Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ideologies of XXth century

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Ideologies of XXth century'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 14 December 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Ideologies of XXth century"

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Vakhitov, Rustem R. "Russia – Turkey relations in the XIXth – first half of the XXth century. Peacefulness of conservatism and conflictogenity of liberalism." Civilization studies review 5, no. 1 (2023): 90–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2713-1483-2023-5-1-90-113.

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This article is dedicated to the Russia-Turkey relations from the first half of the XIXth to the first half of XXth century (including Russian Empire, RSFSR, USSR and Ottoman Empire, Turkish Republic). During this time the countries faced periods of confrontation, peace and striving for peace. These periods are considered on the basis of the theory of modernization. It helps author to discover the remarkable consistent pattern. Periods of conservative modernization were peaceful or at least had peaceful initiatives, while conflicts generally took place during the periods of liberalization and westernization both in Russia and in Turkey. Author also notice that liberalization coincided with domination of such ideologies as Pan-Slavism in Russia and Pan-Turkism in Turkey, both of them held the potential to conflicts. Author explains this fact through the correlation between liberal views and nationalistic ideas that was discovered by Russian philosopher K.N. Leontiev. Moreover, during the periods of conservatism Russia and Turkey faced the confrontation of Western countries (mostly Great Britain and France) that spur two “Eurasian Empires” to rapprochement.
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Kolchinsky, Eduard I. "Failed revival: some results of the development of Russian evolutionary theory in the second half of the XX century." Science management: theory and practice 2, no. 1 (2020): 117–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/smtp.2020.2.1.6.

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The historical and scientific narrative about the August 1948 session of Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, portrayed for more than half a century in historiography as a triumph of pseudoscience, has undergone significant changes in recent decades. People who participated in those events are increasingly envisioned as representatives of various scientific clans competing for the authorities’ protection, finances, materials and human resources. The confrontations among biologists of those years are also explained by the interference of ideologists from the US state Department and the Central Committee of the CPSU in the clash two scientific concepts. Based on the analysis of August session’s causes and consequences, the author considers its role in the development of Russian evolutionary theory in the second half of the XXth – early XXI centuries. In those years the state became the sole customer of scientific research and tried to use it effectively to raise economic and military power, to justify its ideological policy and increase its international status. The confrontation between supporters of Michurin’s biology (lysenkoists) and their opponents on both sides involved scientists who already shared the morals, plans, and worldview of the party and government apparatus. Realizing that only the state can provide funds for their research projects, they sought to reach an understanding with the authorities, emphasizing the “ideological correctness” of their research and its great ideological significance. But at the same time, Lysenko’s opponents sought to stay in the mainstream of world science, follow its standards, and therefore were sensitive to the interference of the authorities in determining the strategy of scientific search. As a result, ethical and political compromises were inevitable. Scientists engaged in a dialogue with the authorities in a language they understood, using ideologies they understood, demonstrating loyalty to the party’s policy and official philosophy, but at the same time demanding not only financial and material resources, but also non-interference in science itself. As a result, even after the official collapse of Lysenko’s dominance, the evolutionary theory in the Russian-speaking regions could not regain its leading position in the knowledge of the evolution’s laws and ways.
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MIHAILESCU, Clementina Alexandra. "AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO RUTA SEPETYS’ I MUST BETRAY YOU VIA LACAN." Revista Economica 74, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.56043/reveco-2022-0010.

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The XXth century, known among others as a “culture of controversial ideologies,” was a time of accelerated technology and engineering feats, for stimulating the quick recovery of post-war industries in western countries, on the one hand and, of implementing the communist ideology in eastern countries, on the other. For approaching Ruta Sepetys’ novel “I Must Betray You,” where the writer is travelling back to the period of time previous to the 1989 Revolution in Romania, Lacan’s theory based on tackling the three registers of reality: the imaginary, approached in terms of the “spectacular,” the symbolic, referred to in terms of the meanings attached to those things around us, and the real, which paradoxically represents “precisely what is excluded from our reality, the margin of what is without meaning and which we fail to situate or explore” (60) will be employed as a methodological device to decode its intricate meaning. Bohn’s quantum theory will be also employed to enrich the previously mentioned interpretative grid, due to his approach to reality built of levels, “each level being comprised between two levels of reality” (qtd. in Sandu 2011: 164, our translation). Bohn’s highlighting the duality that exists “between the apparent multiplicity and the plenitude of the world” and the concept of “wrapped up order” (in Sandu 2011: 165, our translation) and Patapievici’s opinion that “the substance of the world being identical in every part of it and at any formal level, the differences appear through the degree of the wrapping and unfolding of the plenitude” (in Sandu 2011: 165, our translation) have been addressed in our article together with Bohn’s argument that the implicit order is meaningful only in relation to conscience, having “an ontological substation” (165).
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Шаф, Ольга. "«Матеревбивство» як симптом мутації національної психіки під колоніально-тоталітарним пресингом (на матеріалі української лірики 1920–1930-х років)." Pomiędzy. Polonistyczno-Ukrainoznawcze Studia Naukowe 7, no. 4 (2022): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ppusn.2022.04.17.

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The article deals with the specific art representation of moral, ethic, psychical shifts of the national masculine character in Ukrainian lyrics of the first third of XXth century. They are conveyed in particular through the masculine intention to destroy the maternal figure of Motherland. Sometimes aggressiveness and hostility expressed in the poetic texts are equal to symbolical “killing of the Mother”, if taking into consideration a convergence of the images of Mother and Motherland in poetic consciousness. The article employs analytical and structural as well as historical and typological literary techniques. The theoretical base of the investigation is postcolonial theory integrated with psychoanalysis as well as gender studies to deal effectively with such concepts as maternal figure of the Motherland, national colonial masculinity, masculine art consciousness, the notions of trauma, aggression and others as well. This theoretical direction can provide help with outlining of the “killing of the Mother” symptom as Ukrainian poets’ destructive gesture toward their Motherland represented in the 1920th proletarian poetry (Vasyl Ellan-Blakytnyi, Volodymyr Sosiura, Heo Shkurupii) and also in a number of works of emigrant poets between two World Wars (Yevhen Malaniuk, Ostap Tarnavskii and others). Diverse lyric tendencies to express the urge to kill the Mother extrapolated on the image of Ukraine are highlighted. Ethic transformation of Ukrainians poets’ patriotic feelings is predicated upon different reasons, but the common one is that they had equally suffered colonial and totalitarian pressure of Soviet Russia. The moods of depiction of Ukraine’s “death” are, on the contrary, differentiate; in the 1920th, proletarian Ukrainian poets defused the tension between Bolshevistic and nationalistic ideologies through splitting the image of Ukraine into the negative “bourgeois” one and the positive “proletarian” one. In some works of emigrant poets devaluated image of Ukraine acquires demonic “deathly” features and is dishonored as “a betrayer”.
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Ortega López, Teresa M;aría. "Contra el feminismo. Movilización, represión y sublimación del modelo femenino tradicional en la primera mitad del siglo XX en España." Revista de Humanidades, no. 41 (December 30, 2020): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rdh.41.2020.24030.

