Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Identification evidence'
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Mohammed, Hussam J. "Automated identification of digital evidence across heterogeneous data resources." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/12839.
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Digital forensics has become an increasingly important tool in the fight against cyber and computer-assisted crime. However, with an increasing range of technologies at people's disposal, investigators find themselves having to process and analyse many systems with large volumes of data (e.g., PCs, laptops, tablets, and smartphones) within a single case. Unfortunately, current digital forensic tools operate in an isolated manner, investigating systems and applications individually. The heterogeneity and volume of evidence place time constraints and a significant burden on investigators. Examples of heterogeneity include applications such as messaging (e.g., iMessenger, Viber, Snapchat, and WhatsApp), web browsers (e.g., Firefox and Google Chrome), and file systems (e.g., NTFS, FAT, and HFS). Being able to analyse and investigate evidence from across devices and applications in a universal and harmonized fashion would enable investigators to query all data at once. In addition, successfully prioritizing evidence and reducing the volume of data to be analysed reduces the time taken and cognitive load on the investigator. This thesis focuses on the examination and analysis phases of the digital investigation process. It explores the feasibility of dealing with big and heterogeneous data sources in order to correlate the evidence from across these evidential sources in an automated way. Therefore, a novel approach was developed to solve the heterogeneity issues of big data using three developed algorithms. The three algorithms include the harmonising, clustering, and automated identification of evidence (AIE) algorithms. The harmonisation algorithm seeks to provide an automated framework to merge similar datasets by characterising similar metadata categories and then harmonising them in a single dataset. This algorithm overcomes heterogeneity issues and makes the examination and analysis easier by analysing and investigating the evidential artefacts across devices and applications based on the categories to query data at once. Based on the merged datasets, the clustering algorithm is used to identify the evidential files and isolate the non-related files based on their metadata. Afterwards, the AIE algorithm tries to identify the cluster holding the largest number of evidential artefacts through searching based on two methods: criminal profiling activities and some information from the criminals themselves. Then, the related clusters are identified through timeline analysis and a search of associated artefacts of the files within the first cluster. A series of experiments using real-life forensic datasets were conducted to evaluate the algorithms across five different categories of datasets (i.e., messaging, graphical files, file system, internet history, and emails), each containing data from different applications across different devices. The results of the characterisation and harmonisation process show that the algorithm can merge all fields successfully, with the exception of some binary-based data found within the messaging datasets (contained within Viber and SMS). The error occurred because of a lack of information for the characterisation process to make a useful determination. However, on further analysis, it was found that the error had a minimal impact on subsequent merged data. The results of the clustering process and AIE algorithm showed the two algorithms can collaborate and identify more than 92% of evidential files.
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Leung, Wei Lue. "Individualism, organisational identification and performance : evidence from Southern China." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2019. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/632.
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Applying the theoretical perspective of organisational identification (OI), in this thesis I explore how rising individualistic cultural values (ICVs) of employees affect their work performance in service industry of South China. I consider leader-member exchange (LMX) and its moderating effect on the association between rising ICVs and OI of employees, which may affect their performance. The hypotheses are tested using data collected from a large Hong Kong owned organisation in the hospitality industry in South China. The data show that ICV has a negative relationship with OI, which in turn can cause poorer employee performance of young generation workforce. The data also show that a relationship approach such as LMX can moderate the negative association between ICV and OI. From the empirical findings, there are practical implications for people management in South China business operations.
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Saks, Michael J., Thomas Albright, Thomas L. Bohan, Barbara E. Bierer, C. Michael Bowers, Mary A. Bush, Peter J. Bush, et al. "Forensic bitemark identification: weak foundations, exaggerated claims." OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622734.
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Several forensic sciences, especially of the pattern-matching kind, are increasingly seen to lack the scientific foundation needed to justify continuing admission as trial evidence. Indeed, several have been abolished in the recent past. A likely next candidate for elimination is bitemark identification. A number of DNA exonerations have occurred in recent years for individuals convicted based on erroneous bitemark identifications. Intense scientific and legal scrutiny has resulted. An important National Academies review found little scientific support for the field. The Texas Forensic Science Commission recently recommended a moratorium on the admission of bitemark expert testimony. The California Supreme Court has a case before it that could start a national dismantling of forensic odontology. This article describes the (legal) basis for the rise of bitemark identification and the (scientific) basis for its impending fall. The article explains the general logic of forensic identification, the claims of bitemark identification, and reviews relevant empirical research on bitemark identification-highlighting both the lack of research and the lack of support provided by what research does exist. The rise and possible fall of bitemark identification evidence has broader implications-highlighting the weak scientific culture of forensic science and the law's difficulty in evaluating and responding to unreliable and unscientific evidence.
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Walnoha, Michael Anthony. "Shoeprint analysis a GIS application in forensic evidence /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4639.
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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2006.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 64 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-64).
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Silver, Michael Dana. "The multidimensional nature of ingroup identification correlational and experimental evidence /." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148647407804816.
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Hedengren, Mary L. "National Identity Transnational Identification: The City and the Child as Evidence of Identification Among the Poetic Elite." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2010. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd3452.pdf.
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Greenlees, Paul Thomas. "Identification of excited states and evidence for octupole feformation in '2'2'6U." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367435.
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Sanborn, Kristi L. "Phylogenetic analysis and identification of vanilla orchids : evidence from PCR sequencing/fingerprinting." Virtual Press, 1994. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/897506.
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This research was an attempt to identify and provide a phylogeny of Vanilla orchids using PCR sequencing/ fingerprinting.Traditional classification methods haved relied heavily on morphological traits and are often contradictory, subjective and incomplete. This research attempted to discover an objective and reliable method for identification and classification of selected tropical orchids species using molecular techniques. Vanilla orchids were chosen for their commercial importance in the scent and flavoring industry.Reconstruction of phylogenetic data is possible using relatively new molecular techniques: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) fingerprinting and sequencing. PCR fingerprinting reveals restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) within an organism's genome. Thesevariations can be used to construct genetic maps in a variety of species. PCR sequencing reveals genetic variation at an even greater level: nucleotide sequence.The literature suggests that these methods are fairly quick and simple; however, the crucial step is obtaining high molecular weight DNA digestable with restriction enzymes or amplifiable by the PCR. DNA isolation has proven to be difficult with Vanilla orchids due to their numerous phenolic compounds, tough fibrous tissue and high number of polysaccharides. This research developed a method of isolating high molecular weight DNA from orchids. This DNA was digestible with restriction enzymes. The DNA was subjected to DNA fingerprinting with primers specific to the 18S-26S ribosomal RNA gene and with RAPD primers. The DNA was also sequenced using the PCR technique.Variation between Vanilla species genomes was discovered and compared to traditional phylogenetic information. It was found that banding patterns and nucleotide sequences were almost identical for Vanilla planifolia and planifolia varegata. The banding patterns for Vanilla barbellata were similar to those of the two unknown Vanilla orchids. Vanilla humboltii exhibited a banding pattern far different from either barbellata or planifolia. These results confirm the hypothesis that PCR fingerprinting/ sequencing is a useful technique for the identification and phylogenetic analyses of Vanilla orchids.Department of Biology
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Scerif, F. "Identification of gene networks in childhood epilepsy : evidence from focal cortical dysplasia." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2016. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1505983/.
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Introduction: Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a malformation of cortical development that is a frequent cause of multidrug resistant paediatric epilepsy. FCD type IIb (FCDIIb) is characterised by a population of unique abnormally enlarged cells known as balloon cells (BCs). The understanding of the molecular abnormalities underlying FCDIIb is poor. It is unclear if BCs are the key pathological cell or if there are other types of cells that are important in the pathogenesis of the disease. Interactions between such cell types are also unknown. Methods: Bioinformatic analyses of gene expression data were used to identify networks of genes that could characterise FCD and to identify putative diagnostic biomarkers. These markers were validated at the protein level by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, various techniques allowed for the investigation of possible signalling between different cell types in FCDIIb. Results: Several of the gene networks and biomarkers were differentially expressed between FCDIIb and control. Analysis of one particular network showed that some components were expressed in BCs but others were expressed in a potentially novel cell population that was only present in FCDIIb. The importance of cellular heterogeneity of FCDIIb was further supported by the finding that BCs may have a unique senescence-associated secretome that could be involved in cell-to-cell communications. Conclusion: A genomic characterisation of FCD has provided a better understanding of the cellular abnormalities in FCDIIb from a molecular perspective. In addition to the identification of several differentially expressed gene networks, the results also provide an interesting insight into cell-to-cell communications between different cell types in FCDIIb, which could be important in driving the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Song, Junfeng. "Surface and topography metrology in firearm evidence identification and engineering surface quality control." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/93631/.
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This thesis is a topical review on the application of Surface and Topography Metrology in Firearm Evidence Identification and Engineering Surface Quality Control. It summarizes my research work at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) from 1987 to present, where I’m a Project Lead for the Forensic Topography and Surface Metrology since 1997. I started my research in surface metrology since 1982 -- after my MS study at the Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT, Harbin, China) from 1978 to 1981. In 1985, I designed, manufactured and patented the Precision Random Profile Roughness Specimens in Beijing aimed to provide a reference standard for quality control of smooth engineering surfaces [1]. These specimens were manufactured with Ra values ranging from 0.015 μm to 0.1 μm -- less than 1/10 of the similar specimens developed by PTB (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt) in Germany. These specimens were successfully used by U.S. manufacturers for measurement unification and quality control of smooth engineering surfaces, and were included in ASME B46 surface standard in 1995. Microform metrology is a subfield of surface metrology that involves surface measurements of complex geometry features on the micrometer scale. In 1995, I led a team at NIST which established a Microform Calibration System with the lowest calibration uncertainty in the world for calibration of Rockwell hardness (HR) diamond indenters. Based on the precision calibration of HR indenters and the control of other influencing quantities, I proposed a “Metrological Approach” to unifying international HRC scales with metrological traceability. I led an international HRC comparison among five National Metrological Institutes (NMIs). The comparison results strongly supported the proposed Metrological Approach. I drafted a joint paper for five NMIs entitled “Establishing a worldwide unified Rockwell hardness scale with metrological traceability” which was published at the Metrologia 34, 1997 in Paris [4]. Surface and topography metrology provides strong support to firearm evidence identifications. Based on my experience in developing surface standards, measurement systems, uncertainty and traceability procedures, I led a research team which developed the NIST Standard II Reference Material (SRM) Bullets and Cartridge Cases, and the NIST 2D/3D Topography Measurement System [5]. We formulated a National Traceability and Quality System using the SRM Bullets and Cartridge Cases to support ballistics identifications within the National Integrated Ballistics Information Network (NIBIN) in the United States [6]. I have recently invented a Congruent Match Cells (CMC) method for accurate ballistics identification and error rate estimation [7], which can serve as a statistical foundation for estimating error rates in firearm evidence identifications, thus emulating methods used for forensic identification of DNA evidences [8].
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Forbes, Peter G. M. "Quantifying the strength of evidence in forensic fingerprints." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0915280a-22cc-429d-90dc-77f934d61dde.
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Part I presents a model for fingerprint matching using Bayesian alignment on unlabelled point sets. An efficient Monte Carlo algorithm is developed to calculate the marginal likelihood ratio between the hypothesis that an observed fingerprint and fingermark pair originate from the same finger and the hypothesis that they originate from different fingers. The model achieves good performance on the NIST-FBI fingerprint database of 258 matched fingerprint pairs, though the computed likelihood ratios are implausibly extreme due to oversimplification in our model. Part II moves to a more theoretical study of proper scoring rules. The chapters in this section are designed to be independent of each other. Chapter 9 uses proper scoring rules to calibrate the implausible likelihood ratios computed in Part I. Chapter 10 defines the class of compatible weighted proper scoring rules. Chapter 11 derives new results for the score matching estimator, which can quickly generate point estimates for a parametric model even when the normalization constant of the distribution is intractable. It is used to find an initial value for the iterative maximization procedure in §3.3. Appendix A describes a novel algorithm to efficiently sample from the posterior of a von Mises distribution. It is used within the fingerprint model sampling procedure described in §5.6. Appendix B includes various technical results which would otherwise disrupt the flow of the main dissertation.
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Martire, Kristy Anne Psychology Faculty of Science UNSW. "Helping jurors to evaluate eyewitness identifications: the role of expert evidence and judicial instruction." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Psychology, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40801.
