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1
Burford, Mark. "Hanslick's Idealist Materialism." 19th-Century Music 30, no. 2 (2006): 166–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncm.2006.30.2.166.
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In the mid-nineteenth century, materialist and empiricist modes of thought characteristic of natural science increasingly called into question the speculation of German idealist philosophy. Music historians have commonly associated Eduard Hanslick's Vom Musikalisch-Schšnen (On the Musically Beautiful, 1854) with this tendency toward positivism, interpreting the treatise as an argument for musical formalism. His treatise indeed sought to revise idealist musical aesthetics, but in a far less straightforward way. Hanslick devotes considerable attention to the "material" that makes up music and the musical work. The nature of music's materiality is in fact a central pillar of Hanslick's argument, which draws on the abundant literature of the 1840s and 50s promoting scientific materialism and on what might be described as an Aristotelian conception of matter. Hanslick's goal, however, was not to deny idealism, but rather to negotiate a middle ground between idealism and materialism, thereby reconciling a prevailing conception of music's metaphysical status with the physical properties of matter. This is most clearly observed in his carefully crafted conception of the musical "tone," which unites the inner world of thought and the external world of nature. Hanslick's somewhat ironic use of a materialist framework to demonstrate music's inherent ideality betrayed a desire not only to attune musical aesthetics with the latest materialist theories, but also to preserve art music's exclusivity. On the Musically Beautiful is perhaps best understood not as an unequivocal case for formalism but as evidence of the complex ways in which mid-century tensions between idealism and materialism informed German musical discourse.
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Lord, Timothy C. "Collingwood, Idealism, Realism, and the Possibility of Historical Knowledge." Journal of the Philosophy of History 11, no. 3 (November 7, 2017): 342–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18722636-12341378.
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Abstract Collingwood argued that most theories of knowledge in English, up to his time, had been based on perception and scientific thinking; thus, if true, they made history impossible. So how is historical knowledge possible? Collingwood argued that only an idealistic philosophy can account for the possibility of historical knowledge. Consequently he integrated with his idealist theory of history a forceful and damaging critique of the “naive realism” of his day. In this paper I defend Collingwood’s idealist answer to this question, demonstrating how he hoped to broaden the scope of English epistemology through his anti-realist philosophy of history. I also analyze a recently theorized and purportedly more sophisticated form of historical realism which has been theorized by Chris Lorenz. Lorenz borrows Putnam’s notion of internal realism to argue for a historical realism which can account for knowledge of the real past. I argue that internal realism fails as historical realism. Collingwood’s idealism is a better response to relativism as well as naive realism than is internal realism. I conclude that Collingwood’s answer to the question of historical knowledge – which as I show, is Kantian in character – demanded of him, and perhaps demands of us today, a break with the dominant philosophies of perception, truth, and logic.
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Shorkend, Danny. "Idealist theories of sport in relation to art." Journal of Aesthetics & Culture 10, no. 1 (January 2018): 1422923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20004214.2017.1422923.
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Mehmetcik, Hakan. "Ideal and Beyond." Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science 24 (September 1, 2014): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22151/politikon.24.6.
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There is now a substantial body of theory on international relations. However, to understand theories of International Relations, we need to focus on the history of the discipline, which somehow always starts with idealist theory of International Relations. Therefore, it is worth to plunging into the debate on the structure of idealist International Relations theory to grab the essence of the dynamics and aims of the attempts that theorists try to address in the International Relations. This effort also consists of finding out the use and abuse of theory within the discipline as an attempt to point out the myth functions in International Relations theories. The paper aims to present idealist theory of International Relations by pinpointing differences with realist impulses on human nature, the nature of international relations, and cyclical view of history.
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Pippin, Robert. "VII-The Significance of Self-Consciousness in Idealist Theories of Logic." Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (Hardback) 114, no. 2pt2 (July 2014): 145–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9264.2014.00368.x.
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Mishler, William, and Richard Rose. "Political Support for Incomplete Democracies: Realist vs. Idealist Theories and Measures." International Political Science Review 22, no. 4 (October 2001): 303–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192512101022004002.
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Palan, Ronen P., and Brook M. Blair. "On the idealist origins of the realist theory of international relations." Review of International Studies 19, no. 4 (October 1993): 385–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500118273.
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A theory, writes Anthony Wilden, like any other adaptive system, must have a survival value. It is impossible, he continues, ‘for a theory not to have a referent or a goal outside itself, since “pure truth” not only does not exist, it has no survival value whatsoever.’ Wilden's reference to the ‘external’ goal of a theory suggests that theories carry subliminal messages which exceed the strict boundary of their textual content. An effective technique for identifying the political and normative undertones communicated by theories is an inquiry into those areas which supposedly of peripheral significance to them.
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Lubaina Dawood, Khadija Karim, Gul Nagina, and Niamatullah. "Idealist, Realist or Neo-Realist Financial Aid Donors to Pakistan." Technium Social Sciences Journal 10 (July 13, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v10i1.1123.
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Foreign aid has always been an important source of finance for Pakistan. The flow of foreign aid depends upon the donor’s interest and motives that can differ as some may be truly interested in helping the recipient nation (Mumtaz, 2013). Some donors may have a national interest while others may want to enhance their economic relations which refer to the idealist, realist, and neo-realist theories of motivations respectively (Berthelemy, 2005). The present inquiry is informed by a qualitative interpretive approach based on semi-structured interviews regarding financial aid donor’s motives. The overall results revealed people's perception that America has an inclination for both Pakistan’s nation and region for its own benefits whereas the United Kingdom is interested in human resources. Saudi Arab and China have dual motives, one is the development of Pakistan and the other is security and trade interest respectively. So America is proclaimed as realist donors, United Kingdom as Neo-realist while Saudi Arab and China have mixed motivations. Both are Idealists with some realist and neo-realist motivation correspondingly. However other financial aid donors are not prominent amongst the Pakistani nations.