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Resumen: Este artículo se propone dar a conocer el discurso de género construido por los intelectuales y las culturas políticas conservadoras, tradicionalistas y confesionales españolas en las tres primeras décadas del siglo XX. Aquel discurso se insertó en las profundas transformaciones políticas, sociales y culturales que se estaban registrando en aquellos años, tanto en España como en los países de su entorno. Con ese discurso, escritores, políticos y pensadores liberales, antiliberales, tradicionalistas y católicos buscaban respuestas al desasosiego que les producían aquellos movimientos y prácticas sociales que eran percibidos como amenazas a la superioridad viril, a la vigencia de los valores supuestamente masculinos, y a la supremacía y la honorabilidad varonil. Las derechas españolas, especialmente del período de entreguerras, mostraron claras afinidades en lo que respecta a la construcción discursiva de la mujer. Tanto los teóricos del tradicionalismo carlista como los monárquicos, cedistas y falangistas elaboraron un discurso de género y unas identidades de masculinidad y feminidad que se forjaron tanto en las ideas reaccionarias y tradicionalistas del siglo XIX, como en las nuevas corrientes de pensamiento antiliberal de los comienzos del XX. En los años siguientes, aquel discurso de género sería asimilado por la dictadura franquista.Abstract: The main target of this article is to explain the leading features of the gender discourse, built both by the intellectuals such as by the conservatives, traditionalists and confessional Spanish political cultures, during the first three decades of the twentieth century. This mentioned discourse was inserted in the profound political, social and cultural changes that were in course of implantation those years, both in Spain and in the countries of their geographical environment. With that discourse a wide range of liberal, anti-liberal, Catholics or traditionalist thinkers and politicians were seeking answers to the unrest which the movements and social practices perceived as threats to the virile superiority, or to the validity of the manliness values, produced to all them. Both the Spanish conservatives as the Rights in general showed clear affinities in their efforts toward the discursive construction of women. The main theorists of the traditionalism, the monarchism and the fascism created a gender discourse and a symbolic reconstruction of the values of masculinity and femininity that were forged in the reactionary and anti-liberal ideologies of the nineteenth century, as in the new currents of illiberal thought that emerged from the beginnings of the XXth. In the following years, the above mentioned gender discourse would be assimilated by the Franco´s dictatorship.
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Ruiz-Domènec, José Enrique. "Heidegger and XXth Century." Enrahonar. Quaderns de filosofia 34 (January 7, 2002): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/enrahonar.390.

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Neklessa, A. "Requiem to XXth Century." World Economy and International Relations, no. 1 (2000): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2000-1-3-13.

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Carvalho, Ana P., M. Fatima Vaz, Maria J. Samora, and João Pires. "Characterisation of Ceramic Pastes of Portuguese Ancient Tiles." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 1648–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.1648.

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Portuguese ceramic tiles of different origins from XVIth century to XXth century were studied. In this work we describe microstructural, mechanical and mineralogical characterisation and water absorption studies. Microstructural features (pore size) were determined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photographs. Mechanical tests (four point bending) were performed and the bending strength was determined from the fracture loads. From water absorption essays the absorption coefficient and the total amount of water retained were obtained and the open porosity was estimated. The maximum water absorbed tends to decrease from XVIth century until XXth century, showing a more pronounced drop for the tiles of the XIXth and XXth centuries. This evolution is also observed in the open porosity values. From image analysis data we also observed that porosity decreases progressively with time and an important drop is observed for XXth century tiles. The bending resistance of tiles from XVIIth to XXth century is almost constant and higher than that of XVIth century samples. This evolution does not correlate with porosity. Advances in ceramic processing, such as higher firing temperatures may lead to the appearance of quartz as almost the only crystalline phase. We consider that an increase in the bending strength is due to a more effective vitrification and a lower porosity.
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Marchuk, Oxana. "The Problems of the Youth Education and Up-Bringing on the Volin Territory of the Nineteenth - the First Half of the Twentieth Century in Scientific Research." Professional Education: Methodology, Theory and Technologies, no. 10 (November 19, 2019): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2415-3729-2019-10-127-142.