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Psychologists, legal practitioners and scholars share the knowledge that honest eyewitnesses can err in their attempts to identify the perpetrator of a crime. This thesis reports an experimental investigation of the extent to which expert evidence and judicial instruction can improve juror ability to discriminate between accurate and inaccurate identifications. Special attention is also paid to the logic of inferences which have been made by psychologists regarding the efficacy of expert evidence, and compares methodologies adopting direct measures of participant Sensitivity to Eyewitness Accuracy (SEA) with those that can only indirectly assess this construct. Study 1 surveys the knowledge and opinions of legal professionals regarding eyewitness identification issues (n = 35), showing that respondents expressed doubts that judicial instructions would exert an effect equivalent to that of eyewitness expert evidence. Accordingly, Experiments 1 to 4 (Experiment 1, n = 104; Experiment 2, n = 238; Experiment 3, n = 228; Experiment 4, n = 297) were conducted to directly assess the relative impacts of judicial instruction and expert evidence on participant juror SEA. The methodology utilised in these investigations incorporated the testimony of real eyewitnesses to a staged crime scenario in order to assess the impact of instruction on juror ability to discriminate between known accurate and known inaccurate eyewitnesses. Overall, little evidence was found to support the notion that expert evidence is more effective than judicial instruction, as no significant association was identified between instruction type and SEA. This result was found to hold irrespective of the objective quality of the expert?s testimony (accurate or erroneous). In light of the results from Experiments 1 to 4, Experiment 5 was designed to investigate why the experts were not able to improve the discrimination accuracy of the jurors. This study focused on the extent to which participants of varying levels of expertise could correctly classify eyewitness accuracy. The results of Experiment 5 (n = 145) suggest that experts were no better able to discriminate between accurate and inaccurate eyewitnesses than novice laypeople. Overall, the evidence reported in this thesis raises serious questions regarding the utility of eyewitness expertise in the completion of eyewitness discrimination tasks.
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Wadsworth, Jonathan David Frank. "Identification of functional domains in botulinum neurotoxins : evidence for heterogeneity in their neuronal acceptors." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46599.
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al, Farsi Badriya. "Semantic neighbourhood density effects in word identification during normal reading : evidence from eye movements." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/370013/.
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Eye movement studies (e.g., lexical ambiguity and semantic plausibility studies) suggesting that word meaning can influence lexical processing relied on contextual information. Therefore, these studies provide only a limited insight into whether the semantic characteristics of a fixated word can be accessed before the completion of its unique word identification. The present thesis investigated the effect of the semantic characteristics of a word in its lexical processing during normal reading. In particular, four experiments were carried out to examine the effects of semantic neighbourhood density (SND, defined by mean distance between a given word and all its co-occurrence neighbours falling within a specific threshold in semantic space, Shaoul & Westbury, 2010a) in normal reading. The findings indicated that the SND characteristics of the fixated word influenced the lexical processing of the fixated word itself and the subsequent words, as evident in early reading time measures associated with lexical processing. These results suggest that a word’s semantic representation can be activated and can influence lexical processing before the completion of unique word identification during normal reading. The findings were discussed in terms of Stolz & Besner’s (1996) embellished interactive-activation model (McClelland & Rumelhart, 1981) and the models of eye movement control during reading.
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Enkhbayar, Delger. "Identification of adverse selection and moral hazard : evidence from a randomised experiment in Mongolia." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3233/.
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Insurance market failures are common in developing countries and one commonly proposed explanation for this is the presence of asymmetric information. In this paper I test for the relative importance of adverse selection and moral hazard for car insurance using a randomised experiment at the largest insurance company in Mongolia, randomly upgrading low coverage buyers to a higher coverage. With this experiment, I find significant ex-ante adverse selection for third party and theft risks, while there is no evidence of ex-post moral hazard for either risk. Moreover, I find no evidence of adverse selection or moral hazard for coverages differing in co-payment rates. I also discuss how certain market features, likely to be perceived as specific to this context, are common in other insurance markets in developing countries, and whether these factors are likely to be driving the results in this paper.
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Wardle, Arthur R. "Industry Compliance Costs Under the Renewable Fuel Standard: Evidence from Compliance Credits." DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7532.
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The Renewable Fuel Standard requires US oil refineries to blend biofuels into domestic transportation fuels. To ensure that compliance costs under this mandate don’t disproportionately affect any subset of refiners, the regulation includes a compliance credit program, whereby refiners blending excess biofuels can sell their excess compliance to refiners that do not blend enough. The price of these credits can be interpreted as the marginal cost of compliance with the mandate. I measure how changes in the prices of these compliance credits affect the stock prices of oil refining firms. There are a number of ways one might expect these compliance credits to affect firms. Much economic research finds that oil refiners are able to pass the costs of RFS compliance to consumers quite easily, suggesting that changes in the compliance cost should not affect firms’ value at all. Large refiners tend to claim that the RFS imposes a large cost and drags down their profits. Perhaps the most interesting claim is that of the “merchant refiners”—generally small refiners who do not own the infrastructure to blend biofuels on their own and are thus forced to comply with the mandate completely with compliance credits. They claim that larger refiners are able to hoard the credits and sell them for windfall profits at the expense of the merchant refiners. My results indicate that positive shocks in compliance credit prices are associated with stock losses only among large, non-merchant refiners, and that even this association is small. This discredits the claims of merchant refiners, but opens a new puzzle: why are large, integrated refiners the only ones affected? I conclude my paper with a number of potential explanations, though I am not able to test between them using my data.
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El-Hajj, Raed A. "Pharmacological and immunological identification of native α7 nicotinic receptors: evidence for homomeric and heteromeric α7 receptors." The Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1198155366.
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Idahosa, Ehi. "Weight of evidence analysis in framework approaches to cancer hazard identification : a case study with phenobarbital." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/6448.
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This thesis addresses the transparency of weight of evidence-based analysis in the application of the IPCS Framework for Assessing the Human Relevance of a carcinogenic response to a chemical. This thesis also explores how, and to what extent, available toxicogenomics data can be incorporated into a cancer mode of action analysis. A systematic review was carried out on epidemiological data available for phenobarbital (PB). A positive association between liver cancer and PB was reported among a large Finnish cohort however the study was assessed to be unreliable on the basis of key limitations. However owing to the size of cohort investigated, the study could not be disregarded and the conclusions reached by the authors were considered to be associated with a high level of uncertainty. Studies of two smaller cohorts of patients, assessed to be of a high quality, reported no findings of such an association. The methods applied in this thesis illustrated the value of systematic review techniques in increasing the transparency of decisions made when applying a WOE based approach to assessing the human relevance of cancer mode of action and in helping to identify important data gaps. Comparative analysis of publicly available toxicogenomics data for PB using Pathway Analysis software led to the identification of perturbed pathways that were interpreted within the context of the key events for PB MOA for hepatocarcinogenesis. The analysis demonstrated that prior mechanistic knowledge about a compound under investigation is currently necessary before efficient interpretation of the biological relevance of perturbed pathways is possible. To realise the true potential for the application of toxicogenomics data in risk assessment, future toxicogenomics study designs will need to be more targeted (e.g. in their considerations of dose-response, time-response and species differences) before they can be applied to help fill the current gaps in mechanistic knowledge. The experience from the comparative analysis reported here suggests that at the present time, information on perturbed pathways obtained in this way is not sufficiently robust to be used as stand alone evidence in MOA analysis. The potential to read across toxicogenomics evidence for PB MOA to other compounds, which may act via the same MOA however deserves further exploration.
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Jubran, Rachel, Hannah White, Alyson Chroust, Alison Heck, and Ramesh S. Bhatt. "Experimental Evidence of Structural Representation of Hands in Early Infancy." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2731.
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Hands convey important social information, such as an individual’s emotions, goals, and desires, are used to direct attention through pointing, and are a major organ for haptic perception. However, very little is known about infants’ representation of human hands. In Experiment 1, infants tested in a familiarization/novelty preference task discriminated between images of intact hands and images that contained first-order structure distortions (i.e., with locations of fingers altered to result in an unnatural configuration). In Experiment 2, infants tested in a spontaneous preference task exhibited a preference for scrambled hand images over intact images, indicating that 3.5-month-olds have gained sufficient sensitivity to the configural properties of hands to discriminate between intact versus scrambled images without any training in the laboratory. In both procedures, infants’ performance was disrupted by the inversion of images, suggesting that infants’ performance in upright conditions was not based on low-level features. These results indicate that sensitivity to the structure of hands develops early in life. This may lay the foundation for the development of the functional use of hand information for social communication.
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Walter, Matthias [Verfasser], and Hans Ulrich [Akademischer Betreuer] Buhl. "Identification and Treatment of Risk: Recent Empirical Evidence from Selected Topics / Matthias Walter ; Betreuer: Hans Ulrich Buhl." Augsburg : Universität Augsburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1120923697/34.
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Macalintal, Jonjon. "Moving Evidence into Practice: Early Sepsis Identification and Timely Intervention in the Emergency Department (Project Code Sepsis)." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2322.
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Sepsis is the leading cause of death among hospitalized patients in the United States, is responsible for more than 200,000 deaths annually, and has as high as a 50% mortality rate. Sepsis requires prompt identification so that early goal-directed therapy can be instituted to lead to better outcomes. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to determine if implementing an evidence-based identification and intervention program, Project Code Sepsis, in the emergency department can increase the number of patients who receive antibiotics within the first hour of triage and decrease the length of hospital stay. Specifically, the primary project goals were: (a) to administer initial antibiotic treatments within 1 hour of triage to more than 75% of patients, and (b) to reduce length of hospital stay to an average of less than 7 days. The project was developed from the Donabedian Healthcare Quality Triad and guided by the Six Sigma DMAIC method. A total of 306 patients were included in this project conducted from May to October 2015. The sepsis-screening tool was fully implemented during August when more than 75% of patients received their initial antibiotic within one hour of triage time. However, this accomplishment was not sustained during the next two months. Interestingly, August was also the month with the highest length of hospital stay (7.49 days) among sepsis patients. This quality improvement project did not show that the provision of antibiotic therapy within the first hour of triage time decreases the length of hospital stay among sepsis patients. Multiple factors including administration of intravenous fluids and vasopressors for hypotension, nurse and physician experiences, patient acuity, and local sepsis bacteria profile should be considered together in future studies and quality improvement projects.
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Price, Owen. "Development of an evidence-based training intervention for mental health staff in de-escalation techniques for the management of violence and aggression : evidence identification and theory development." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/development-of-an-evidencebased-training-intervention-for-mental-health-staff-in-deescalation-techniques-for-the-management-of-violence-and-aggression-evidence-identification-and-theory-development(6e489a07-fff6-4a9b-b3c7-d593cfdd2603).html.
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Background: Violence and aggression occur commonly in mental health settings. De-escalation techniques, a range of verbal and nonverbal skills aiming to reduce aggression, are recommended yet the evidence-base for use and training impact is limited. There is, therefore, a need for the development of new, evidence-based interventions to establish effectiveness and increase safety. Aims: To provide the preparatory work necessary to develop an intervention to improve de-escalation techniques and reduce harms to service users and staff. Methods: A two phase design based on the Medical Research Council framework for complex interventions was adopted. This consisted of a systematic review of evaluated training interventions and semi-structured interviews and framework analysis with mental health staff and service users. Data was synthesised with the results of a qualitative review of the techniques completed prior to the PhD. Results: The systematic review identified no RCT-supported training intervention and limited acceptability data. The service user interviews revealed factors barring, reducing and enhancing the effective use of de-escalation techniques. Factors barring use included: failure to investigate aggression causes and use containment as last resort. Factors reducing effectiveness related to disrespect, ward rules and individual service user factors. Factors enhancing effectiveness related to: reducing social distance, rule subversion and authenticity. Staff interviews revealed a continuum of 14 interventions used in response to escalating aggression ranging between 'support' and 'control.' The cognitive, affective and organisational influences on where staff intervened along this continuum revealed important pointers for intervention. The synthesis revealed six clear mechanisms through which de-escalation techniques may be improved. These were: enhancing staff emotional regulation skills; increasing accountability for non-last-resort containment use; providing an alternative framework of routines to use in response to aggression; promoting greater respect for service users; harnessing service user-specific knowledge to inform individualised interventions; promoting de-escalation-focused regimes. Conclusion: Results revealed important mechanisms through which a more effective, evidence-based and acceptable intervention may function.
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El-Hajj, Raed Ahmad. "Pharmacological and immunological identification of native [alpha]7 nicotinic receptors: evidence for homomeric and heteromeric [alpha]7 receptors /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1198155366.