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Mijuskovic, Ben. "Theories of Consciousness, Therapy, and Loneliness." International Journal of Philosophical Practice 3, no. 1 (2005): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ijpp2005315.
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The article offers a brief set of definitions of metaphysical and epistemological principles underlying three distinct theories of consciousness and then relates these paradigms to a triad of contemporary therapeutic modalities. Accordingly, it connects materialism, empiricism, determinism and a passive interpretation of the “mind”=brain to medication interventions and behavioral and cognitive treatments. In this context, the paper proceeds to argue that these treatment approaches are theoretically incapable of addressing the dominant issue of man’s loneliness, and his struggle to escape from it, as the most basic universal drivein human beings. Next, it discusses the dualist, idealist, and rationalist assumptions of an active reflexive, self-consciousness, which has dominated insight-oriented treatment methodologies since Freud. And, finally, it treats the Hesperian and Sartre an phenomenological andexistential descriptions of awareness as grounded in the transcendent principle of intentionality emphasizing the aspects of the freedom of consciousness. Lastly, it claims that the first view stresses the temporal present; the second the past; and the third the future.
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Duff, Alistair S. "Cyber-Green: idealism in the information age." Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society 13, no. 2 (May 11, 2015): 146–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jices-10-2014-0049.
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Purpose – This paper aims to retrieve relevant aspects of the work of idealist thinker T.H. Green to improve comprehension of, and policy responses to, various dilemmas facing contemporary “information societies”. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is an exercise in interdisciplinary conceptual research, seeking a new synthesis that draws upon a range of ethical, metaphysical, empirical and policy texts and ideas. It is an application of moral and political principles to post-industrial problems, part of an ongoing international effort to develop viable normative approaches to the emergent information society. The background research included in situ study of archival papers. Findings – Green’s version of idealism illuminates current, technologically induced shifts in our understandings of important categories such as self, substance and space. The paper finds that Green’s doctrine of the common good, his alternative to the (still prevalent) school of utilitarian welfarism, combined with his famously “positive” theory of the state, is highly relevant as a normative template for applied philosophy and policy. The article demonstrates its applicability to three vital contemporary issues: freedom of information, intellectual property and personal privacy. It concludes that Green’s work provides exceptional resources for an original, anti-technocratic, theory of the information society as good society. Practical implications – It is hoped that, as part of the wider rediscovery of the work of Green and other idealists, the paper will have some impact on public policy. Originality/value – The paper contains a new scholarly interpretation of Green’s theories of the common good and of the state. In addition, it is believed to be the first major attempt to apply idealism to the information society and its problems.
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Malek, Abdul. "Gravity – An Intrinsic Property of Matter! A Qualitative Graviton-Orbital-Band Theory." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 14, no. 2 (July 30, 2018): 5526–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v14i2.7484.
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All profound theories of nature, life, and society have some philosophical underpinning; the theories of gravity are no exceptions. The theories of gravitation of Isaac Newton and Louis Le Sage were based on mechanical materialism and British empiricism. Albert Einstein developed his geometrical theory of gravity based on idealist Neo-Berkeleyan “positivism” of Ernst Mach. But none of these theories provide, among other things, any tangible intuition into the development of discrete, quantized and the shell like structure of matter from the subatomic to the cosmic, that modern physics, astrophysics and astronomy are revealing in increasing details. A dialectical and qualitative quantum mechanical approach to gravity based on a concept of quantized graviton-orbitals provides an explanation for the cellular structure in the universe.
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Malek, Abdul. "The Mystery of the Lorentz Transform: A Reconstruction and Its Implications for Einstein’s Theories of Relativity and cosmology." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 19 (July 15, 2021): 174–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v19i.9079.
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The Lorentz Transformation (LT) is an arbitrary and poorly conceived mathematical tool designed to make Maxwell’s electromagnetism conform to Galilean relativity, which formed the basis of classical mechanics and physics. A strange combination of this transform with an axiomatic assumption by Albert Einstein that the velocity of light c is an absolute and universal constant has led to an idealist, geometrical and phenomenological view of the universe, that is at variance with objective reality. This conundrum that has lasted for more than hundred years has led to rampant mysticism and has impaired the development of positive knowledge of the universe. The present reconstruction of LT shows that the gamma term, which fueled mysticism in physics and cosmology is, on the contrary, a natural outcome of the subjective geometrical rendition of the speed of light and the idealist unification of abstract space and time into a 4D “spacetime” manifold; by Minkowski and Einstein. Only a materialist dialectical perspective of space and time can rid physics of all mysticism arising out of LT; from the quantum to the cosmic.
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Stokke, Kristian. "The Soft Power of a Small State: Discursive Constructions and Institutional Practices of Norway's Peace Engagement." PCD Journal 2, no. 1 (June 6, 2017): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/pcd.25724.
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Since the end of the Cold War, Norway has widely functioned as facilitator for conflict resolution in interstate conflicts and, thus, constructed Norwegian foreign policy as an international peace promoter. This article provides a critical understanding of the discursive construction and institutional practices of Norwegian peace engagement and the effectiveness of the Norwegian approach in conflict resolution experiences. By utilising valuable insights from international relations theories, this article critically analyses the construction of identity and interests in Norwegian foreign policy discourse, focusing particularly on the balancing act between realist and idealist internationalism in peace engagement.
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Pyenson, Lewis. "The Einstein-Picasso Question." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 43, no. 3 (November 2012): 281–333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2013.43.3.281.
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The theories of relativity in physics and the style known as Cubism in painting found a favorable reception by theoretical physicists, on the one hand, and avant-garde art dealers and patrons, on the other hand, across the seven years before the First World War. The climate in bourgeois Europe contributing to this rapid assimilation of revolutionary, intellectual work is examined from the point of view of material culture. Emphasis is placed on Neo-Idealist abstraction in urban decoration and design, with a focus on Oriental carpets, wallpaper, and electrical lighting. Elements from all three domains are found in Cubism, and relativity assimilated both vocabulary and images from newly electrified cities.
