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1
Peter, Meyer. Nature guide to the Carolina coast: Common birds, crabs, shells, fish, and other entities of the coastal environment. Wilmington, NC: Avian-Cetacean Press, 1991.
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2
Hyŏn, Chin-sang. Paektu taegan ŭi chirijŏk pŏmwi kumyŏng ŭl wihan pangbŏmnon koch'al: Study for the identification of geographic entities of Baekdudaegan mountain system. Sŏul T'ŭkpyŏlsi: Kungnip Sallim Kwahagwŏn, 2007.
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3
Bonnet, J. P. Eddy Structure Identification in Free Turbulent Shear Flows: Selected Papers from the IUTAM Symposium entitled: "Eddy Structures Identification in Free Turbulent Shear Flows" Poitiers, France, 12.14 October 1992. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993.
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4
Candlish, Stewart, and Nic Damnjanovic. The Identity Theory of Truth. Edited by Michael Glanzberg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199557929.013.10.
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When one thinks truly, what one thinks is what is the case. In this truistic but influential thought lies the germ of the identity theory of truth. For, in the broadest terms, the identity theory holds that truth is a matter of identity between how things are and how one takes them to be. Giving such a theory substantive content, however, requires the specification of a pair of candidate entities for identification. The early sections of this chapter consider identity theories based on the most frequently proposed pair of entities, namely facts and propositions, focusing in particular on whether such theories can steer between the Scylla of mere truism and the Charybdis of absurdity (such as making falsehood impossible). The final sections briefly examine the connections between the identity theory of truth and quietism, on the one hand, and monistic idealism on the other.
5
Blidstein, Moshe. Baptism as Purification in Early Christian Texts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791959.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 discusses baptism as a ritual of purification and as marking the community’s external boundaries. Most authors who wrote about baptism in the second and third centuries described it as an act of purification, an understanding which is supported by the imagery of the ritual itself and by the Jewish and pagan parallels. This understanding made baptism dangerously similar to Jewish ritual, and the first section of the chapter therefore focuses on the efforts of Christian authors to differentiate between Christian baptism and Jewish rituals. Furthermore, this chapter investigates what exactly baptism was thought to purify. The identification of baptism—a physical act of washing—with purification from what would seem to be non- or semi-physical entities makes it a major site for addressing the relationship between external and internal purity, the role of conscious intention as opposed to ritual action, and the place of spiritual entities.
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Grishman, Ralph. Information Extraction. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0030.
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Information extraction (IE) is the automatic identification of selected types of entities, relations, or events in free text. This article appraises two specific strands of IE — name identification and classification, and event extraction. Conventional treatment of languages pays little attention to proper names, addresses etc. Presentations of language analysis generally look up words in a dictionary and identify them as nouns etc. The incessant presence of names in a text, makes linguistic analysis of the same difficult, in the absence of the names being identified by their types and as linguistic units. Name tagging involves creating, several finite-state patterns, each corresponding to some noun subset. Elements of the patterns would match specific/classes of tokens with particular features. Event extraction typically works by creating a series of regular expressions, customized to capture the relevant events. Enhancement of each expression is corresponded by a relevant, suitable enhancement in the event patterns.
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Reeves, John C., and Annette Yoshiko Reed. Enoch’s Association or Equation with Other Figures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198718413.003.0007.
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This chapter focuses upon collecting the numerous texts which posit an identification of the biblical character Enoch with other similarly endowed figures occurring in later Jewish, Christian, Muslim, and non-biblical traditions. These Enoch “avatars” include Jewish celestial entities like Metatron and the so-called “YHW(H) the lesser”; the qur’ānic prophet Idrīs; Graeco-Egyptian Hermes/Thoth and Hermes Trismegistus; and the Iranian epic hero Hōshang. Other assimilations which are explored include Enoch’s possible pre-biblical identity as a rival Flood-hero prior to the introduction of the character of Noah, and Enoch’s status in certain medieval Jewish writings as a reincarnation of Adam, the first human.
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Fox, Susan H. Wakeful Unresponsiveness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0029.
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NMDA receptor encephalitis is a member of the growing group of antibody-mediated neurological syndromes that can present acutely to neurological services. In the past, these entities were undoubtedly misdiagnoses as viral encephalitis or schizophrenia. The identification of the NMDA receptor antibody and a stereotypical phenotype has greatly improved the chance of a diagnosis in these patients. Furthermore, there is good evidence for the use of early immunotherapy, which may need to be sustained and increased in resistant cases that may still achieve a full recovery. The presence of an ovarian teratoma must be excluded in young females, although young males and females may also be affected in the absence of an underlying tumor.