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The article examines the historiography of the problem of education and upbringing children and youth living in the Volyn province and the Volyn region in the XIXth – the first half of XXth century. The purpose of the article is to analyse the publications and scientific works about the children and youth education and upbringing at the territory of Volyn in the XIXth- the first half of the XXth century and to make recommendations about their using in the educational institutions of today. Three groups of the scientific works were distinguished: a) the publications of the late XIXth – the early XXth centuries; b) the scientific works of the mid-XXth century; c) the scientific books written at the period of the independent Ukraine. It is noted that scientists of the late XIXth – the early XXth centuries analysed the education and upbringing of children and young people, they emphasized the need for the formation of the children’s scientific worldview, bringing them up in the Christian spirit. The scientific works of the early XXth century were nationally oriented so the researchers highlighted the issues of the children national mentality fostering. The monographs written in the mid-XXth century are politically influenced but they provide the information about the number of the educational institutions, students in schools and analyse the patterns of the educational process. In the dissertations of the late XXth – the early XXIth centuries the scientists have objectively explored the various aspects of the education and upbringing of Volyn youth in the XIXth – the first half of the XXth century. The article provides the recommendations of these research using in modern educational institutions. The author analysed the scientific works of M. Barsov about public schools, schools in the Volyn and Podilia. The article describes in detail the scientific books by M. Teodorovich, which described the schools of the Volyn province and church-parish schools, their numbers and students. The researcher described the activities of Prince K. Ostrozky and gave the positive assessment of the work of A. Bludova, who founded schools in Ostroh in the mid-XXth century. The analysis of scientific explorations of different historical epochs has led to the following conclusions: a) the process of the children’s and youth’s education and upbringing in Volyn of the XIX th - at the beginning of the XXth century was the object of scientific searches since the middle of the XIXth century to the present day; b) education and up-bringing were covered in light of educational policy and socio-cultural status; c) the researchers of different historical epochs provided information about the number of schools, their types, the material and technical base of schools. It is explained that teachers must study scientific works about the education and upbringing of children in the territory of Volyn. The author of the article believes that the proper studying of scientific research about education in different regions of Ukraine contributes the deeper understanding of the studying process and provides the opportunities for better using of pedagogical achievements in the context of reforming the modern education system.
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Rogacheva, Yelena. "American Makarenko and soviet Dewey: a search for pedagogical renewal." Espacio, Tiempo y Educación 8, no. 2 (December 23, 2021): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/ete.539.

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The paper deals with educational legacies of John Dewey and Anton Makarenko – two outstanding educators who were named by Otto Anweiler the best in the XXth Century alongside with Maria Montessori and Georg Kershenshteiner. Having got the title of the «Teacher of Soviet teachers» Anton Makarenko, as well as John Dewey who was called «The Teacher of Teachers», both educators thought of a new concept of school and a new type of a teacher for the XXth century that still keep relevance in the XXI century. John Dewey’s democratic concept of school and its international significance as well as his new concept of teacher training are compared to Anton Makarenko’s ideas. The man of the XXth century, John Dewey (1859-1952) has made great impact on the development of world pedagogy. The educational legacy of A. Makarenko is also the subject of international study and an international phenomenon. The connection of Dewey and Makarenko with Maxim Gorky is touched upon in the paper too.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ideologies of XXth century"

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Closa, i. Cortada Jordi. "Cultura material i ideologia en l'arqueologia de la Península Ibèrica: Interpretacions sobre l'etnologia hispànica durant la primera meitat del segle XX." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/456172.

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A principis del segle XX, l'arqueologia hispànica, que fins al moment havia anat a càrrec d'aficionats, començà un procés professionalitzador de la mà d'investigadors de formació germànica. Així, la seva metodologia i la concepció que tenien dels pobles es corresponia amb les dels professionals alemanys del seu temps implantades, especialment, per Pere Bosch Gimpera, que les inculcà als seus deixebles de l'Escola de Barcelona. En aquest treball s'han llegit detalladament les principals obres de diversos investigadors del moment per tractar d'esbrinar quines implicacions ideològiques tenen les seves teories etnològiques; bàsicament, quina distribució territorial proposaven per a l'Estat espanyol en base a la seva composició ètnica. Aquest exercici serveix per posar de manifest que, malgrat l'aparença cientificista i asèptica, les ciències socials no són alienes al context social i polític, ni a les passions dels seus professionals. Alhora, indirectament, pren el pols d'unes dècades molt convulses de la història hispànica.
Until early 20th Century, Hispanic archaeology had only been studied by amateurs. It was at that time when it started a process to give professional status to the subject, carried on by German-formated researchers. Thus, their methodology and the conception that they had about the peoples corresponded with the ones introduced by German professionals and, specially, Pere Bosch Gimpera, who instilled this ideas to their disciples from the called “Escola de Barcelona”. In this work we have read in detail the main works by various researchers of the moment to try to find out which ideological implications have their ethnologic theories; basically, what territorial distribution did they propose for the Spanish State in base of their ethnic composition. This exercise lays bare that, even with the scientificist and aseptic appearance, social sciences are not unconnected to the social and political context nor the passions of their professionals. At the same time, indirectly, it helps clarifying some decades of upheaval of the Spanish history.
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Clayton, P. M. "Settler ideologies in twentieth-century Ulster : persistence or decline?" Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238952.

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NIELSEN, ANNIE ALVARENGA MYLDGAARD. "PAGU S UNKNOWN SIDE: A CASE OF PSEUDOTRANSLATION IN XXTH CENTURY BRAZIL." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2007. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=10498@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar uma pseudotradução no Brasil do século XX. O termo pseudotradução se refere a uma obra apresentada como tradução e que circula como tal por determinado período sem suscitar suspeita. De junho a dezembro de 1944, a jornalista, escritora, militante comunista e musa do movimento antropofágico, Patrícia Galvão, conhecida também pelo apelido Pagu, produziu um exemplo do gênero ao escrever uma dezena de contos policiais para a revista Detetive que foram apresentados ao público como traduções de um suposto autor estrangeiro chamado King Shelter. As razões e as implicações dessa medida podem ser parcialmente explicadas por meio do paradigma dos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução (Descriptive Translation Studies - DTS). Os adeptos dessa linha, denominados descritivistas, propõem-se a descrever as estratégias e os recursos utilizados numa tradução, a fim de entender o motivo dessas escolhas, bem como avaliar as razões que levam uma cultura a rejeitar ou aceitar determinada obra traduzida. A pesquisa para o presente estudo foi informada pelas reflexões dos teóricos Itamar Even-Zohar, Gideon Toury e Susan Bassnett e teve como foco os contos traduzidos por Pagu, as características do romance policial e a biografia da autora. Ao longo da história, a pseudotradução revelou-se um estratagema para driblar questões culturais (inclusive estéticas), políticas e ideológicas. Temos agora conhecimento de que esse recurso foi usado no Brasil do século XX para preparar o terreno para o desenvolvimento de um gênero pouco difundido no país na década de 1940: o romance policial.
This work aims to analyze a case of pseudotranslation in 20th-century Brazil. The term pseudotranslation refers to a verbal or written utterance which is presented to the public as a translation and which circulates as such without arousing suspicion. From June to December 1944, the journalist, writer, communist militant and celebrated member of the literary anthropophagic movement Patrícia Galvão, also known by the nickname Pagu, produced an example of pseudotranslation when she wrote a dozen of detective short stories for the magazine Detetive. The works were presented as translations of a fictitious foreign author named King Shelter. The reasons she resorted to this disguise and the consequences her act generated may be partly explained by the Descriptive- Translation Studies (DTS) paradigm. Descriptive translation researchers attempt to explain the resources and strategies used in a translation, in order to understand the reasons for such choices, as well as to evaluate why a given culture rejects or accepts a certain translated work. Research for this study was based on the ideas of Itamar Even-Zohar, Gideon Toury and Susan Bassnett and focused on the translated short stories written by Pagu, on the main aspects of the detective novel and on the life of Pagu. Throughout history, pseudotranslations have proven to be a cunning device to surpass cultural, political, ideological and even aesthetic barriers. We now know that this resource has been cleverly used in Brazil in order to pave the way for the development of a literary genre in the country in the 1940 s: the detective novel.
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Moore, Ben Peter. "Invisible architecture : ideologies of space in the nineteenth-century city." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/invisible-architecture-ideologies-of-space-in-the-nineteenthcentury-city(10ec0828-2272-4cb0-bc41-3880cf58cdc3).html.