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Berriri, Souha. "Identification of constitutively active forms of Arabidopsis MAP Kinases : brings more evidence on MPK4 function in plant immunity." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2011EVRY0024.
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La phosphorylation/déphosphorylation des protéines est un mécanisme de signalisation intracellulaire commun. Parmi les kinases végétales, les Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) sont impliquées dans de nombreux processus biologiques importants, comme la réponse aux stress biotiques et abiotiques, le développement et la dynamique du cytosquelette. Chez Arabidopsis thaliana et ce malgré de nombreux efforts, les fonctions des kinases impliquées dans les cascades MAPK restent peu inconnues. L'activation des kinases en utilisant des mutations mimant la phosphorylation des sites normalement phosphorylés est une approchequi a fait ses preuves dans le cas de MAP2Ks et a largement contribué à élucider leurs fonctions. Cette stratégie s’est révélée impossible dans le cas des MAPKs, puisque les résidus à muter restent encore à identifier. Pour contourner ce problème, nous avons adapté un crible basé sur la complémentation fonctionnelle d’un mutant MAPK de levure avec des formes aléatoirement mutées de MPK6d’Arabidopsis dans le but d'identifier des mutants présentant une activité constitutive. Nous en avons identifiés plusieurs et avons montré que ces formes constitutivement actives (CA) de MPK6 sont actives sans phosphorylation par les MAP2Ks. Par ailleurs, les mutations des résidus équivalents dans d'autres MAPKs les rendent également hyperactives, ce qui indique que cette stratégie peut être utilisée comme approche générale pour activer les MAPKs afin d’en comprendre les fonctions. L’étude des interactions protéine-protéine et l’analyse des profils dephosphorylation indiquent que les MAPKs CA conservent leur spécificité envers leurs substrats et interacteurs. Comme preuve de concept, nous avons généré des formes actives du MPK4. La MPK4 CA exprimée sous son propre promoteur a parfaitement complémenté le mutant mpk4. La caractérisation des lignées exprimant MPK4 CA confirme le rôle négatif de cette kinase dans les réponses de défense aux pathogènes des plantes que ce soit dans la PTI (PAMP Triggered Immunity) ou dans la ETI (Effector Triggered Immunity). Globalement, ce travail permettra de fournir des informations directes sur les cibles des MAPKs et devrait contribuer à la compréhension globale de la transduction du signal chez les plantesProtein phosphorylations and dephosphorylations are common events occurring duringintracellular signaling processes. Among plant kinases, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) are involved in signaling of many important biological processes, including biotic and abiotic stresses, development and cytoskeleton organization. Despite an abundant literature on MAPKs, the exact roles and direct targets of many Arabidopsis thaliana MAPKs are not clear yet. The activation of kinases using phospho-mimicking mutations of the phosphorylated residues was a successful approach in the case of MAP2Ks, helping to elucidate their functions. This strategy failed in the case of MAPKs since the necessary residues to mutate remain unclear. To bypass this problem, we adapted a screen based on the functional complementation of a MAPK yeast mutant with randomly mutated Arabidopsis MPK6 in order to identify the ones mutants showing constitutive activity. We identified several clones and showed that these constitutively active (CA) of MPK6 candidates are indeed active without phosphorylation by MAP2Ks. Interestingly, mutations of the equivalent residues in other MAPKs triggered constitutive activity as well, indicating that this strategy may be used as a general approach to activate MAPKs and identify their functions. Interaction and phosphorylation assays indicatedthat CA MAPKs retain their substrate and interactor specificity. As proof-of-concept, we generated active versions of MPK4. CA MPK4 expressed under itsown promoter successfully complements mpk4 mutant plants. Characterization of CA MPK4 lines further confirmed the negative role of MPK4 in plant pathogen defense responses and its implication in both PTI (PAMP Triggered Immunity) and ETI (Effector Triggered Immunity). Overall, the work will help to provide direct information on all MAPK targets and should be an important contribution to the overall understanding of signal transduction in plants
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Cetti, Elena. "Identification and characterization of potential novel targets in thyroid carcinoma : evidence of non-oncogene addiction unveiling tumor cell vulnerabilities." Thesis, Open University, 2017. http://oro.open.ac.uk/52773/.
Full textAbstract:
Thyroid cancer is the most frequent endocrine malignancy, with an incidence constantly increasing. Despite well-differentiated thyroid tumors are generally cured by conventional therapy, a fraction of them relapses and progresses towards undifferentiated forms, characterized by a poor prognosis. Target therapies introduced in clinical testing are often unsuccessful; therefore, novel therapeutic strategies are needed. To identify critical nodal points for therapeutic intervention, our laboratory faced the “non-oncogene addiction” (NOA) paradigm, which asserts that the tumorigenic state relies on the activity of genes that are essential to support the phenotype of cancer cells but not required to the same degree for normal cell viability. By screening a siRNA library on normal and tumor thyroid cell lines, we identified 15 genes whose silencing interfered with the growth of tumor but not normal thyroid cells. The overall aim of this project was to validate NOA genes to identify thyroid tumor cell vulnerabilities and to explore their role in the regulation of thyroid tumor cell biology. Among the 15 hit genes, we selected MASTL, Cyclin D1 and COPZ1 for validation studies. We confirmed the growth inhibitory effect of their silencing in tumor but not normal thyroid cells and observed that these effects were common to a panel of thyroid tumor cell lines, irrespective of the histotype or genetic lesion. Functional studies on MASTL demonstrated that its depletion in thyroid tumor cells inhibited cell growth, led to mitotic catastrophe and induced DNA damage and cell death. COPZ1 depletion induced abortive autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptotic cell death in thyroid tumor cells, as well as tumor growth inhibition in vivo. Together, our studies identified MASTL and COPZ1 as vulnerability genes for thyroid tumor cells and provided the rationale for future studies aimed to explore their targeting for potential therapeutic intervention.
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Holobinko, Anastasia. "STABLE ISOTOPE RATIOS AS A PROXY FOR HUMAN GEOGRAPHIC PROVENANCE: BIOGEOGRAPHICAL EVIDENCE FROM THE 2H, 18O, AND 13C SIGNATURES IN MODERN HUMAN TEETH." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1108.
Full textAbstract:
The positive identification of a decedent is paramount to a forensic investigation in which human remains have been recovered and must be identified. Due to increasing global mobility in the world's populations, it is not inconceivable that an individual might die far away from his or her home. Pinpointing an individual's geographic origin may contribute to definitive forensic identification of contemporary human skeletal remains in cases where dental records and other means of identification are either unavailable to law enforcement personnel or do not yield immediate results. Stable isotope analysis of biogenic tissues such as tooth enamel and bone mineral has become a well‐recognized and increasingly important method for determining the provenance of human remains, and it has been used successfully in bioarchaeological studies as well as forensic investigations. Both 18O and 2H stable isotope signatures are well established proxies as environmental indicators of climate (temperature) and source water and are therefore considered reliable indicators of geographic life trajectories of animals and humans. Similarly, 13C and 15N abundance data have distinguished dietary preferences in ancient human populations, and have been used to qualify 2H and 18O geolocational data that may be consistent with more than one location. Few if any studies have systematically investigated the multi-isotopic signatures in human tooth enamel and dentin from living individuals. Since 18O abundance values obtained from tooth enamel of late-erupting molars are a source of information on geographic origin of an individual during adolescence when crown formation takes place, it was hypothesized that: 1) the stable isotope abundance of 2H, 18O, and 13C in human tooth enamel and dentin is consistent with self-reported residential history and dietary preferences data, and 2) the isotopic variability evident between individuals with shared residential history and nutrient intake is quantifiable, and indicative of intra-individual variability. Two pilot studies were conducted to: 1) evaluate the feasibility of extracting and measuring the 2H composition of human tooth enamel and its suitability as a proxy for human geographic provenance, and 2) compare the isotopic abundance of isotopic abundance of 2H and 13C in human crown dentin collagen obtained from archaeological and modern teeth with the 18O and 13C isotopic composition of the corresponding tooth enamel carbonate. A protocol for preparing tooth enamel for 2H analysis was successfully devised and implemented; however, no correlation was observed between tooth enamel 2H abundance values as measured plotted against source water 2H abundance values. While unexpectedly low rates of hydrogen exchange within mineral hydroxyl groups were documented, and it was possible to analyze tooth enamel for its 2H isotopic composition, the seemingly fixed nature of 2H abundance in tooth enamel means that the 2H isotopic signature of tooth enamel cannot be used as an indicator of geographic provenance. Conversely, positive correlations between collagen 2H abundance values of primary dentin with 2H abundance values for source water and also with enamel 18O abundance values suggests that primary dentin collagen 2H values are linked to the isotopic composition of source water. Third molar tooth enamel was sampled from 10 living volunteers undergoing routine tooth extractions at University of Toronto affiliated dental clinics in Ontario, Canada. The mixed-sex group of patients was given questionnaires in which they provided detailed residential history and answered questions pertaining to dietary preferences (e.g., vegetarian) prior to donating all four third molars. Enamel was drilled from the crown of two third molars from each subject, chemically cleaned, and subjected to an acid digest before being analyzed for its 18O and 13C composition using Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. Herewith, isotope abundance values are presented using the delta notation as delta values in per mil (‰). Mean d13CVPDB values for all samples ranged from -9.47 ‰ to -11.31 ‰ (pooled mean = -10.37 ‰), which suggested a persistent C4 plant dietary influence at the time the sampled tooth enamel was forming and is consistent with the typical North American diet. While inter-subject variation contributed the largest proportion of total d13C variability, differences were not significant. The pooled mean d18OVSMOW value for enamel samples was 24.39 ‰, while individual subject mean d18OVSMOW values ranged from 23.76 ‰ to 25.18 ‰. Marked offsets (0.01 ‰ - 0.51 ‰) in mean d18OVSMOW values for each pair of third molars were observed. While subject variation was significant (p=0.0034), neither diet nor sex significantly influenced the oxygen (or carbon) isotope data. Following conversion of d18OVSMOW values to d18OPhosphate values, drinking water values were calculated using the Daux et al. (2008) equation, and compared to their corresponding regional estimated annual average d18O values in precipitation retrieved from the Online Isotopes in Precipitation Calculator (OIPC) (Bowen 2014). Despite observed correlations between the drinking water d18OWater values and d18OOIPC values of four subjects, no statistically significant correlations were evident between the two limited data sets. However, when the isotopically similar d18O values of Toronto area residents were averaged and combined with the remaining Canadian data and the 18O data from 5 enamel samples analyzed in the 2H enamel pilot study, strong positive correlations were evident between d18OPhosphate valuesand d18OOIPC values (R2 = 0.87). Moreover, an equally strong linear relationship was observed between modeled annual precipitation 18O and calculated source water 18O (R2 = 0.87). Based on the d2H, d18O, and d13C values measured in tooth enamel and dentin, it is possible to infer and confirm geographic provenance and dietary intake. However, while enamel carbonate d13C values were consistent with self-reported dietary intake information and residential history, as could be expected vegetarians could not be distinguished from those who consumed meat without determining C/N isotopic ratios in dentin collagen. Further, the presence of strong linear relationships between the 18O composition of enamel carbonate and modeled source water 18O in the merged dataset illustrates the importance of considering site-specific isotopic complexities and using multi-isotope data obtained from multiple tissues when investigating the geographic origins of humans in an archaeological or forensic context. It is not possible to quantify intra-individual isotopic variability without sampling from larger, geographically diverse populations and controlling for as many variables as possible. The construction of regional databases containing 18O and 2H isotopic data obtained from a variety of environmental and human and faunal tissue samples, and the application of such data to individual cases in which geographic origins are desired, is recommended provided the following caveats are considered: 1) whenever possible, d18OPhosphate values should be used when comparing d18O values in tooth enamel with those in precipitation in order to avoid the unmitigated error associated with the application of carbonate conversion equations to enamel phosphate d18O data, 2) the continuous consumption of food sourced elsewhere is liable to affect the overall enamel carbonate d18O values, 3) d18O values in precipitation are not inclusive of the variety of postprecipitation and hydrological processes unique to a particular location, nor are they an accurate representation of the isotopically mixed nature of tap water sourced from distant reservoirs. Hence, extrapolations should be made with caution. Enamel sequential microsampling methods may be advisable for narrowing down a geographic timeline if the overlapping of isotopic signals at various points along the tooth’s longitudinal plane can be quantified and validated. While standardization of analytical methodology is critical to appropriate interpretations of the data, stable isotope profiling is not a standalone method and should be used in conjunction with other lines of evidence in determinations of human provenance.
