig själva utifrån 22 frågor avsedda att mäta idiocentrism-allocentrism. Slutligen uppmanades de att ange sitt huvudskäl till att studera utomlands genom att välja ett av sju alternativ i en flervalsfråga. Data analyserades med one-way ANOVA's och oberoende t-tester. Resultaten visade på ett samband mellan kulturell bakgrund och idiocentrism-allocentrism i den förväntade riktningen. Vidare demonstrerade resultaten inte en koppling mellan geografisk bakgrund och idiocentrism-allocentrism. Slutligen visade resultaten varken en koppling mellan huvudorsaken till utlandsstudier och idiocentrism-allocentrism, eller mellan huvudorsaken till utlandsstudier och kulturell bakgrund. Av dessa resultat drogs slutsatsen att när det gäller individualism-kollektivism och idiocentrism-allocentrism så påverkar kultur personlighet. Resultaten tyder vidare på att det kanske inte är lämpligt att likställa geografiska enheter som nationer med kultur, då subkulturell mångfald kan påträffas inom dessa enheter. Slutligen tyder resultaten på att internationella studenter skiljer sig åt för gällande skäl till utlandsstudier oavsett personlighet och kulturell bakgrund, även om vidare forskning krävs gällande internationella studenters motivation.
The association between culture and personality has been widely studied and previous research has shown an association between the culture dimension of individualism-collectivism and the personality dimension of idiocentrism-allocentrism. The present study investigates the relationship between individualism-collectivism and idiocentrism-allocentrism among international students in Sweden. 215 international students (M = 23 years, age range 19-44, 120 women, 94 men, 1 other) were given definitions of individualist and collectivist cultures and asked to assess their culture of origin. They were then asked to rate themselves on 22 items intended to measure idiocentrism-allocentrism. Finally, they were asked to state their main reason for studying abroad by choosing one of seven options given in a multiple-choice item. One-way ANOVA's and independent t-tests were carried out for data analysis. The results showed an association between cultural background and idiocentrism-allocentrism in the expected direction. Further, the results did not demonstrate an association between geographical background and idiocentrism-allocentrism. Finally, the results did not demonstrate an association between main reason for studying abroad and idiocentrism-allocentrism, nor between main reason for studying abroad and cultural background. It was concluded that in the case of individualism-collectivism and idiocentrism-allocentrism, culture does influence personality. Further, the results suggest that it may not be appropriate to equate geographical entities such as nations with culture as cultural diversity may be found within such entities. Finally, the results indicate that international students differ in their reasons for studying abroad regardless of personality and cultural background, although further research regarding the motivation of international students is needed.

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O presente estudo teve como principal intuito avaliar uma possível associação entre o nível de satisfação com a vida de atletas catarinenses do sexo masculino e feminino, com a satisfação pelo esporte, o status social subjetivo, os esquemas de gênero do autoconceito e o perfil idiocêntrico-alocêntrico nas modalidades esportivas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa não probabilística, descritiva, exploratória, quali-quantitativa com delineamento transversal. Participaram deste estudo 529 atletas catarinenses distribuídos em 10 modalidades individuais e 04 coletivas, sendo 307 do sexo masculino com média de idade de 21,51 anos e 222 do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 20,37 anos. Como instrumentos foram utilizados questionários, com informações sobre as situações sociodemográficas, econômicas e esportivas dos atletas, incluindo o nível de satisfação com a vida e satisfação com o esporte. A Escala MacArthur de Status Social Subjetivo versão para jovens, o Inventário Masculino dos Esquemas de Gênero do Autoconceito Masculino e Feminino (IMEGA e IFEGA) e, por último, o Perfil Idiocêntrico-Alocêntrico foram aplicados. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análises descritivas, freqüência absoluta e relativa, média e desvio padrão. Além dessas, foram utilizados o teste U de Mann-Whitney e o Quiquadrado, com um nível de significância de 5% para todas as análises. Os resultados apontam que, tanto nas modalidades individuais, como nas coletivas, a maioria dos atletas catarinenses apresentou um nível alto de satisfação com a vida e com o esporte que praticam, em especial, os atletas do sexo masculino. Em ambas as modalidades, percebem suas famílias com um status elevado perante a comunidade, percebem-se com um status médio no clube, mas gostariam de estar em um status mais elevado na equipe. Além disso, há uma predominância do perfil isoesquemático, principalmente no sexo masculino, tanto nas modalidades individuais como nas coletivas. E, no que diz respeito ao perfil idiocêntrico-alocêntrico, nas modalidades individuais há um predomínio do perfil heteroalocêntrico em ambos os sexos, mas nas modalidades coletivas, há uma predominância maior do perfil isocêntrico no sexo masculino e do heteroalocêntrico no sexo feminino. Por fim, os resultados mostram que, o nível de satisfação com a vida está associado com: o nível de satisfação com o esporte, o status social subjetivo na família e o perfil idiocêntrico-alocêntrico. Diante disso conclui-se que, embora haja uma predominância de determinados perfis, não é possível definir um perfil ideal para os atletas. A partir destes resultados, sugerem-se novos estudos com esta temática para uma melhor compreensão das variáveis, as quais podem auxiliar os técnicos, psicólogos e dirigentes das equipes na busca de um melhor rendimento do atleta como um todo em termos físico, técnico, tático e psicológico.