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This thesis proposes and explores the concept of ‘invisible architecture’ as a means of interpreting the city in the nineteenth century. Invisible architecture is understood as the unseen structure which holds together the modern city, allowing it to exist as a concept despite the impossibility of gaining full knowledge of it. It has two sides, the first repressive and stabilising, the second fluctuating and utopian. In this way, the thesis is interested in the material and spatial basis of ideology, as well as the ways ideology can be disrupted or distorted. It is also interested in developing a link between invisible architecture and two forms of the unconscious: the psychoanalytic unconscious, which is read through Freud and Lacan, and Walter Benjamin’s ‘optical unconscious’. More broadly, the thesis explores the ongoing significance of Benjamin’s Arcades Project (1927-40) for nineteenth-century city literature. Invisible architecture is explored by analysing how it operates as an object of interest and concern for a selection of writers whose work engages with the modern city between approximately 1830 and 1885. Chapter One focuses on Nikolai Gogol, whose essay ‘On Present-Day Architecture’ (1835) is read in relation to Sergei Eisenstein (1898-1948). This text expresses the desire to bring into visibility the submerged history of architecture and to produce a modern urban architecture that is monolithic and controlling. At the same time, it imagines a city built from suspended structures made of iron, a form of architecture that is speculative and destabilising. Gogol’s use of the term ‘arabesque’ (as in his 1835 volume, Arabesques) is also investigated, with reference to ‘The Overcoat’ (1842), as a means of thinking about how the city both disrupts and evokes totality. Chapter Two looks at James Kay, Friedrich Engels and Elizabeth Gaskell’s writing on industrial Manchester, especially Mary Barton (1848). It argues that the trope of the underground, which is associated particularly with the working class, operates as a form of invisible architecture, and considers the ways Kay’s 1832 pamphlet on Manchester cotton-workers seeks to bring the city into greater visibility. Chapters Three and Four focus on Dickens’s London in Dombey and Son (1848) and Our Mutual Friend (1865) respectively. Chapter Three looks at the hidden, but unstable, connections between the domestic and financial ‘houses’ of Dombey, and reads the railway as a force which both breaks apart and connects the city of London. Chapter Four focuses on the river as indicating the presence of that which cannot be integrated into the city because it is fundamentally unknowable, drawing on Lacan’s work on vision and the unconscious. This chapter also suggests that city space in Our Mutual Friend is frequently uncanny, referring to Freud’s essay on the topic. Chapter 5 examines Zola’s Paris in The Kill (1872) and The Ladies’ Paradise (1883) in relation to Debord’s Society of the Spectacle (1967), arguing that Haussmann’s boulevards and the new department stores of Second Empire Paris seem to open up the city with new vistas of space and glass, offering absolute visibility, but at the same time suppressing and destroying parts of the city. The conclusion looks at whiteness within city space, basing its discussion on texts covered in the preceding chapters. It proposes the contradictory combination of visibility and invisibility which whiteness signifies as a final example of invisible architecture, and argues for a dialectical connection between nineteenth-century whiteness and the whiteness of modernism.
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Guillaume, Marine. ""Fighting Justly" in the XXth century : why do weapons disappear from the battlefield ?" Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0052.