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Kelly, Rachel. "Novel strategies for the identification of biomarkers of non-Hodgkin lymphoma : evidence from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/38475.
Full textAbstract:
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas (NHL) represent the eighth most common cancer in Western Europe. Yet despite their widespread prevalence and high mortality rate relatively little is known about the aetiology of these hematological malignancies. Consequently NHL represents an ideal candidate for the discovery of biomarkers lying along the causal pathway. Such biomarkers would allow the improved identification of risk factors and high risk individuals, as well as an enhanced understanding of lymphomageneisis. However, to date there has been little progress in determining validated predictive biomarkers of NHL. This thesis attempts to address some of the issues that have previously hampered the study of NHL through novel strategies of biomarker identification utilising novel methodologies, technologies and statistical techniques. The thesis comprises a nested case-control study within the European Prospective investigation into Cancer (EPIC) cohort and is split into two parts: the 'validation of biomarkers' and the 'integration of biomarkers'. The most exciting finding was the identification of a novel biomarker for Follicular lymphoma based on the t(14;18) translocation which comprises a previously unknown pre-disease condition. Although no other predictive biomarkers were identified this work represents a 'proof-of-principle' for the use profile regression in the study of highly dimensional complex datasets, and the possibility of using mass-spectrometry derived metabolic profiles in the study of lymphoma. Part two of the thesis confirmed that the use of the 'meet-in-the-middle' approach was a valuable and feasible method for studying the complete causal pathway from risk factor to disease. Together these results highlight potential avenues for further study of NHL and confirm the utility of a number of novel strategies that can aid such work. Additionally it informs on some of the likely challenges that will be involved.
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Servello, John A. "Thermal Identification of Clandestine Burials: A Signature Analysis and Image Classification Approach." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc33201/.
Full textAbstract:
Clandestine burials, the interred human remains of forensic interest, are generally small features located in isolated environments. Typical ground searches can be both time-consuming and dangerous. Thermal remote sensing has been recognized for some time as a possible search strategy for such burials that are in relatively open areas; however, there is a paucity of published research with respect to this application. This project involved image manipulation, the analyses of signatures for "graves" of various depths when compared to an undisturbed background, and the use of image classification techniques to tease out these features. This research demonstrates a relationship between the depth of burial disturbance and the resultant signature. Further, image classification techniques, especially object-oriented algorithms, can be successfully applied to single band thermal imagery. These findings may ultimately decrease burial search times for law enforcement and increase the likelihood of locating clandestine graves.
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Fischer, Manfred M., Florian Huber, Michael Pfarrhofer, and Petra Staufer-Steinnocher. "The dynamic impact of monetary policy on regional housing prices in the US: Evidence based on factor-augmented vector autoregressions." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6065/1/2018%2D02%2D16_housing_favar_final.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
In this study interest centers on regional differences in the response of housing prices to monetary
policy shocks in the US. We address this issue by analyzing monthly home price data for
metropolitan regions using a factor-augmented vector autoregression (FAVAR) model. Bayesian
model estimation is based on Gibbs sampling with Normal-Gamma shrinkage priors for the
autoregressive coefficients and factor loadings, while monetary policy shocks are identified using
high-frequency surprises around policy announcements as external instruments. The empirical
results indicate that monetary policy actions typically have sizeable and significant positive effects
on regional housing prices, revealing differences in magnitude and duration. The largest
effects are observed in regions located in states on both the East and West Coasts, notably California,
Arizona and Florida.Series: Working Papers in Regional Science
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Lalla, Himal. "E-mail forensic authorship attribution." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/360.
Full textAbstract:
E-mails have become the standard for business as well as personal communication. The inherent security risks within e-mail communication present the problem of anonymity. If an author of an e-mail is not known, the digital forensic investigator needs to determine the authorship of the e-mail using a process that has not been standardised in the e-mail forensic field. This research project examines many problems associated with e-mail communication and the digital forensic domain; more specifically e-mail forensic investigations, and the recovery of legally admissible evidence to be presented in a court of law. The Research Methodology utilised a comprehensive literature review in combination with Design Science which results in the development of an artifact through intensive research. The Proposed E-Mail Forensic Methodology is based on the most current digital forensic investigation process and further validation of the process was established via expert reviews. The opinions of the digital forensic experts were an integral portion of the validation process which adds to the credibility of the study. This was performed through the aid of the Delphi technique. This Proposed E-Mail Forensic Methodology adopts a standardised investigation process applied to an e-mail investigation and takes into account the South African perspective by incorporating various checks with the laws and legislation. By following the Proposed E-mail Forensic Methodology, e-mail forensic investigators can produce evidence that is legally admissible in a court of law.
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Yavrom, Sheena. "Evidence that ARNT plays a role in the regulation of the immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer and identification of a putative ARNT ligand." Scholarly Commons, 1998. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/516.
Full textAbstract:
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins are involved in the regulation of a multitude of developmental processes including cellular differentiation, cellular proliferation and xenobiotic metabolism. Among the members of the bHLH protein family are the products of the Pan gene Pan-1, Pan-2 and ITF -1. Pan proteins have been demonstrated to be required for proper B cell development, suggesting a unique role for Pan proteins during B cell formation. In our study we tested the function of ARNT (Ah receptor nuclear translocator) at the IgH (immunoglobulin heavy chain) enhancer. We were able to determine that ARNT appears to partially down-regulate activation at the IgH enhancer by Pan-1 in transient transfection assays by cotransfection of the multimerized murine form of the IgH enhancer elements 1-1E2, !-LE3 , and 1-1ES upstream of a luciferase reporter gene, a rodent Pan-1 (human homolog E47) expression vector, and an ARNT expression vector. Furthermore, during our investigation we discovered a putative ARNT -binding ligand that increases DNA-binding activity of the ARNT homodimer. This ligand was partially characterized by UV crosslinking studies and a variety of biochemical studies using electrophoretic mobility-shift assays. Preliminary data suggests that it is hydrophilic, heat-stable, small, and non-protein.
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Jordan, Dominic T. "Identity: A crisis of confidence? Or is it resemblance? An exploration of the different approaches by which eyewitness evidence can be obtained from lineups." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2021. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2449.
Full textAbstract:
Research has shown that eyewitness identification decisions are fallible and often mistaken. Although considerable attention has been afforded to identification decision accuracy and its improvement, mistaken identification decisions continue to contribute to costly errors at the evidentiary stage of the criminal justice system process (i.e., wrongful convictions). Several prominent researchers have suggested, by way of explanation, that the existing framework for obtaining eyewitness evidence from lineups, namely, identification, is inadequate. Indeed, the assumption that witnesses when presented with a lineup, can make reliable identification decisions (i.e., can reliably determine that a lineup member is the same unfamiliar person seen previously committing a crime) has become increasingly disputed. Instead, it has been suggested that witnesses, when presented with a lineup, use the perceptual or visual pattern of information available at encoding and retrieval to make inferences regarding the likely identity of a perpetrator. Guided by this rationale two alternatives, which have approached the eyewitness decision task as one which involves multiple match-based comparisons rather than a single categorical identification decision, have been considered - the non-categorical confidence and non-categorical similarity approaches.
The non-categorical confidence approach describes a process whereby witnesses express judgements, on a continuous scale, regarding how certain they are that each member of a lineup is the target. The non-categorical similarity approach describes a process whereby witnesses make judgements, on a continuous scale, regarding how similar each lineup member is to their memory of a target. Proponents have asserted that confidence and similarity can both facilitate recognition in lineup decision tasks by allowing witnesses to access probative memorial information (i.e., match-to-memory) free from distortive, non-memorial influences which impact categorical identifications.
While initial assessments seem to support this assertion, continued examination of alternative non-categorical approaches and their use in lineup-based recognition tasks is required. To date, attention afforded to understanding how non-categorical judgements are elicited or impacted under variable conditions remains limited. Further, the relationship between categorical identification decisions, non-categorical confidence judgements, and non-categorical similarity judgements in lineup-based decision tasks has not previously been examined. To address these gaps in the literature three experimental studies were conducted.
In each experimental study, participants completed four experimental lineup trials which involved: viewing a target person, completing a brief distractor task, and responding to the lineup. In responding to each lineup participants either made a categorical identification with an associated post-decisional confidence rating (Study 1, N = 343), or non-categorical judgements, on one of two 11-point scales, regarding how certain they were that each member of a photographic lineup was the target person (Study 2, N = 314) or how similar each member of a photographic lineup was to the target person (Study 3, N = 362). Variables in each of the three studies were identical, and included target appearance (no change, change, within-participant), lineup procedure (simultaneous, sequential, between-participant), target/replacement position (early, late, within-participant) and target presence (present, absent, within-participant). Results for each of the three studies are reported independently, however, in a separate chapter additional results are reported which compare data from Studies 1, 2, and 3.
In all three experimental studies, variables primarily influenced responses made from target present lineups. While the effects of procedure and position on participant responses varied across the three experimental studies, altering target appearance exerted a consistent, moderate to large effect on participant responses made using each of the three recognition approaches. As the appearance variable represents a direct manipulation of perceptual, and by extension memorial, signal strength this finding provides some evidence to suggest that non-categorical confidence and similarity judgements access and rely on the same information which underpins categorical identification. This finding was reinforced, in part, by more direct comparisons of the experimental data which revealed a high degree of correspondence in participant responses obtained using identification decisions, non-categorical confidence judgements, and non-categorical similarity judgements. Interestingly, however, direct comparisons also revealed some notable differences between mean measures of confidence and similarity. First, the numerical value of mean similarity exceeded that of mean confidence within all four lineups. Second, discrepancy, which measures the difference between the highest value judgement (i.e., max judgement) and second highest value judgement in a lineup trial, was significantly higher for confidence than similarity within all four lineups. The theoretical implications and practical considerations associated with the main findings and the methodological limitations associated with the experimental materials and research design are discussed. Additional research regarding alternative approaches to lineup-based decision tasks is required, and therefore recommendations for future research are made accordingly.
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May, Christopher David. "Development of novel analytical and interpretational protocols to facilitate the provenance establishment of glass and plastic evidence." University of Western Australia. Centre for Forensic Science, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0169.
Full textAbstract:
[Truncated abstract] The analysis and subsequent interpretation of trace evidence is of paramount importance to the forensic scientist. While a variety of methods are available to facilitate comparison between recovered and control samples, the use of a specific analytical method depends upon both the physical and chemical nature of the material itself and the material to which it is to be compared. Elemental analysis of evidentiary material is one such method of sample comparison and has been extensively applied to this purpose following the introduction of neutron activation analysis in the early 1960s. However, over the last 15 years, another instrumental technique has taken centre stage in the analytical armoury of the forensic scientist: laser ablationinductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The modification and adaptation of this technique, to a point where it is possible to distinguish between glass materials produced only hours apart on the same production line, is detailed in this thesis. Additional protocols have also been developed for the analysis of fibreglass and plastic crime scene debris. Finally, a method for quantification of elemental concentrations in headlamp plastics has also been developed to facilitate inter-comparison of data between both different analytical techniques and different laboratories. Glass material is one of the most common varieties of trace evidence and the forensic examination of glass traditionally involves the determination of its refractive index (RI). ... The analytical protocol involves the analysis of 46 analytes on material comprising the exterior surface of the lens. Using this data, it was found that although minor variations in elemental composition exist within a single headlamp lens, discrimination between lenses produced from a single manufacturing plant over a short period of time could still be achieved. Discrimination between all headlamp lenses, with the exception of some lenses produced on the same day, could be facilitated using the analytical protocol developed. Furthermore, an interpretational protocol has been developed that has successfully classified all unknown headlamp lens samples investigated in this study, within the discrimination limits of the analytical method. The semi-quantitative analysis of glass and plastic samples has also been examined using LA-ICP-MS. The concentrations of 16 analytes in container and float glass samples were determined. However, the levels of discrimination afforded by the semi-quantitative data were inferior to those achieved using qualitative data. Finally, a series of plastic-based standards, containing 25 analytes of known concentrations, was produced. Using these standards, relative concentrations of the study analytes were determined in polycarbonate headlamp lenses. Interpretation of the data produced made it possible to discriminate between all study samples. Consequently, the total analytical and interpretational protocol developed in this study has established the foundation for LA-ICP-MS to be adopted internationally as a recognised method for the analysis of plastic crime scene debris.
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REDON, CHRISTOPHE ELIAN. "Identification-caracterisation des histones de la vigne (vitis vinifera l. ). Mise en evidence d'une relation entre histone linker et developpement de la vigne." Reims, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997REIMS030.
