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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Identification faciale'

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Published: 25 May 2024

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1

Fayat, Vincent. "Approche et analyse des différentes méthodes de reconstitution faciale tridimensionnelle." Toulouse 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOU33025.

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2

Kose, Neslihan. "Leurrage et dissimulation en reconnaissance faciale : analyses et contre attaques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENST, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENST0020.

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La Reconnaissance automatique des personnes est devenue un sujet de plus en plus important avec l'augmentation constante des besoins en sécurité. De nombreux systèmes biométriques existent. Ils utilisent différentes caractéristiques humaines. Parmi tous les traits biométriques, la reconnaissance faciale inclut des aspects positifs en termes d'accessibilité et de fiabilité. Dans cette thèse, deux défis en reconnaissance faciales sont étudiés. Le premier est le leurrage. Le leurrage en reconnaissance faciale est présenté. Des contre-mesures permettant d'améliorer les systèmes actuels sont proposés. A cet effet, les attaques basées sur des photographies 2D ou des masques 3D sont analysées. Le second défi exploré dans cette thèse est lié aux variations dues à des altérations du visage (i.e. chirurgie plastique), maquillage et accessoires pour le visage (e.g. occultations par la présence de lunettes). L'impact de ces variations en reconnaissance de visage est étudiée séparément. Ensuite, des techniques robustes contre les variations de camouflage sont proposées
Human recognition has become an important topic as the need and investments for security applications grow continuously. Numerous biometric systems exist which utilize various human characteristics. Among all biometrics traits, face recognition is advantageous in terms of accessibility and reliability. In the thesis, two challenges in face recognition are analyzed. The first one is face spoofing. Spoofing in face recognition is explained together with the countermeasure techniques that are proposed for the protection of face recognition systems against spoofing attacks. For this purpose, both 2D photograph and 3D mask attacks are analyzed. The second challenge explored in the thesis is disguise variations, which are due to facial alterations, facial makeup and facial accessories (occlusions). The impact of these disguise variations on face recognition is explored, separately. Then, techniques which are robust against disguise variations are proposed
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3

Kose, Neslihan. "Leurrage et dissimulation en reconnaissance faciale : analyses et contre attaques." Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENST0020/document.

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La Reconnaissance automatique des personnes est devenue un sujet de plus en plus important avec l'augmentation constante des besoins en sécurité. De nombreux systèmes biométriques existent. Ils utilisent différentes caractéristiques humaines. Parmi tous les traits biométriques, la reconnaissance faciale inclut des aspects positifs en termes d'accessibilité et de fiabilité. Dans cette thèse, deux défis en reconnaissance faciales sont étudiés. Le premier est le leurrage. Le leurrage en reconnaissance faciale est présenté. Des contre-mesures permettant d'améliorer les systèmes actuels sont proposés. A cet effet, les attaques basées sur des photographies 2D ou des masques 3D sont analysées. Le second défi exploré dans cette thèse est lié aux variations dues à des altérations du visage (i.e. chirurgie plastique), maquillage et accessoires pour le visage (e.g. occultations par la présence de lunettes). L'impact de ces variations en reconnaissance de visage est étudiée séparément. Ensuite, des techniques robustes contre les variations de camouflage sont proposées
Human recognition has become an important topic as the need and investments for security applications grow continuously. Numerous biometric systems exist which utilize various human characteristics. Among all biometrics traits, face recognition is advantageous in terms of accessibility and reliability. In the thesis, two challenges in face recognition are analyzed. The first one is face spoofing. Spoofing in face recognition is explained together with the countermeasure techniques that are proposed for the protection of face recognition systems against spoofing attacks. For this purpose, both 2D photograph and 3D mask attacks are analyzed. The second challenge explored in the thesis is disguise variations, which are due to facial alterations, facial makeup and facial accessories (occlusions). The impact of these disguise variations on face recognition is explored, separately. Then, techniques which are robust against disguise variations are proposed
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4

Kermi, Adel. "Reconstructions faciales à partir d'images tridimensionnelles de crânes humains par recalage et modèle déformable pour l'identification de personnes." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004311.

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La reconstruction faciale à partir d'un squelette crânien est une technique importante dans plusieurs domaines scientifiques, en particulier dans les sciences médico-légales, l'archéologie et la paléontologie pour l'identification de crânes et la reconnaissance de personnes. Elle fait partie des méthodes d'identification reconstructive et est utilisée le plus souvent en dernier recours, lorsqu'aucune autre technique ne permet de présumer l'identité inconnue de la personne. Cette thèse aborde la problématique de la reconstruction faciale à partir d'images tridimensionnelles (3D) de crânes humains considérés comme étant inconnus. Nous présentons une méthode de reconstruction faciale 3D informatisée reposant sur des techniques récentes d'imagerie médicale avec comme principaux objectifs la rapidité du traitement et l'élimination de la subjectivité en s'appuyant en particulier sur des critères mathématiques pour évaluer les résultats. Notre méthode est fondée sur une approche par modèle déformable contraint par la connaissance des épaisseurs des tissus mous en un certain nombre de points de repère caractéristiques. Elle utilise, pour chaque reconstruction faciale, une image 3D d'une tête de référence dont nous extrayons la peau et le crâne, et une image 3D du crâne d'une tête inconnue dont nous voulons reconstruire la peau. La procédure de la reconstruction faciale est divisée en deux principales étapes. Une étape d'initialisation du modèle déformable est fondée sur une technique de recalage non linéaire guidé par un modèle de déformations de forme libre (FFD) à base de B-splines. Nous proposons donc une initialisation automatique, réalisée uniquement à partir d'un ensemble crâne et peau de référence et du crâne inconnu. Nous calculons, dans un premier temps, une transformation de l'image 3D d'un crâne de référence vers celle du crâne inconnu. Ensuite, nous appliquons la même transformation pour déformer l'image de la peau de référence vers une nouvelle peau que nous considérons proche de la peau inconnue et qui servira d'initialisation à la reconstruction faciale finale. Dans une seconde étape, la peau initiale, résultant de la transformation calculée précédemment, est raffinée à l'aide d'un modèle déformable 3D à base de maillages simplexes qui est attiré par un ensemble des points de repère caractéristiques préalablement calculés par un calcul des courbures moyenne et gaussienne, et fixés selon les positions des repères anthropologiques de Rhine et Campbell [Rhine et Campbell, 1980]. L'évolution de notre modèle déformable est effectuée suivant différentes forces internes et externes dont la force de champ de vecteurs de gradients (GVF) et une force de pression. Cette méthode a été testée sur treize ensembles de données crâne/peau issus d'IRM-3D de têtes d'individus enfants et adultes. Pour chaque reconstruction faciale, deux ensembles crâne/peau correspondant à une tête de référence et à une tête dont la peau est à reconstruire sont sélectionnés selon des caractéristiques anthropologiques similaires. Par cette méthode, nous obtenons des résultats encourageants. Les formes reconstruites restent des visages, visiblement acceptables, et sont relativement proches des visages réels.
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5

Tilotta, Françoise. "Contribution à la reconstitution faciale en médecine légale : proposition d’une nouvelle méthode statistique." Université de Paris-Sud. UFR STAPS d'Orsay (Essonne), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA113002.

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Grâce au développement de l'informatique et de l'imagerie médicale, de nouvelles approches ont été proposées afin de reconstituer un visage à partir d’un crâne sec et d’identifier un individu. La majorité de ces méthodes sont fondées sur une approche globale et traitent le visage dans son intégralité. Dans cette étude, nous choisissons d’explorer une approche locale et individuelle reposant sur la construction de maillage dense individuel et l’analyse de régions précises du visage. Dans un premier temps, nous constituons une base de données comprenant 47 scanners de tête entière réalisés sur des patients volontaires de sexe féminin, européens et âgés de 20 à 40 ans. Nous appliquons sur chacun de ces scanners un traitement mathématique comportant des étapes de segmentation et la construction de maillages. De plus, 39 points anatomiques sont localisés manuellement sur chaque maillage. Notre approche permet le calcul de géodésiques sur la surface maillée et l'extraction de morceaux de la surface osseuse qui sont délimités par les géodésiques et les points anatomiques (patch-os). La mise en correspondance des patches-os des différents individus de la base s’effectue par recalage et permet de déduire une notion de distance entre patches-os. Une notion d’épaisseur moyenne au-dessus d’un patch-os et une notion de surface moyenne de peau au-dessus du patch-os sont définies. Dans notre approche, chaque patch-os d’un crâne sec non identifié est habillé à l’aide de l’épaisseur ou de la surface moyenne calculée à partir des individus de la base de données dont le patch-os correspondant est proche en terme de distance après recalage
In recent years, the development of IT and medical imaging has had a major impact on facial reconstruction. New strategies have been proposed to reconstitute the morphology of a face from the observation of a skull. Usually, these techniques are based either on few landmark measurements or on the use of templates associated to the face and the skull. In our work, we choose a local and individual approach based on the used of dense meshes associated to a large collection of landmarks directly extracted from CT-scans. Our method allows to reconstruct local features on the skull like the nose with a good accuracy. We first built a database with 47 CT-Scan using whole head performed on 47 volunteers European women aged from 20 to 40 years. Our image processing includes 1/ the segmentation of both skull and external skin surface for each slice; 2/ the construction of two 3D surfaces by meshing curves on successive slices. Then 39 landmarks are manually located on each skull mesh. Our image processing step allows to compute geodesics on the meshed surface and extract anatomically identified feature from the bone surface (bone patch). Using registration techniques it is possible to construct a distance between individual features on the skull (bone patch) and to compute average of the corresponding skin features. We have derived two approaches to compute such average of skin features : one is based on the extraction of skin thickness, the second is based on the extraction of the external skin surface
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6

Huang, Di. "Robust face recognition based on three dimensional data." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00693158.

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The face is one of the best biometrics for person identification and verification related applications, because it is natural, non-intrusive, and socially weIl accepted. Unfortunately, an human faces are similar to each other and hence offer low distinctiveness as compared with other biometrics, e.g., fingerprints and irises. Furthermore, when employing facial texture images, intra-class variations due to factors as diverse as illumination and pose changes are usually greater than inter-class ones, making 2D face recognition far from reliable in the real condition. Recently, 3D face data have been extensively investigated by the research community to deal with the unsolved issues in 2D face recognition, Le., illumination and pose changes. This Ph.D thesis is dedicated to robust face recognition based on three dimensional data, including only 3D shape based face recognition, textured 3D face recognition as well as asymmetric 3D-2D face recognition. In only 3D shape-based face recognition, since 3D face data, such as facial pointclouds and facial scans, are theoretically insensitive to lighting variations and generally allow easy pose correction using an ICP-based registration step, the key problem mainly lies in how to represent 3D facial surfaces accurately and achieve matching that is robust to facial expression changes. In this thesis, we design an effective and efficient approach in only 3D shape based face recognition. For facial description, we propose a novel geometric representation based on extended Local Binary Pattern (eLBP) depth maps, and it can comprehensively describe local geometry changes of 3D facial surfaces; while a 81FT -based local matching process further improved by facial component and configuration constraints is proposed to associate keypoints between corresponding facial representations of different facial scans belonging to the same subject. Evaluated on the FRGC v2.0 and Gavab databases, the proposed approach proves its effectiveness. Furthermore, due tq the use of local matching, it does not require registration for nearly frontal facial scans and only needs a coarse alignment for the ones with severe pose variations, in contrast to most of the related tasks that are based on a time-consuming fine registration step. Considering that most of the current 3D imaging systems deliver 3D face models along with their aligned texture counterpart, a major trend in the literature is to adopt both the 3D shape and 2D texture based modalities, arguing that the joint use of both clues can generally provides more accurate and robust performance than utilizing only either of the single modality. Two important factors in this issue are facial representation on both types of data as well as result fusion. In this thesis, we propose a biological vision-based facial representation, named Oriented Gradient Maps (OGMs), which can be applied to both facial range and texture images. The OGMs simulate the response of complex neurons to gradient information within a given neighborhood and have properties of being highly distinctive and robust to affine illumination and geometric transformations. The previously proposed matching process is then adopted to calculate similarity measurements between probe and gallery faces. Because the biological vision-based facial representation produces an OGM for each quantized orientation of facial range and texture images, we finally use a score level fusion strategy that optimizes weights by a genetic algorithm in a learning pro cess. The experimental results achieved on the FRGC v2.0 and 3DTEC datasets display the effectiveness of the proposed biological vision-based facial description and the optimized weighted sum fusion. [...]
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7

Mallat, Khawla. "Efficient integration of thermal technology in facial image processing through interspectral synthesis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS223.

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La technologie de l'imagerie thermique a largement évolué au cours des deux dernières décennies, grâce aux caméras thermiques qui sont devenues plus abordables et simple à utiliser. Cependant, et étant donné que l'exploration de l'imagerie thermique est relativement nouvelle, seules quelques bases de données publiques sont accessibles à la communauté de recherche. Cette limitation empêche donc l'impact des technologies d'apprentissage profond de générer des systèmes fiables de reconnaissance faciale adaptés au spectre thermique. En essayant de surmonter ces contraintes, les travaux de recherche présentés dans ce manuscrit visent à explorer la synthèse interspectrale pour une intégration efficace et rapide de la technologie thermique dans les systèmes de biométrie faciale existants. Comme première contribution, une nouvelle base de données, contenant des paires d'images de visages visibles et thermiques acquises simultanément, a été collectée et mise en public afin de favoriser la recherche dans le domaine de l’imagerie thermique de visage. Motivé par le besoin d'une intégration simple dans les systèmes de biométrie faciale existants, un ensemble de contributions a proposé un cadre de reconnaissance faciale cross-spectral basé sur une nouvelle approche de synthèse des visages afin d'estimer le visage visible à partir d’un visage thermique. Autres contributions consistant à explorer la synthèse interspectrale, du spectre visible au spectre thermique, pour des tâches de traitement d'images faciales liées à la reconnaissance faciale, sont également présentées notamment la détection des points caractéristiques de visage et l'usurpation d’identité dans le spectre thermique
Thermal imaging technology has significantly evolved during the last couple of decades, mostly thanks to thermal cameras having become more affordable and user friendly. However, and given that the exploration of thermal imagery is reasonably new, only a few public databases are available to the research community. This limitation consequently prevents the impact of deep learning technologies from generating improved and reliable face biometric systems that operate in the thermal spectrum. A possible solution relates to the development of technologies that bridge the gap between visible and thermal spectra. In attempting to respond to this necessity, the research presented in this dissertation aims to explore interspectral synthesis as a direction for efficient and prompt integration of thermal technology in already deployed face biometric systems.As a first contribution, a new database, containing paired visible and thermal face images acquired simultaneously, was collected and made publicly available to foster research in thermal face image processing. Motivated by the need for fast and straightforward integration into existing face recognition systems, a set of contributions consisted in proposing a cross-spectrum face recognition framework based on a novel approach of thermal-to-visible face synthesis in order to estimate the visible face from the thermal input. Contributions consisting in exploring interspectral synthesis from visible to thermal spectrum for facial image processing tasks related to, but different than face recognition, are also presented including facial landmark detection and face biometric spoofing in thermal spectrum
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8

Ballihi, Lahoucine. "Biométrie faciale 3D par apprentissage des caractéristiques géométriques : Application à la reconnaissance des visages et à la classification du genre." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00726299.