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Pourquoi certaines armes disparaissent des champs de bataille tandis que d’autres ne cessent d’y être déployées? Afin de répondre à cette question, notre travail entreprend d’analyser sous un angle inédit l’influence du droit de la guerre (jus in bello) dans le choix des acteurs (gouvernements et militaires) d’utiliser une arme plutôt qu’une autre. Plus précisément, il s’attache à démontrer que les perceptions collectives de ce que proscrit ou autorise le droit de la guerre concernant les conditions d’utilisation des armes (conceptualisées sous le nom de meta-norme du « combattre justement ») est décisif dans la manière qu’ont les acteurs d’appréhender, évaluer et utiliser leur armement. A travers l’analyse des trajectoires de trois armes différentes (armes chimiques, armes incendiaires et drones de combat) fondée sur des données objectives, archives et sources secondaires, nous démontrons que chacun des pics significatifs de l’utilisation de ces armes s’explique aussi par des changements importants dans les perceptions collectives du « combattre justement ». Ainsi, les acteurs cessent d’utiliser leurs armes, ou prétendent cesser, quand ils ne parviennent plus à justifier et démontrer que leur utilisation s’accorde avec leurs perceptions collectives du « combattre justement », et vice versa. In fine, notre travail démontre que la guerre demeure un processus de justification continu, et, parce que les perceptions du combattre justement forment le socle de ces justifications, elles sont décisives pour comprendre le choix des pratiques de guerre. En second lieu, parce que les perceptions collectives du combattre justement sont décisives pour comprendre les pratiques de guerre, notre travail s’intéresse à leur formation. Il démontre que les acteurs sont plus enclins à imposer leur propre perception comme étant la plus légitime lorsque leur argumentaire perpétue un ordre symbolique dominant et ne révèle pas les fondamentales contradictions inhérentes au droit de la guerre. Ainsi, notre travail propose d’analyser sous un nouvel angle l’impact du droit de la guerre, mais aussi celui des argumentaires et des symboles dans les pratiques de guerre
The dissertation investigates why certain weapons continue, or cease to be employed on the battlefields. Employing an interpretivist perspective, it investigates an aspect largely overlooked by the extant literature: the impact of the meta-norm of 'fighting justly' on actors' weapons utilizations. The meta-norm of fighting justly is defined as the collective preconceptions shared by actors, on how and when the extant laws of war (jus in bello) either ban or allow weapons utilization. My work reveals that the significant shift in the utilization of three weapons (chemical weapons, incendiary weapons and unmanned aerial vehicles) can be explained by shifts in the dominant perceptions of the meta-norm of fighting justly. It is when actors believe that they cannot justify their weapons utilization with regards to their own meta-norm of fighting justly, that they decrease (or pretend to decrease by hiding) this utilization, or vice versa. In fine, when engaged in a war, militaries and states constantly seek to justify their actions, and the basis of these justifications is their understanding of the meta-norm of fighting justly. Because the meta-norm of fighting justly impacts on weapons variations, it is crucial to understand who shapes the norm, at the international level. My work reveals that states are engaged in a constant argument, where they defend, articulate and promote their own conception of fighting justly. In this 'battle for legitimacy', states are more likely to enshrine their own conception as the most legitimate one, under two conditions: namely, when their argument does not disrupt the extant symbolic order, and when it does not foster the inherent contradictions of the laws of war. Ultimately, this work aims to shed new light on how the laws of war influence practices of war. It also explores and provides new insights into the 'logic of arguing' and into the symbolic power in international relations
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Quondamatteo, Sara. "L'autre XXème siècle de Czesław Miłosz et Nicola Chiaromonte : histoire d'une formation intellectuelle cosmopolite." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUL087.

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La thèse se propose de retracer la recherche philosophique et littéraire qui réunit Czesław Miłosz et Nicola Chiaromonte en tant que membres d'une formation intellectuelle particulière. Pour comprendre la nature de leur relation dans ce milieu intellectuel, on a évité les pièges biographiques et interprétatifs qui auraient réduit l'étude comparative des deux auteurs à une recherche stérile d'influences explicites sur le plan de la pensée et de l'œuvre. Au contraire, on a fait émerger toute la complexité de leur rencontre, déterminée par une conjoncture historico-politique et culturelle très particulière. La voix de Czesław Miłosz semble si proche de celle de Nicola Chiaromonte pas seulement à cause de la participation aux mêmes évènements et au même climat politique du XX siècle, mais aussi grâce à la commune attention portée à la nécessité de définir un fondement éthique pour la liberté de la pensée, du langage et de l'action humaine dans un contexte de massification généralisée qui a pris une ampleur néfaste dans les idéologies totalitaires. À partir d'horizons socioculturels différents, leurs recherches se sont ensuite orientées vers une tentative de redécouverte de la dimension tragique de l'histoire en opposition aux déterminismes du XX siècle qui ont réduit l'homme à une monade isolée, pliée aux exigences des nombreuses nécessités historiques. Comme observe Gino Bianco, les deux auteurs semblent développer en parallèle une aversion « pour l'historicisme fondée sur la conviction que malgré la fureur et l'horreur de l'Histoire, l'homme est un absolu et que cet absolu réside dans la conscience ». La recherche, qui révèle comment la pensée et l'écriture de Miłosz et de Chiaromonte sont en oscillation constante entre la dimension socio-politique et métaphysique, a pour originalité de se fonder en grande partie sur l'analyse textuelle. La réflexion sur la relation entre l'histoire et l'individu ne se situe pas à un niveau spéculatif et théorique ; au contraire, elle se réalise dans un processus d'écriture qui n'est pas détaché des trajectoires biographiques des deux auteurs. Tous deux essaient de comprendre l'égarement de l'homme moderne face à l'histoire en se reconnaissant avant tout parmi ces individus pris dans son étau. Les textes analysés révèlent la position occupée par les deux auteurs dans leurs analyses, à savoir celle de spectateurs critiques des phénomènes décrits. Dans les textes choisis, celui qui parle est aussi celui qui a vécu, qui se rappelle et donc qui témoigne. C'est dans l'impossibilité de séparer l'homme de son expérience et le penseur-écrivain de son jugement et ses évaluations, que le chercheur polonais W. Karpiński identifie le point de contact entre les deux auteurs, auxquels il attribue l'utilisation d'une forme littéraire particulière, celle des « esquisses de réalité » (szkice rzeczywistości). Karpiński conçoit leur écriture comme une forme de résistance aux manipulations et aux distorsions produites par les logocraties du XXe siècle, comme une réappropriation de la fonction signifiante du mot. C'est dans ce présupposé sémantique, dans l'aspiration à une coïncidence renouvelée entre le langage et la réalité que les deux auteurs aspirent à un renouvellement des fondements éthiques de l'homme moderne. On pourrait même parler d'existentialisme sémantique car leur écriture, malgré les différences stylistiques, est animée par la même urgence de répondre aux propagandes idéologiques en conduisant une réflexion métalinguistique
This thesis sets out to trace the philosophical and literary research that brought Czesław Miłosz and Nicola Chiaromonte together as members of a particular intellectual formation. To understand the nature of their relationship in this intellectual milieu, we have avoided the biographical and interpretative pitfalls that would have reduced the comparative study of the two authors to a sterile search for explicit influences in thought and work. On the contrary, we have brought out the full complexity of their encounter, determined by a very particular historical-political and cultural conjuncture. Czesław Miłosz's voice seems so close to Nicola Chiaromonte's not only because of participation in the same events and the same political climate of the twentieth century, but also thanks to the common attention paid to the need to define an ethical foundation for the freedom of thought, language and human action in a context of widespread massification that has taken on a nefarious magnitude in totalitarian ideologies.From different socio-cultural backgrounds, their research then turned towards an attempt to rediscover the tragic dimension of history, in opposition to the determinisms of the twentieth century that reduced man to an isolated monad, bent to the demands of numerous historical necessities. As Gino Bianco observes, both authors seem to develop a parallel aversion "to historicism based on the conviction that, despite the fury and horror of history, man is an absolute, and that this absolute resides in consciousness".The research, which reveals how Miłosz's and Chiaromonte's thought and writing are in constant oscillation between the socio-political and metaphysical dimensions, is original in that it is largely based on textual analysis. Reflection on the relationship between history and the individual is not at a speculative, theoretical level; on the contrary, it takes place in a writing process that is not detached from the biographical trajectories of the two authors. Both attempt to understand the bewilderment of modern man in the face of history, recognizing themselves first and foremost among those individuals caught in its stranglehold.The texts analyzed reveal the position occupied by both authors in their analyses, namely that of critical spectators of the phenomena described. In the chosen texts, the speaker is also the one who has lived, who remembers and therefore bears witness. It is in the impossibility of separating the man from his experience and the thinker-writer from his judgment and assessments, that Polish researcher W. Karpiński identifies the point of contact between the two authors, to whom he attributes the use of a particular literary form, that of "reality sketches" (szkice rzeczywistości). Karpiński sees their writing as a form of resistance to the manipulations and distortions produced by twentieth-century logocracies, as a reappropriation of the signifying function of the word. It is in this semantic presupposition, in the aspiration to a renewed coincidence between language and reality, that both authors aspire to a renewal of the ethical foundations of modern man. We could even speak of semantic existentialism, for their writing, despite stylistic differences, is driven by the same urgency to respond to ideological propaganda by conducting metalinguistic reflection
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Goncalves, Paulo Rogerio. "The development of Brazilian ocean policy in the last half of the XXth century." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399305.