Full textAbstract:
Les histones sont les proteines nucleaires basiques constitutives de la chromatine dont elles forment l'un des deux composants essentiels. Outre leur role structural de condensation de l'information genetique, les histones sont aujourd'hui considerees comme des proteines impliquees dans le metabolisme de l'adn et dans l'expression des genes. Ce double role est atteste par la presence de formes d'histones caracteristiques, voire specifiques de stades du developpement, qu'il s'agisse de la morphogenese ou de la differenciation. Au cours de notre etude, les histones de l'oignon et de la vigne ont ete identifiees et caracterisees par l'utilisation de techniques electrophoretiques en gels de polyacrylamide. Chez ces deux vegetaux, une heterogeneite des histones a ete demontree par la mise en evidence de nombreuses formes, aussi bien de l'histoire linker (histone h1) que des histones de la core-particle (histones h2a, h2b, h3 et h4). L'embryogenese somatique offre des caracteristiques pertinentes pour l'etude du role des histones dans les processus de developpement. Partant, des analyses electrophoretiques ont fait ressortir, au cours de l'embryogenese somatique de la vigne, des transitions majeures au sein des formes de l'histone h1. Sur 5 formes de h1 mises en evidence lors de l'embryogenese, 2 formes sont toujours presentes alors que 3 formes ne sont mises en evidence qu'a certains stades du developpement. Nous avons ensuite eprouve par immunocytochimie la distribution spatio-temporelle des formes d'histones linkers dans les embryons somatiques et les meristemes primaires de vigne. Les tests ont permis de circonscrire les caracteristiques transitoires ou constitutives de certaines histones h1 de vigne et d'etablir une bonne correlation entre processus de developpement et histone linker. Une telle demarche a prealablement exige la mise au point d'outils immunologiques efficaces tels que les sondes homologues que sont les immun-serums specifiques diriges contre certaines histones h1. A l'aide de techniques electrophoretiques semi-preparatives, nous avons pu produire de tels immun-serums. La reponse anticorps, obtenue dans un laps de temps tres court et en partant de tres faibles quantites d'antigenes, represente une amelioration technologique dans l'obtention des anticorps anti-histones.
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Howell-Duffy, Christopher J. "Scientific evidence to support the art of prescribing spectacles. Identification of the clinical scenarios in which optometrists apply partial prescribing techniques and the quantification of spectacle adaption problems." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5759.
Full textAbstract:
Although experiential prescribing maxims are quoted in some optometric
textbooks their content varies significantly and no direct research evidence
was available to support their use. Accordingly in chapters 2 and 3, the
uses of several potential prescribing rules were investigated in the UK
optometric profession. Our results indicated that the subjective refraction
result exerted a strong hold on the prescribing outcome with 40-85% of
optometrists prescribing the subjective result in a variety of scenarios. The
finding that after 40 years qualified, experienced optometrists were three
times more likely to suggest a partial prescription was an important
discovery that provides significant support for the prescribing rules
suggested by various authors. It would also appear from the results of the
retrospective evaluation of the ¿if it ain¿t broke, don¿t fix it¿ clinical maxim in
Chapter 4 that spectacle dissatisfaction rates could be reduced by
between 22 to 42% depending on how strictly the maxim is interpreted by
the practitioner. Certainly an ¿if it ain¿t broke, don¿t fix it much¿ maxim was
suggested as being particularly appropriate. Chapter 5 included a reanalysis
of previously published data that found no change in falls rate
after cataract surgery to investigate any influence of refractive correction
change and /or visual acuity change on falls rate. Unfortunately these data
were not sufficiently powered to provide significant results. In chapter 6, a
spectacle adaptation questionnaire (SAQ) was developed and validated
using Rasch analysis. Initial studies found no differences in SAQ with
gender or age.College of Optometrists
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Howell-Duffy, Christopher John. "Scientific evidence to support the art of prescribing spectacles : identification of the clinical scenarios in which optometrists apply partial prescribing techniques and the quantification of spectacle adaption problems." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5759.
Full textAbstract:
Although experiential prescribing maxims are quoted in some optometric textbooks their content varies significantly and no direct research evidence was available to support their use. Accordingly in chapters 2 and 3, the uses of several potential prescribing rules were investigated in the UK optometric profession. Our results indicated that the subjective refraction result exerted a strong hold on the prescribing outcome with 40-85% of optometrists prescribing the subjective result in a variety of scenarios. The finding that after 40 years qualified, experienced optometrists were three times more likely to suggest a partial prescription was an important discovery that provides significant support for the prescribing rules suggested by various authors. It would also appear from the results of the retrospective evaluation of the 'if it ain't broke, don't fix it' clinical maxim in Chapter 4 that spectacle dissatisfaction rates could be reduced by between 22 to 42% depending on how strictly the maxim is interpreted by the practitioner. Certainly an 'if it ain't broke, don't fix it much' maxim was suggested as being particularly appropriate. Chapter 5 included a reanalysis of previously published data that found no change in falls rate after cataract surgery to investigate any influence of refractive correction change and /or visual acuity change on falls rate. Unfortunately these data were not sufficiently powered to provide significant results. In chapter 6, a spectacle adaptation questionnaire (SAQ) was developed and validated using Rasch analysis. Initial studies found no differences in SAQ with gender or age.
37
FEVERMANN, MARC. "Identification de nouveaux genes putatifs et mise en evidence de regions chromosomiques dupliquees, dans le cadre du sequencage systematique du genome de la levure saccharomyces cerevisiae." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997STR13123.
Full textAbstract:
Dans le cadre du programme europeen de sequencage systematique du genome de saccharomyces cerevisiae, nous avons sequence 4 fragments representant un total de 71218 pb (0,6% du genome), repartis sur les chromosomes ii et vii. Apres une analyse informatique de ces sequences, nous avons identifie la presence de 42 orfs. Cette etude a aussi revele 2 faits majeurs : on ne connait pas la fonction de 45% des orfs mises en evidence et 38% des orfs identifiees sont dupliquees. Nous avons ensuite montre que les orfs dupliquees n'etaient pas reparties au hasard dans le genome, mais organisees de maniere identique sur differents chromosomes dans des structures que nous avons nommees legos. Nous avons pu identifier 5 types de legos dans les sequences realisees au laboratoire. L'etude de la variation des identites existant entre les structures definissant les legos indique que les evenements de duplication a leur origine ont eu lieu a des moments differents dans l'histoire evolutive du genome de saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ce resultat semble exclure une duplication unique de l'ensemble du genome de la levure. Enfin, nous avons mis en evidence une famille multigenique, de fonction inconnue, que nous avons nommee dup. Nous avons montre que cette famille etait composee de deux sous-familles : l'une qui comporte des orfs de 240 codons (dup#2#4#0) et l'autre qui comporte des orfs de 380 codons (dup#3#8#0) les orfs de la sous-famille dup#2#4#0 sont pour la plupart organisees en repetitions en tandems et localisees en dehors des regions telomeriques. Les orfs de la sous-famille dup#3#8#0 resultent de la fusion de deux orfs ancetres de la sous-famille dup#2#4#0 et sont systematiquement situees dans les regions subtelomeriques. Les legos et la famille dup sont probablement impliques dans les remaniements genomiques a l'origine du genome actuel de saccharomyces cervisiae. Ils permettent de proposer des schemas a meme d'expliquer en grande partie l'evolution et la complexification de ce genome.
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Bouchaud, François. "Analyse forensique des écosystèmes intelligents communicants de l'internet des objets." Thesis, Lille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUI014.
Full textAbstract:
Avec le développement des écosystèmes connectés à Internet, la recherche de données dans un environnement numérique par l’enquêteur judiciaire constitue une tâche de plus en plus ardue. Elle est un véritable défi en particulier par l’hétérogénéité des objets à étudier. A cette affirmation, il convient d'y ajouter l’absence de standardisation des architectures de communication et des remontées de données, des dépendances entre les dispositifs connectés et une dispersion de l’information. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons d’adapter l’approche traditionnelle de l’investigation numérique aux contraintes de l’Internet des objets. Nous développons des méthodologies et des outils d’appréhension et d’analyse de l’environnement connecté pour les praticiens du judiciaire. Nous partons du principe que la scène de crime constitue un tout connecté et non un agrégat d’objets numériques. Elle contient des données clefs dans la compréhension et la contextualisation d’un évènement ou d’un phénomène passé, éléments de preuve pour le procès pénal. L’investigation numérique est une science appliquée pour identifier un incident, collecter, examiner et analyser des données tout en préservant l’intégrité de l’information et en maintenant une chaîne de contrôle stricte pour les données (National Institute of Standards and Technology). Face à une scène de crime, l’enquêteur cherche à comprendre l’évènement criminel, en examinant les traces figées ou emprisonnées dans le support physique et/ou dans une partie déportée sur le Cloud. Nos travaux développent un processus d’identification rapide du phénomène selon quatre phases : détection, localisation, reconnaissance des objets et recoupement de l’information. Il est enrichi d’outils de recherche de traces radioélectriques: simple capteur et réseau maillé multi-capteur. Cette démarche est construite autour de la problématique de l’appréhension d’un environnement connecté multiforme, contenant des dispositifs pas toujours visibles ou identifiables lors d’une approche terrain. Nous intégrons dans notre étude la stratégie de la collecte des équipements. Le défi réside dans la capacité à extraire un ou plusieurs objets connectés, sans compromettre les données stockées, pour les placer dans un environnement contrôlé et sécurisé. L’objet est maintenu dans un état garantissant la non-altération ou la perte des données. L’étude regroupe une première phase de compréhension de l’environnement physique et des dépendances. Elle cherche à déterminer les mécanismes de migration de l’information vers les plates-formes en ligne et à isoler les groupes d’objets en déstructurant avec intelligence les connexions. Les dispositifs sont extraits, puis conditionnés et scellés au regard de leurs caractéristiques techniques et de l’infrastructure connectée. Puis, nous approfondissons l’exploitation de l’information collectée par des méthodes forensiques. La donnée est alors analysée selon les axes temporels, spatiaux et contextuels. Nous proposons par ailleurs une classification et une priorisation de la structure connectée en fonction des caractéristiques de la donnée recherchée. Les travaux donnent une lecture du cycle de vie de la donnée au sein de l’infrastructure de l’Internet des Objets.Dans une approche prospective, nous approfondissons les questions de l’identification fine de l'objet connecté en fonction des caractéristiques du matériel et du logiciel. L'émission acoustique de l'électronique apparaît comme une propriété physique pertinente dans l'étude des équipements. Cet attribut complète notre palette d'outils dans l'identification des objets connectésWith the development of the Internet of Things, searching for data in a digital environment is an increasingly difficult task for the forensic investigator. It is a real challenge, especially given the heterogeneity of the connected objects. There is a lack of standardization in communication architectures and data management policies. It is accompanied by dependencies between connected ecosystems, especially through hidden links and fragmented information. In this thesis, we suggest adjusting the traditional approach of digital investigation to the constraints of the Internet of Things. We develop methodologies and tools to understand and analyze the connected environment. We assume that the crime scene is a connected whole and not an aggregate of independent digital objects. It contains key data for understanding and contextualizing a past event or phenomenon as evidence for the criminal trial. Digital forensics is considered to be the og extit{application of science to the identification, collection, examination, and analysis, of data while preserving the integrity of the information and maintaining a strict chain of custody for the data fg~ (National Institute of Standards and Technology). Faced with a crime scene, the investigator seeks to understand the criminal event. He examines the data stored in the physical medium and/or in a remote part of the cloud. Our work develops a process of rapid identification of the phenomenon according to four phases: detection, localization, object recognition and information crosschecking. It is enriched with radio signature search tools~: single-sensor and multi-sensor mesh network. This approach is built around the problem of apprehending a multiform connected environment, containing devices that are not always visible or identifiable during a field approach. We integrate in our study the strategy of equipment collection. The challenge lies in the ability to extract one or more connected objects, without compromising the stored data, to place them in a controlled and secure environment. The object is maintained in a state that guarantees the non-alteration or loss of data. The study includes a first phase of understanding the physical environment and dependencies. It seeks to determine the mechanisms of information migration to online platforms and to isolate groups of objects by intelligently breaking the connections. Devices are extracted, then packaged and sealed according to their technical characteristics and the connected infrastructure. We then deepen the exploitation of the information collected using forensic methods. The data is then analyzed according to temporal, spatial and contextual axes. We also propose a classification and a prioritization of the connected structure according to the characteristics of the desired data. The work gives a reading of the life cycle of the data within the Internet of Things infrastructure. In a prospective approach, we deepen the questions of the fine identification of the connected object according to these hardware and software characteristics. The acoustic signature of electronics appears as a relevant physical property in the study of equipment. This feature completes our range of tools in the identification of connected objects
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Evans, Charlotte Louise. "The biological and therapeutic significance of tumour necrosis : identification and characterisation of viable cells from the necrotic core of multicellular tumour spheroids provides evidence of a new micro-environmental niche that has biological and therapeutic significance." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/13961.