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Foster, John Bellamy, and Brett Clark. "Marxism and the Dialectics of Ecology." Monthly Review 68, no. 5 (October 1, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/mr-068-05-2016-09_1.
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The recovery of the ecological-materialist foundations of Karl Marx's thought, as embodied in his theory of metabolic rift, is redefining both Marxism and ecology in our time, reintegrating the critique of capital with critical natural science. This may seem astonishing to those who were reared on the view that Marx's ideas were simply a synthesis of German idealism, French utopian socialism, and British political economy.… The rediscovery of Marx's metabolism and ecological value-form theories, and of their role in the analysis of ecological crises, has generated sharply discordant trends. Despite their importance in the development of both Marxism and ecology, neither idea is without its critics. One manifestation of the divergence on the left in this respect has been an attempt to appropriate aspects of Marx's social-metabolism analysis in order to promote a crude social "monist" view based on such notions as the social "production of nature" and capitalism's "singular metabolism." Such perspectives, though influenced by Marxism, rely on idealist, postmodernist, and hyper-social-constructivist conceptions, which go against any meaningful historical-materialist ecology and tend to downplay (or to dismiss as apocalyptic or catastrophist) all ecological crises—insofar as they are not reducible to the narrow law of value of the system.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.
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M. Al-Shraah, Bassam. "The Bildungsroman Tradition: The Philosophical Maturation of Jack Burden in All the King’s Men." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 8, no. 5 (November 2, 2017): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.5p.145.
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This paper aims to sketch out the transformation that Jack Burden—the main character in the novel—had gone through. With all the political leanings in Warren’s All the king’s Men, Jack burden seems to have had developed his own theories of dealing with life and people all through his life. He has always suffered an inferiority complex, rendering himself unworthy of being a real human being. This paper claims that Jack’s philosophical transformation has passed through three distinct phases; he had changed from a carefree idealist to a man of moral responsibility much similar to a Bildungsroman style of character maturation. Difficult times that Jack Burden has gone through caused his awakening at the end of the novel ushering his maturation
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Hatem, Mervat. "Class and Patriarchy as Competing Paradigms for the Study of Middle Eastern Women." Comparative Studies in Society and History 29, no. 4 (October 1987): 811–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500014894.
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During the last nine years, while Western feminists were directing critical attention to what they described as “the curious courtship,” the “unhappy marriage,” and the “uneasy hyphen between marxism-feminism,” Western students of Middle Eastern women were pushing the field toward a serious consideration and adoption of Marxian social and economic theories. In two very important articles, Nikki Keddie and Judith Tucker argued that the field can expand its understanding of the different worlds of women by studying their roles in production and social reproduction. This new materialist approach promised to overcome what both said was a serious idealist bias in the literature that derived the status of Middle Eastern women from the major Muslim religious and legal texts and/or relied on the culturally biased Western/Orientalist conceptions of these women.
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Agostini-Ouafi, Viviana. "La traduction et le fascisme : quelques réflexions à partir des théories de Croce et Gentile." Translationes 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 28–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tran-2016-0002.
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Abstract This paper focuses on the vitality of the translation market in fascist Italy, despite the censorship affecting primarily Gramsci as a translator and theorist of translation, and, starting from the 1920 polemic between the idealist philosophers Croce and Gentile, it studies the theories emerging between the two world wars. The anti-fascist Croce denies the possibility of translating in the name of an aristocratic and romantic idea of art, and thus pushes critics in his camp, such as Debenedetti, to resort to different paths. Although Gentile claims to embody the fascist intellectual, his view on art is in contradiction with his view on power: subjective deconstruction and state authoritarianism, interpretive freedom and ideological violence coexist to the point where his reflections on translation get absurdly close to Benjamin’s.
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Turvey, Malcolm. "Introduction: A Return to Classical Film Theory?" October 148 (May 2014): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/octo_e_00180.
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When cinema studies was institutionalized in the Anglo-American academy starting in the late 1960s, film scholars for the most part turned away from preexisting traditions of film theorizing in favor of new theories then becoming fashionable in the humanities, principally semiotics and psychoanalysis. Earlier, so-called “classical” film theories—by which I mean, very broadly, film theories produced before the advent of psychoanalytic-semiotic film theorizing in the late ′60s—were either ignored or rejected as naive and outmoded. Due to the influence of the Left on the first generation of film academics, some were even dismissed as “idealist” or in other ways politically compromised. There were, of course, some exceptions. The work of pre-WWII left-wing thinkers and filmmakers such as Benjamin, Kracauer, the Russian Formalists, Bakhtin, Vertov, and Eisenstein continued to be translated and debated, and, due principally to the efforts of Dudley Andrew, André Bazin's film theory remained central to the discipline, if only, for many, as something to be overcome rather than built upon. Translations of texts by Jean Epstein appeared in October and elsewhere in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and Richard Abel's two-volume anthology, French Film Theory and Criticism 1907–1939 (1988), generated interest in French film theory before Bazin. But on the whole, classical film theory was rejected as a foundation for contemporary film theorizing, even by film theorists like Noël Carroll with no allegiance to semiotics and psychoanalysis.
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Sari, Yasemin. "Towards an Arendtian Conception of Justice." Research in Phenomenology 50, no. 2 (July 22, 2020): 216–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691640-12341448.
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Abstract This article argues that Arendt’s rich account of the political necessarily involves an implicit, but never fully worked out, phenomenological articulation of justice in her work. Arendt’s unique articulation of the role of judgment in political action provides us with the outline of an Arendtian principle of justice that relieves the tension between idealist and realist theories of justice. Building on this role of judgment, I aim to emphasize the phenomenological premise of identifying the conditions for the possibility of the political in empirico-historical events rooted in her ideas of plurality and freedom. By showing that, for Arendt, justice is a phenomenon like power and equality, we can make progress on an implicit account of justice in her work. Taking seriously Arendt’s articulation of freedom-manifesting and principled political action, I will show that a principle of justice guides political action based on political judgment that is affectively oriented to the world.