This study examined university academics?? valence for teaching and research, and the relationships between the valence and self-efficacy for teaching and research, with an Australian and a Chinese sample. In addition, the study also investigated modelling of research activity and Chinese university academics?? attributions, experience of western research activities, and ingroup and outgroup relationships between models and observers. Design and conduct of the research was guided by a theoretical framework. Several hypotheses were generated and tested, and research questions were answered. Quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews were used in this study. The quantitative analysis comprised exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis, and content analysis was used for free responses in the surveys and the interview data from the sample of Chinese academics. Within the context of the research, the results suggested that valence for academic work may be related to university academics?? cultural orientation and their self-efficacy for academic work. The study also suggested that observing modelling by others may have been related to the Chinese university academics?? self-efficacy for research. Effects of modelling and the Chinese academics?? attributions for models?? success in research appeared to be moderated by ingroup and outgroup relationships between the models and observers. Moreover, overseas experience was found to be the most important external attribution for Chinese models?? success in research.

Notre objectif est de confronter une perspective différentielle à une perspective psychosociale. C'est de l'intérêt pour la psychologie culturelle comparative qu'a émergé un tel questionnement. Le constat auquel l'examen de cette littérature permet d'aboutir est que les auteurs concluent plus souvent à des différences qu'à des similitudes (Ongel et Smith, 1994) entre cultures. L'ethnocentrisme, inhérent à ces recherche, est souvent évoqué comme la cause principale de l'échec à identifier les universaux du fonctionnement humain (Jahoda, 1979, Malpass, 1988). Dans ce travail, nous défendons que c'est aussi parce qu'elle néglige le facteur social comme potentiellement explicatif, que la CCP constate des différences. Nous avons appuyé notre argument sur de récentes recherches, mettant en évidence que considérer l'individualisme et le collectivisme, au niveau culturel (Sinha et Tripathi, 1994), ou l'allocentrisme et l'idiocentrisme, au niveau individuel (Sengelis, 1994), comme potentiellement coexistants, suggère de ne pas négliger le facteur social comme explicatif. En effet, considérer que les 2 traits de personnalité (allocentrisme et idiocentrisme) coexistent au sein de tous les individus implique les comportements qui sont associés à chacun d'eux, peuvent s'exprimer au sein de tous les individus, selon les situations et les contextes sociaux. Dans la 2e partie, nous avons repris l'expérience de Tesser et Smith (1980). Notre but était de montrer que, dans un contexte culturel maintenu constant, des différences interindividuelles subsistaient. Ensuite notre objectif était de savoir si les différences observées pouvaient être expliquées uniquement par les dispositions ou si le contexte social contribuait aussi à expliquer une part de variance observée. Sur les 5 études effectuées, certines permettent de conclure en faveur d'une hypothèse bidimensionnelle, qui implique une perspective explicative -essentiellement psychosociale. Cependant, d'autres abondent dans le sens d'une perspective différentielle. Nos résultats s'ils ne permettent pas de proposer une conclusion radicale en faveur de l'une ou l'autre des 2 perspectives, suggèrent la nécessité d'une étude globale et non dichotomique des individus et des cultures

The main goal of this study was to identify some determinants of collective efficacy in small groups. A multilevel approach was used to posit hypotheses and research questions relating individual and shared beliefs of collective efficacy to collective cognition activities, task interdependence, self-efficacy for group work, and collective orientation. A two-phase longitudinal design was employed. The sample comprised 270 university students, enrolled in seven courses and involved in 86 work groups in both phases of the study. All groups were required to perform interdependent academic tasks. The results of multiple regression analysis of aggregated variables provided some evidence that the more group members perceived themselves to be interdependent in the early stages of group work and assigned their tasks interdependently during group processes, the more likely they developed high collective efficacy in the final stages of group work. Collective efficacy was also related to the group average of self-efficacy for group work when task interdependence was