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Koslicki, Kathrin. Form. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823803.003.0004.
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This chapter turns to the question of how hylomorphists should conceive of the form of concrete particular objects. It argues that hylomorphists should endorse the individual forms hypothesis and reject the universal forms hypothesis on grounds primarily having to do with the cross-world identification of concrete particular objects. Other issues, e.g., the causal roles ascribed to form or the relation between form and essence, perhaps surprisingly, turn out to be neutral between the individual forms hypothesis and the universal forms hypothesis. When the conclusions of this chapter are combined with those of Chapter 4, we arrive at a preferred conception of forms as “robust” particulars, i.e., as non-repeatable, non-sharable entities which, by their very nature, do not simultaneously belong to the matter–form compound (essentially) and to the matter composing it (accidentally).
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Bonet, Rocio, and Monika Hamori. Talent Intermediaries in Talent Acquisition. Edited by David G. Collings, Kamel Mellahi, and Wayne F. Cascio. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758273.013.4.
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Talent intermediaries are entities that stand between the individual worker and the organization that needs work done. They include online intermediaries such as job boards or social networking sites, and search and placement firms such as executive search firms and temporary-help service firms. Talent intermediaries have an increasingly important role in the contemporary employment landscape: they influence not only how and which individuals are matched to organizations but also how tasks are performed or conflicts are resolved once talent is hired by the organization. This chapter reviews the already extensive literature on talent intermediaries, focusing on their role in the identification, assessment, and hiring of talent. The chapter shows the advantages that talent intermediaries present to the talent-acquisition process compared with hiring organizations and the ways in which their intermediation changes traditional talent-acquisition processes that involved only two parties: the job seeker and the hiring organization.
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Levinthal, Daniel A. Evolutionary Processes and Organizational Adaptation. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199684946.001.0001.
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Strategists are encouraged to identify sustained competitive advantages. This volume takes a different tact and provides a perspective on how organizations adapt over time to changing circumstances. This process is characterized as not driven by the inspired wisdom of a grand strategist, but by an ecology of initiatives within the organization. A central role of the organization is to mediate between the market forces in which it operates and the culling and amplification of these initiatives within the organization. In this spirit, a useful touchstone is that of Mendel, who sits intermediate between the blind watchmaker of a purely Darwinian process and a “chess master” strategist as suggested by stylized rational choice approaches. The “Mendelian executive” operates with intentionality, but this intentionality is with respect to the design of the experimental process rather than the identification of specific pathways forward. The two core conceptual pillars of the work are that of path-dependence, what are the adjacent “spaces” to which an organization might move, and “artificial selection,” how the organization mediates aggregate immediate outcomes and the allocation of resources and rewards to the various initiatives and actors within the organization. Entities that have a sustained lifespan are not static, but engage in processes of renewal, whether cells in the human body or lines of business within a firm. A conceptual framework is provided to illuminate some of the fundamental mechanisms underlying this process.
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Sofie Schøtt, Anne. Kurdish Diaspora Mobilisation in Denmark. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474491709.001.0001.
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This book examines how the Kurdish diaspora in Denmark supported the Kurdish struggle in Syria from the battle of Kobane (2014) to the defeat in Afrin (2018). It contributes to our understanding of mobilisation and identity formation in the periphery of the Kurdish diaspora by examining the small but well-established community in Denmark. Arguing that the diaspora is treated differently by Danish authorities – in comparison to neighbouring Sweden and Germany – the book examines the political lobbyism, the courtroom activism and the humanitarian actvism of the various Kurdish diaspora groups. Drawing on social movement theory, the book introduces strategic interactionism to the study of diaspora mobilisation, which exposes ambiguous aspects of the interaction between the diaspora and political decision-makers. The book also provides new knowledge on transnational actors in war by examining how the Kurdish diaspora engaged in the war against Islamic State, like Danish military forces were engaged, but on different terms. Based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork among Kurdish groups and organisations, the book uncovers the rivalry between the two main Kurdish movements, called the Öcalan movement and the Kurdistan movement. Moreover, the book zoom in on the position of the Syrian Kurds within the diaspora who, like the Kurds in Syria, have been largely ignored until recently. Finally, the book coins the term ‘alter-territorial’ identification to describe identifying with political entities in other parts of the homeland than the area of origin.
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Unger, Brigitte, Lucia Rossel, and Joras Ferwerda, eds. Combating Fiscal Fraud and Empowering Regulators. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854722.001.0001.