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Kebede, Messay. "From Perception to Subject: The Bergsonian Reversal." Journal of French and Francophone Philosophy 22, no. 1 (September 19, 2014): 102–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jffp.2014.645.
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In lieu of an abstract, here is the opening paragraph to the essay:What singles out philosophical analyses of perception is the challenge to common sense, that is, to the spontaneous, instinctive belief that an external world exists and that it is similar to the perception we have of it. Even those theories that refrain from questioning the independent existence of the world concede that the resemblance of whatever is out there to the perceived reality is anything but assured. Henri Bergson proposes a theory of perception that not only restores the common belief in the existence of an external world, but also goes a long way in narrowing the alleged disparity between perception and the objective world. With few exceptions, Bergson’s theory of perception has been either ignored or misunderstood. Through a close reading of the first chapter of Matter and Memory, the paper argues, in addition to correcting misreadings, that the strength and originality of Bergson’s theory lie in the reversal of the method of explaining perception from the premise of a given subject, a premise shared by all idealist and realist theories as well as phenomenology. This de-subjectification proposes an approach deriving perception from the interactions of objects while countering the materialist theory of the brain as an organ of representation. The paper contends that the Bergsonian elucidation of the brain as an organ of simulation both anticipates the findings of the sensorimotor theory and overcomes its limitation by showing how simulation inserts indetermination into materiality, thereby actualizing consciousness.
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Caplan, Jane. "Postmodernism, Poststructuralism, and Deconstruction: Notes for Historians." Central European History 22, no. 3-4 (September 1989): 260–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900020483.
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The central purpose of this essay is to clarify some of the terms in literary criticism that are being employed in current historiographical debates, and to comment on some of their possible implications for German history. As interdisciplinary theoretical debates proliferate beyond their immediate sources, contested positions often come to be built on misleading, heavily derived, or partisan versions of the concepts and practices drawn from the other side. Once battle has beenjoined, the issue of more exacting definitions and distinctions may go by the board. On the other hand, my modest attempt to provide a glossary for others' arguments may mask a more presumptuous claim to both the knowledge and the distance needed to set a tangled record straight. But although I want to suggest which insights might be valuable to historians, and which may be more problematic or unhelpful, I cannot pretend to adjudicate between currently competing theories of knowledge-production. For the German context, that undertaking would require at least some discussion of late nineteenth-century idealist historiography, and of the debate about modernization and modernity that can be traced through Marx, Weber, and Habermas. This will have to await another occasion.
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Witman, Richard, and Richard Wittman. "Félix Duban's Didactic Restoration of the Château de Blois: A History of France in Stone." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 55, no. 4 (December 1, 1996): 412–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/991182.
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Félix Duban's restoration of the Château de Blois (1843-1870), one of the most ambitious and celebrated of the nineteenth century in France, has been neglected by historians more concerned with the restoration of medieval monuments and with the activity and influence of Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc. This study interprets some of Duban's archaeologically unjustified alterations to this complex monument in the light of the historicist architectural theory associated with Duban and the other Romantic architects Labrouste, Duc, and Vaudoyer. The château is an accretion of buildings from several centuries in a variety of styles, and Duban's restoration of the medieval segment, the Salle des États-Généraux, is shown to be particularly crucial. It emerges from this study that Duban was concerned to highlight specific, politically meaningful aspects of the long and rich history of the monument, and to illustrate the Romantics' views about the dependence of architectural style on the evolution of human society. Duban's restoration presents a sharp counterpoint to the idealist theories of restoration associated with Viollet-le-Duc, and shows that restoration could be a powerful polemical weapon. The reading presented here places the restored château in the thick of the theoretical conflicts that characterized contemporary architectural debate.
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Casey, Rob. "Developing a Phenomenological Approach to Music Notation." Organised Sound 20, no. 2 (July 7, 2015): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355771815000047.
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Sound art theorists Seth Kim-Cohen and Salomé Voegelin regard the fixed conceptual structures of notation either as an obstacle to pure sensorial engagement with sound (Voegelin 2010), or as the site of arrogant musical exceptionalism (Kim-Cohen 2009). While sound, whether constituted in phenomenological or idealist terms, is evolving and dynamic, notation is characterised by its ossifying imperative (Kim-Cohen 2009; Voegelin 2010). For Voegelin, a music score is regarded as conceptual, not perceptual. It is read as text and, it seems, has no meaningful place within a phenomenological practice of sound art (Voegelin 2010). The criticism that Vogelin’s phenomenalism, in particular, levels at notation invites close examination of notational practice and the semiotic structures that underwrite it. In this article, I seek to challenge the conceptual imperative of fixed notation through the presentation of a case study in the form of an original composition for string quartet and tape. Drawing on research by Rudolf Arnheim and Mark Johnson, a form of notation will be proposed that enables the score to escape singularly semiotic structures so that it may address the dynamic, phenomenological mode of experience that recent theories of sound art imply is beyond the reach of musical notation.
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Friedner Parrat, Charlotta. "Change in International Society: How Not to Recreate the “First Debate” of International Relations." International Studies Review 22, no. 4 (October 4, 2019): 758–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isr/viz041.