high. Multilevel analysis was also used. These results showed that variation at the individual level was considerable, and there was significant but relatively little variation at the group level, with small effect sizes, for a few variables including collective efficacy. Structural equation modelling was used to confirm the theoretical framework at the individual level after accounting for group level variation. The results suggested that integration and constructive evaluation of ideas during group processes and self-efficacy for group work may have been determinants of collective efficacy at the individual level. Moreover, collective efficacy at the individual level was related to an interdependent perception of self in relation to other group members. The results suggest that helping group members learn how to evaluate and integrate each other???s ideas during group activities, and perceive themselves to be interdependent may enhance group capabilities for performing tasks. In addition, improving students??? self-efficacy for group work was identified as a key factor, as it may enhance a sense of interdependence among group members, improve the extent to which group members participate in integrating and evaluating ideas, and increase the whole group???s capabilities for performing tasks.

Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves [126]-127).
by Loai Taleb Naʼamani.
M.Eng.

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The purpose of present study was to examine the psychosocial identity of soccer players from specific positions. The research design was characterized as exploratory, cross-sectional, and comparative descriptive. The study was divided in two phases. On the first phase the aim was to describe the psychosocial characteristics of soccer players concerning: the gender schema; the idiocentric allocentric profile, and the subjective social status. On the second phase the aim was to compare the players psychosocial characteristics with their specific soccer positions, well as study it relationship of subjective social status with the factors of gender schemas of these athletes. On total 152 male athletes were evaluated with age varying between 14 and 20 years old. They were players at developmental categories from two professional soccer clubs in Santa Catarina. Questionnaires were used to determine the participants sociodemographic conditions, sport situations, the gender schema (IMEGA), and the allocentric idiocentric athletes` profile (IA Profile). In addition a subjective social status scale (MacArthur Scale of subjective Social Status, version for young people) was used to data collection. A mix of qualitative and quantitative data analysis was performed in order to examine the players` psychosocial identity from different soccer positions. According to the results, no significant differences between positions were observed concerning gender schema and A-I profile. Although is important mentioning that 60% of athletes were determined as isoesquematics, and 63 % were defined as isocentrics. Differences between positions were viewed in several factors, such as rationality, integrity, self-realization & competitiveness, emotional distance of team, and idiocentrism level. The differences on subjective social status were observed only in family`s social status on community, in which goalkeepers had higher status. Although among other situations of social status, no significant differences were observed, 99.4% and 97.6% of the athletes demonstrate dissatisfied with their subjective social status in the club and category respectively. Finally, the factors emotion, rationality, egocentrism, sensitivity, integrity, and audacity, that compound the gender schema, were related to subjective social status of players in different positions in both clubs and categories. Therefore, it is concluded that there is no common personality trait in relation to gender schemes and profile idiocêntrico allocentric that characterized the positions occupied by the players despite a predominance of isoesquematic and isocentric respectively players. Well as in respect to subjective social status also not a common trait of social status was found although most athletes present with dissatisfaction status. From these findings we emphasize the fact that all athletes with different psychosocial traits fit in various positions. Therefore, the different positions on soccer, that refer to typical actions during the game, are characterized by individuals with specifics gender schema, idiocentric allocentric profiles and subjective social status, although there is not a predominance of these characteristics among the positions. The data related to features in the personality of the players depending on the positions they occupy in the field in which certain characteristics become more evident than others.