Full textAbstract:
Tumour necrosis has long been associated with poor prognosis and reduced survival in cancer. Hypotheses to explain this include the idea that as aggressive tumours tend to grow rapidly, they outgrow their blood supply leading to areas of hypoxia and subsequently necrosis. However whilst this and similar hypotheses have been put forward to explain the association, the biological significance of the cells which make up necrotic tissue has been largely ignored. This stems from the belief that because a tumour is more aggressive and fast growing it develops areas of necrosis, rather than, the tumour is more aggressive because it contains areas of necrosis. Which came first like the egg and chicken is yet to be determined, however to date most research has only considered the possibility of the former. Viable cells were found in the necrotic core of Multicellular Tumour Spheroids. When examined these cells were found to be different to the original cell line in terms of proliferation, migration, and chemosensitivity. A proteomic analysis showed that these phenotypical changes were accompanied by changes in a large number of proteins within the cells, some of which could be potential therapeutic targets. Furthermore this has led to a new hypothesis for tumour necrosis and its association with poor prognosis. Necrotic tissue provides a microenvironemental niche for cells with increased survival capabilities. Protected from many chemotherapeutics by their non-proliferative status once conditions improve these cells can return to proliferation and repopulate the tumour with an increasingly aggressive population of cells.
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Pourchet, Mariane. "Development of non-targeted approaches to evidence emerging chemical hazard : Identification of new biomarkers of internal human exposure, in order to support human biomonitoring and the study of the link between chemical exposure and human health." Thesis, Nantes, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ONIR141F.
Full textAbstract:
L’exposition de l’Homme aux contaminants chimiques présente un risque pour sa santé. Des programmes de biosurveillance sont menés dans de nombreux pays pour évaluer à la fois cette exposition, son impact en terme de santé, ainsi que l’efficacité des mesures de gestion et des dispositions réglementaires mises en place. L’Union Européenne a lancé en 2017 le projet Human Biomonitoring for Europe (HBM4EU) afin de consolider un réseau pan-Européen dans ce domaine, et de mieux documenter la réalité de l’exposition chimique des citoyens européens et son impact sur la santé humaine. Les approches historiquement mises en œuvre pour caractériser l’exposition, de type ciblées, sont très performantes pour rechercher et quantifier les contaminants déjà connus. En revanche, elles ne permettent pas de rendre compte de la complexité des expositions, en particulier vis-à-vis des contaminants émergents. Pour pallier ce manque d’exhaustivité, de nouvelles approches dites non-ciblées sont aujourd’hui développées. Le présent travail de thèse, inscrit dans le projet HBM4EU, a eu pour objectif le développement de stratégies analytiques non-ciblées depuis la préparation d’échantillons, leur profilage par couplage LC- et GC-HRMS, jusqu’au retraitement des données. Plusieurs matrices humaines ont été considérées avec un focus autour de l’exposition périnatale. Ce travail a abouti à une première preuve de concept démontrant la capacité de ces approches pour l’identification de composés émergent sans a priori. Ces recherches ont également permis de mettre en évidence les principaux défis associées à ces approches pour tous laboratoiresHuman exposure to chemical contaminants may impact his health. Biomonitoring programs are conducted in many countries to assess both this exposure, its consequence on human health, and the efficiency of regulatory and risk management provisions. The European Union launched the Human Biomonitoring for Europe (HBM4EU) project in 2017 to consolidate a pan-European network in this field, and better document the reality of chemical exposure of European citizens and establish the possible link with human health. The historical approaches used to characterise the exposure, known as targeted methods, are efficient to monitor and quantify already known substances. However, they do not allow to reflect the complexity of human exposure and in particular do notcapture new contaminants of emerging concern. To overcome this lack of completeness, new approaches such as suspect and non-targeted screening are today developed. The present thesis work, part of the HBM4EU project, aimed to develop such non-targeted analytical strategies from sample preparation, LC- and GC-HRMS profiling, to data processing. Several human matrices were considered with special emphasis on perinatal exposure. This work led to a first proof-of-concept demonstrating the interest of these approaches for identifying emerging chemicals without a priori. These researches have also highlighted main challenges to be faced in the development of these approaches for all laboratories wishing to join this dynamic
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Evans, Charlotte L. "The biological and therapeutic significance of tumour necrosis. Identification and characterisation of viable cells from the necrotic core of multicellular tumour spheroids provides evidence of a new micro-environmental niche that has biological and therapeutic significance." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/13961.
Full textAbstract:
Tumour necrosis has long been associated with poor prognosis and reduced survival in cancer. Hypotheses to explain this include the idea that as aggressive tumours tend to grow rapidly, they outgrow their blood supply leading to areas of hypoxia and subsequently necrosis. However whilst this and similar hypotheses have been put forward to explain the association, the biological significance of the cells which make up necrotic tissue has been largely ignored. This stems from the belief that because a tumour is more aggressive and fast growing it develops areas of necrosis, rather than, the tumour is more aggressive because it contains areas of necrosis. Which came first like the egg and chicken is yet to be determined, however to date most research has only considered the possibility of the former. Viable cells were found in the necrotic core of Multicellular Tumour Spheroids. When examined these cells were found to be different to the original cell line in terms of proliferation, migration, and chemosensitivity. A proteomic analysis showed that these phenotypical changes were accompanied by changes in a large number of proteins within the cells, some of which could be potential therapeutic targets. Furthermore this has led to a new hypothesis for tumour necrosis and its association with poor prognosis. Necrotic tissue provides a microenvironemental niche for cells with increased survival capabilities. Protected from many chemotherapeutics by their non-proliferative status once conditions improve these cells can return to proliferation and repopulate the tumour with an increasingly aggressive population of cells.Yorkshire Cancer Research
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Whittington, Kari. "The Influence of Population on Wrongful Convictions." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc955047/.
Full textAbstract:
With criminal cases continuing to be exonerated across the United States, research must be done on the subject to advance current practices to reduce its occurrence in the future. This study combines county population data with the National Registry of Exonerations to analyze the contributing factors to wrongful convictions and the possible effect of population on their frequency. The objective of this study was to identify specific policy changes based on the five contributing factors to wrongful convictions that could be applied to population specific areas. The results yielded multiple patterns that are discussed thoroughly. These findings allowed the introduction of policy changes and proposals for future research.
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Panayiotou, Helen. "Vibrational spectroscopy of keratin fibres : A forensic approach." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2004. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/15953/7/Helen_Panayiotou_Thesis_ePrint-15953.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Human hair profiling is an integral part of a forensic investigation but it is one of the most technically difficult subjects in forensic science. This thesis describes the research and development of a novel approach for the rapid identification of unknown human and other related keratin fibres found at a crime scene. The work presented here is developed systematically and considers sample collection, sample preparation, analysis and interpretation of spectral data for the profiling of hair fibres encountered in criminal cases. Spectral comparison of fibres was facilitated with the use of chemometrics methods such as PCA, SIMCA and Fuzzy Clustering, and the less common approach of multi-criteria decision making methodology (MCDM).
The aim of the thesis was to investigate the potential of some vibrational spectroscopy techniques for matching and discrimination of single keratin hair fibres in the context of forensic evidence.
The first objective (chapter 3) of the thesis was to evaluate the use of Raman and FT-IR micro-spectroscopy techniques for the forensic sampling of hair fibres and to propose the preferred technique for future forensic hair comparisons. The selection of the preferred technique was based on criteria such as spectral quality, ease of use, rapid analysis and universal application to different hair samples. FT-IR micro-spectroscopy was found to be the most appropriate technique for hair analysis because it enabled the rapid collection of spectra from a wide variety of hair fibres. Raman micro-spectroscopy, on the other hand, was hindered with fluorescence problems and did not allow the collection of spectra from pigmented fibres. This objective has therefore shown that FT-IR micro-spectroscopy is the preferable spectroscopic technique for forensic analysis of hair fibres, whilst Raman spectroscopy is the least preferred.
The second objective (chapter 3) was to investigate, through a series of experiments, the effect of chemical treatment on the micro-environment of human hair fibres. The effect of bleaching agents on the hair fibres was studied with some detail at different treatment times and the results indicate a significant change in the chemical environment of the secondary structure of the hair fibre along with changes in the C-C backbone structure. One of the most important outcomes of this research was the behaviour of the fÑ-helix during chemical treatment. The hydrogen bonding in the fÑ-helix provides for the stable structure of the fibre and therefore any disruption to the fÑ-helix will inevitably damage the molecular structure of the fibre. The results highlighted the behaviour of the fÑ-helix, which undergoes a significant decrease in content during oxidation, and is partly converted to a random-coil structure, whilst the fÒ-sheet component of the secondary structure remains unaffected. The reported investigations show that the combination of FT-IR and Raman micro-spectroscopy can provide an insight and understanding into the complex chemical properties and reactions within a treated hair fibre. Importantly, this work demonstrates that with the aid of chemometrics, it is possible to investigate simultaneously FT-IR and Raman micro-spectroscopic information from oxidised hair fibres collected from one subject and treated at different times. The discrimination and matching of hair fibres on the basis of treatment has potential forensic applications.
The third objective (chapter 4) attempted to expand the forensic application of FT-IR micro-spectroscopy to other keratin fibres. Animal fibres are commonly encountered in crime scenes and it thus becomes important to establish the origin of those fibres. The aim of this work was to establish the forensic applications of FT-IR micro-spectroscopy to animal fibres and to investigate any fundamental molecular differences between these fibres. The results established a discrimination between fibres consisting predominantly of fÑ-helix and those containing mainly a fÒ-sheet structure. More importantly, it was demonstrated through curve-fitting and chemometrics, that each keratin fibre contains a characteristic secondary structure arrangement. The work presented here is the first detailed FT-IR micro-spectroscopic study, utilising chemometrics as well as MCDM methods, for a wide range of keratin fibres, which are commonly, found as forensic evidence. Furthermore, it was demonstrated with the aid of the rank ordering MCDM methods PROMETHEE and GAIA, that it is possible to rank and discriminate keratin fibres according to their molecular characteristics obtained from direct measurements together with information sourced from the literature.
The final objective (chapter 5) of the thesis was to propose an alternative method for the discrimination and matching of single scalp human hair fibres through the use of FT-IR micro-spectroscopy and chemometrics. The work successfully demonstrated, through a number of case scenarios, the application of the technique for the identification of variables such as gender and race for an unknown single hair fibre. In addition, it was also illustrated that known hair fibres (from the suspect or victim) can be readily matched to the unknown hair fibres found at the crime scene. This is the first time that a substantial, systematic FT-IR study of forensic hair identification has been presented. The research has shown that it is possible to model and correlate individual¡¦s characteristics with hair properties at molecular level with the use of chemometrics methods. A number of different, important forensic variables of immediate use to police in a crime scene investigation such as gender, race, treatment, black and white hair fibres were investigated. Blind samples were successfully applied both to validate available experimental data and extend the current database of experimental determinations. Protocols were posed for the application of this methodology in the future.
The proposed FT-IR methodology presented in this thesis has provided an alternative approach to the characterisation of single scalp human hair fibres. The technique enables the rapid collection of spectra, followed by the objective analytical capabilities of chemometrics to successfully discriminate animal fibres, human hair fibres from different sources, treated from untreated hair fibres, as well as black and white hair fibres, on the basis of their molecular structure. The results can be readily produced and explained in the courts of law. Although the proposed relatively fast FT-IR technique is not aimed at displacing the two slower existing methods of hair analysis, namely comparative optical microscopy and DNA analysis, it has given a new dimension to the characterisation of hair fibres at a molecular level, providing a powerful tool for forensic investigations.
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Panayiotou, Helen. "Vibrational spectroscopy of keratin fibres : A forensic approach." Queensland University of Technology, 2004. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15953/.