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Abstract The English school of international relations is in large parts focused on the study of historical change; at the same time, however, it is remarkably unclear on how to understand change in between the idealist belief in progress and the realist eternal cycles of recurrence. This article seeks to avoid this dead end by questioning the school's understanding of change as a commonsensical concept. It is argued that change would be better understood as composed of three facets: one ontological (what is change?), one explanatory (what causes change?), and one normative (is change desirable?). This metatheoretical reconceptualization of change permits cross-checking the three facets against each other for internal coherence, but most importantly, it makes visible the underlying assumptions used to study change, so that ideas of history, causes, and normative ideals can be openly scrutinized, questioned, and defended rather than treated as self-evident. The resulting suggestion of an internally metatheoretically coherent understanding of change in international society signifies a much-needed addition to the English school tool-kit. It brings a promise of a significant metatheoretical overhaul of the theory, which, if taken up, will open up new horizons for the school. In addition, it opens up similar metatheoretical inquiries into other international relations theories’ views of change.
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Törenli, Nurcan. "From Virtual to Local Realities: Access to ICT and Women Advocacy Networks in Turkey." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 4, no. 2 (2005): 169–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569150054738970.
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AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to explore the advocacy networks in the local context of Turkey. To avoid the limitations stemming from the unfounded optimism of the mainstream theoretical approaches (Idealist model) undermining the level of socioeconomic development of Turkey, the paper employs the realistic/alternative approach called "knowledge society perspective." In the theoretical part (Section 2), I compare and contrast the two theoretical approaches and discuss the policy implications from a critical perspective. It is claimed that the knowledge society approach is more appropriate in the understanding of specific problems of Turkey with regard to the production, distribution, access, and power relationships in the context of ICTs. The main empirical focus of the paper is women advocacy networks and their use of ICTs. In order to substantiate the claims developed in the theoretical discussion, the results of the survey conducted among women advocacy networks are presented. The main finding of the survey shows that, in the context of Turkey, the ICTs and advocacy networks are used only by an elite sector of the Turkish women. In contrast with the assumed potential of the ICTs as inclusive technologies, the fact that they can work to exclude large segments of the population casts doubt on the universal validity claims of the mainstream theories.
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Stephenson, Andrew. "Relationalism about Perception vs. Relationalism about Perceptuals." Kantian Review 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136941541600008x.
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AbstractThere is a tension at the heart of Lucy Allais’s new account of Kant’s transcendental idealism. The problem arises from her use of two incompatible theories in contemporary philosophy – relationalism about perception, or naïve realism, and relationalism about colour, or more generally relationalism about any such perceptual property. The problem is that the former requires a more robust form of realism about the properties of the objects of perception than can be accommodated in the partially idealistic framework of the latter. On Allais’s interpretation, Kant’s notorious attempt to balance realism and idealism remains unstable.
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Kim, Sungmoon. "Confucian Constitutionalism: Mencius and Xunzi on Virtue, Ritual, and Royal Transmission." Review of Politics 73, no. 3 (2011): 371–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003467051100341x.
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AbstractBy examining Xunzi's and Mencius's contrary reactions toward royal transmission by individual merit or “abdication” (shanrang 禪讓), this article attempts to reveal the distinctive features of their respective political theories, which I reconstruct in terms of lizhi constitutionalism and dezhi constitutionalism. Resisting the conventional tendency to capture Mencius's and Xunzi's political theories in such dichotomous terms as idealism and realism, this paper draws attention to the complex mixture of idealism and realism found in both thinkers' constitutional political theories and identifies such common ground in terms of “Confucian constitutionalism.” This paper presents Mencius's idealistic defense of abdication and his realistic resolution of the constitutional crisis latent in it, then it examines Xunzi's refutation of the three conventional rationalizations of abdication, and it concludes by recapitulating the common Confucian constitutionalist ground that Mencius and Xunzi shared and discussing its implications for the study of constitutional theory.
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García Serrano, Manuel. "Idealismo trascendental y realismo empírico." Crítica (México D. F. En línea) 25, no. 74 (January 7, 1993): 65–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iifs.18704905e.1993.897.
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Trying to do justice to both poles of the sensual/conceptual dichotomy, Kant declared himself both Transcendental idealistic and Empirical realistic. The author of this paper —“Transcendental Idealism and Empirical Realism”— examines these two notions in the light of Leslie Stevenson’s criteria of demarcation according to the degree of independence of the judgement in relation to the object of knowledge. Next, García Serrano submits to critical exam and contrasts two theories of reference: Keith Donnellan’s “descriptivist theory”, on the one hand, and Saul Kripke’s “denotative theory'” of the reference of proper names, on the other. Finally, the author reformulates the Kantian argument of the transcendental deduction in “more familiar terms”, attending to the contemporary theories examined. [Laura Lecuona]
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Moore, A. W. "Transcendental Idealism in Wittgenstein, and Theories of Meaning." Philosophical Quarterly 35, no. 139 (April 1985): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2219340.
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Strauss, Daniel Francois. "HYLOZOISM AND HYLOMORPHISM: A LASTING LEGACY OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY." Phronimon 15, no. 1 (February 24, 2017): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2413-3086/2211.
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Apparently philosophical reflection commenced when the awareness of diversity prompted the contemplation of an underlying unity. Thales found this principle of origination in water. Alongside elements such as water, air and fire as well as the apeiron (the infinite-unbounded) Greek philosophy successively explores different modes of explanation. Number, space and movement were succeeded by hulè and morphè, where these two terms at once captured a connection between the (material) world of becoming and the world of organic life. The combination of matter and form (life) gave rise to the two terms of our investigation: hylozoism and hylomorphism. These terms are also related to the act-potency scheme and they also presuppose the relation between primary matter and substantial form. In the thought of Aristotle one can also identify energeia with entelecheia. As soon as one of the two elements present in the two terms hylozoism and hylomorphism is elevated, a monistic perspective ensues, such as found in the opposition of mechanism and vitalism. These extremes sometimes surface in the shape of physicalism and the idea of an immaterial vital force. During and after the Renaissance, the idea of the mechanisation of the universe emerged, while vitalism continued its after-effect within biology, articularly seen in the legacy of idealist morphology (Ray and Linnaeus). The Aristotelian-Thomistic substance-concept appeared to have inherent problems. On the basis of experimental data Driesch revived vitalism (and Aristotle's view of an entelechie), but did not succeed in coming to terms with the physical law of non-decreasing entropy – he had to assign the ability to his entelechie to suspend physical laws in order to account for the increasing order found in growing living entities. However, his neo-vitalist followers further explored Von Bertalanffy's generalisation of the second main law of thermodynamics to open systems. Most recently the idea of a Workmaster (Demiurge) resurfaced in theories of Intelligent Design. These developments are explained by briefly referring to Michael Behe and Stephen Meyer. The historical lines discussed demonstrate how one-sided ismic orientations may make a positive contribution to the identification of unique and irreducible modes of explanation from which scholarly research could still benefit.