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La biométrie du visage a suscité, ces derniers temps, l'intérêt grandissant de la communauté scientifique et des industriels de la biométrie vue son caractère naturel, sans contact et non-intrusif. Néanmoins, les performances des systèmes basés sur les images 2D sont affectées par différents types de variabilités comme la pose, les conditions d'éclairage, les occultations et les expressions faciales. Avec la disponibilité de caméras 3D capables d'acquérir la forme tridimensionnelle, moins sensibles aux changements d'illumination et de pose, plusieurs travaux de recherche se sont tournés vers l'étude de cette nouvelle modalité. En revanche, d'autres défis apparaissent comme les déformations de la forme faciales causées par les expressions et le temps de calcul que requièrent les approches développées. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans ce paradigme en proposant de coupler la géométrie Riemannienne avec les techniques d'apprentissage pour une biométrie faciale 3D efficace et robuste aux changements d'expressions. Après une étape de pré-traitement, nous proposons de représenter les surfaces faciales par des collections de courbes 3D qui captent localement leurs formes. Nous utilisons un cadre géométrique existant pour obtenir les déformations " optimales " entre les courbes ainsi que les distances les séparant sur une variété Riemannienne (espace des formes des courbes). Nous appliquons, par la suite, des techniques d'apprentissage afin de déterminer les courbes les plus pertinentes pour deux applications de la biométrie du visage : la reconnaissance d'identité et la classification du genre. Les résultats obtenus sur le benchmark de référence FRGC v2 et leurs comparaison avec les travaux de l'état de l'art confirment tout l'intérêt de coupler l'analyse locale de la forme par une approche géométrique (possibilité de calculer des moyennes, etc.) avec des techniques d'apprentissage (Basting, etc.) pour gagner en temps de calcul et en performances.
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9

Ibarrondo, Luis Alberto. "Privacy-preserving biometric recognition systems with advanced cryptographic techniques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://theses.hal.science/tel-04058954.

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Traitant des données très sensibles, les systèmes de gestion d'identité doivent fournir une protection adéquate de la confidentialité. En utilisant le calcul multipartite (MPC), le chiffrement homomorphe (HE) et le chiffrement fonctionnel (FE), cette thèse aborde la conception et la mise en œuvre de systèmes biométriques préservant la confidentialité pour de multiples scénarios. Nous améliorons les travaux existants dans le domaine, en équilibrant la précision et la performance avec les garanties de sécurité. Nous allons au-delà des adversaires semi-honnêtes pour garantir la correction face aux adversaires malveillants. Enfin, nous abordons la question de la fuite des données biométriques lors de la révélation du résultat, un problème de confidentialité souvent négligé dans la littérature. Les principales contributions de cette thèse sont : - Une nouvelle solution d'identification de visage construite sur la FE pour produits scalaires atténuant la fuite d'entrée. - Un nouveau protocole de calcul à deux parties, Funshade, pour préserver la confidentialité des opérations biométriques de calcul de distance avec seuil. - Une méthode innovante d'identification biométrique préservant la confidentialité, basée sur la notion de test de groupe appelée Grote. - Un nouveau protocole de décryptage distribué avec masquage collaboratif traitant la fuite d'entrée, appelé Colmade. - Un protocole de calcul tripartite à majorité honnête, Banners, pour réaliser l'inférence malicieusement sécurisée de réseaux neuronaux binarisés. - Une bibliothèque Python HE nommée Pyfhel, offrant une abstraction de haut niveau et des fonctionnalités de bas niveau, avec des applications dans l'enseignement
Dealing with highly sensitive data, identity management systems must provide adequate privacy protection as they leverage biometrics technology. Wielding Multi-Party Computation (MPC), Homomorphic Encryption (HE) and Functional Encryption (FE), this thesis tackles the design and implementation of practical privacy-preserving biometric systems, from the feature extraction to the matching with enrolled users. This work is consecrated to the design of secure biometric solutions for multiple scenarios, putting special care to balance accuracy and performance with the security guarantees, while improving upon existing works in the domain. We go beyond privacy preservation against semi-honest adversaries by also ensuring correctness facing malicious adversaries. Lastly, we address the leakage of biometric data when revealing the output, a privacy concern often overlooked in the literature. The main contributions of this thesis are: • A new face identification solution built on FE-based private inner product matching mitigating input leakage. • A novel efficient two-party computation protocol, Funshade, to preserve the privacy of biometric thresholded distance metric operations. • An innovative method to perform privacy-preserving biometric identification based on the notion of group testing named Grote. • A new distributed decryption protocol with collaborative masking addressing input leakage, dubbed Colmade. • An honest majority three-party computation protocol, Banners, to perform maliciously secure inference of Binarized Neural Networks. • A HE Python library named Pyfhel, offering a high-level abstraction and low-level functionalities, with applications in teaching
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McIntyre, A. H. "Applying psychology to forensic facial identification : perception and identification of facial composite images and facial image comparison." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/9077.

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Eyewitness recognition is acknowledged to be prone to error but there is less understanding of difficulty in discriminating unfamiliar faces. This thesis examined the effects of face perception on identification of facial composites, and on unfamiliar face image comparison. Facial composites depict face memories by reconstructing features and configurations to form a likeness. They are generally reconstructed from an unfamiliar face memory, and will be unavoidably flawed. Identification will require perception of any accurate features, by someone who is familiar with the suspect and performance is typically poor. In typical face perception, face images are processed efficiently as complete units of information. Chapter 2 explored the possibility that holistic processing of inaccurate composite configurations will impair identification of individual features. Composites were split below the eyes and misaligned to impair holistic analysis (cf. Young, Hellawell, & Jay, 1987); identification was significantly enhanced, indicating that perceptual expertise with inaccurate configurations exerts powerful effects that can be reduced by enabling featural analysis. Facial composite recognition is difficult, which means that perception and judgement will be influence by an affective recognition bias: smiles enhance perceived familiarity, while negative expressions produce the opposite effect. In applied use, facial composites are generally produced from unpleasant memories and will convey negative expression; affective bias will, therefore, be important for facial composite recognition. Chapter 3 explored the effect of positive expression on composite identification: composite expressions were enhanced, and positive affect significantly increased identification. Affective quality rather than expression strength mediated the effect, with subtle manipulations being very effective. Facial image comparison (FIC) involves discrimination of two or more face images. Accuracy in unfamiliar face matching is typically in the region of 70%, and as discrimination is difficult, may be influenced by affective bias. Chapter 4 explored the smiling face effect in unfamiliar face matching. When multiple items were compared, positive affect did not enhance performance and false positive identification increased. With a delayed matching procedure, identification was not enhanced but in contrast to face recognition and simultaneous matching, positive affect improved rejection of foil images. Distinctive faces are easier to discriminate. Chapter 5 evaluated a systematic caricature transformation as a means to increase distinctiveness and enhance discrimination of unfamiliar faces. Identification of matching face images did not improve, but successful rejection of non-matching items was significantly enhanced. Chapter 6 used face matching to explore the basis of own race bias in face perception. Other race faces were manipulated to show own race facial variation, and own race faces to show African American facial variation. When multiple face images were matched simultaneously, the transformation impaired performance for all of the images; but when images were individually matched, the transformation improved perception of other race faces and discrimination of own race faces declined. Transformation of Japanese faces to show own race dimensions produced the same pattern of effects but failed to reach significance. The results provide support for both perceptual expertise and featural processing theories of own race bias. Results are interpreted with reference to face perception theories; implications for application and future study are discussed.
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11

Mohd, Hadi Pritam Helmi. "Facial creases in human identification." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2012. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/8d7c0427-13b1-40eb-870f-d01c9d795b7b.

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This thesis is divided into four Phases. The aim of each phase is to identify facial creases useful in human identification.In Phase 1, creases were analysed on peri- and post-embalmed cadavers in CAHID to establish whether or not there is any change to crease with facial bloating. Embalming was chosen to simulate effects seen on a bloated face during decomposition. The results suggested that creases are quite resilient and changes were only detected relating to creases located on the periphery of the face, particularly at areas where the skin is thick, such as at the cheek region. Two new creases not classified in literature were identified on the face; these creases were called vertical superciliary arch lines and the lateral nose crease. Manifestations of these creases were also seen on faces in Phase 2 and 3 of the research. Phase 2 focused on the application of facial creases for the identification of living individuals. Volunteers were obtained from the University of Aberdeen and University of Dundee. Phase 2 was divided further into Phase 2a and Phase 2b. Phase 2a focused on matching creases from video and photograph sources while Phase 2b focused on matching creases from 3D surface scans to face photographs. A higher match rate was obtained for Phase 2a, where the shadows of the creases on two different sources were similar, as compared to the 3D to 2D analysis in Phase 2b. A Bayesian conclusion scale was utilised to categorise the conclusion.Research in Phase 3 focused on establishing facial crease correlation with skull morphology. Material for the research was obtained from William Bass skeletal collection at the University of Tennessee which provided ante-mortem face photographs with related 3D skull surface scans. Superimposition of the creases on the face photographs with the skulls was conducted to enable the visual analysis of the crease location. The qualitative analysis indicated that the infraorbital crease follows the outline of the orbits in 52% of the total subjects. No correlation was obtained between the nasolabial fold (NLF) and the bony surface inferior to the location of the crease. However, the depth of the selected skeletal region indicated the NLF was detected in 95% of the subjects. Quantitative analysis was carried out with the aid of geometric morphometrics (GMM) to analyse the maxilla morphology to establish whether the morphology indicated crease morphology. Geometric morphometric analysis indicated that people with a strong NLF had a long and narrow maxillary region.The conclusions obtained in Phase 3 were tested through a blind study in Phase 4. Analyses of the NLF and infraorbital crease were conducted on the Helmer skull collection available in CAHID. Ten skulls were provided to the researcher for analysis without related ante-mortem photographs. Once analyses were completed, the ante-mortem photographs were supplied and conclusions were obtained by comparing the crease reconstruction to the face photograph. Correct reconstruction was obtained in six of the ten specimens (60%). One case was inconclusive due to poor photograph quality though the location of the crease region appeared to be correct. The three inaccurate results showed an overestimation of the NLF strength, though the location of the crease manifestation was correct.
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12

MacLaren, Ian J. H. (Ian James Henry) Carleton University Dissertation Information and Systems Science. "Machine identification of facial images." Ottawa, 1989.

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13

Ferguson, Eilidh Louise. "Facial identification of children : a test of automated facial recognition and manual facial comparison techniques on juvenile face images." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2015. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/03679266-9552-45da-9c6d-0f062c4893c8.

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The accurate identification of children from facial photographs could provide a great attribute in the fight against child sexual exploitation, and may also aid in the detection of missing juveniles where comparative material is available. The European Commission is actively pursuing a global alliance for the identification of the victims of child sexual abuse; a task which is considered to be of the utmost importance. Images of child sexual abuse are shared, copied, and distributed online and their origin can be difficult to trace. Current investigations attempting to identify the children within such images appear to focus on the determination of places or geographical regions depicted in these images, from which victims can subsequently be tracked down and identified. Cutting edge technology is also used to detect duplicate images in order to decrease the workload of human operators and dedicate more time to the identification of new victims. Present investigations do not appear to focus on facial information for victim identification. Methods of facial identification already exist for adult individuals, consisting of both automated facial recognition algorithms and manual facial comparison techniques carried out by human operators. Human operator image comparison is presently the only method considered accurate enough to verify a face identity. It is only recently that researchers involved in automated facial recognition have begun to concern themselves with identification spanning childhood. Methods focus on age simulation to match query images with the age of the target database, rather than discrimination of individual faces over age progression. As far as can be determined, this is the first attempt to assess the manual comparison of juvenile faces. This study aimed to create a database of children’s faces from which identification accuracy could be tested using both automated facial recognition and manual facial comparison methods, which already exist for the identification of adults. A state-of-the-art facial recognition algorithm was employed and manual facial comparison was based on current recommendations by the Facial Identification Scientific Working Group (FISWG). It was not known if methods based on adult faces could be successfully extrapolated to juvenile faces, particularly as facial identification is highly susceptible to errors when there is an age difference between images of an individual. In children, the face changes much more rapidly than adults over ageing, due to the rapid growth and development of the juvenile face. The results of this study are in agreement with comparisons of automated and human performance in the identification of adult faces. Overall the automated facial recognition algorithm superseded human ability for identification of juvenile faces, however human performance was higher for the most difficult face pairs. The average accuracy for human image comparison was 61%. There was no significant difference in juvenile identification between individuals with prior experience of adult facial comparison and those with no prior experience. For automated facial recognition a correct identification rate of 71% was achieved at a false acceptance rate of 9%. Despite using methods created for adult facial identification, the results of this study are promising, particularly as they are based on a set of images acquired under uncontrolled conditions, which is known to increase error rates. With further augmentation of the database and investigation into child-specific identification techniques, the ability to accurately identify children from facial images is certainly a future possibility.
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Michael, S. D. "Volumetric facial reconstruction for foreign identification." Thesis, Swansea University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.638189.

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When skeletalised or semi-skeletalised remains are discovered there is often no identifying evidence available. In these cases, facial reconstruction techniques are employed to re-create a pre-mortem likeness of the deceased in the hope of developing new leads towards achieving the positive identification of the deceased. This work is a thorough investigation into the feasibility of using volume graphics techniques to perform the facial reconstruction of skeletal remains. The main contributions are: (i) A critical review of existing methods for facial reconstruction and soft tissue depth measurement. The aim of this study is to determine which factors contribute most to the inaccuracy of current reconstruction methods; (ii) The detailed design of a pipeline for the reconstruction of facial features using volume graphics techniques; (iii) A new approach for extracting corresponding anatomical feature points from two volumetrically-defined skulls; (iv) A new algorithm for the smooth and accurate deformation of volumetric data; (v) The evaluation of the new reconstruction pipeline with real-life skeletal samples. This research clearly illustrates the feasibility and potential usefulness of using volume graphics as the basis for a computer-based facial reconstruction technique. Parts of this research have been presented by the candidate at "Eurographics UK 1996" (Imperial College, London), and "International Workshop on Volume Graphics 1999" (Swansea, United Kingdom). It has also been published in 'Forensic Science International' and "Volume Graphics" (Springer-Verlag, London).
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Morecroft, L. C. "A statistical approach to facial identification." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/574/.