Full textAbstract:
Human hair profiling is an integral part of a forensic investigation but it is one of the most technically difficult subjects in forensic science. This thesis describes the research and development of a novel approach for the rapid identification of unknown human and other related keratin fibres found at a crime scene. The work presented here is developed systematically and considers sample collection, sample preparation, analysis and interpretation of spectral data for the profiling of hair fibres encountered in criminal cases. Spectral comparison of fibres was facilitated with the use of chemometrics methods such as PCA, SIMCA and Fuzzy Clustering, and the less common approach of multi-criteria decision making methodology (MCDM). The aim of the thesis was to investigate the potential of some vibrational spectroscopy techniques for matching and discrimination of single keratin hair fibres in the context of forensic evidence. The first objective (chapter 3) of the thesis was to evaluate the use of Raman and FT-IR micro-spectroscopy techniques for the forensic sampling of hair fibres and to propose the preferred technique for future forensic hair comparisons. The selection of the preferred technique was based on criteria such as spectral quality, ease of use, rapid analysis and universal application to different hair samples. FT-IR micro-spectroscopy was found to be the most appropriate technique for hair analysis because it enabled the rapid collection of spectra from a wide variety of hair fibres. Raman micro-spectroscopy, on the other hand, was hindered with fluorescence problems and did not allow the collection of spectra from pigmented fibres. This objective has therefore shown that FT-IR micro-spectroscopy is the preferable spectroscopic technique for forensic analysis of hair fibres, whilst Raman spectroscopy is the least preferred. The second objective (chapter 3) was to investigate, through a series of experiments, the effect of chemical treatment on the micro-environment of human hair fibres. The effect of bleaching agents on the hair fibres was studied with some detail at different treatment times and the results indicate a significant change in the chemical environment of the secondary structure of the hair fibre along with changes in the C-C backbone structure. One of the most important outcomes of this research was the behaviour of the fÑ-helix during chemical treatment. The hydrogen bonding in the fÑ-helix provides for the stable structure of the fibre and therefore any disruption to the fÑ-helix will inevitably damage the molecular structure of the fibre. The results highlighted the behaviour of the fÑ-helix, which undergoes a significant decrease in content during oxidation, and is partly converted to a random-coil structure, whilst the fÒ-sheet component of the secondary structure remains unaffected. The reported investigations show that the combination of FT-IR and Raman micro-spectroscopy can provide an insight and understanding into the complex chemical properties and reactions within a treated hair fibre. Importantly, this work demonstrates that with the aid of chemometrics, it is possible to investigate simultaneously FT-IR and Raman micro-spectroscopic information from oxidised hair fibres collected from one subject and treated at different times. The discrimination and matching of hair fibres on the basis of treatment has potential forensic applications. The third objective (chapter 4) attempted to expand the forensic application of FT-IR micro-spectroscopy to other keratin fibres. Animal fibres are commonly encountered in crime scenes and it thus becomes important to establish the origin of those fibres. The aim of this work was to establish the forensic applications of FT-IR micro-spectroscopy to animal fibres and to investigate any fundamental molecular differences between these fibres. The results established a discrimination between fibres consisting predominantly of fÑ-helix and those containing mainly a fÒ-sheet structure. More importantly, it was demonstrated through curve-fitting and chemometrics, that each keratin fibre contains a characteristic secondary structure arrangement. The work presented here is the first detailed FT-IR micro-spectroscopic study, utilising chemometrics as well as MCDM methods, for a wide range of keratin fibres, which are commonly, found as forensic evidence. Furthermore, it was demonstrated with the aid of the rank ordering MCDM methods PROMETHEE and GAIA, that it is possible to rank and discriminate keratin fibres according to their molecular characteristics obtained from direct measurements together with information sourced from the literature. The final objective (chapter 5) of the thesis was to propose an alternative method for the discrimination and matching of single scalp human hair fibres through the use of FT-IR micro-spectroscopy and chemometrics. The work successfully demonstrated, through a number of case scenarios, the application of the technique for the identification of variables such as gender and race for an unknown single hair fibre. In addition, it was also illustrated that known hair fibres (from the suspect or victim) can be readily matched to the unknown hair fibres found at the crime scene. This is the first time that a substantial, systematic FT-IR study of forensic hair identification has been presented. The research has shown that it is possible to model and correlate individual¡¦s characteristics with hair properties at molecular level with the use of chemometrics methods. A number of different, important forensic variables of immediate use to police in a crime scene investigation such as gender, race, treatment, black and white hair fibres were investigated. Blind samples were successfully applied both to validate available experimental data and extend the current database of experimental determinations. Protocols were posed for the application of this methodology in the future. The proposed FT-IR methodology presented in this thesis has provided an alternative approach to the characterisation of single scalp human hair fibres. The technique enables the rapid collection of spectra, followed by the objective analytical capabilities of chemometrics to successfully discriminate animal fibres, human hair fibres from different sources, treated from untreated hair fibres, as well as black and white hair fibres, on the basis of their molecular structure. The results can be readily produced and explained in the courts of law. Although the proposed relatively fast FT-IR technique is not aimed at displacing the two slower existing methods of hair analysis, namely comparative optical microscopy and DNA analysis, it has given a new dimension to the characterisation of hair fibres at a molecular level, providing a powerful tool for forensic investigations.
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FEDELI, OLIVIER. "Determination de la composition de melanges complexes par resonance magnetique nucleaire a deux dimensions du noyau proton : mise en evidence de composes polyaromatiques dans un gazole, identification et suivi des metabolites cerebraux chez le rat, analyse des lipides dans le muscle de souris." Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA112364.
Full textAbstract:
Dans l'etude d'un melange complexe, le spectre de rmn a une dimension frequentielle (1d) est trop encombre, et la resolution insuffisante pour extraire les informations necessaires a l'identification des molecules presentes. Les limites de la complexite du substrat etudie peuvent etre repoussees en utilisant une autre strategie liee a l'augmentation du nombre de dimensions frequentielles du spectre. L'augmentation du nombre de dimensions frequentielles de l'experience se traduit par une augmentation du pouvoir separateur de celle-ci, mais en plus, elle met en evidence une relation internucleaire (couplage scalaire, effet noe) qui permet un acces plus complet a la structure des molecules. L'experience a deux dimensions de type tocsy a ete adaptee a l'etude des melanges petroliers. Cette technique permet d'identifier individuellement au sein d'un gazole, des composes polyaromatiques tels que l'anthracene ou le phenanthrene. La resonance magnetique nucleaire a deux dimensions du noyau proton, est egalement un puissant outil analytique pour l'etude de melanges complexes tels que les milieux vivants. Nous avons montre que la rmn 2d du noyau proton in vivo etait un outil capable de mettre en evidence un grand nombre de composes tels que le glucose, l'ensemble glutamate/glutamine, le lactate, l'inositol, la taurine, la choline, l'aspartate, le n-acetyl aspartate dans le cerveau du rat vivant, ou d'identifier la structure des chaines lipidiques de type linoleniques et linoleiques dans le muscle de souris vivante. Plus generalement, les travaux rapportes dans le present memoire tentent de montrer que le champ d'action de la rmn multi-dimensionnelle n'est pas limite a l'etude structurale des macromolecules biologiques, mais qu'il est en fait beaucoup plus large et qu'il peut s'etendre a l'etude de tout systeme de grande complexite, necessitant un tri de l'information spectrale recueillie
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Muller, Claudia. "Extended frequency amplification, speech recognition and functional performance in children with mild to severe sensorineural hearing loss." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30077.
Full textAbstract:
A substantial body of research points to the benefits of fitting hearing instruments that provides extended high frequency amplification. Most published research were done on adults or in controlled laboratory settings. It is therefore necessary for peadiatric audiologists to critically assess the effects that this extended high frequency amplification has on the individual child fitted with hearing instruments. A quantitative research method was selected to explore the possible correlations between extended high frequency amplification and the influence this extended high frequency amplification has on speech recognition and functional performance in children with mild to severe sensory neural hearing loss. A quasiexperimental design was selected. This design accommodated a one-group (single-system) pre-test versus post-test design. Baseline assessments were done and all participants were subjected to pre- and post-intervention assessments. Six participants were fitted with hearing instruments which provided extended high frequency amplification. A baseline assessment was done with current hearing instruments after which participants were assessed with the hearing instruments with extended high frequency amplification. Aided audiological assessments were done without the extended high frequencies after which participants were evaluated with the added high frequencies. Speech recognition testing and functional performance questionnaires were used to compare the outcomes obtained with and without the extended high frequency amplification. A t-test was used for hypothesis testing to determine if extended range amplification increased speech recognition abilities and functional performance, and if these increases were statistically significant. Results were varied where some participants performed better and some performed worse with the added extended range amplification during speech recognition testing and functional performances observed at home. These varied results were statistically insignificant. However, statistically significant evidence was obtained to indicate that extended high frequency amplification increased the functional performance observed at school. The study concluded that the paediatric audiologist should know the effect fitting hearing instruments capable of extended high frequency amplification have on speech recognition abilities and functional performances. Fitting hearing instruments with extended high frequency amplification should however be done with caution because not all children benefited from extended bandwidth amplification. This underlines the importance of following a strict evidence-based approach that incorporates objective and subjective assessment approaches. This will provide the paediatric audiologist with real world evidence of the success of the amplification strategy that is followed.Dissertation (MCommunication Pathology)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology
Unrestricted
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Iskandarsyah, Yan. "The sedimentary recordings of the tsunamis triggered by the 1883-Krakatau eruptions on the littoral South of Sunda Strait in the region of Ujung Kulon, Java Island, Indonesia, and the role of the coastal morphology on the organisation and the characteristics of the deposits." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAH017/document.
Full textAbstract:
En août 1883, l'éruption du Krakatau a provoqué des vagues de tsunami. Au centre et au Nord du détroit de la Sonde, peuples au moment de l’évènement de 1883 ont fourni de nombreux témoignages visuels des phénomènes volcaniques et des tsunamis. Les côtes sauvages et austères du Sud, notamment de la région de Ujung Kulon ont toujours été exemptes de populations. Il existe donc des lacunes dans les connaissances concernant le nombre et les caractéristiques des inondations de tsunamis sur ces côtes de Ujung Kulon. L’objectif de ce travail est d’explorer et de comprendre la façon dont les tsunamis générés par les différentes phases éruptives du Krakatau en1883 ont eu lieu à Ujung Kulon sur la base d’un déchiffrage aussi poussé que possible de l'enregistrement de phénomènes extrêmes dans des dépôts sédimentaire le long des littoraux sud du détroit de la Sonde. Pour atteindre cet objectif, trois méthodes d'analyse de texture et de composition sont appliquées, à savoir l'analyse de distribution granulométrique, l'identification des microfaunes et l’Anisotropie de la Susceptibilité Magnétique (ASM). Les résultats des analyses ont démontrés cependant que l'isthme en péninsule de Ujung Kulon a enregistré 4 (quatre) tsunamis liés aux éruptions et évidences que chaque vague a été enregistrée deux fois: i) par un flux direct provenant du détroit de la Sonde en ligne droite, ii) par une vague venant de l'océan Indien, retardée dans le temps après avoir été réfractée dans l’extrémité ouest de la péninsule de Ujung Kulon (près de l'île Panaitan). Cette preuve était unique et pourrait être liée au contexte géomorphologique exceptionnel de la péninsule de Ujung Kulon, y compris l'isthme et ses baies en forme de V, qui en font l'un des pièges les plus remarquables de dépôts de tsunamiThe giant tsunamis generated by the tremendous eruptions of Krakatau in 1883 were recorded along the coasts of Sunda Strait. Eyewitnesses testimony, tidal and pressure gauges recorded at Batavia (Jakarta), and tsunami signatures left by such event have been mostly used by researchers to evidencing the occurrence of the 1883-Krakatau tsunami around the Sunda Strait. Yet, there was still gap in knowledge when talking about the evidences of the 1883-Krakatau tsunami in the southern part of Sunda Strait and around Indian Ocean, due to the lack of eyewitness and a fact that some of the coasts is mostly noted as the remote areas. Laban Isthmus, one of the intriguing coastal landforms located 80 km to the south of Krakatau and connect Ujung Kulon Peninsula to Java Island, displayed the potential to record marine flooding events issuing from Sunda Strait and Indian Ocean. This study demonstrated however that the isthmus has recorded 4 (four) tsunami events related to the eruptions. Based on a new combination approach of sedimentary and micro-fossils analyses with the Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) technique, the result of the study evidenced that each wave was recorded twice: i) by a direct flow coming from the Sunda Strait in straight line, ii) by a wave coming from the Indian Ocean, delayed in time after having been refracted around the West-end of Ujung Kulon Peninsula (near Panaitan Island). Such evidence was unique and could be related to the exceptional geomorphological context of the Ujung Kulon Peninsula, including the isthmus and its V-shape bays, which made it one of the most remarkable traps of tsunami deposits
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Scobie, Charlotte Rachel. "Considering forensic science: juror decision making and unvalidated identification evidence." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/115179.