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This Thesis examines the factors that have helped to shape Brazilian ocean policy over the last half century emphasising changes in political thought, the driving forces behind the globalisation of an ocean regime, national security concerns, strategic relationships, resources and geopolitics. It focuses on the changes that enticed Brazil to revise its ocean policy, and when and how traditional limitations still impact on the exercise of the country's attitudes on ocean affairs. Attention is centred on how Brazil has utilised the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS 111) and other international conferences to pursue national interests, and how its experience there has affected its domestic ocean policy. Policy considerations which underlie the development of the country's positions in external negotiations on the law of the sea include those relating to a hard-line unilateral territorialist policy narrowly connected with security (in its traditional terms), which dovetailed with an increasingly acceptance of an international ocean regime. Related to these there is an appraisal of Brazil's positions on coastal States' rights over the 200-mile zone with particular emphasis in the significant trends across time and space. As Brazil seeks to redefine its role in the post-Cold-War era a combination of new and old elements are again determining the future roles and character of its ocean policy and its approach to the South Atlantic as a whole. Factors contributing to this reorientation, and thus to the continuing evolution of the country's ocean policy, are discussed. Findings are used to suggest that the same combination of elements, in different proportions and at different pace is continuously provoking a dramatic change in collective values that may result in changes in contextual and situational factors. National and international arenas are increasingly interwoven, setting a complex framework for current national ocean policy-making.
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King, Karen Ann Russell. "Surviving modernity : Jewishness, fieldwork, and the roots of American anthropology in the XXth century /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Borilot, Vanessa. "Feminine strategies of resistance comparative study of two XIXth century French literary pieces and two XXth century French Caribbean writings /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 111 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1885467531&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Johnston, Elva. "Creating communities : elites, ideologies and literature in ninth- and tenth-century Ireland." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286676.

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Books on the topic "Ideologies of XXth century"

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Gallery, Harcourts, ed. XXth century masters. San Francisco: Harcourts Gallery, 1986.

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Jacob, Maria Lourdes. XXth century: 2 plays. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 2009.

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Jacob, Maria Lourdes. XXth century: 2 plays. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 2009.

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Lubomír, Nový, and Gabriel Jiří, eds. Czech philosophy in the XXth century. Washington, D.C: Paideia Press & The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, 1994.

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Artadi, Elsa V. The economic tragedy of the XXth century: Growth in Africa. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003.

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de, Toro Alfonso, and Toro Fernando de, eds. Jorge luis Borges: Thoughts and knowledge in the XXth century. Frankfurt am Main: Vervuert, 1999.

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Project, International Cultural. Ars aevi 2000 =: Art in the XXst [i.e. XXth] century. Sarajevo: Museum of Contemporary Art, 1997.

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de Saussure, Louis, and Peter J. Schulz, eds. Manipulation and Ideologies in the Twentieth Century. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dapsac.17.

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Smulyan, Susan. Popular ideologies: Mass culture at mid-century. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.

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Loleen, Youngman, ed. Mindscapes: Political ideologies towards the 21st century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ideologies of XXth century"

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Gilli, Eric. "Advances During the XXth Century." In Port Miou and Le Bestouan (Cassis, France), 33–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50192-1_5.

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Ne’eman, Yuyal. "Pythagorean and Platonic Conceptions in XXth Century Physics." In Visions in Mathematics, 383–405. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0422-2_14.

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Pier, Jean-Paul. "Harmonic Analysis: A Historical Manifold during the XXth Century." In History of the Mathematical Sciences, 211–23. Gurgaon: Hindustan Book Agency, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-93-86279-16-3_16.

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Fichet, Laurent. "Musical Analysis Using Mathematical Proceedings in the XXth Century." In Mathematics and Music, 139–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04927-3_8.

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Lukin, Annabelle. "The Quest for Meaning in Twentieth Century Linguistics." In War and Its Ideologies, 33–54. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0996-0_2.

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Neill, Edmund. "Political Ideologies: Liberalism, Conservatism, and Socialism." In A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Europe, 209–23. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470996263.ch16.

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Gosztonyi, Katalin. "Mathematical Culture and Mathematics Education in Hungary in the XXth Century." In Mathematical Cultures, 71–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28582-5_5.