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This thesis describes the development of statistical methods for facial identification. The objective is to provide a technique which can provide answers based on probabilities to the question of whether two images of a face are from the same person or whether there could be two different people whose facial images match equally well. The aim would be to contribute to evidence that an image captured, for example, at a crime scene by CCTV, is that of a suspect in custody. The methods developed are based on the underlying mathematics of faces (specifically the shape of the configuration of identified landmarks) At present expert witnesses carry out facial comparisons to assess how alike two faces are and their declared expert opinions are inevitably subjective. To develop the method a large population study was carried out to explore facial variation. Sets of measurements of landmarks were digitally taken from ≈3000 facial images and Procrustes analyses were performed to extract the underlying face shapes and used to estimate the parameters in statistical model for the population of face shapes. This allows pairs of faces to be compared in relation to population variability using a multivariate normal likelihood ratio (MVNLR) procedure. The MVNLR technique is a recognised means for evidence evaluation, and is widely used for example on trace evidence and DNA matching. However, many modifications and adaptations were required because of unique aspects of facial data such as high dimensionality, differential reliabilities of landmark identification and differential distinctiveness within the population of certain facial features. The thesis describes techniques of selection of appropriate landmarks and novel dimensionality reduction methods to accommodate these aspects involving non-sequential selection of principal components (to avoid ephemeral facial expressions) and balancing of measures of reliability against selectivity and specificity.
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Ross, Stephen James. "Processing facial similarity utilizing denotative and connotative information to understand facial similarity judgments /." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2008. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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17

Cowle, Kenneth M. "Accuracy Variations in Human Facial Identification Based on Time of Exposure." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5415/.

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This study examined the relationship between time of exposure to the human face and accurate subsequent photo line-up identification. A volunteer group of 124 undergraduate students was divided into three approximately equal sized subgroups. The three groups were then exposed to a video or a portion of a video depicting a theft. Exposure times ranged from two minutes to 30 seconds. The subjects were then given a questionnaire and shown a photo line-up of the mock perpetrator and five foils. Subjects were asked to identify the perpetrator and mark that identification on the questionnaire. Results of the experiment indicated that the longer a subject was exposed the greater the possibility of an accurate identification.
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18

Benedikt, Lanthao. "Using 3d Facial Motion for Biometric Identification." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.523527.

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19

Dantcheva, Antitza. "Biométries faciales douces : méthodes, applications et défis." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00673146.

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Cette thèse s'intéresse aux biométries dites douces, et notamment à leurs utilisations en termes de sécurité, dans le cadre de différents scénarii commerciaux, incluant des aspects usage. L'accent sera ainsi porté sur les caractéristiques faciales qui constituent un jeu de traits significatifs de l'apparence physique mais aussi comportementale de l'utilisateur permettant de différencier, classer et identifier les individus. Ces traits, qui sont l'âge, le sexe, les cheveux, la peau et la couleur des yeux, mais aussi la présence de lunettes, de moustache ou de barbe, comportent plusieurs avantages notamment la facilité avec laquelle ils peuvent être acquis, mais également du fait qu'ils correspondent à la façon dont les êtres humains perçoivent leurs environnements. Plus précisément, les traits issus de la biométrie douce sont compatibles avec la manière dont l'humain tend à catégoriser son entourage, une démarche impliquant une structuration hiérarchique des différents traits. Cette thèse explore ces différents traits et leurs applications dans les systèmes de biométries douces (SBS), et met l'accent sur la manière dont de tels systèmes peuvent atteindre des buts différents, y compris la recherche accélérée dans des bases de données, l'identification et la ré-identification d'individus, mais également la prédiction et la quantification de l'esthétique d'un visage. Ce travail est motivé notamment par l'importance croissante de ces applications dans notre société en constante évolution, mais aussi par le côté peu contraignant du système. En effet, les SBS sont généralement non-intrusifs, et nécessitent le plus souvent de faibles temps de calculs, permettant ainsi une analyse biométrique rapide, sans imposer obligatoirement l'accord et la coopération de l'individu. Ces atouts rendent la biométrie douce indispensable dans les applications qui ont besoin de traitement d'images ou de vidéos en temps réel.
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Dantcheva, Antitza. "Biométries faciales douces : méthodes, applications et défis." Phd thesis, Paris, Télécom ParisTech, 2011. https://pastel.hal.science/pastel-00673146.

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Cette thèse s’intéresse aux biométries dites douces, et notamment à leurs utilisations en termes de sécurité, dans le cadre de différents scénarii commerciaux, incluant des aspects usage. L'accent sera ainsi porté sur les caractéristiques faciales qui constituent un jeu de traits significatifs de l’apparence physique mais aussi comportementale de l’utilisateur permettant de différencier, classer et identifier les individus. Ces traits, qui sont l'âge, le sexe, les cheveux, la peau et la couleur des yeux, mais aussi la présence de lunettes, de moustache ou de barbe, comportent plusieurs avantages notamment la facilité avec laquelle ils peuvent être acquis, mais également du fait qu’ils correspondent à la façon dont les êtres humains perçoivent leurs environnements. Plus précisément, les traits issus de la biométrie douce sont compatibles avec la manière dont l’humain tend à catégoriser son entourage, une démarche impliquant une structuration hiérarchique des différents traits. Cette thèse explore ces différents traits et leurs applications dans les systèmes de biométries douces (SBS), et met l’accent sur la manière dont de tels systèmes peuvent atteindre des buts différents, y compris la recherche accélérée dans des bases de données, l'identification et la ré-identification d’individus, mais également la prédiction et la quantification de l'esthétique d’un visage. Ce travail est motivé notamment par l'importance croissante de ces applications dans notre société en constante évolution, mais aussi par le côté peu contraignant du système. En effet, les SBS sont généralement nonintrusifs, et nécessitent le plus souvent de faibles temps de calculs
This dissertation studies soft biometrics traits, their applicability in different security and commercial scenarios, as well as related usability aspects. We place the emphasis on human facial soft biometric traits which constitute the set of physical, adhered or behavioral human characteristics that can partially differentiate, classify and identify humans. Such traits, which include characteristics like age, gender, skin and eye color, the presence of glasses, moustache or beard, inherit several advantages such as ease of acquisition, as well as a natural compatibility with how humans perceive their surroundings. Specifically, soft biometric traits are compatible with the human process of classifying and recalling our environment, a process which involves constructions of hierarchical structures of different refined traits. This thesis explores these traits, and their application in soft biometric systems (SBSs), and specifically focuses on how such systems can achieve different goals including database search pruning, human identification, human re–identification and, on a different note, prediction and quantification of facial aesthetics. Our motivation originates from the emerging importance of such applications in our evolving society, as well as from the practicality of such systems. SBSs generally benefit from the non-intrusive nature of acquiring soft biometric traits, and enjoy computational efficiency which in turn allows for fast, enrolment–free and pose–flexible biometric analysis, even in the absence of consent and cooperation by the involved human subjects
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Flores, Marta Regina Pinheiro. "Proposta de metodologia de análise fotoantropométrica para identificação humana em imagens faciais em norma frontal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/58/58131/tde-25032015-092813/.

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A face é a parte do corpo que mais sintetiza o ser humano e, para que seja entendida, vem sendo alvo de estudos dos mais diversos campos da ciência, incluindo a área da Identificação Facial Forense. A ciência responsável pelo estudo da face e de suas relações, denominada Cefalometria, apesar de exaustivamente estudada para o emprego clínico e radiográfico, principalmente por profissionais da Odontologia, ainda não foi padronizada e validada para o seu emprego em análises faciais sobre imagens e/ou fotografias. Em virtude do crescimento da produção tecnológica e automatizada da era em que vivemos, onde aparelhos com câmeras fotográficas acopladas fazem parte da vida corriqueira da grande maioria da população mundial, é necessário o desenvolvimento de metodologias que confirmem a objetividade, reprodutibilidade e confiabilidade de suas análises, principalmente para as áreas que exigem precisão e rigor técnico-científico, como a perícia criminal. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo propor uma metodologia de normatização na determinação de pontos cefalométricos para exames faciais exclusivamente baseados em imagens em norma frontal e definir quais são os pontos cefalométricos que apresentam maior e menor variabilidade de aferição, para possível aplicação na identificação humana. A parte experimental do estudo foi delineada em duas etapas: na primeira fase, foi utilizado o método convencional (cefalométrico clássico) para a descrição dos pontos anatômicos de referência; na segunda, o método fotoantropométrico proposto. Ambas as fases foram analisadas por cinco examinadores, os quais marcaram 16 pontos na topografia facial de 18 imagens, aleatoriamente escolhidas de um banco de imagens. Para todas as análises, foi utilizado um software desenvolvido pelo Serviço de 13 Perícias em Audiovisual e Eletrônicos do Instituto Nacional de Criminalística da Polícia Federal, denominado de SMVFace. Pode-se observar que houve uma grande redução da variabilidade dos pontos anatômicos após a adoção da descrição fotoantropométrica, principalmente para os pontos Alar, Endocanthion, Glabela, Gônio, Irídio Medial, Labial Superior e Zígio. Contrariamente, um ligeiro aumento na variabilidade dos pontos Chelion, Labial Inferior e Gnátio foi observado. Apesar do aumento na variabilidade desses pontos, a maioria das marcações foi realizada abaixo do erro aceitável preconizado por alguns estudos. Esses resultados demonstraram que, apesar de algumas limitações, a utilização da descrição fotoantropométrica proposta foi determinante para alcançar uma maior precisão das marcações dos pontos anatômicos de referência de forma geral
Face is the body part that most synthesizes the human being and, to be understood, has been targeted from different branches of science, including the Forensic Facial Identification area. The Cephalometry, science responsible for facial studies and their relationships, although extensively studied for clinical and radiographic employment, especially by dental professionals, it has not been standardized and validated yet for its use in facial images and/or photo analysis. Due to the growth of technology and automated production of the era in which we live, where camera-coupled devices are part of vast majority ordinary life of world population, methodologies development is necessary to confirm the objectivity, reproducibility and reliability of their analyzes, especially for areas that require precision and technical/scientific rigor as criminal expertise. In this sense, this research aimed to propose a standardization method in determining cephalometric points exclusively based on frontal view facial images and determine which points have higher and lower variability of measurement, for possible use in human identification. The experimental part of the study was drawn in two stages. In the first phase, the conventional method (classic cephalometry) was used to describe the reference anatomical points and, in the second, the proposed photoanthropometric method was used. Both phases were analyzed by five examiners who scored 16 points in facial topography of 18 images randomly chosen from an image database. For all analyzes, a software developed by the Expertise Service in Audiovisual and Electronics of the National Institute of Criminology, Federal Police, called SMVFace, was used. It could be observed that there was a large variability reduction of anatomical points after the photoanthropometry description adoption, especially for 15 Alar, Endocanthion, Glabella, Gonion, Iridium Medial, Upper Lip and Zigion points. In contrast, a slight variability increase of Chelion, Lower Lip and Gnathion points was observed. Despite the increased variability of these points, most markings are performed below the acceptable error advocated by some studies. These results demonstrate that, although some limitations, the use of the proposed photoanthropometric description was crucial to achieve greater accuracy of anatomical landmarks determination in general
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22

Tredoux, Colin Getty. "Evaluating the fairness of identification parades with measures of facial similarity." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21840.

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Bibliography: pages 239-248.
This thesis addresses a practical problem. The problem concerns the evaluation of 'identification parades', or 'lineups', which are frequently used by police to secure evidence of identification. It is well recognised that this evidence is frequently unreliable, and has led on occasion to tragic miscarriages of justice. A review of South African law is conducted and reported in the thesis, and shows that the legal treatment of identification parades centres on the requirement that parades should be composed of people of similar appearance to the suspect. I argue that it is not possible, in practice, to assess whether this requirement has been met and that this is a significant failing. Psychological work on identification parades includes the development of measures of parade fairness, and the investigation of alternate lineup structures. Measures of parade fairness suggested in the literature are indirectly derived, though; and I argue that they fail to address the question of physical similarity. In addition, I develop ways of reasoning inferentially (statistically) with measures of parade fairness, and suggest a new measure of parade fairness. The absence of a direct measure of similarity constitutes the rationale for the empirical component of the thesis. I propose a measure of facial similarity, in which the similarity of two faces is defined as the Euclidean distance between them in a principal component space, or representational basis. (The space is determined by treating a set of digitized faces as numerical vectors, and by submitting these to principal component analysis). A similar definition is provided for 'facial distinctiveness', namely as the distance of a face from the origin or centroid of the space. The validity of the proposed similarity measure is investigated in several ways, in a total of seven studies, involving approximately 700 subjects. 350 frontal face images and 280 profile face images were collected for use as experimental materials, and as the source for the component space underlying the similarity measure. The weight of the evidence, particularly from a set of similarity rating tasks, suggests that the measure corresponds reasonably well to perceptions of facial similarity. Results from a mock witness experiment showed that it is also strongly, and monotonically related to standard measures of lineup fairness. Evidence from several investigations of the distinctiveness measure, on the other hand, showed that it does not appear to be related to perceptions of facial distinctiveness. An additional empirical investigation examined the relation between target-foil similarity and identification performance. Performance was greater for lineups of low similarity, both when the perpetrator was present, and when the perpetrator was absent. The consequences of this for the understanding of lineup construction and evaluation are discussed.
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Gonzalez-Figueroa, America. "Evaluation of the optical laser scanning system for facial identification." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301602.

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Barkl, Sophie June. "Facial Emotion Identification in Early-Onset and First-Episode Psychosis." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15507.