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Dal Monte, Daniel Dal Monte. "“The Epistemological Interpretation of Transcendental Idealism and Its Unavoidable Slide into Compatibilism”." Revista de Estudios Kantianos 4, no. 2 (October 27, 2019): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/rek.4.2.13939.
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This paper consists in two major parts. In the first part, I explain and defend Kant’s explicit rejection of compatibilist theories of freedom in the Critique of Practical Reason. I do this by a careful analysis of some contemporary compatibilist theories. In the second major part, I explain how the epistemological interpretation of Kant’s transcendental idealism inevitably degenerates into a compatibilist version of freedom. The upshot will be that epistemological interpretations of transcendental idealism are not viable because of their connection with compatibilism, which Kant rejected.
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Thornton, Arland, Shawn F. Dorius, and Jeffrey Swindle. "Developmental Idealism." Sociology of Development 1, no. 2 (2015): 277–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2015.1.2.277.
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This paper extends theory and research concerning cultural models of development beyond family and demographic matters to a broad range of additional factors, including government, education, human rights, daily social conventions, and religion. Developmental idealism is a cultural model—a set of beliefs and values—that identifies the appropriate goals of development and the ends for achieving these goals. It includes beliefs about positive cause-and-effect relationships among such factors as economic growth, educational achievement, health, and political governance, as well as strong values regarding many attributes, including economic growth, education, small families, gender equality, and democratic governance. This cultural model has spread from its origins among the elites of northwest Europe to elites and ordinary people throughout the world. Developmental idealism has become so entrenched in local, national, and global social institutions that it has now achieved a taken-for-granted status among many national elites, academics, development practitioners, and ordinary people around the world. We argue that developmental idealism culture has been a fundamental force behind many cultural clashes within and between societies and continues to be an important cause of much global social change. We suggest that developmental idealism should be included as a causal factor in theories of human behavior and social change.
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Thornton, Arland, Shawn F. Dorius, and Jeffrey Swindle. "Developmental Idealism." Sociology of Development 1, no. 2 (2015): 69–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2015.1.2.69.
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This paper extends theory and research concerning cultural models of development beyond family and demographic matters to a broad range of additional factors, including government, education, human rights, daily social conventions, and religion. Developmental idealism is a cultural model—a set of beliefs and values—that identifies the appropriate goals of development and the ends for achieving these goals. It includes beliefs about positive cause-and-effect relationships among such factors as economic growth, educational achievement, health, and political governance, as well as strong values regarding many attributes, including economic growth, education, small families, gender equality, and democratic governance. This cultural model has spread from its origins among the elites of northwest Europe to elites and ordinary people throughout the world. Developmental idealism has become so entrenched in local, national, and global social institutions that it has now achieved a taken-for-granted status among many national elites, academics, development practitioners, and ordinary people around the world. We argue that developmental idealism culture has been a fundamental force behind many cultural clashes within and between societies and continues to be an important cause of much global social change. We suggest that developmental idealism should be included as a causal factor in theories of human behavior and social change.
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Jankowiak, Tim. "Kantian Phenomenalism Without Berkeleyan Idealism." Kantian Review 22, no. 2 (May 5, 2017): 205–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1369415417000024.
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AbstractPhenomenalist interpretations of Kant are out of fashion. The most common complaint from anti-phenomenalist critics is that a phenomenalist reading of Kant would collapse Kantian idealism into Berkeleyan idealism. This would be unacceptable because Berkeleyan idealism is incompatible with core elements of Kant’s empirical realism. In this paper, I argue that not all phenomenalist readings threaten empirical realism. First, I distinguish several variants of phenomenalism, and then show that Berkeley’s idealism is characterized by his commitment to most of them. I then make the case that two forms of phenomenalism are consistent with Kant’s empirical realism. The comparison between Kant and Berkeley runs throughout the paper, with special emphasis on the significance of their theories of intentionality.
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Liu, Xianping, Dajing Xiang, Jianming Zhan, and K. P. Shum. "Isomorphism Theorems for Soft Rings." Algebra Colloquium 19, no. 04 (October 15, 2012): 649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s100538671200051x.
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The concepts of soft rings and idealistic soft rings are introduced. Three basic isomorphism theorems for soft rings are established, and consequently, some properties of soft rings and idealistic soft rings are given.
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Anantaraman, A. V. "Thermodynamics of solvent mixtures. I. Density and viscosity of binary mixtures of N-methylpyrrolidinone – tetrahydrofuran and propylene carbonate – acetonitrile." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 64, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v86-010.
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Excess volumes and viscosities of binary liquid mixtures of N-methylpyrrolidinone – tetrahydrofuran and propylene carbonate – acetonitrile are measured and examined in the light of empirical theories such as absolute rate, free volume, and regular solution theories. It is shown that non-ideality arises due to (a) shape factors, (b) molecular interaction, and that the two properties, excess volume and viscosity, illustrate these two aspects of non-ideality.
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RYAN, MARIA. "Bush's “Useful Idiots”: 9/11, the Liberal Hawks and the Cooption of the “War on Terror”." Journal of American Studies 45, no. 4 (November 2011): 667–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875811000909.