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This book showcases a multidisciplinary set of work on the impact of regulatory innovation on the scale and nature of tax evasion, tax avoidance, and money laundering. We consider the international tax environment an ecosystem undergoing a period of rapid change as shocks such as the financial crisis, new business forms, scandals and novel regulatory instruments impact upon it. This ecosystem evolves as jurisdictions, taxpayers, and experts react. Our analysis focuses mainly on Europe and five new regulations: Automatic Exchange of Information, which requires that accounts held by foreigners are reported to authorities in the account holder’s country of residence; the OECD’s Base Erosion and Profit Shifting initiative and Country by Country Reporting, which attempt to reduce the opportunity spaces in which corporations can limit tax payments and utilize low or no tax jurisdictions; the Legal Entity Identifier which provides a 20-digit identification code for all individual, corporate or government entities conducting financial transactions; and the Fourth and Fifth Anti-Money Laundering Directives, that criminalize tax crimes and prescribe that the Ultimate Beneficial Owner of a company is registered. Working from accounting, economic, political science, and legal perspectives, the analysis in this book provides an assessment of the reforms and policy recommendations that will reinforce the international tax system. The collection also flags the dangers posed by emerging tax loopholes provided by new business models and in the form of freeports and golden passports. Our central message is that inequality can and has to be reduced substantially, and we can achieve this through an improved international tax system.
14
P, Bonnet J., Glauser M. N, and International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechsanics., eds. Eddy structure identification in free turbulence shear flows: Selected papers from the IUTAM symposium entitled: "Eddy structures identification in free turbulent shear flows," Poitiers, France, 12-14 October 1992. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993.
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15
Michael, Furmston, Tolhurst G J, and Mik Eliza. 2 Offers and Invitations to Treat. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198724032.003.0002.
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This chapter begins by discussing how developed legal systems seem to have adopted the technique of analyzing transactions in terms of offer and acceptance to determine whether there is an agreement. It then turns to the identification of offers, covering the definition of an offer; the requirements of a valid offer, i.e. extent of commitment evinced, the certainty of the terms used, and the specification of the addressees; how the language used in the proposal is the most decisive factor when examining what the addressee is entitled to conclude when judging the proposal to be an offer; and the communication of offer.
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Taberlet, Pierre, Aurélie Bonin, Lucie Zinger, and Eric Coissac. Paleoenvironments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767220.003.0015.
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One of the most fascinating facets of eDNA lies in the possibility of exploiting it to reconstruct past environments in paleoecology and in archaeology. Chapter 15, entitled “Paleoenvironments,” reviews different pioneer studies that scrutinized ancient eDNA extracted from different substrates (e.g., lake sediments, permafrost, or archaeological midden material), to address a wide range of questions. These include, for example, the taxonomic identification of archaeological fish bones in Madagascar from bulk samples, the reconstruction of past plant communities based on the large-scale analysis of permafrost samples, or the assessment of past human diet in Greenland based on midden material. Midden material from archaeological sites represents a valuable source of information for tracking food habits of ancient human communities. It also provides information about the surrounding biodiversity, using humans as biodiversity samplers, which is also explored here.
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Ottati, Victor, and Chase Wilson. Open-Minded Cognition and Political Thought. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.143.
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Dogmatic or closed-minded cognition is directionally biased; a tendency to select, interpret, and elaborate upon information in a manner that reinforces the individual’s prior opinion or expectation. Open-minded cognition is directionally unbiased; a tendency to process information in a manner that is not biased in the direction of the individual’s prior opinion or expectation. It is marked by a tendency to consider a variety of intellectual perspectives, values, attitudes, opinions, or beliefs—even those that contradict the individual’s prior opinion. Open-Minded Cognition is assessed using measures that specifically focus on the degree to which individuals process information in a directionally biased manner. Open-Minded Cognition can function as an individual difference characteristic that predicts a variety of social attitudes and political opinions. These include attitudes toward marginalized social groups (e.g., racial and ethnic minorities), support for democratic values, political ideology, and partisan identification. Open-Minded Cognition also possesses a malleable component that varies across domains and specific situations. For example, Open-Minded Cognition is higher in the political domain than religious domain. In addition, Open-Minded Cognition is prevalent in situations where individuals encounter plausible arguments that are compatible with conventional values, but is less evident when individuals encounter arguments that are extremely implausible or that contradict conventional values. Within a situation, Open-Minded Cognition also varies across social roles involving expertise. Because political novices possess limited political knowledge, social norms dictate that they should listen and learn in an open-minded fashion. In contrast, because political experts possess extensive knowledge, social norms dictate that they are entitled to adopt a more dogmatic cognitive orientation when listening to a political communication.