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Psychotic conditions are a major public health concern as service expenditure costs are high, rates of unemployment are elevated, and risk of homelessness is increased. Improvements in the treatment of acute symptoms have resulted in many patients living in the community, which requires the ability to negotiate the social world. Social cognition refers to the set of skills involved in the perception, interpretation and effective use of social information. A fundamental building block of social cognition is the ability to quickly and accurately identify facial expressions of emotion (facial emotion identification: FEI). FEI has been found impaired and stable across time in people suffering from schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis (FEP), as well as in people at ultra-high risk of converting to psychosis and family members of people with psychosis. Taken together, this suggests that the ability to accurately identify facial expressions of emotions may be a trait marker of illness, rather than a consequence of illness. If so, a clearer understanding of the nature of these deficits at the early stages of illness would have implications for our theoretical understanding of the development and maintenance of psychotic illnesses. Furthermore, FEI deficits show cross-sectional and prospective ties with the ability of people with established schizophrenia to function in everyday life. The identification of factors that contribute to social disability in schizophrenia, especially those amenable to change, is a core aim of research. Therefore, an examination of the links between FEI and functioning in early-onset and first-episode psychosis would have implications for the provision of remediation programs aimed at ameliorating functional decline at the early stages of illness. This thesis contains a series of empirical manuscripts that have been published or are to be submitted for publication. This series of manuscripts is preceded by a general introduction to psychosis, schizophrenia, social cognition and FEI (Chapter 1) and a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature assessing FEIdeficits in EOP and FEP (Chapter 2). This review found that, similar to patients with chronic schizophrenia, patients at the early stages of illness have difficulties accurately identifying facial expressions of emotion. Chapter 3 is an empirical study that aims to address several shortcomings identified in the extant literature. Patients with early-onset psychosis (n= 34, mean age = 14.11, 53% female) and healthy controls (n= 42, mean age 13.80, 51% female) completed a task of FEI that measured accuracy, error pattern and response time. Relative to controls, patients (i) had lower accuracy for identifying facial expressions of emotions, especially fear, anger and disgust, (ii) were more likely to misattribute other emotional expressions as fear or disgust, and (iii) were slower at accurately identifying all facial expressions. FEI accuracy was not significantly correlated with clinical symptoms of psychosis or current functioning. Chapter 4 follows eight of these children and adolescents (mean age = 17.53, 50% female) over time (2 to 4 years) to assess the longitudinal stability of facial emotion identification deficits in early psychosis, with a concurrent consideration of clinical course and functional outcome. Results indicated that, overall, FEI deficits remain stable over time in EOP, despite improvements in real-world functioning and fluctuations in clinical state. Chapter 5 compares FEI in patients with FEP with two different types of psychosis, affective psychoses (FEAP: n= 15, mean age = 19.53, 40% female) and schizophrenia spectrum psychoses (FESz: n= 69, mean age = 20.70, 38% female) to healthy controls (HC: n= 159, mean age = 19.97, 34% female). This is important, as little is known about differential deficits in FEI in specific types of psychosis, especially in patients experiencing their first episode of illness. Patients with FESz displayed more severe and pervasive deficits compared to FEAP. The results of this study suggest a differential impairment in FEI severity and pattern contingent on the type of psychosis. In the final empirical paper (Chapter 6) findings obtained on 6-month follow-up of patients (n= 29, mean age = 20.30, 38% female) with FEP are reported. FEI deficits were found to remain stable over time, with the exception of improvement in the accurate identification of sadness. Significant relationships between impaired baseline emotion identification task performance and poorer longitudinal functional outcomes, in the context of weak associations between baseline clinical symptoms of psychosis and longitudinal functional outcomes, suggests FEI deficits may contribute to social disability in psychotic disorders. In summary, the results of the studies contained in this thesis suggest that (i) FEI deficits are present in EOP and FEP, (ii) these deficits are stable and endure over time, and (iii) are related to long term functioning in FEP. These findings further our theoretical understanding of psychotic disorders by supporting the hypothesis that FEI deficits represent a candidate neurocognitive marker and endophenotype of schizophrenia spectrum disease. These findings underscore the need for detailed investigation of FEI impairment in EOP and FEP and provide support for the provision of social cognitive remediation programs to people at the early stages of illness in the hope of ameliorating long term functional decline.
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Zeilmann, Patrícia Pereira. "Avaliação da acuracidade da reconstrução facial 3D por meio de fotografias antemortem de indivíduos previamente identificados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23153/tde-28032014-201941/.

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Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, por meio de comparação com fotografias ante-mortem, a acuracidade da reconstrução facial forense manual e computadorizada de brasileiros adultos utilizando-se o método de Manchester. Foram reconstruídos os rostos a partir de 08 crânios, 04 femininos e 04 masculinos que foram exumados no Cemitério Municipal Necrópole do Campo Santo-Guarulhos/São Paulo. Esse estudo se justificou para possibilitar a utilização do método de Manchester considerando-se as profundidades de tecidos moles estabelecidas para brasileiros. Oito réplicas de gesso para a reconstrução manual, e oito modelos virtuais em 3D, obtidos por meio de tomografia para a computadorizada foram levados para o Centro de Anatomia e Identificação Humana da Universidade de Dundee/Escócia/Reino Unido. Utilizou-se argila para a manual e a tecnologia Sensable por meio do programa de computador FreeForm Modelling Plus, e do dispositivo tátil Phantom Haptic Desktop para a computadorizada. Avaliou-se a acuracidade das 16 reconstruções resultantes por meio de dois métodos: fotografias das reconstruções produzidas foram mostradas para 100 voluntários, que foram convidados a escolher o sujeito da fotografia em vivo quando incluído com outros cinco sujeitos aleatoriamente selecionados; e por meio de teste de semelhança, que comparou a fotografia da reconstrução com a do sujeito alvo lado a lado, o que foi feito também com dois sujeitos controle. Embora em ambos os testes os sujeitos alvo tiveram o melhor desempenho no número de acertos e no grau de semelhança, as reconstruções manuais obtiveram um melhor desempenho e o maior nível de acerto foi de 90% em um caso no teste de reconhecimento, enquanto na computadorizada foi de 81%. Este estudo demonstrou que o método de manchester em brasileiros, assim como o FreeForm Modelling Plus são ferramentas úteis e adequadas para o uso em reconstrução facial com níveis de sucesso muito significativos.
The aim of this study was to evaluate, by comparison with antemortem photographs, the accuracy of manual and computerized forensic facial reconstruction of adult Brazilians using the Manchester method. The faces were reconstructed from 08 skulls, 04 female and 04 male that were exhumed at the Municipal Cemitery Necropolis of Campo Santo-Guarulhos/Sao Paulo. This study is justified to allow the use of the Manchester method considering the soft tissue depths from Brazilian people. Eight plaster replicas made for manual reconstructions and eight 3D virtual models, obtained by tomography for computerized were taken to the Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification at the University of Dundee/Scotland/UK. Clay was used for the manual and the SensAble technology through the FreeForm Modeling Plus software and the tactil device Phantom Haptic Desktop for the computerized. The accuracy of 16 reconstructions resulting was evaluated by two methods: images of the reconstructions were produced and shown to 100 volunteers who were asked to choose the subject of photography in vivo when included with other five subjects randomly selected; and by the resemblance test, comparing the photograph of the reconstruction with the subject\'s target side by side, which was also done with two control subjects. Although in both tests the 08 subjects achieved the best results in the number of correct answers and in the degree of resemblance, the manual reconstruction achieved a better performance and the higher level of accuracy in one case was 90% in recognition test, while the computerized was 81%. This study showed that the Manchester method in Brazilians, as well as the FreeForm Modeling Plus are usefull and adequate tools for use in facial reconstruction with very significant levels of success.
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Manohar, Vasant. "Video-Based Person Identification Using Facial Strain Maps as a Biometric." Scholar Commons, 2006. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3797.

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Research on video-based face recognition has started getting increased attention in the past few years. Algorithms developed for video have an advantage from the availability of plentitude of frames in videos to extract information from. Despite this fact, most research in this direction has limited the scope of the problem to the application of still image-based approaches to some selected frames on which 2D algorithms are expected to perform well. It can be realized that such an approach only uses the spatial information contained in video and does not incorporate the temporal structure.Only recently has the intelligence community begun to approach the problem in this direction. Video-based face recognition algorithms in the last couple of years attempt to simultaneously use the spatial and temporal information for the recognition of moving faces. A new face recognition method that falls into the category of algorithms that adopt spatio-temporal representation and utilizes dynamic information extracted from video is presented. The method was designed based on the hypothesis that the strain pattern exhibited during facial expression provides a unique "fingerprint" for recognition. First, a dense motion field is obtained with an optical flow algorithm. A strain pattern is then derived from the motion field. In experiments with 30 subjects, results indicate that strain pattern is an useful biometric, especially when dealing with extreme conditions such as shadow light and face camouflage, for which conventional face recognition methods are expected to fail. The ability to characterize the face using the elastic properties of facial skin opens up newer avenues to the face recognition community in the context of modeling a face using features beyond visible cues.
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Martikainen, Katariina, and Kewser Said. "A facial recognition application for elderly care : Caregiver verification and identification." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235636.

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Interest in facial recognition has increased rapidly during the past decade. Increased computational power and huge amounts of available data have made facial recognition both possible and useful. Bio-metrical identification is one of the common applications for facial recognition.The population in Sweden is aging. Moreover, many people remain living on their own until old age. This introduces new challenges to society. How do we maintain the autonomy of elderly, and support their well-being despite of the challenges introduced by aging?This thesis presents a study of the potential of facial recognition in elderly care. In the thesis work a need for facial recognition system in elderly care is identified, a system architecture to meet the need is presented, the implementation process of such system’s prototype is described, and the feasibility of the prototype is evaluated.One of the results of the study indicates that there is a need in elderly care to help seniors to verify and identify caregivers who visit them. The study shows that a facial recognition system which presents information about the visiting caregiver to the elderly would support them in their daily life. The user interface of the developed prototype is feasible, but as it is now, the facial recognition part of the program is not accurate enough to be used in a real life context. Ways of improving the facial recognition functionality of such a system should be studied in future research.
Intresset för ansiktsigenkänning har ökat snabbt under det senaste decenniet. Detta har gjort ansiktsigenkänning både möjlig och användbar. Biometri och identifiering är vanliga användningssätt för ansiktsigenkänning.Sverige befolkning åldras. De äldre fortsätter dessutom att i hög grad bo ensamma. Detta introducerar nya utmaningar för samhället. Hur kan vi bibehålla de äldres autonomi and stötta deras välmående, trots ålderns krämpor?Denna uppsats presenterar en studie om potentialen för att använda ansiktsigenkänning inom äldrevården. I arbetet identifieras behovet av ett ansiktsigenkänningssystem inom äldrevården, en systemarkitektur för att tillgodose detta behov presenteras, implementeringsprocessen av en prototyp av ett sådant system beskrivs samt genomförbarheten av ett sådant system utvärderas. Ett av studiens resultat indikerar att det finns ett behov inom äldreomsorgen att hjälpa seniorer att identifiera och verifiera den personal som besöker dem. Studien visar att ett ansiktsigenkänningssystem som visar information om besökande personal till seniorerna skulle kunna hjälpa dem i deras dagliga liv.Användargränssnittet i den utvecklade prototypen är användbar, men i dess nuvarande stadie är ansiktsigenkänningsdelen av programmet inte exakt nog för att kunna användas i verkligheten. Metoder för att förbättra ansiktsigenkänningsfunktionen i ett sådant system är ett uppslag för framtida forskning.
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28

Ochoa, Claudia. "The effect of facial resemblance on alibi credibility and final verdicts." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2009. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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29

Braybrook, Claire Louise. "Identification and analysis of candidate genes for X-linked cleft palate." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325607.

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30

Lorenzi, Jill Elizabeth. "Ability of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders to Identify Emotional Facial Expressions." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42642.

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Previous research on emotion identification in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) has demonstrated inconsistent results. While some studies have cited a deficit in emotion identification for individuals with ASD compared to controls, others have failed to find a difference. Many studies have used static photographs that do not capture subtle details of dynamic, real-life facial expressions that characterize authentic social interactions, and therefore have not been able to provide complete information regarding emotion identification. The current study aimed to build upon prior research by using dynamic, talking videos where the speaker expresses emotions of happiness, sadness, fear, anger, and excitement, both with and without a voice track. Participants included 10 children with ASD between the ages of four and 12, and 10 gender- and mental age-matched children with typical development between six and 12. Overall, both ASD and typically developing groups performed similarly in their accuracy, though the group with typical development benefited more from the addition of voice. Eye tracking analyses considered the eye region and mouth as areas of interest (AOIs). Eye tracking data from accurately identified trials resulted in significant main effects for group (longer and more fixations for participants with typical development) and condition (longer and more fixations on voiced emotions), and a significant condition by AOI interaction, where participants fixated longer and more on the eye region in the voiced condition compared to the silent condition, but fixated on the mouth approximately the same in both conditions. Treatment implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Master of Science
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31

Andersson, Björn, and Martin Valfridsson. "Digital 3D Facial Reconstruction Based on Computed Tomography." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2862.

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Despite the introduction of DNA-analysis for identification of human remains (1997-2000) several cases exist where the deceased remain unidentified. Approximately ten percent of unknown deceased persons can not be identified by dental status or other present methods. During the year 2003 alone, seven individuals, in Sweden, remain unidentified.

Increase in travel in Europe will lead to more discoveries of foreign human remains in Sweden. In these cases, dental and medical records are often unavailable for the identification process. When reconstructing a face from a skull, a technique with so called landmarks is used. These landmarks define the distance between the skull and the skin.

Today the reconstruction is performed by a forensic artist applying modelling clay to a cast of the skull according to the placement of the landmarks. This method is considered unethical since it involves manipulation of the skull. Another drawback with this method is that it is very time consuming and changes and modifications of the model are hard to do.

This thesis presents the possibilities of digitally, in 3D, reconstructing deceased persons'faces based on computed tomography of skulls. This is done by presenting our PC based 3D modelling tool that we have implemented in Discreet 3ds max. By developing and testing our software we have shown that digital 3D facial reconstruction can be performed by acquiring data from CT and performing the reconstruction process in 3ds max withhelp from our software.

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Huckert, Mathilde. "Identification de nouveaux gènes impliqués dans les anomalies crânio-faciales et bucco-dentaires." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ033/document.

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Les Amélogenèses imparfaites constituent un groupe d’altération de l’émail dentaire d’origine génétique. Cette pathologie peut exister de manière isolée ou associée à d’autres symptômes dans le cadre de syndromes. Certains gènes impliqués sont déjà connus, cependant de nouvelles mutations et de nouveaux gènes restent à identifier. L’étude de familles informatives dans le cadre de ce projet de recherche sur le massif crânio-facial et bucco-dentaire, associée à des stratégies d’identification génétique telles que la sélection de gènes candidats, les zones d’homozygotie, le séquençage haut débit, ont permis d’obtenir des résultats probants. Des investigations futures passant par l’augmentation des cohortes, le développement des outils de séquençage de nouvelle génération, l’étude des modèles cellulaires et animaux permettront d'améliorer la compréhension de l’amélogenèse
Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) represents hereditary conditions affecting the quality and quantity of enamel. This disease can exist in isolation or in association with other symptoms in the form of syndromes. Several genes involved in AI are already known, however mutations in these genes are not sufficient to explain all cases of AI. This suggests that mutations in yet unidentified genes underlie AI. The study of informative families included in this research project on cranio-facial and oro-dental anomalies, by using genetic strategies such as candidate gene mutational analysis,homozygosity mapping and next generation sequencing, allowed the discovery of novel genes and mutations in AI. Future investigations based on the recruitment of new families, the development of new next generation sequencing tools and the establishment of cellular and animal models will improve our understanding of amelogenesis
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Manohar, Vasant. "Facial skin motion properties from video : modeling and applications." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0003288.