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This article examines the development of two distinct theories of American internationalism in the 1990s – the political humanitarianism of the liberal hawks and the unipolarism of the neoconservatives – and the fundamentally different and opposing grounds on which these two groups supported the 2003 Iraq War. The liberal hawks, however, failed almost completely to examine the motivations of the neoconservative architects of the “war on terror.” Instead, they imposed their own normative schema on the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and campaigned for them as wars of liberation. Their almost total failure to engage with the intellectual origins of the war led them to accept uncritically the idealistic rhetoric of the President and to assume that the Bush administration and the neoconservatives were motivated by the same idealism and world view as they were themselves. This led them to dismiss critics of the war as opponents of liberal values. As the situation in Iraq worsened, they continued to view the war as a moral endeavour – just one that had gone wrong, as opposed to a war fought for strategic reasons in which nation building was never a priority.
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Jayaram, Athmeya. "For the People, By the Viewpoints? Realism and Idealism in Public Reason." Journal of Moral Philosophy 17, no. 5 (October 14, 2020): 527–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455243-20203129.
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Abstract Since John Rawls, public reason theorists have attempted to show how liberal political norms could be acceptable to people with diverse religious and ethical viewpoints. However, these theories overlook the importance of the distinction between acceptability to realistic people and acceptability to viewpoints, which matters because public reason theories are committed to the former, but only deliver the latter, thereby failing to justify liberal norms. Public reason theories therefore face a dilemma: abandon realistic people and lose normative appeal, or retain realism and find a new way to justify liberalism.
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Lang, Heinwig. "Color vision theories in nineteenth century germany between idealism and empiricism." Color Research & Application 12, no. 5 (October 1987): 270–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/col.5080120509.
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Weinert, Friedel. "Einstein and Kant." Philosophy 80, no. 4 (October 2005): 585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819105000483.
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The paper aims to explain and illustrate why Einstein and Kant, relativity and transcendental idealism, came to be discussed in one breath after the Special theory of relativity had emerged in 1905. There are essentially three points of contact between the theory of relativity and Kant's objective idealism. The Special theory makes contact with Kantian views of time; the General theory requires a non-Kantian view of geometry; but both relativity theories endorse a quasi-Kantian view of the nature of scientific knowledge. The paper shows that Einstein is a Kantian in his insistence on the synthesis of rationalism and empiricism, but not in the details of his physics.
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Plotnitsky, Arkady. "On “Decisions and Revisions Which a Minute Will Reverse”: Consciousness, The Unconscious and Mathematical Modeling of Thinking." Entropy 23, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): 1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23081026.
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This article considers a partly philosophical question: What are the ontological and epistemological reasons for using quantum-like models or theories (models and theories based on the mathematical formalism of quantum theory) vs. classical-like ones (based on the mathematics of classical physics), in considering human thinking and decision making? This question is only partly philosophical because it also concerns the scientific understanding of the phenomena considered by the theories that use mathematical models of either type, just as in physics itself, where this question also arises as a physical question. This is because this question is in effect: What are the physical reasons for using, even if not requiring, these types of theories in considering quantum phenomena, which these theories predict fully in accord with the experiment? This is clearly also a physical, rather than only philosophical, question and so is, accordingly, the question of whether one needs classical-like or quantum-like theories or both (just as in physics we use both classical and quantum theories) in considering human thinking in psychology and related fields, such as decision science. It comes as no surprise that many of these reasons are parallel to those that are responsible for the use of QM and QFT in the case of quantum phenomena. Still, the corresponding situations should be understood and justified in terms of the phenomena considered, phenomena defined by human thinking, because there are important differences between these phenomena and quantum phenomena, which this article aims to address. In order to do so, this article will first consider quantum phenomena and quantum theory, before turning to human thinking and decision making, in addressing which it will also discuss two recent quantum-like approaches to human thinking, that by M. G. D’Ariano and F. Faggin and that by A. Khrennikov. Both approaches are ontological in the sense of offering representations, different in character in each approach, of human thinking by the formalism of quantum theory. Whether such a representation, as opposed to only predicting the outcomes of relevant experiments, is possible either in quantum theory or in quantum-like theories of human thinking is one of the questions addressed in this article. The philosophical position adopted in it is that it may not be possible to make this assumption, which, however, is not the same as saying that it is impossible. I designate this view as the reality-without-realism, RWR, view and in considering strictly mental processes as the ideality-without-idealism, IWI, view, in the second case in part following, but also moving beyond, I. Kant’s philosophy.
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Maaranen, Katriina, Harri Pitkäniemi, Katariina Stenberg, and Liisa Karlsson. "An idealistic view of teaching: teacher students’ personal practical theories." Journal of Education for Teaching 42, no. 1 (January 2016): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2015.1135278.
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Price, Huw. "Global Expressivism by the Method of Differences." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 86 (September 18, 2019): 133–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246119000109.
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AbstractIn this piece I characterise global expressivism, as I understand it, by contrasting it with five other views: the so-called Canberra Plan; Moorean non-naturalism and platonism; ‘relaxed realism’ and quietism; local expressivism; and response-dependent realism. Some other familiar positions, including fictionalism, error theories, and idealism, are also mentioned, but as sub-cases to one of these five.
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Haas, Michael. "Metaphysics of Paradigms in Political Science: Theories of Urban Unrest." Review of Politics 48, no. 4 (1986): 520–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670500039668.
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Many of the debates among competing paradigms in political science are concerned with peripheral elements rather than the basic assumptions of the paradigms. Since the major assumptions of any paradigm are rooted in metaphysical theories of the nature of reality, tests of one paradigm are likely to deal with phenomena that may not be considered in another. The article outlines the main metaphysical theories —materialism, idealism, and dualism —then proceeds to demonstrate that the primacy of matter versus ideas is central to paradigms of explanation in one area of political science, namely, theories of urban unrest. A survey of competing theories highlights the metaphysical assumptions and methodological preferences of each contending paradigm. The article argues that more attention should be paid to the metaphysical assumptions of paradigms in order to sharpen the focus of the research agenda.