Full textAbstract:
Rapid scientific advances mean that new techniques and areas of research are being used by crime labs to test forensic evidence, but as innovations grow, so does fear that invalid science will make its way to the courtroom. If jurors and judges are not informed of the threats to validity that are associated with identification evidence they are at risk of overestimating the reliability of that evidence. The overarching goal of this thesis was to investigate whether scientifically informed opposing expert testimony or cross-examination will educate jurors about unreliable forensic science, and whether there are individual differences that will affect the perception of forensic evidence.
Study one investigated whether opposing expert testimony could educate jurors about anthropometric facial comparison evidence. In addition, participants’ scores on measures of epistemological sophistication and argument skill were used to test for direct effects on verdict, and indirect effects through ratings on a measure of methodological reliability. Path analysis did not show support for relationship for the two individual difference measures. Opposing expert testimony was able to reduce ratings of the reliability of the forensic evidence, indicating that presenting participants with criticisms of unreliable forensic evidence is capable of informing jurors of limitations.
Study two aimed to replicate the main findings of the first study while testing a different measure of individual difference: bias towards forensic evidence, as captured by the Forensic Evidence Evaluation Bias Scale (FEEBS, Smith & Bull, 2012, 2014). Opposing expert testimony reduced reliability, and scores on the pro-prosecution subscale of the FEEBS led to higher ratings of reliability, indicating that when the participants were predisposed to see forensic evidence as highly trustworthy and conclusive they were more likely to convict. Qualitative analysis of responses justifying verdict choice showed that opposing expert testimony was informative, but that many participants struggled with understanding scientific methodology and had unreasonable expectations about forensic science. Study three tested whether scientifically-informed cross-examination would lead to reduced reliability. Three types of forensic identification sciences were used: anthropometric facial comparison, fingerprint, and voice identification. Participants read through expert testimony regarding one of the three types of evidence, and then either scientifically-informed cross-examination, or questions that focussed on the qualifications and experience of the expert. Multi-group analyses and individual path analyses were conducted. Only the relationship between examination type and evidence type was different between groups, and scientifically-informed cross-examination did not affect ratings of reliability. Scores on the FEEBS affect neither reliability nor verdict. This suggests that differences in testimony and either the origin, or complexity, of criticisms towards evidence may have a large impact on verdict.
This thesis contributes to furthering our understanding of juror decision making regarding unreliable forensic evidence as it has demonstrated that perception of reliability, even if based on substantially biased or incorrect reasoning, will have the largest impact on verdict choice. The findings will be useful to researchers looking into the best ways of educating jurors and judges, as well as those calling for validation studies of forensic sciences.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Psychology, 2018
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Lin, Chun-Yen, and 林俊彥. "The study of forensic evidence detection and DNA identification." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/knfp5f.
Full textAbstract:
博士中央警察大學
鑑識科學研究所
99
A successful identification work is dependent on two important factors. One is whether the valuable evidences can be observed in laboratory or crime science by investigators. The other is whether the evidences collected can be examined correctly and effectively. None of these factors can be abandoned. Therefore, the advanced studies for these issues were performed in this thesis. The results will be provided to the practice units for references of application. In the area of searching and examining the evidences, the system of infrared and alternative light source were developed for searching latent evidences in this thesis. The results showed that it was improved for searching latent evidences and non-human body fluid by infrared and alternative light source. However, in the area for identification of collected evidences, we focused on both human and non-human DNA identification in this study. For human DNA identification, analysis of the mitochondrial D-loop region for aboriginal populations in Taiwan was performed. The information can be provided as references for maternal blood relationship on forensic application. The distribution variations of mitochondrial D-loop sequences in 363 Taiwan aboriginal samples were analyzed in this study. Among these sequences, totally there were 234 haplotypes observed. Comparing with 146 haplotypes from 155 Taiwan Han samples, there are only two haplotypes shared between aboriginal populations and Taiwan Han population. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the database of aboriginal populations in Taiwan. For non-human DNA identification, there were 39 specimens from suspected conservation animals examined with mitochondrial Cytochrome b gene in this study. The data of sequences were compared with GenBank, and it showed that the similarities with the most similar species were more than 98%. The results of DNA identification matched with the morphology examination. Therefore, the established method of DNA identification showed high reliability. However, due to the insufficient sequences of turtle species in databank, some of the turtle specimens could not be identified to the respective species successfully. More definite and reliable results for animal species identification will be obtained by enriching the databank. The systems and methods established in this thesis have been used by practice units, for example in fast screening and detecting forensic evidences, and unambiguously identifying the disaster victim in Typhoon Morakot, and suspected animal specimens. It is a benefit for the justice units to attack the illegal and protect the legal behaviors.
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Dai, Binshin, and 戴秉勳. "DNA Identification In The Modern Sense Of Criminal Evidence." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58381533256633682176.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東海大學
法律學系
99
Although DNA testing is a common, but its application is still on thinking and thinking about the general direction of the community the general public has not a small gap. In this paper, composed of DNA identification of the various elements, DNA itself, the identification system, a foreign legal system and our legal system be introduced in sequence, the core of which is to explore the scope and impact of people's basic rights. The discretion of the trial developed the modern biological science, medical technology advances, usually to clarify the facts of the case, forensic experts will be obtained in the form of DNA identification test results identified the parties an made the request that the court and the trial court based on seniority. Of course, in our court operations, DNA identification information born solid camel to the court with authority to accept it without reservation, this time passing the defendant's defense of the right moment and exhausted, of the defendant against the interests of the parties and there is a great principle of equality of arms, so DNA test shows that the court adopted the findings and opinions before, had first to explore what is meant by self-DNA and identification of other related issues, but on the DNA sense, DNA analysis and identification of concepts and the fundamental rights of the people related to sex, type of sequence on the academic and be summarized in comparison, and to analyze and continue to organize discussion. Important part of this thesis is the nature of DNA identification evidence Why, there is evidence of non-confession confession evidence of the controversy. This article is effective the sake of protecting people's fundamental rights, an avant-garde view of evidence that the confession should be more appropriate, therefore, the implementation of the DNA test should apply "the principle of non-self-evidence sins" and "right of silence protected provisions" binding, otherwise the same as state organs may violate the defendant or the meaning of the suspect and forced to take the person's DNA samples. But take a step back words, such as DNA identification evidence is that the confession evidence, the paper the next best thing and the people of the DNA obtained on whether the legal process, consistent with due process of law. In other words, DNA identification of non-confession evidence on the legality of the request should be how to control the problem, the corresponding law may be 4 of Article 158 of the Criminal Procedure Law provides that if the particular portfolio to implement DNA testing violation of law, protection of human rights court, after balancing and the public interest to maintain and recognize there is no evidence of its ability to DNA identification problem. And related offenses in the implementation of staff responsibilities, in addition to regulations applicable to DNA sampling to give a fine sanction, it is probably the strength of sanctions shall be mutatis mutandis Article 315 of the Criminal Code provides a penalty, before they have produced discouraging results. DNA databases to, the purpose is to effectively combat crime, crime prevention and reducing detection time. Police DNA database of criminal intention for the establishment of medical development, will citizens be sequencing DNA samples preserved by the intersection of genetic information than to expect to find genetic defects leading to human suffering from the elements or not the medical and treatment of disease treatment. However, unexpectedly, in the DNA identification in criminal proceedings, but to play hard to shake the identification of its evidence that the force value, and therefore governments have to establish a criminal DNA database, the thesis that the executive or administrative power based on the perspective of discourse DNA database and other issues. Direction because of the criminal investigation of the DNA database by the establishment of a major turning point, the actual situation is the way the criminal investigation police officers from the perpetrator only for search or arrest for the object itself, and then to only by the perpetrator of the past criminal history records, inmates specimen data, and crime scene samples samples samples were pre-established criminal DNA database in the data, through cross-comparison approach to a proactive approach from the criminal DNA database to screen suspects. Britain had its criminal DNA database of sex offenders only to collect DNA samples sampling data, the current covers of many non-sex offender data samples, and even criminal behavior of many people is simply not the specimen information, also in the collection of columns . Other countries such as Germany, the United States or the DNA database set up collection also significantly change the scope and content, most obviously that is a database of rapid population growth, can be used to reduce the criminal investigation of the time and speed up the progress of the proceedings, we can see criminal DNA database by collecting DNA samples has clearly become an important tool for government to fight crime one. On the other hand, the human rights violations because of too large, the European Court of Human Rights decision also related to the DNA database for the British establishment has been accused of, which is the content of this paper is seeking to explore one of the key. After about a foreign legal system, led him to study China's legal system and other related systems, the DNA sample of the legal basis was established in February 1999, DNA sampling legislation and sent to the president for his announcement in February 2000 implemented at this time Start with the implementation of the legal basis of DNA testing, and National Police Administration's Criminal Investigation Bureau and then by sexual assault crimes Prevention Act and the regulations DNA sampling to establish a computerized DNA database, its objects and scope of sampling For the perpetrators of sexual assault, sex crimes, major violent crime cases, the defendants according to law enforcement or criminal suspect sample, so you can roughly say that China's national criminal DNA database file was established from then on. And response to society's real needs, the draft amendments in recent years wants to expand its sampling scope content and other measures, this paper will be abroad and the establishment of China's DNA database basic theory, practical deployment scenarios, and sample the range of amending the law to introduce the trend. To justice in this paper on the contents of the substantive component, which focused on the identification of DNA evidence in our court, after examination under the law and how there is evidence that the ability, as evidence that the academic ability to have or not is discussed, in addition to related to identification of the legitimacy of their rule to be applied, opinion and association rules of law endures, the Japanese have also made very fine criteria, while the relevant part of the United States in this otherwise law Frye rule and Daubert for reference. Later, as judged in the DNA identification of the pieces of evidence with the evidence of the ability, again to determine the strength of its evidence that the level of evidentiary value may be taken or not. However, DNA identification is a new development of science and technology, to determine its probative force is usually based on "because the use of scientific methods and by showing a relatively stable results, the probability of error at least very low", the result will be such made in court, are willing to recognize as the basis of evidence as the trial data, or even identify the alleged facts as true, so far as the ability of DNA identification evidence and other relevant evidence for the study of law, the final legislation of foreign countries, as evidence for the ability to have operating procedures, procedures and equipment to explore funding for our model. Finally, this paper describes our DNA identification evidence in the trial process of our practice how to use, and for the identification of related DNA identification evidence and the legality of laws, related rules of hearsay and other rules and with the discussion at the same time and verify that all comply with the relevant other rule. I wrote in this paper, we found a very interesting practical problem, if the pieces involved in committing Robbery suspect, originally a simple sampling of their DNA samples and send the criminal police DNA database comparison, but the accident Another found that the suspect has committed other sexual abuse cases pending, this piece of the sampled specimens, can in the other case as the DNA database comparison of the law expressly. Moreover, the pieces of the samples obtained after the implementation of the possibility to separate case (sexual assault) with evidence of ability to recognize the relevance of grid, there are questions, of course, practical insights are considered to be in separate case of alignment, and there is evidence that ability, but not explicitly set that reason, this is also a further discussion of this question. One of the problems but more controversial is the practice of gathering evidence of criminal way, in advance of specific people or people with criminal records of specimens of samples stored in the DNA database set up, come live with the legacy of samples and other trace evidence is used to commit crimes than the people, then this practice is not against the Constitution has to protect people's basic rights, "due process" or "the presumption of innocence" concerns. Of course, Some scholars believe that the fingerprint can be compared, national identity card is also true for future criminal cases as a control, the DNA samples can not be true that, questioned, which is also one of the key research-based papers. From another point of view, seems to take the initiative in the criminal investigation officers from the criminal DNA database was screened at the same time, the investigators will have the subjective inner relationship of the person or people regarded as suspect cases or defendants, even if not that The defendant or suspect, or at least identify with these people have some connection, might be called cases of relationship between people. This is only a subjective identify criminal suspects, or as prisoners of their own to look at, although convinced that differences in the extent, that is the "presumption of innocence" clash somewhat, but as presumption of guilt, the first The comparison of DNA-based, and then slowly progress to collect the suspect they have evidence of a crime, which is also the focus of this research paper is one of hope that this paper related to the problem and proposals for future regulation and interested in amending the law Researchers in this area have a positive benefit.