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Baldasso, Rosane Pérez. "Emprego da fotoantropometria para compreensão do perfil de envelhecimento facial." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23153/tde-06032017-134731/.

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Muitas são as tentativas de projetar a aparência de uma pessoa através do tempo. Um recurso muito utilizado para este fim é a simulação de progressão de idade, que consiste na modificação de uma fotografia de uma pessoa, representando o efeito do envelhecimento sobre a sua aparência por meio de processamento de imagem digital ou de desenhos artísticos. Porém, as metodologias utilizadas usualmente são subjetivas. A inexistência de uma metodologia cientificamente consolidada capaz de simular mudanças ocorridas na face, por meio de imagens, evidencia a necessidade de estudos na área, visando subsidiar o perito criminal para a execução da técnica e sua aplicação como auxiliar nos exames de Identificação Facial Forense (IFF). A principal premissa envolvida em qualquer método de Identificação Humana é a da \"unicidade\" da informação utilizada como meio de comparação. Por unicidade, entende-se a individualidade (ou não repetitividade) do parâmetro estudado, que deve ser mensurada com a realização de estudos populacionais específicos, sendo que algumas características faciais se mantêm ao longo dos anos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar modificações no padrão métrico da face do indivíduo adulto em função da idade, em específico no que diz respeito ao crescimento das orelhas, crescimento de nariz e alteração da espessura dos lábios, visando a compreensão do processo de envelhecimento e o desenvolvimento de metodologias para estimativas de progressão de idade em casos de desaparecidos e foragidos, dando subsídios ao perito criminal para execução da técnica de simulação de envelhecimento da face em imagens. Para tanto, foram utilizadas imagens faciais padronizadas de 700 indivíduos adultos brasileiros, do sexo feminino e do sexo masculino, da região Sul, ancestralidade branca e em idades de 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 e 80 anos, todas em norma frontal oriundas do Sistema Nacional de Passaporte (SINPA), gerenciado pela Polícia Federal. Os resultados apontaram um aumento gradual e mensurável da altura das orelhas, intimamente relacionado com o aumento dos lóbulos, aumento da largura do nariz, bem como a diminuição da porção mucosa dos lábios, levemente mais evidente no lábio inferior, sendo estas alterações progressivas ao longo dos grupos etários estudados e diferente entre os sexos. Assim, concluiu-se ser possível determinar metricamente as modificações que ocorrem na face do indivíduo adulto em função da idade, em específico no que diz respeito a alterações de nariz, lábios e orelhas, visando a compreensão do processo de envelhecimento e fornecendo subsídios para execução da técnica de simulação de progressão de idade da face em imagens.
There are many attempts to design the look of a person over time. A widely used resource for this purpose is the simulation of age progression, which is the modification of a person\'s photograph, representing the effect of aging on their appearance through digital image processing or artistic designs. However, the methodologies commonly used are subjective. The absence of a scientifically consolidated methodology capable of simulating changes in the face, through images, highlights the need for studies in the area, in order to support the criminal expert for technical execution, for their application to assist in the Forensic Facial Identification (FFI). The main premise involved in any method of human identification is the \"uniqueness\" of information used as a comparison. For uniqueness means individuality (or non-repeatability) of the studied parameter, which should be measured to perform specific population studies, with some facial features that are maintained over the years. This study evaluated changes in the metric pattern of the face of adult people according to age, in particular with regard to the growth of ears, nose and change in the thickness of the lips, aiming to understand the aging process and the development of methodologies for age progression to estimate in cases of missing persons and fugitives, giving subsidies to perform the face of the aging simulation technique images. Therefore, were used facial images of 700 South Brazilian adults of both sexes, white ancestry and 20 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 ages, all in the frontal picture, coming from the National Passport System managed by the Federal Police. Results showed a gradual and measurable increase the height of the ears closely related with the increase of the lobes, increased nose width, as well as decreasing mucous portion of the lips slightly more evident in the lower lip, and these incremental changes over the age groups studied and are different between the sexes. Thus, it was found possible to determine metrically changes that occur in the face of adult individuals depending on age, in particular as regards the nose changes, lips and ears, aiming to understand the aging process and providing data to running the technique of simulating the progression of age in face images.
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Foley, Bryan Francis. "IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL GENETIC MARKERS OF FACIAL ASYMMETRY AND TMD IN ORTHOGNATHIC SURGERY PATIENTS." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2014. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/286577.

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Oral Biology
M.S.
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are comorbid conditions. Most are related to anxiety-induced muscular pain, but some are associated with facial asymmetry resulting from condylar resorption (CR) or condylar hyperplasia (CH). The etiology of the most common forms of CH and CR are still unknown. CR can be caused by rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or more commonly osteoarthritis (OA) of the TMJ, and inflammatory mediators have been previously implicated. Previous studies have identified pain/inflammatory genes related to chronic TMD while others have demonstrated potential genetic markers for RA. Similarly, genome-wide association (GWA) studies have identified genes associated with height, some of which may participate in craniofacial growth, CH, and the development of asymmetry. Masseter muscle is frequently involved in TMD of muscular origin, and left/right fiber-type differences have been previously found in subjects with facial asymmetry. A human transcriptome microarray was used to evaluate whether genes involved with height, pain, or inflammation were differentially expressed in masseter muscle from facially asymmetric patients with and without TMD. This study evaluated orthognathic surgery patients with varying skeletal malocclusions, including subjects with and without facial asymmetry and TMD (n= 93). Masseter muscle samples were collected from ten orthognathic surgery patients treated to correct skeletal malocclusions. Two of whom were classified with facial asymmetry with or without TMD, with one of the two showing positive evidence of CR. Samples were disrupted in QIAzol Lysis Reagent, RNA was isolated using a Qiagen miRNeasy Mini Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions, and quality of the total RNA was tested by Agilent Bioanalyzer and Nanodrop spectrophotometry. Samples were used for quantitative Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and protocols for microarray analysis were conducted as described in the Ambion WT Expression Manual and the Affymetrix GeneChip Expression Analysis Technical Manual. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was completed to detect fold-changes for each transcript to determine differences in global gene expression between the two asymmetric and eight remaining subjects. To find differentially expressed transcripts step-up t-tests were performed to correct for false discovery rate (FDR) comparing the two asymmetric samples to the eight symmetric samples. Differences were considered significant if step-up p-values were ±2 between groups. This study evaluated 847 height-related genes and 551 genes associated in pain/inflammatory processes. Genes of interest were determined a priori from GWA studies and the Algynomics Pain Research Panel v.2.0 partially derived from the Orofacial Pain: Prospective Evaluation and Risk Assessment (OPPERA) study. Two hundred and eight transcripts of 847 height associated genes and 132 of 551 pain/inflammatory genes were significant for expression (P±2.0 fold differences in facial asymmetry and/or TMD specimens. Among genes specifically reported to be associated with pain/inflammation, NPY5R (+2.11 fold), GABRA6 (+2.14 fold), CACNA2D1 (-12.51 fold) and EREG (+2.12 fold) showed significantly different (P<0.001) expression levels in the two asymmetric versus the remaining eight symmetric patients. CACNA2D1 expression was significantly increased in symmetric male subjects versus symmetric females (P < 0.05) as well as in asymmetric females versus asymmetric males (P < 0.05). CACNA2D1 expression was also significantly increased in symmetric male subjects versus symmetric females (P <0.05) and was differentially expressed at lower levels, however not significantly, in asymmetric males (p = 0.51). Based on the results collected, the following conclusions were drawn. These methods provide a novel approach to study TMD and/or facial asymmetry in human subjects. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that significant expression variation in human height genes may contribute to facial asymmetry with or without TMD, possibly through decreased expression of CACNA2D1. These data suggest TMD patients with facial asymmetry associated with condylar resorption may show significant differential expression of certain inflammatory marker genes such as EREG and CACNA2D1. These data support that gender may play a key role in the development of TMD, possibly through increased CACNA2D1 expression providing protective effects in TMD-free males but deleterious effect in females with TMD. These results support previous findings of pain/inflammatory genes associated with TMD derived from muscular pain. Further studies are needed to understand the genetic contributions to TMD, which may play an important role in future clinical intervention.
Temple University--Theses
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36

Matta, Federico. "Video person recognition strategies using head motion and facial appearance." Nice, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NICE4038.

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In this doctoral dissertation, we principally explore the use of the temporal information available in video sequences for person and gender recognition; in particular, we focus on the analysis of head and facial motion, and their potential application as biometric identifiers. We also investigate how to exploit as much video information as possible for the automatic recognition; more precisely, we examine the possibility of integrating the head and mouth motion information with facial appearance into a multimodal biometric system, and we study the extraction of novel spatio-temporal facial features for recognition. We initially present a person recognition system that exploits the unconstrained head motion information, extracted by tracking a few facial landmarks in the image plane. In particular, we detail how each video sequence is firstly pre-processed by semi-automatically detecting the face, and then automatically tracking the facial landmarks over time using a template matching strategy. Then, we describe the geometrical normalisations of the extracted signals, the calculation of the feature vectors, and how these are successively used to estimate the client models through a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) approximation. In the end, we achieve person identification and verification by applying the probability theory and the Bayesian decision rule (also called Bayesian inference). Afterwards, we propose a multimodal extension of our person recognition system; more precisely, we successfully integrate the head motion information with mouth motion and facial appearance, by taking advantage of a unified probabilistic framework. In fact, we develop a new temporal subsystem that has an extended feature space enriched by some additional mouth parameters; at the same time, we introduce a complementary spatial subsystem based on a probabilistic extension of the original eigenface approach. In the end, we implement an integration step to combine the similarity scores of the two parallel subsystems, using a suitable opinion fusion (or score fusion) strategy. Finally, we investigate a practical method for extracting novel spatio-temporal facial features from video sequences, which are used to discriminate identity and gender. For this purpose we develop a recognition system called tomofaces, which applies the temporal X-ray transformation of a video sequence to summarise the facial motion and appearance information of a person into a single X-ray image. Then, we detail the linear projection from the X-ray image space to a low dimensional feature space, the estimation of the client models obtained by computing their cluster representatives, and the recognition of identity and gender through a nearest neighbour classifier using distances
Dans cette thèse, nous avons principalement exploré l'utilisation de l'information temporelle des séquences vidéo afin de l'appliquer à la reconnaissance de personne et de son genre; en particulier, nous nous concentrons sur l'analyse du mouvement de la tête et du visage ainsi que sur leurs applications potentielles comme éléments d'identification biométriques. De plus, nous cherchons à exploiter la majorité de l'information contenue dans la vidéo pour la reconnaissance automatique; plus précisément, nous regardons la possibilité d'intégrer dans un système biométrique multimodal l'information liée au mouvement de la tête et de la bouche avec celle de l'aspect du visage, et nous étudions l'extraction des nouveaux paramètres spatio-temporels pour la reconnaissance faciale. Nous présentons d'abord un système de reconnaissance de la personne qui exploite l'information relative au mouvement spontané de la tête. Cette information est extraite par le suivi dans le plan image de certains éléments caractéristiques du visage. En particulier, nous détaillons la façon dont dans chaque séquence vidéo le visage est tout d'abord détecté semi-automatiquement, puis le suivi automatique dans le temps de certains éléments caractéristiques en utilisant une approche basée sur l'appariement de bloques (template matching). Ensuite, nous exposons les normalisations géométriques des signaux que nous avons obtenus, le calcul des vecteurs caractéristiques, et la façon dont ils sont utilisés pour estimer les modèles des clients, approximés avec des modèles de mélange de gaussiennes. En fin de compte, nous parvenons à identifier et vérifier l'identité de la personne en appliquant la théorie des probabilités et la règle de décision bayésienne (aussi appelée inférence bayésienne). Nous proposons ensuite une extension multimodale de notre système de reconnaissance de la personne; plus précisément, nous intégrons à travers un cadre probabiliste unifié l'information sur le mouvement de la tête avec celles liées au mouvement de la bouche et à l'aspect du visage. En fait nous développons un nouveau sous-système temporel qui a un espace caractéristique étendu, lequel est enrichi par certains paramètres supplémentaires relatif au mouvement de la bouche; dans le même temps nous introduisons un sous-système spatial complémentaire au précédent, basé sur une extension probabiliste de l'approche Eigenfaces d'origine. Ensuite, une étape d'intégration combine les scores de similarité des deux sous-systèmes parallèles, grâce à une stratégie appropriée de fusion d'opinions. Enfin nous étudions une méthode pratique pour extraire de nouveaux paramètres spatio-temporels liés au visage à partir des séquences vidéo; le but est de distinguer l'identité et le genre de la personne. À cette fin nous développons un système de reconnaissance appelé tomovisages (tomofaces), qui applique la technique de la tomographie vidéo pour résumer en une seule image l'information relative au mouvement et à l'aspect du visage d'une personne. Puis, nous détaillons la projection linéaire à partir de l'espace de l'image en rayons X à un espace caractéristique de dimension réduite, l'estimation des modèles des utilisateurs en calculant les représentants des clusters correspondants, et la reconnaissance de l'identité et du genre par le biais d'un classificateur de plus proche voisin, qui adopte des distances dans le sous-espace
In questa tesi di dottorato esploriamo la possibilità di riconoscere l'identità e il sesso di una persona attraverso l'utilizzo dell'informazione temporale disponibile in alcune sequenze video, in particolare ci concentriamo sull'analisi del movimento della testa e del viso, nonché del loro potenziale utilizzo come identificatiori biometrici. Esaminiamo inoltre la problematica relativa al fatto di sfruttare la maggior parte dell'informazione presente nei video per effettuare il riconoscimento automatico della persona; più precisamente, analizziamo la possibilità di integrare in un sistema biometrico multimodale l'informazione relativa al movimento della testa e della bocca con quella dell'aspetto del viso, e studiamo il calcolo di nuovi parametri spazio-temporali che siano utilizzabili per il riconoscimento stesso. In primo luogo presentiamo un sistema di riconoscimento biometrico della persona che sfrutti l'informazione legata al movimento naturale della testa, il quale è estratto seguendo la posizione nel piano immagine di alcuni elementi caratteristici del viso. In particolare descriviamo come in una sequenza video il volto venga dapprima individuato semiautomaticamente, e come poi alcuni suoi elementi caratteristici siano localizzati nel tempo tramite un algoritmo automatico di messa in corrispondenza di modelli (template matching) permettendo di seguirne la posizione. Spieghiamo quindi le normalizzazioni geometriche dei segnali che abbiamo ricavato, il calcolo dei vettori caratteristici, ed il modo in cui questi sono utilizzati per stimare i modelli degli utilizzatori, approssimandoli tramite delle misture di distribuzioni gaussiane (Gaussian mixture models). Alla fine otteniamo l'identificazione e la verifica dell'identità della persona applicando la teoria delle probabilità e la regola di decisione o inferenza bayesiana. In seguito proponiamo un'estensione multimodale del nostro sistema di riconoscimento della persona; più precisamente, tramite un approccio probabilistico unificato, integriamo l'informazione sul movimento della testa con quelle relative al movimento della bocca e all'aspetto del viso. Infatti sviluppiamo un nuovo sottosistema temporale che possiede uno spazio caratteristico esteso, arricchito di alcuni parametri aggiuntivi legati al movimento della bocca; contemporaneamente, introduciamo un sottosistema spaziale complementare al precedente, basato su un'estensione probabilistica dell'approccio Eigenfaces originale. Alla fine implementiamo uno stadio di fusione, che metta insieme i valori di somiglianza dei due sottosistemi paralleli, attraverso un'appropriata strategia di fusione delle opinioni. Infine investighiamo un metodo pratico per estrarre nuovi parametri spazio-temporali relativi al volto a partire da sequenze video, i quali sono utilizzati per distinguere l'identità ed il sesso della persona. A questo riguardo sviluppiamo un sistema di riconoscimento chiamato tomovolti (tomofaces), il quale utilizza la tecnica della tomografia video per riassumere in una sola immagine l'informazione relativa all'aspetto ed al movimento del volto di una persona. Poi descriviamo la proiezione lineare dallo spazio dell'immagine ai raggi X ad un spazio caratteristico di dimensione ridotta, la stima dei modelli degli utilizzatori attraverso il calcolo dei rappresentanti corrispondenti ad ogni cluster, ed il riconoscimento dell'identità e del genere attraverso un classificatore al vicino più prossimo (nearest neighbour classifier), che adopera le distanze nel sottospazio
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37