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Morris, Mark G. A. "A discussion at the Philosophy Group's first residential conference." Psychiatric Bulletin 16, no. 5 (May 1992): 294–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.16.5.294.
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Two theoretical positions in psychiatry, the psychodynamic and the biological are explored, as seen in a discussion at the conference mentioned. It is argued that they form part of a wider philosophical debate between idealism and materialism, which is explored with reference to ideas about substance and then using psychodynamic and biological theories of depression. Double aspect theory is presented as a pragmatic solution adopted by the profession.
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GIGER, ANDREAS. "Verismo: Origin, Corruption, and Redemption of an Operatic Term." Journal of the American Musicological Society 60, no. 2 (2007): 271–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jams.2007.60.2.271.
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Verismo, a term originally applied to nineteenth-century art and literature of various degrees of realism, has been the subject of controversy when applied to opera. While literary scholarship has come to measure verismo against the narrowly defined models provided by the theories, novels, and short stories of Luigi Capuana and Giovanni Verga, operatic scholarship has either superimposed these same theories on the dramatic genre of the libretto or it has constructed concepts of questionable historical foundation. Drawing mainly on a large corpus of neglected nineteenth- and early twentieth-century discussions of verismo, this article uncovers the original meanings of the termand outlines how we have come to adopt a view of verismo that is problematic in regard to both literature and opera. Contrary to this view, verismo was seen in the nineteenth century primarily as a reaction to the idealism and conventionality of earlier artworks; in this sense it had already been applied to opera before 1890, and it is, in fact, a perfectly appropriate designation for opera in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In comparison to Romantic Italian opera, with its conventional forms of both libretto and music, verismo opera reacts to idealism in any combination of categories ranging from plot to vocabulary, verse, harmony and melody, performance practice, and production.
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Voskuhl, Adelheid. "Engineering Philosophy: Theories of Technology, German Idealism, and Social Order in High-Industrial Germany." Technology and Culture 57, no. 4 (2016): 721–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2016.0105.
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McCleary, Richard C. "Philosophical Prose and Practice." Philosophy 68, no. 263 (January 1993): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819100040055.
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Ever since Plato took it out of public places and made it academic, Western philosophy has been the work of theorists: people whose leisure and culture leave them free to stand back from history and look on as spectators. Traditionally, Western philosophers have tried to build their theories on suprahistorical foundations. With the American and French revolutions, history and historical consciousness become essential elements of philosophy, but its suprahistorical foundations remain. Hegel's theory completes all prior philosophical theories by showing how they progressively embody history's transcendent reality. Marx makes Hegelian idealism stand up: it becomes the historically contingent theory of revolutionary practice. Yet Marxian philosophy is haunted by a spectre of its own historical inevitability that subsequent Marxists have characteristically invoked to legitimate their contingent practice.
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Tamrin, Abu. "Relasi Ilmu, Filsafat dan Agama Dalam Dimensi Filsafat Ilmu." SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i 6, no. 1 (January 25, 2019): 71–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v6i1.10490.
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Abstract:Philosophy is one of the fields of science that examines how to think deeply about something. Understanding of science comes from the Arabic words ‘science, English science, Dutch watenchap, and German wissenchap. Knowledge can be a science if it has special characteristics, arranged methodically, systematically, electronically (related) about a particular field and reality. Classification of science classification has developed according to its era. There are 5 truth theories according to Williams. Besides that there are positivistic, essentialistic, constructivist, and requistic theories. One field of philosophy is epistimologi often called the theory of knowledge. There are two theories of knowledge, namely realism and idealism. The method of gaining knowledge: empiricism, rationalism, phenomenalogical teachings of Khan. Methods in the theory of knowledge: Inductive, contemplative and dialectical. The next paper discusses religion which is an Indonesian term. Religion (English), religion (Dutch), and din (Arabic). There is a word between religion and life. In Islam there is a religion of heaven (samawi) or "religion of revelation" and there is "religion of the earth" (ardhi) or "religion of non-revelation". According to Max Weber, there is no society without religion. Science, philosophy, and religion have their respective functions and have differences and coherence.Keywords: Science, Philosophy, Religion, Comparison. Abstrak: Filsafat merupakan salah satu bidang ilmu yang mengkaji cara berpikir secara mendalam tentang sesuatu. Pengertian ilmu berasal dari kata bahasa Arab ‘ilmu, Inggris science, Belanda watenchap, dan Jerman wissenchap. Pengetahuan dapat menjadi ilmu apabila mempunyai karakteristik khusus, disusun secara metodis, sistematis, kohern (bertalian) tentang suatu bidang tertentu dan kenyataan (realitas). Klasifikasi penggolongan ilmu mengalami perkembangan sesuai zamannya. Ada 5 teori kebenaran menurut Williams. Selain itu ada teori positivistik, esensialistik, konstruktivitik, dan requistik. Salah satu bidang filsafat adalah epistimologi sering disebut teori pengetahuan (theory of knowledge). Ada dua teori pengetahuan, yaitu realisme dan idealisme. Metode memperoleh pengetahuan: empirisme, rasionalisme, fenomenalogis ajaran Khan. Metode dalam teori pengetahuan: Induktif, kontemplatif, dan dialektis. Makalah selanjutnya membahas agama yang merupakan istilah Indonesia. Religion (bahasa Inggris), religi (bahasa Belanda), dan din (bahasa Arab). Ada kata antara agama dengan kehidupan. Dalam agama Islam ada agama langit (samawi) atau “agama wahyu” dan ada “agama bumi” (ardhi) atau “agama non wahyu”. Menurut Max Weber, tidak ada masyarakat tanpa agama. Ilmu, filsafat, dan agama punya fungsi masing-masing dan mempunyai perbedaan dan pesamaan.Kata kunci: Ilmu, Filsafat, Agama, Perbandingan.