O presente estudo objetivou analisar quais os traços de personalidade relacionados aos esquemas de gênero do autoconceito, perfil idiocêntrico-alocêntrico e status social subjetivo caracterizam as posições específicas em que atuam os jogadores de futebol de campo. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, transversal de cunho descritivo comparativo que primeiramente buscou descrever características psicossociais relacionadas aos esquemas de gênero do autoconceito, perfil idiocêntrico-alocêntrico e status social subjetivo de indivíduos envolvidos com a prática de futebol com vistas ao rendimento esportivo e comparar as características acima citadas no que diz respeito à posição que cada indivíduo ocupa em campo bem como verificar qual a relação do status social subjetivo com os fatores dos esquemas de gênero desses atletas. Foram coletadas informações referentes a situações sociodemográficas e esportivas dos atletas, bem como foram aplicados dois questionários sendo um sobre os esquemas de gênero (IMEGA) e outro sobre o perfil idiocêntrico-alocêntrico de atletas (Perfil I-A), além de uma escala de status social subjetivo (Escala MacArthur de Status Social Subjetivo versão para jovens). Foram avaliados 152 atletas do sexo masculino com idade entre 14 e 20 anos pertencentes às categorias de base de dois clubes de futebol profissional do estado de Santa Catarina. Foram realizadas análises descritivas, comparações e regressão com o intuito de observar quais traços de personalidade caracterizavam esses atletas nas diferentes posições de atuação em campo. De acordo com os resultados não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as posições no que diz respeito aos esquemas de gênero do autoconceito e perfil I-A, porém ressalta-se que em torno de 60% dos atletas são isoesquemáticos e 63% isocêntricos, respectivamente. Cabe destacar que ocorreram diferenças entre as posições nos fatores racionalidade, integridade, auto-realização e competitividade, distância emocional da equipe e nível de idiocentrismo. Quanto ao status social subjetivo observaram-se diferenças entre as posições somente na situação de status social da família na comunidade em que os goleiros apresentaram maior status. Apesar de entre as outras situações de status social não foram observadas diferenças significativas, 99,4% e 97,6% dos atletas se demonstram insatisfeitos com o seu status social subjetivo no clube e categoria respectivamente. Por fim, os fatores emotividade, racionalidade, egocentrismo, sensibilidade, integridade e ousadia que compõem os esquemas de gênero do autoconceito foram relacionados ao status social subjetivo dos jogadores das diferentes posições no clube e categoria. Sendo assim, conclui-se que não existe um traço comum de personalidade com relação aos esquemas de gênero e perfil idiocêntrico-alocêntrico que caracteriza as posições ocupadas pelos jogadores em campo apesar de um predomínio de jogadores isoesquemáticos e isocêntricos, respectivamente. Bem como, quanto ao status social subjetivo também não foi encontrado um traço de status social comum apesar de a maioria dos atletas se apresentarem com insatisfação do status. A partir dessas conclusões ressalta-se o fato de que todos os atletas com distintos traços psicossociais se encaixam nas mais variadas posições. Dessa maneira, as posições e de atuação em campo as quais remetem ações típicas durante o jogo, são caracterizadas por indivíduos com esquemas de gênero do autoconceito, perfil idiocêntrico-alocêntrico e status social subjetivo específico apesar de não haver um predomínio dessas características entre as posições. Esses dados remetem a particularidades na personalidade dos jogadores em função das posições que ocupam em campo em que determinadas características tornam-se mais evidentes do que outras.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
心理學研究所
101
Nowadays money has a significant role in human being''s daily life, and employee seeking for jobs is mainly for possessing of more money. Even though money has existed more than four thousand years in civilization history, this issue only gains equivalent attention in recent years. This new arising topic yet discusses thoroughly how money attitude influence behaviors and leaves much unclarified space for further theoretical development. The research findings on criteria-validity were still inconsistent, and the utility of applied situations was also not clear. Thus, this study is based on Self-Sufficiency Theory, and through individual difference perspective, it intends to investigate the relationship between employees'' performances and their attitude toward money; because employee’s performance is believed to be the most related to money in organization. Moreover, by classifying performance to in-role performance and extra-role performance, this study was enabled to find the differences between these two. Adopting hierarchical regression analysis, and analyzing 386 supervisor-subordinate dyads showed that: employee’s money attitude was negatively related to in-role performance and extra-role performance. The moderating effect of personal (idiocentrism) and situational (perceived corporate ethical values, CEV) factor on these relationships indicated that: when idiocentrism was high, the negative relationship between money attitude and extra-role performance (identification with company) were strengthened; when CEV was high, the negative relationship between money attitude and extra-role performance (altruism toward colleagues) were weakened. Furthermore, there is a three-way interactions effect among money attitude, idiocentrism and CEV on both in-role performance and extra-role performance (conscientiousness) . Finally, the contributions of the findings, implications, limitations, and future research diractions were discussed.