Suarez, Pardo Myrian Amanda. "Identification et attribution des expressions faciales et vocales émotionnelles chez l'enfant typique et avec autisme." Toulouse 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU20004.

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Cette étude vise à étudier l’attribution et l'expression émotionnelles dans une perspective développementale et comparative (normal-pathologique). Notre approche se situe dans le cadre de la pragmatique développementale qui rend compte de la façon dont les enfants acquièrent les usages sociaux de la communication et du langage. Des enfants français typiques et avec autisme de haut niveau et Syndrome d'Asperger, âgés entre 4 et 8 ans ont été testés à l'aide d'une tâche de dénomination d'émotions à partir de photos et d'histoires, d'une épreuve de narration de scènes à contenu émotionnel et d'un entretien sur les émotions (comprenant une tâche de production et d'évocation des émotions). Dans le cadre de l'étude transversale, les résultats des tâches d'attribution et de production d'expressions émotionnelles montrent que les enfants typiques ont de meilleures performances pour reconnaître la joie, la tristesse et la colère, comparativement à la peur et à la surprise (effet du type d'émotion). Ces résultats révèlent également que les enfants plus âgés ont des meilleures performances que les jeunes enfants (effet de l'âge). Pour ce qui concerne l'étude comparative normal/pathologique, nous avons mis en évidence des performances similaires entre les deux groupes comparés pour ce qui concerne le score total de la tâche d'attribution émotionnelle à partir des photos. Par contre, nous avons constaté des différences entre la population typique et atypique pour ce qui concerne l'attribution et l'expression émotionnelles observées à l'aide des autres tâches. Ainsi, les enfants avec autisme ont de moins bonnes performances par rapport aux enfants typiques, pour ce qui concerne la l'attribution émotionnelle à partir des histoires, l'évocation de situations émotionnelles et la production d'expressions faciales et vocales
Social cognition is defined as our ability to interpret others' behaviour in terms of mental states (thoughts, intentions, desires, and beliefs), to empathize with others' state of mind and to predict how others will think and act. This kind of capability is used, for example, to « read » and to understand the emotional expressions of other people. Within the framework of this research we are interested in children's abilities to express and to interpret the emotional manifestations of other people as a highly mediating factor for their successful social adjustment. This question was explored from both a developmental and comparative perspective. We studied the developmental trajectories of 90 typically developing children, divided into three age groups of 4, 6 and 8 years, and compared them with those of 12 high-functioning autistic children. These groups were assessed with a number of tasks: an affective judgment task from pictures and stories, a narration task using scenes of emotional content and an interview about emotions (composed by production and evocation tasks). Results of the developmental study show that, as typical children get older, they increasingly provide adequate target responses, confusion between emotions decreases and finally they produce more complex narratives and develop expressive capabilities. Furthermore, results of the comparative study show that the autistic population is also able to recognize emotional information from faces, but they show significantly worse performance on other emotional tasks than typical children do. These results are discussed in relation to former research in the domain of emotional, pragmatic and theory of mind
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Delmas, Hugues. "Expressions faciales et mensonges factuels : évaluation des croyances et identification des expressions produites lors d’un mensonge à forte charge cognitive." Thesis, Paris 8, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA080036.

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Deux facteurs permettent d’augmenter la performance de détection du mensonge : (a)identifier les croyances erronées et lutter contre elles et (b) accroître les différences decomportements entre les menteurs et les personnes qui disent la vérité. Ce travail de thèse aétudié ces facteurs en lien avec les expressions faciales du mensonge. Pour ce faire, nous avonsinvestigué les croyances via l’utilisation d’un questionnaire photographique et utilisé un récitantéchronologique (narration à rebours) pour amplifier les différences de comportements(approche de la charge cognitive).Notre démarche expérimentale a questionné : (a) Les croyances les plus prégnantesrelatives aux expressions faciales du mensonge. (b) L’influence de l’expérience professionnelle,de l’enjeu du mensonge (grave ou anodin) et du comportement mensonger évalué (le sien oucelui d’autrui). (c) La pertinence de l’intensité des expressions faciales pour déceler lesmensonges lors d’un récit antéchronologique.L’ensemble de nos résultats ont mis au jour de nombreuses nouvelles croyances. Septd’entre elles étaient très partagées par les individus et cohérentes avec la vision stéréotypée dumenteur. L’expérience professionnelle, l’enjeu du mensonge et le comportement mensongerévalué ont peu modifié les croyances. Le récit antéchronologique a amplifié les différences entrementeurs et sincères ; et l’intensité des mouvements faciaux a été une mesure pertinente pourdéceler le mensonge. L’application de nos travaux est discutée
Two factors increase the lie detection performance: (a) identify and decrease false beliefsand (b) increase behavioral differences between liars and truth-tellers. These factors were studiedin relation to facial expressions of deception in this doctoral dissertation.The present work questioned (a) The most important beliefs about facial expressions ofdeception throught the use of a photographic questionnaire (b) The influence of professionalexperience, stakes of lie (serious or trivial) and the lying behavior evaluated (his own or that ofothers) (c) The relevance of facial expressions’ intensity to detect lies in an reverse orderinstruction which was used to magnify behavioral differences (cognitive load approach).Our results highlighted many new beliefs. Seven of them were very shared by people andconsistent with the stereotypical view of the liar. Beliefs were little infuenced by professionalexperience, the stakes of lie and the evaluated behavior. The reverse order instruction amplifieddifferences between liars and truth-tellers; and the intensity of facial movements was a relevantmeasure for detecting deception. Application of our research is discussed
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Liu, C. Y. J. "Facial identification from online images for use in the prevention of child trafficking and exploitation." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2018. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/9901/.

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Every year, an estimated 1.2 million children are trafficked (International Labour Office, 2002). The National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC) received a 432% increase in child sexual abuse images for the purposes of identification between 2005 and 2009 (U.S. Department of Justice, 2010), and they assisted in the identification of 2,589 victims related to indecent images of children in 2015 (NCMEC, 2015a). In relation to the vast number of images received, machine-based facial recognition could help law enforcement and other organisations to match faces more efficiently. The use of facial recognition technology has become more popular within our society, but where rapid juvenile growth changes facial features recognition is challenging, especially for children under 15 years of age with changes to the outer contour of the face (Ramanathan and Chellappa, 2006). The challenge not only relates to the growth of the child's face, but also relates to face recognition in the wild with unconstrained images. This study aims to provide an open-access database of facial images, documenting the different stages of facial growth from numerous individuals from birth to 19 years of age. There are currently very limited longitudinal databases available for the research community, and the collection of this database will benefit all researchers who wish to study age progression and facial growth. Ferguson (2015) suggested that facial recognition algorithms can perform better than humans in the identification of faces of children. Experiment 1 of this research takes a further step to explore how the difference in age group and age gap can affect the recognition rate using various facial recognition software, and explores the possibilities of group tagging. Results indicated that the use of multiple images is beneficial for the facial identification of children. Experiment 2 explores whether age progression work could further improve the recognition rate of juvenile faces. This study documents the workflow of a new method for digital manual age progression using a combination of previously published methods. The proposed age progression method for children recorded satisfactory levels of repeatability with facial measurements at the Nasion (n) and Trichion (tr) showing the most inaccuracy. No previous studies have tested how different conditions (i.e. blurring, resolution reduction, cropping and black and white) can affect machine-based facial recognition nor have they explored the relationship between age progression images and facial recognition software. The study found that reduction of the resolution of an age progression image improves automated facial recognition for juvenile identification, and manual age progressions are no more useful than the original image for facial identification of missing children. The outcome of this research directly benefits those who practice facial identification in relation to children, especially for age progression casework.
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40

Miranda, Geraldo Elias. "Avaliação da acurácia e da semelhança da reconstrução facial forense computadorizada tridimensional e variação facial fotoantropométrica intraindivíduo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23153/tde-05112018-125105/.

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Esta tese é composta por três capítulos. O primeiro teve o objetivo de avaliar a acurácia e a semelhança da reconstrução facial forense computadorizada (RFFC) tridimensional realizada com softwares livres. As RFFC foram realizadas no programa Blender® a partir de tomografias do crânio, utilizando templates do MakeHuman®. A avaliação da acurácia foi feita no CloudCompare® que comparou a RFFC com a pele na tomografia, enquanto a avaliação da semelhança foi realizada no Picasa® utilizando fotografias dos participantes. Os resultados mostraram que do total de pontos que formam cada reconstrução, 63.20% a 73.67% apresentaram uma distância de -2,5 <= x <= 2,5mm entre a RFFC e a superfície da pele, enquanto a distância média variou entre -1,66 a 0,33mm. Duas das quatro reconstruções foram reconhecidas objetivamente pelo Picasa®. As RFFC realizadas utilizando esses softwares apresentam plausíveis níveis de acurácia e semelhança, portanto indicam valor para uso no campo forense. Os outros dois capítulos tiveram como objetivo avaliar a estabilidade métrica facial do mesmo indivíduo por meio da análise de fotografias tomadas em um intervalo de tempo de cinco anos. Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal realizado com fotografias frontais padronizadas de 666 indivíduos adultos divididos por faixa etária e sexo. Com o programa SAFF 2D foram marcados 32 pontos, cujas coordenadas foram utilizadas para calcular 40 medidas, sendo 20 horizontais e 20 verticais. Cada uma dessas medidas foi dividida pelo diâmetro da íris e assim foram obtidas razões iridianas. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria das razões não sofreu variação estatisticamente significante. As razões que tiveram maior variação foram aquelas da região do nariz e da boca. Quando se compara as faixas etárias entre si observa-se que a grande maioria das razões é diferente, mostrando a influência da idade nas dimensões faciais. Quando se compara a estabilidade dentro mesmo sexo observa-se que houve razões que diminuíram e outras aumentaram tanto no sexo feminino quanto no sexo masculino, enquanto outras variaram apenas em um dos sexos. Quando se compara a variação entre os sexos observa-se que a maioria das razões é diferente, mostrando o dimorfismo sexual das medidas faciais. A face passa por alterações métricas ao longo da vida em todas as faixas etárias, principalmente na região do nariz e boca, com maiores diferenças após os 60 anos. Além disso, algumas medidas faciais são mais influenciadas pelo sexo do que outras. Entretanto, a maioria das medidas levantadas se mantem relativamente estáveis dentro de um período de 5 anos tanto em relação ao sexo quanto a idade.
This thesis contains three chapters. The aim of the first chapter was to evaluate the accuracy and recognition level of three-dimensional (3D) computerized forensic craniofacial reconstruction (CCFR) performed in a blind test on open-source software using computed tomography data from live subjects. The CCFRs were completed using Blender® with 3D models obtained from the computed tomography data and templates from the MakeHuman® program. The evaluation of accuracy was carried out in CloudCompare®, by geometric comparison of the CCFR to the subject 3D face model (obtained from the CT data). A recognition level was performed using the Picasa® with a frontal standardized photography. The results were presented from all the points that form the CCFR model, with an average for each comparison between 63.20% and 73.67% with a distance -2.5 <= x <= 2.5 mm from the skin surface and the average distances were 1.66 to 0.33 mm. Two of the four CCFRs were correctly matched by the Picasa® tool. Free software programs are capable of producing 3D CCFRs with plausible levels of accuracy and recognition and therefore indicate their value for use in forensic applications. The other two chapters study the facial comparison and aimed to evaluate the facial metrical stability of an individual through photographs taken in a time interval of five years. It is a longitudinal study composed of standard frontal photographs of 666 adults divided by sex and age groups. By using the SAFF 2D® software, 32 landmarks were positioned, whose coordinates were used to calculate 40 measurements, 20 horizontal and 20 vertical. Each of these measurements was divided by iris diameter and thus iridian ratios were obtained. The results showed that most of the ratios did not suffer statistically significant variations. The ratios that had the greatest variation in the different age groups were those of the nose and mouth regions. When comparing the age groups with each other it is observed that the great majority of the reasons are different, showing the influence of age on the facial dimensions. When comparing stability with respect to sex, it was observed that there were ratios that decreased and others that increased in both sexes, while other ratios varied only in females or in males. When the sexes were compared, it was observed that the majority of the ratios were different, showing sexual dimorphism of the facial measures. The face undergoes metrical alterations throughout the life, mainly in the region of the nose and mouth, with the greatest differences seen in those who are aged 60 years and older. In addition, some facial measures are more influenced by sex than others. However, most of the measures raised have remained relatively stable within a period of five years in both sex and age groups.
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41

CAPLOVA, ZUZANA. "MORPHOLOGY OF THE FACE AS A POSTMORTEM PERSONAL IDENTIFIER." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/544095.