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Maldonado, Ricardo. "Chapter 7. Bestial and warm addressing forms in Mexican Spanish." In Language Change in the 20th Century, 218–39. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pbns.340.07mal.

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This paper explores the evolution of two names for animals, buey ‘ox’ and cabrón ‘mail goat’, that have undergone a set of important semantic and pragmatic changes since the XIXth Century. The change from offensive to warm and friendly addressing forms involved a series of semantic bleaching processes, mostly attested along the XXth Century, that generated two independent, and yet, parallel networks of meanings. The loss of negative features led to the emergence of vocative, anaphoric and discourse marking functions where the original offensive part of both words has become almost imperceivable. It is claimed that cabrón has followed the pragmaticalization path of buey yet in a more conservative manner, since its semantic network of meanings is still active in most Hispanic dialects. Yet the pragmatic evolution of buey might characterize the Mexican dialect. The semantic change of both forms is temporally located in the 1960s and it is seen as a reflex of crucial changes in Mexican contemporary society.
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Schipperges, H. "Changes in Psychiatry: An Aspect of the Panorama of the XXth Century." In Clinical Psychopathology Nomenclature and Classification, 13–22. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-5049-9_2.

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Rabouin, David. "Interpretations of Leibniz’s Mathesis Universalis at the Beginning of the XXth Century." In New Essays on Leibniz Reception, 187–201. Basel: Springer Basel, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0504-5_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ideologies of XXth century"

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TRINCHESE, Stefano. "Italy and Turkey in Kemalist Time: Relations and Comparisons." In 10. Uluslararası Atatürk Kongresi, 2481–89. Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.51824/978-975-17-6044-9.28.

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This paper aims to propose reasons and arguments about relations, contacts and differences between Italy and Kemalist Turkey since 1918 to 1939. These relationships will be situated an international context of foreign relations after World War I. Of course the heritage of Lybian War (Tirabuluš Savaši) will be greatly considered, like a preface of future contrasts and evident conflicts among the two countries. This heritage will be continuously considered like a hostile beginning, in XXth century, for Turkey and Italy. The failure of every rapprochement in Turkish-Italian relations will be studied in the light of the very different ways of their foreign politics: during the fascist period, Italy tried to a deep destabilization of Mediterranean area, aiming to a renovation of an Italian or fascist Roman Empire, while Kemalist Turkey aimed to a national political attitude, regarding Turkish interests in the area, in the sense of a stabilization. Two different approach to nationalism and to authoritarian regimes: Kemalist Turkey, regarding to a peaceful nation into a world in progressive conflict; Italy, to an aggressive and bellicist power of expansion. This paper will examinate in a comparison Italian-Turkish relations among Twenties and Thirties Years of XXth century, moving from expansionist intentions of Italy, since 1912-1914, looking at Balkan Area and Aegean Islands, just to occupation of Albania in 1939, just before World War II, regarded from Ankara point of a view, like an evident aggression; on the other side, will be considered Turkish research of balancing among the Nations and a new order, after I World War Turkish defeat. Balkan difficulties, research of new economic stability and regional influence were invisible but powerful reasons of new misunderstanding and contrasts for Rome and Ankara. As a conclusion, residual different perspectives and new conflicts between Kemalist Turkey and Fascist Italy, will be regarded also from the privileged point of view of a distinguished German observer: Ambassador Franz von Papen, who served nazi-Germany from 1939 to 1944 in Turkey.
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Ozga, I., A. Bonazza, F. Tittarelli, E. Bernardi, O. Favonii, N. Ghedini, A. Bonazza, L. Morselli, and C. Sabbioni. "Environmental damage in XXth century architecture." In STREMAH 2009. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/str090511.

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Doyle, Michael W. "Ideologies and Polities: Liberal Democracy and National Dictatorship in Peace and War." In The Conflicts of the 20th Century and the Solutions for the 21st Century. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812795496_0004.

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Малкин, С. Г. "“IRISH WAR” AND INTERNAL SECURITY’ STRATEGY IN THE XXth CENTURY’ BRITAIN." In Конференция памяти профессора С.Б. Семёнова ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ ИСТОРИИ. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55000/mcu.2021.46.71.021.

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На протяжении продолжительного времени историки и эксперты рассматривали Войну за независимость Ирландии в 1919–1921 гг. как первый масштабный и неудачный опыт британских сил безопасности по противодействию повстанческой активности современного типа. В статье об-ращается внимание на ряд важных аспектов участия британских сил безопасности в «Ирландской войне», все еще недооцененных в академических и экспертных кругах. С теоретической точки зрения особый интерес в этом смысле представляют параллели как тактического, так и стратеги-ческого характера, c беспорядками в Северной Ирландии в 1968–1998 гг. Однако основу исследо-вательского подхода в данной статье составляет сопоставление архивных свидетельств и спектра угроз Британской империи во время «Ирландской войны». For the most part historians and experts share the view that the “Irish War” of Independence in 1919–1921 was the first and an unsuccessful experience for the British army in conducting modern counterinsurgency. This article highlights some important aspects of the British forces’ conduct in the “Irish war” still are undervalued in academic and expert circles. Theoretically there are useful parallels, tactical as well as strategic, in concern with the Northern Ireland Troubles in 1968–1998, which formed a special interest. But the main research approach of this article based on comparisons of the archival evidence with the specter of threats for the British Empire during the “Irish war”.
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Ilina, Ekaterina, and Tatyana Polyakova. "Language Androcentrism in British Textbooks in the 80s of the XXth century." In TSNI 2021 - Textbook: Focus on Students’ National Identity. Pensoft Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/ap.e4.e0424.

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Тагирова, Н. Ф. "Geopolitical "Rules" and the Organization of International Grain Trade in the Early XXth Century." In Конференция памяти профессора С.Б. Семёнова ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ ИСТОРИИ. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55000/semconf.2023.3.3.023.