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The human face carries some of the most individualizing features suitable for the personal identification. Facial morphology is used for the face matching of living. An extensive research is conducted to develop the matching algorithm to mimic the human ability to recognize and match faces. Human ability to recognize and match faces, however, is not errorless and it serves as the main argument precluding the visual facial matching from its use as an identification tool. The human face keeps its individuality after death. Compared to the faces of living, the faces of deceased are rarely used or researched for the face matching. Different factors influence the appearance of the face of the deceased compared to the face of the living, namely the early postmortem changes and decomposition process. On the other hand, the literature review showed the use of visual recognition in multiple cases of identity assessment after the natural disasters. Presented dissertation thesis is composed of several projects focused on the possibility of personal identification of the decedents solely based on the morphology of their face. Dissertation explains the need for such identification and explores the error rates of the visual recognition of deceased, the progress of facial changes due to the early decomposition and the possibility of utilization of soft biometric traits, specifically facial moles. Lastly, the dissertation presents the use of shape index (s) as a quality indicator of three different 3D scanners aimed towards the most suitable method for obtaining facial postmortem 3D images.
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42

Vanezis, Maria. "Forensic facial reconstruction using 3-D computer graphics : evaluation and improvement of its reliability in identification." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2008. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/375/.

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This thesis is concerned with computerised forensic 3-D facial reconstruction as a means of identification and involves the restoration of the face on the skull in an attempt to achieve a close likeness of the individual when alive. The reconstruction process begins with the biological identification of the skeletal remains, (age, sex, ancestry and build). Facial reconstruction is then carried out and essentially works by building the “face” up from the skull using soft tissue thicknesses at specific locations from existing data. However, it is used as a last resort on skeletonised, badly decomposed or mutilated corpses, when no other information is available; even then it is only accepted as corroborative evidence in court. It is performed in the hope that it may stimulate recognition, and consequently narrow the field of identification, allowing other tests to be carried out, such as radiographic and/or dental comparisons, DNA analysis or other means, to establish positive identification. The advantages of the computerised method over the manual clay reconstruction are speed, rapid editing capability, production of images that can be stored and reconstructions repeated at any time if required. Furthermore, in many cases, the original skull instead of a cast or model may be used for reconstruction because the 3-D computerised procedure is rapid and non invasive. However, the most significant advantage of this technique with regard to the aims and objectives of the thesis is that a number of alternative reconstructions may be produced sequentially for the same skull by using different facial templates from the database that meet the anthropological/biological criteria of the skull. The issues addressed by the study and therefore its main aims are: a) evaluation and b) improvement of the reliability of facial reconstruction using 3-D computer graphics. The methodology involved initially digitizing a skull using a low-power laser scanner and a video camera interfaced to a computer. From a database of previously scanned faces, ten facial templates were selected that matched the anthropological criteria of each of the skulls, i.e. age, sex, ancestry and build. Landmarks with their corresponding soft tissue thicknesses were then located and placed on the skull and the equivalent ones on the face. The 3-D computer graphics then reconstructed the face by morphing (warping) the facial template over the skull by matching the corresponding landmarks on the skull and face with the appropriate soft tissue thicknesses at those landmark locations. The soft tissue thicknesses used at their specific landmark locations also matched the anthropological criteria of the skulls, since soft tissue depths are dependent on age, sex, ancestry and build. One of the major problems with any reconstruction which affect its reliability for identification is the uncertainty of the shape of some of the individual characteristics of soft tissue structures such as shape of lips, ears and nose/nasal tip since there is not direct information on the skull regarding the shape of some of these features. In addition, with the laser scanning system, the faces within the database all have closed eyes, because of the potential laser hazard to the eyes. Thus it is necessary to add “opened” eyes, head and facial hair (where appropriate) to give a realistic appearance to the face. The software provides the facility to export a 2-D view in a TIFF or JPEG format from the 3-D reconstructed image. The file can then be imported into a police identi-kit system such as E-FIT™, which allows the addition of features. In this study five skulls of known individuals were used for reconstruction in the manner explained. Ten facial templates which fulfilled the anthropological criteria (age, sex, ancestry and build) for each skull were used for the rebuilding process, thus totalling fifty reconstructions. The study employed a psychological resemblance test (experiment 1) where 20 different assessors, were asked to select in each case study, the best three matches of the ten reconstructions with the ante-mortem photograph of the individual during life. The results from these tests were correlated with a mathematical shape analysis assessment using Procrustes Analysis in which, the skull was compared in turn with each of the ten facial templates of each case study (experiment 2).The ranking of the assessors’ reconstruction choice was correlated with the ranking of the Procrustes Analysis by using Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation. The results indicate that although not statistically significant, it would seem however, that in some of the case studies, the mathematical approach using Procrustes Analysis does seems to capture some perceptual similarity in human observers. Experiment 3, similar to experiment 1, was a further psychological resemblance test, which involved implementing E-Fit features on four of the ten reconstructed images per case study. Assessors were asked to select the closest E-Fit image match with the ante-mortem photograph. Again, results indicated that, although not statistically significant, adding E-Fit feature to the images appears to improve perceptual similarity in human observers, provided, the limitations of adding these characteristics are addressed. Furthermore, there also appears to be good agreement in most of the case studies between the two psychological resemblance tests using the two different sets of assessors in experiment 1 and 3 (reconstruction choice and E-Fit choice, respectively). Further work involving anthropometric comparisons and using two methods of assessment (landmark line matching between images and proportion indices) was also carried out (experiment 4). It was found that matching landmark lines between images appeared to be only of limited value due to the images not being aligned at exactly the same viewpoint and magnification. It should be appreciated that because the thesis was based on recognition and was not an anthropometric study, precise alignment of viewpoints was not a requirement. Hence using the same data from the study, although images were in the frontal view, they were not aligned to the accuracy acceptable for an anthropometric study as there was no requirement to so. It would appear that, although there was some correspondence between the discrepant distances and the first and second ranked reconstructions, no firm conclusions could be drawn from this technique and therefore does not assist in understanding the way observers made their choices. Further tests would need to be carried out (beyond the scope of the thesis) to reach any firm conclusions. Undoubtedly, given the complex nature of the recognition process, it would have been desirable to use reconstructions of persons known to the assessors rather than asking them to assess unfamiliar persons, since it is well established that familiar faces are easier to recognize than those that are unfamiliar to observers. It should be appreciated however, that, although the study was designed in this way for practical and ethical reasons, it nevertheless does not truly reflect the real operational forensic scenario. Furthermore, recognition/matching is a much more complex process and even a reconstructed face which may be generally morphologically similar to the person in life may not capture perceptual similarity in human observers, especially in an unfamiliar scenario. It is not certain that identification will always occur even when the facial reconstruction bears good resemblance to the target individual.
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43

Souza, Andreia Cristina Breda de. "Aproximação fisionômica pericial através de função de base radial hermitiana." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2014. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9045.

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A aproximação fisionômica é o método que busca, a partir do crânio, simular a fotografia de um indivíduo quando em vida. Deve ser empregada como último recurso, na busca de desaparecidos, quando não houver possibilidade de aplicação de um método válido de identificação. O objetivo deste estudo foi obter a aproximação fisionômica, a partir de um crânio seco e de tomografia computadorizada multislice de indivíduos vivos, através da função de base radial hermitiana (FBRH). Constituiu-se também em avaliar o resultado da mesma quanto ao reconhecimento. Na primeira etapa do estudo, foi utilizada a imagem escaneada de um crânio seco, de origem desconhecida, com o intuito de avaliar se a quantidade de pontos obtidos seria suficiente para aplicação da FBRH e consequente reconstrução da superfície facial. Na segunda fase, foram utilizadas três tomografias de indivíduos vivos, para análise da semelhança alcançada entre a face escaneada e as aproximações faciais. Nesta etapa, foi aplicada uma associação de diferentes metodologias já publicadas, para reconstrução de uma mesma região da face, a partir de um mesmo crânio. Na última etapa, foram simuladas situações de reconhecimento com familiares e amigos dos indivíduos doadores das tomografias. Observou-se que a metodologia de FBRH pode ser empregada em aproximação fisionômica. Houve reconhecimento positivo nos três sujeitos estudados, sendo que, em dois deles, os resultados foram ainda mais significativos. Desta forma, conclui-se que a metodologia é rápida, objetiva e proporciona o reconhecimento. Esta permite a criação de múltiplas versões de aproximações fisionômicas a partir do mesmo crânio, o que amplia as possibilidades de reconhecimento. Observou-se ainda que a técnica não exige habilidade artística do profissional.
Facial approximation works by building the visual face up from the skull. This method should be performed as last resort, to carry out for missing persons, when there is no other primary identification method avaliable. The purpose of this study was to introduce a new computerized method with hermite radial basis function (HRBF) for facial approximation using dry skull and computed tomography (CT). The same was also evaluated as a result of the recognition. Firstly, a scan of a dry unidentified skull image was used in order to assess if the amount of points would be sufficient for HRBF methodology and subsequent reconstruction of the facial surface. In second, three CT scans of living individuals were used to evaluate the similarity achieved between the real face scanned and facial approximations. An association of different facial structures reconstruction techniques already published for the same region of the face was applied for the same skull. Moreover, some situations from developed facial approximations were simulated, as recognition by a relative or parent, on a face pool-test. Results from the study showed that the purposed methodology can be used for facial approximation. At the three cases a correct approximation identification as one of a few possible matches to the missing person happened. In two of them, the results were consistently better at identifying the correct approximation. In conclusion, the proposed methodology is fast, objective and reaches visual identification. It is possible to perform multiple versions of the same skull, changing the selected data into the system, which maximizes the chances of establishing recognition of the target face. It was also observed that the technique does not need artistic interpretation.
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Dickson, Hannah. "Cognitive and facial emotion processing abnormalities among children at-risk for schizophrenia : candidate targets for early identification?" Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2014. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/cognitive-and-facial-emotion-processing-abnormalities-among-children-atrisk-for-schizophrenia(9618da36-4e62-4bb7-b2cc-ab8be40588f6).html.

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Adults with schizophrenia are characterised by widespread cognitive and emotion dysfunctions. The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia posits that these abnormalities may precede the onset of overt clinical symptoms of illness, with progressive deterioration as individuals approach and transition to first-episode psychosis. The present thesis explored differences in cognitive performance and motor function in the childhood and adolescence of individuals who subsequently developed schizophrenia compared to those who did not, and examined cognitive and facial emotion processing abnormalities among children at-risk for schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The findings presented in Chapter Four indicate that lower IQ and motor dysfunction, but not poor scholastic achievement, precede the prodromal phase of schizophrenia. Chapter Six provides evidence that at age 9 to 12 years, children presenting with a triad of antecedents of schizophrenia and children with a high familial loading for the disorder displayed diverse cognitive impairments. The results of Chapter Seven indicate that youth presenting with a triad of antecedents of schizophrenia and youth with a positive family history of the disorder exhibit some cognitive deficits that remain stable from 9 to 15 years, some deficits that increase with age, and other early deficits that show recuperation towards levels of typically developing children by 15 years. Finally, Chapter Nine demonstrates that children presenting with multiple antecedents of schizophrenia are characterised by poor facial emotion processing abilities. The findings of the present thesis indicate that children presenting with antecedents of schizophrenia display similar cognitive and facial emotion processing abnormalities to adults with schizophrenia and children with a positive family history of the disorder. However, only longitudinal follow-up of the children examined in the present thesis will establish the extent to which the triad of multiple antecedents is predictive of later psychotic or non-psychotic disorders.
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45

Ruddenklau, Kate Johanna. "The characterisation of cranio-facial form in young West Australians of different population affinity." University of Western Australia. Centre for Forensic Science, 2010. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0043.

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One major area of forensic science is to provide identifications of previously unidentifiable individuals. Many of these techniques rely on the accurate interpretation of the morphology of the facial form. An individual's facial form is the result of a complex interaction of their genetic ancestry and the many environmental factors they are exposed to throughout their lives. Facial studies to date have primarily focused on single populations, or on comparing different populations residing in different areas. Very few have looked at the relationships between the facial forms of different populations living in the same area of individuals of mixed population ancestry. In this study the facial morphology of 431 West Australian young adults was analysed, and the relationship between their self reported population affinity and their facial form investigated. The impact of factors such as sexual dimorphism and body mass on facial form were also considered. The relationship between the facial morphology of individuals of mixed population heritage and their parent populations was studied, as was the effect that migration can have on facial form. Strong relationships between self-reported population affinity and facial form were demonstrated over the range of populations in the study. Sex and body mass were seen to have an impact on the morphology of the face; but they did not eclipse the influence of the genetic population affinity. Individuals with ancestry derived from more than one population were seen to resemble one population over another in different areas of the face rather than demonstrating an equal combination of both parent populations. A migration effect was seen in the facial forms of even the first generation offspring of migrants.
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46

Fernandes, Clemente Maia da Silva. "Análise das reconstruções faciais forenses digitais caracterizadas utilizando padrões de medidas lineares de tecidos moles da face de brasileiros e estrangeiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23148/tde-03072010-103917/.