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В статье автор на основе материалов российской и зарубежной историографии рассматривает институциональные аспекты международной торговли зерном в начале ХХ в., положение России на зерновом рынке, обусловленное международными геополитическими, технико-экономическими и институциональными условиями начала ХХ в. Сделан вывод о том, что технические новации были освоены российскими предпринимателями на протяжении одного-двух поколений, тогда как институциональные правила зерновой торговли базировались не на западных (рациональных), но национальных правилах, трансформация которых занимает более длительный период времени. The author, basing on materials from Russian and foreign historiography, examines the institutional aspects of international grain trade in the early twentieth century, Russia's position in the grain market, due to international geopolitical, technical, economic and institutional conditions of the early XXth century. It is concluded that technical innovations were mastered by Russian entrepreneurs over the course of 1–2 generations, while the institutional rules of grain trade were based not on Western (rational), but national rules, the transformation of which takes a longer time.
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Мишина, Н. В., and В. В. Ермошин. "MAPPING OF INTERNAL ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARIES OF PRIMORSKAYA OBLAST OF THE BEGINNING OF THE XXTH CENTURY." In Геосистемы Северо-Восточной Азии. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35735/tig.2021.55.32.028.

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В настоящей работе представлены результаты восстановления схемы административно-территориального деления Приморской области начала ХХ в. Картографирование границ области и ее уездов, волостей, казачьих станичных округов, городов было проведено на основе картографических и литературных материалов 1915-1917 гг. Для административно-территориальных единиц разного ранга рассчитаны площади, проведено их сопоставление с литературными материалами и оценками, полученными авторами ранее. The paper presents the results of reconstructing of the of the administrative-territorial division scheme of the Primorskaya Oblast at the beginning of the XXth century. We mapped borders of the Oblast and its counties, volosts, Cossack stanitsa districts and cities on the basis of cartographic and literary materials of 1915-1917. Areas of administrative-territorial units of different ranks were calculated and compared with literature materials and estimates obtained by the authors earlier.
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Plastova, T. "PROBLEMS OF THE EXPOSITION OF PAINTINGS OF THE XXTH C. EXHIBITION EXPERIENCE OF A. PLASTOV'S PAINTINGS." In Aesthetics and Hermeneutics. LCC MAKS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m2543.978-5-317-06726-7/48-50.

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The article is devoted tothe problems of XX century art exposition. The experience of A. Plastov exhibitions and the analysis of principles of European museums expositions allowed us to formulate some principles of XX century painting representation.
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Gutnyk, Maryna, Volodymyr Sklyar, Serhii Radohuz, Nataliia Volosnikova, and Elena Tverytnykova. "The Formation of Computer Science Centers in Ukraine in the second half of the XXth century." In 2021 IEEE 2nd KhPI Week on Advanced Technology (KhPIWeek). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/khpiweek53812.2021.9570093.

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Prytula, Yaroslav G. "Remarks on the history of mathematics in Lviv up to the middle of the XXth century." In Lvov Mathematical School in the Period 1915-45. Warsaw: Institute of Mathematics Polish Academy of Sciences, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4064/bc87-0-1.

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Reports on the topic "Ideologies of XXth century"

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Artadi, Elsa, and Xavier Sala-i-Martin. The Economic Tragedy of the XXth Century: Growth in Africa. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9865.

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McNaught, Susan. A historiography of the Elizabethan poor laws: late XIXth and XXth century historians. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1976.

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Gil, Ricard, and Pablo Spiller. The Organizational Implications of Creativity: The US Film Industry in Mid-XXth Century. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13253.

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Boyd, R. J. The Battle for Minds. Defeating Toxic Ideologies in the 21st Century. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada589036.

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Batliwala, Srilatha. Transformative Feminist Leadership: What It Is and Why It Matters. United Nations University International Institute of Global Health, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37941/rr/2022/2.

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The words of ancient Chinese philosopher Lao Tsu make the simplest, yet most profound, case for transformation – a change of direction, a fundamental shift in the nature or character of something, recasting the existing order and ways of doing things. This is what the world needs now, as institutions and systems of the past century prove unable to address the challenges of impending planetary disaster, persistent poverty, pandemics, rising fundamentalism and authoritarianism, wars, and everyday violence. Against a background of a worldwide backlash against women’s rights, gender parity in leadership positions – in legislatures, corporations, or civil society – has proved inadequate, as women in these roles often reproduce dominant patriarchal leadership models or propagate ideologies and policies that do not actually advance equality or universal human rights. What is required is truly transformative, visionary leadership, whereby new paradigms, relationships and structures are constructed on the basis of peace, planetary health, and social and economic justice.
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Varriale, Amedeo. Populism and the Extreme Right in Comparative Perspective: The French Rassemblement National and the Italian Forza Nuova. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), August 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/pp0036.

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Populism, especially "radical right-wing populism," and the Extreme Right are often explicitly or implicitly conflated or at least observed together (see Ignazi, 2000; Mudde, 2000; Rydgren, 2005; Carter, 2005; Griffin, 2018; Stavrakakis et al., 2019). While this contribution acknowledges that these two sets of ideas may occasionally overlap, they should still be understood as distinct concepts. Therefore, any deliberate and forceful conflation of their academic definitions, political histories, or traditions is usually misleading and inappropriate. Although many political scientists have recently attempted to clearly distinguish between the two phenomena by proposing separate definitions, some still suggest that populism and the extreme right are essentially two sides of the same coin (see Passarelli and Tuorto, 2018). To shed more light on this issue (or "war of words," as Cas Mudde once called it) and to provide a better understanding of these two important ideologies—one that has greatly impacted the last century and another that will likely continue to influence the current one—this article will compare and contrast right-wing populism and the extreme right from an entirely ideational perspective. This will be done by borrowing from a theoretical framework originally adopted by senior scholar Marco Tarchi (2015) and taking his approach one step further by empirically testing his theories through discourse and manifesto analysis of two contemporary European parties—one supposedly belonging to the populist (or "neopopulist") party family and the other to the extreme right (or "neofascist") family. Specifically, the positions of the French Rassemblement National ("National Rally" – RN) and the Italian Forza Nuova ("New Force" – FN) will be examined to determine whether there are more similarities or differences between the two ideologies. The analysis will focus on the RN’s and FN’s discourse and policies related to the role of the people, the nation, the state, society, the individual, the leader, the elite, democracy, and the market.
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