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A preocupação com a identificação, que é o processo pelo qual se determina a identidade, é bastante antiga. Atualmente, as relações sociais ou exigências civis, penais, administrativas e comerciais necessitam de sua comprovação. A identificação de pessoas mortas é fundamental, não somente para aplacar as necessidades emocionais de seus amigos e familiares, como também para que providências legais relativas ao óbito possam ser tomadas. Infelizmente, amiúde ocorrem situações em que corpos chegam aos Institutos Médico-Legais em estado de putrefação ou esqueletização, e não são identificados. Em tais situações, análises antropométricas para estimar, por exemplo, idade, gênero e estatura, são de grande valia. Nestes casos, a reconstrução facial forense será muito importante, pois pode possibilitar o reconhecimento e, por conseguinte, aumentar consideravelmente as chances de identificação. A reconstrução facial forense tridimensional pode ser manual ou digital. A reconstrução facial forense digital tornou-se possível com o advento da Tecnologia da Informação, imaginologia médica e novos softwares de imagem 3D e de reconstrução. Para a realização da reconstrução facial, são necessários dados relativos à espessura dos tecidos moles da face. Não há na literatura registros de trabalhos de reconstrução facial digital realizados com dados de tecidos moles obtidos a partir de amostras constituídas por sujeitos brasileiros. Há duas tabelas de espessura de tecidos moles publicadas para a população brasileira: uma obtida a partir de medidas realizadas em cadáveres frescos (padrão cadáveres frescos), e outra a partir de medidas em exames de ressonância magnética (padrão ressonância magnética). O objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar três diferentes reconstruções faciais forenses digitais caracterizadas (com cabelo, cílios e sobrancelha) de um sujeito brasileiro (realizadas a partir de um padrão internacional e dois padrões nacionais de espessura de tecidos moles da face), e avaliar as reconstruções faciais forenses digitais comparando-as com fotografias do próprio indivíduo e de outros nove sujeitos. Para isso, foram utilizadas imagens DICOM de uma Tomografia Computadorizada (TC) cedidas por um voluntário que, uma vez convertidas, foram utilizadas para a efetivação das reconstruções faciais digitais. Uma vez realizadas as três reconstruções, as mesmas foram comparadas com fotografias do voluntário que teve a sua face reconstruída e outros nove sujeitos. Trinta examinadores participaram desta tentativa de reconhecimento. O sujeito-alvo, que teve a sua face reconstruída, foi reconhecido por 26,67% dos examinadores na reconstrução realizada com o Padrão nacional de Ressonância Magnética, 23,33% na reconstrução realizada com o Padrão nacional de Cadáveres Frescos e 20,00% na reconstrução realizada com o Padrão Internacional, tendo sido o sujeito mais reconhecido nos dois primeiros padrões. Os reconhecimentos acertados do sujeito-alvo indicam que a reconstrução facial forense digital, realizada com parâmetros empregados neste trabalho, pode ser ferramenta útil para, havendo um ou vários sujeitos reconhecidos, chegar-se a uma identificação positiva.
The concern with the identification, that is the process by which the identity is determined, is quite old. Currently, the social relations or civil, criminal, administrative and commercial requirements need its evidence. The identification of deceased persons is essential not only to assuage the emotional needs of their friends and family, but also to allow legal actions related to death. Unfortunately, situations often occur when bodies arrive at the Medico-Legal Institutes in a state of putrefaction or skeletonization, and are not identified. In such situations, anthropometric analysis to estimate, for example, age, gender and height, are of great value. In these cases, forensic facial reconstruction is very important because it may serve to recognize and therefore increase the chances of identification. The three-dimensional forensic facial reconstruction can be manual or digital. The digital forensic facial reconstruction was made possible with the advent of Information Technology, medical imaging and new 3D image and reconstruction softwares. To perform facial reconstruction, data on the thickness of the soft tissues of the face are necessary. There is no literature records of facial reconstruction works carried out with digital data of soft tissues obtained from samples of Brazilian subjects. There are two tables of thickness of soft tissue published for the Brazilian population: one obtained from measurements performed in fresh cadavers (fresh cadavers pattern), and another from measurements on magnetic resonance imaging (magnetic resonance pattern). The aim of this study was to perform three different characterized digital forensic facial reconstructions (with hair, eyelashes and eyebrows) of a Brazilian subject (based on an international pattern and two national patterns for soft facial tissue thickness), and evaluate the digital forensic facial reconstructions comparing them to photos of the individual and other nine subjects. We used DICOM images of a computed tomography (CT) donated by a volunteer that, once converted, were used for the realization of the digital facial reconstructions. Once we\'ve performed the three reconstructions, they were compared with photographs of the volunteer who had his face reconstructed and of nine other subjects. Thirty examiners participated in this recognition attempt. The target subject, who had his face reconstructed, was recognized by 26.67% of the examiners in the reconstruction performed with the national Magnetic Resonance Pattern, 23.33% in the reconstruction performed with the national Fresh Cadavers Pattern of and 20.00 % in the reconstruction performed with the International Pattern, and the target-subject was the most recognized subject in the first two patterns. The correct recognitions of the subject indicate that the digital forensic facial reconstruction, carried out with parameters used in this study, may be a useful tool, with one or more subjects recognized to achieve a positive identification.
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47

Oliveira, Silvia Virginia Tedeschi. "Avaliação de medidas da espessura dos tecidos moles da face em uma amostra populacional atendida na Seção Técnica de Verificação de Óbitos do município de Guarulhos - São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23148/tde-21012009-151057/.

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A técnica auxiliar de identificação conhecida como Reconstrução Facial possibilita a obtenção de uma face a partir da modelagem dos contornos dos tecidos sobre o crânio esqueletizado, aumentando as possibilidades de reconhecimento. A confiabilidade desta técnica depende da avaliação das medidas da espessura observadas para os tecidos moles que recobrem crânio. Essas medidas foram avaliadas numa amostra de cadáveres autopsiada na Seção Técnica de Verificação de Óbitos em Guarulhos, São Paulo. Mensurou-se a espessura manualmente usando a técnica de punção em 10 pontos craniométricos localizados na linha média e 11 pontos bilaterais, numa amostra de 40 cadáveres de ambos os sexos com idades entre 17 e 90 anos, classificados também quanto à cor da pele e ao estado nutricional. Os resultados obtidos para os valores médios, em milímetros, nos pontos medianos para o sexo masculino (n=26) e feminino (n=14) foram: Supraglabela 5,01/4,37; Glabela 5,58/4,66; Nasion 5,90/5,09; Rinio 5,21/4,29; Philtrum Médio 10,60/7,73; Supradentale 9,10/8,74; Infradentale 10,62/9,42; Supramentale 11,00/9,16; Eminência mentoniana 10,64/9,40; Menton 10,40/8,78 e nos pontos bilaterais: Eminência Frontal 4,95/3,98; Supraorbital 6,99/5,84; Suborbital 6,56/6,01; Malar inferior 11,25/10,00; Lateral da órbita 9,10/9,23; Arco Zigomático 9,28/8,88; Supraglenóide 11,61/10,82; Gonion 12,71/10,97; Supra M2 16,41/14,43; Linha oclusal 14,40/11,71 e Sub M2 14,60/11,32. Foi calculada a estatística descritiva, aplicando-se na comparação dos dados o Teste t-Student, ANOVA e Teste Tukey. Os resultados, quando comparados a estudos realizados em outras populações demonstram diferenças na amostra estudada, havendo a necessidade da utilização de uma tabela com valores obtidos na nossa população para a aplicação nas técnicas de reconstrução facial em crânios sem identidade atribuível.
The auxiliary technique of identification known as Facial Reconstruction makes possible to obtain a face identification from the contours of the tissue around the skull, increasing the probabilities of recognition. The reliability of this technique depends on the evaluation of the thickness of the soft tissues that cover the skull. Those measurements were evaluated on a sample of studied cadavers in STVO - Guarulhos (“Seção Técnica de Verificação de Óbitos”), São Paulo, state Brazil. The thickness has been manually measured using the needle puncture technique in 10 anatomical landmarks of the skull located in the midleline and in 11 bilateral points of 40 cadavers of both sexes, aged between 17 and 90 years, classified by skin color and nutritional state. The average results (mm), of the median points for males (n=26) and females (n=14) were: Supraglabella 5,01/4,37; Glabella 5,58/4,66; Nasion 5,90/5,09; Rhinion (end of nasal bone) 5,21/4,29; Mid-philtrum 10,60/7,73; Supradentale (upper lip margin) 9,10/8,74; Infradentale (lower lip margin) 10,62/9,42; Supramentale 11,00/9,16; Mental eminence 10,64/9,40; Menton 10,40/8,78 and of bilateral points: Frontal eminence 4,95/3,98; Supraorbital 6,99/5,84; Suborbital 6,56/6,01; Inferior malar 11,25/10,00; Lateral orbit 9,10/9,23; Zygomatic arch 9,28/8,88; Supraglenoid 11,61/10,82; Gonion 12,71/10,97; Supra M2 (maxilla)16,41/14,43; Occlusal line 14,40/11,71 e Sub M2 (mandible) 14,60/11,32. Descriptive statistics calculations were made accordingly to T-tests, ANOVA and Tukey tests. Those calculations, when compared with other populations studies, showed different results, that lead to the need of using a specific table with values of the local population to implement the technique of facial reconstruction in skulls without an attributable identity.
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48

Bruel, Ange-Line. "Identification des bases moléculaires et physiopathologiques des syndromes oro-facio-digitaux." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS043/document.

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Les syndromes oro-facio-digitaux (OFD) sont caractérisés par la présence d'une atteinte orale, faciale et digitale et classés en 13 sous-types. Pendant longtemps seul le gène OFD1, responsable du type I et codant pour une protéine centrosomale et du corps basal, était principalement connu, faisant suspecter l’implication du cil primaire dans les syndromes OFD. Des mutations ont été rapportées plus récemment dans les gènes TMEM216, DDX59, SCLT1, TBC1D32 et TCTN3 chez un ou deux patients. Dans le but d’identifier de nouveaux gènes impliqués dans ces syndromes, nous avons réalisé une stratégie de séquençage haut débit d’exome chez 24 patients. Cette stratégie a permis d’identifier 5 nouveaux gènes (C2CD3, TMEM107, INTU, KIAA0753, IFT57), d'étendre aux syndromes OFD le spectre clinique de 3 gènes déjà connus dans d'autres ciliopathies (C5orf42, TMEM138, TMEM231) et de confirmer l'implication de 3 gènes déjà connus comme responsable de syndrome OFD (OFD1, DDX59, WDPCP). Les analyses fonctionnelles ont montré l’implication de la croissance centriolaire, de la zone de transition et du transport intraflagellaire, avec notamment la caractérisation de 3 complexes protéiques principaux : le complexe ternaire KIAA0753/OFD1/FOPNL, régulant la croissance centriolaire, le complexe MKS (TMEM107, TMEM231, TMEM216) constituant majeur de la zone de transition et le complexe CPLANE (INTU/FUZ/WDPCP), favorisant l’assemblage des protéines périphériques du complexe de transport intraflagellaire IFT-A. En conclusion, cette étude, la plus importante consacrée aux syndromes OFD, démontre la très grande hétérogénéité clinique et génétique de ces syndromes, de même que de nombreux allélismes avec d’autres ciliopathies. Elle étend à 15 le nombre de gènes causaux, rendant la classification clinique initiale totalement obsolète et permettant de considérer les syndromes OFD comme un nouveau sous-groupe de ciliopathies à part entière
Oral-facial-digital syndromes (OFDS) are characterized by the association of oral, facial and digital anomalies. The different modes of inheritance and additional features lead to clinically delineate 13 subtypes. For a long time, only the OFD1 gene, responsible for OFDI subtype and coding for a centrosomal protein, has been known, suggesting the involvement of the primary cilium in OFDS. Mutations have recently been reported in the TMEM216, DDX59, SCLT1, TBC1D32 and TCTN3 genes in anecdotic cases. To identify new genes involved in OFDS, we performed whole-exome sequencing in 24 patients. In 14/24 cases, we identified 5 novel genes (C2CD3, TMEM107, INTU, KIAA0753, IFT57), enlarged the clinical spectrum of OFDS of 3 known genes responsible for other ciliopathies (C5orf42, TMEM138, TMEM231) and confirmed the involvement of 3 known genes in OFDS (OFD1, DDX59, WDPCP). Functional studies demonstrated the involvement of the centriolar growth, the transition zone and the intraflagellar transport, through the characterization of 3 major protein complexes: the KIAA0753/OFD1/FOPNL complex controlling the centriole elongation, the MKS module (TMEM107/TMEM231/TMEM216), an essential component of the transition zone, and the CPLANE complex (INTU/FUZ/WDPCP) enabling in the IFT-A assembly. We demonstrated the large clinical and genetic heterogeneity of OFDS, yielding the initial classification in 13 subtypes obsolete, extending the number of 15 causal genes, and confirming OFDS as a new full subgroup of ciliopathies
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49

Alashkar, Taleb. "3D dynamic facial sequences analysis for face recognition and emotion detection." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10109/document.

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L’étude menée dans le cadre de cette thèse vise l’étude du rôle de la dynamique de formes faciales 3D à révéler l’identité des personnes et leurs états émotionnels. Pour se faire, nous avons proposé un cadre géométrique pour l’étude des formes faciales 3D et leurs dynamiques dans le temps. Une séquence 3D est d’abord divisée en courtes sous-séquences, puis chacune des sous-séquences obtenues est représentée dans une variété de Grassmann (ensemble des sous-espaces linéaires de dimension fixe). Nous avons exploité la géométrie de ces variétés pour comparer des sous-séquences 3D, calculer des statistiques (telles que des moyennes) et quantifier la divergence entre des éléments d’une même variété Grassmannienne. Nous avons aussi proposé deux représentations possibles pour les deux applications cibles – (1) la première est basée sur les dictionnaires (de sous-espaces) associée à des techniques de Dictionary Learning Sparse Coding pour la reconnaissance d’identité et (2) le représentation par des trajectoires paramétrées par le temps sur les Grassmanniennes couplée avec une variante de l’algorithme de classification SVM, permettant un apprentissage avec des données partielles, pour la détection précoce des émotions spontanée. Les expérimentations réalisées sur les bases publiques BU-4DFE, Cam3D et BP4D-Spontaneous montrent à la fois l’intérêt du cadre géométrique proposé (en terme de temps de calcul et de robustesse au bruit et aux données manquantes) et les représentations adoptées (dictionnaires pour la reconnaissance d’identité et trajectoires pour la détection précoce des émotions spontanées)
In this thesis, we have investigated the problems of identity recognition and emotion detection from facial 3D shapes animations (called 4D faces). In particular, we have studied the role of facial (shapes) dynamics in revealing the human identity and their exhibited spontaneous emotion. To this end, we have adopted a comprehensive geometric framework for the purpose of analyzing 3D faces and their dynamics across time. That is, a sequence of 3D faces is first split to an indexed collection of short-term sub-sequences that are represented as matrix (subspace) which define a special matrix manifold called, Grassmann manifold (set of k-dimensional linear subspaces). The geometry of the underlying space is used to effectively compare the 3D sub-sequences, compute statistical summaries (e.g. sample mean, etc.) and quantify densely the divergence between subspaces. Two different representations have been proposed to address the problems of face recognition and emotion detection. They are respectively (1) a dictionary (of subspaces) representation associated to Dictionary Learning and Sparse Coding techniques and (2) a time-parameterized curve (trajectory) representation on the underlying space associated with the Structured-Output SVM classifier for early emotion detection. Experimental evaluations conducted on publicly available BU-4DFE, BU4D-Spontaneous and Cam3D Kinect datasets illustrate the effectiveness of these representations and the algorithmic solutions for identity recognition and emotion detection proposed in this thesis
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50

Makrushin, Andrey [Verfasser], and Jana [Akademischer Betreuer] Dittmann. "Visual recognition systems in a car passenger compartment with the focus on facial driver identification / Andrey Makrushin. Betreuer: Jana Dittmann." Magdeburg : Universitätsbibliothek, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1054638888/34.

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