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1
[Green barley essence: The ideal "fast food". New Canaan, Connecticut: Keats Publishing, 1985.
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Hagiwara, Yoshihide. Green barley essence: Health benefits of nature's "ideal fast food". New Canaan, Conn: Keats Pub., 1986.
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3
The fundamental ideas of Christianity. Glasgow: J. MacLehose, 1990.
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Al-ʻAllāf, Mashhad. The basic ideas and institutions of Islam: A comprehensive introduction. Lewiston, N.Y: Edwin Mellen Press, 2008.
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The basic ideas and institutions of Islam: A comprehensive introduction. Lewiston, N.Y: Edwin Mellen Press, 2008.
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6
The idea and reality of Revelation and typical forms of Christianity: Two lectures. London: Philip Green, 1985.
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1943-, Spolsky Ellen, ed. Summoning: Ideas of the covenant and interpretive theory. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993.
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Andò, Valeria. Euripide, Ifigenia in Aulide. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-513-1.
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This volume contains the first Italian critical edition with introduction, translation and commentary of Euripides’ Iphigenia in Aulis. The tragedy, exhibited posthumously in 405 BCE, stages the first mythical segment of the Trojan War, namely the sacrifice of Iphigenia, daughter of king Agamemnon, head of the Greek army, in order to propitiate the winds that should lead the navy to Troy. A tragedy of intrigue and unveiling, in which all the characters try to oppose the sacrifice, judged to be an impiety despite its sacred essence. It is therefore a tragedy without gods, in which characters of modest moral stature move, unstable, ready to sudden changes of mind, and among whom the protagonist stands out: the girl who, having overcome the dismay for the destiny awaiting her, voluntarily moves towards death on the altar, for a flimsy patriotic ideal and with the illusion of achieving immortal glory. Since the end of the eighteenth century, the text of this tragedy, handed over to us by the manuscript tradition, has been exposed more than others to a rigorous philological criticism that has broken its unity, through considerable expunctions of entire sections and sequences of verses. The volume traces the phases of this critical work, showing its methods – and sometimes its excesses – and choosing a balance line in the constitution of the text. The overall exegesis of the tragedy, which I propose in this study, consists in the belief that, despite the exodus being spurious, the finale, in view of which the entire dramaturgy was composed, still had to contemplate Iphigenia’s salvation. In fact, if the Panhellenic ideal of defence against the barbarians is now meaningless, and if a war of destruction, to begin with, needs the death of an innocent person, then this death must be transcended and the horror of human sacrifice must dissolve. It therefore seems that, once political current events become opaque, the poet’s research tends to create situations of great patheticism in an aesthetic setting of refined beauty.
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Inversion of revolutionary ideals: A study of the tragic essence of Georg Büchner's Dantons Tod, Ernst Toller's Masse Mensch, and Bertolt Brecht's Die Massnahme. New York: P. Lang, 1998.
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Reznik, Galina. Marketing. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1242303.
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The textbook is the fourth edition, contains a detailed presentation of the topics of the discipline "Marketing". In an accessible and understandable form, the key concepts of the discipline "Marketing"are considered. In particular, the reader will get an idea of the essence of marketing, its types, principles, functions and basic elements; the environment of marketing and the conditions in which it can be applied. The textbook reveals the concept of the market, its types, capacity and segmentation; competition, its types, the role of the enterprise in the competition in order to achieve key success factors. Considerable attention is paid to the concepts of "product", "product", their distinctive features. The essence of product distribution is revealed and the features of marketing logistics as a method of managing product promotion channels are given.
The textbook also includes a bibliographic list, questions for self-control, tests, which will allow you to study the course "Marketing" more fully.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For bachelors studying in the direction of training 38.03.02 "Management".
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Tyumaseva, Zoya. The basics of anthropology. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1077542.
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The textbook covers the relevant issues of our times: the essence of life, theories and hypotheses of the origin of life and man. For millennia, people interested in the question: where did we come from? The guide presents the views, ideas, hypotheses of philosophers, anthropologists, biologists and other specialists on the specifics of human evolution. Special attention is paid to the ontogenetic relationship of language, thought and consciousness, as well as phylogenetic stages of language development.
Addressed to teachers, students of Humanities universities, focused on independent work and advanced study courses "Social anthropology", "Anthropology and life safety", as well as teachers of biology and ecology.
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Voroncov, Evgeniy, A. Gerasimov, and S. Savenok. Introduction to Ancient Philosophy. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1200562.
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This textbook is a systematic presentation of the fundamental ideas of ancient philosophical thought. Their origins, interrelation and logic of development are traced.
The analysis of specific philosophical systems precedes a detailed analysis of the essence of philosophical cognition: its subject, method, historical functions, place in a number of other ways of perceiving things.
The manual is distinguished by the consistency of presentation, balanced assessments, reliance on the evidence of primary sources. The material of each chapter is supplemented with explanatory drawings, tables and verification tests.
The content of the manual meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For bachelors of higher educational institutions in the humanities, students of lyceums and gymnasiums.
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Xing, yi, zhi, yun, Dong Ya dang dai shui mo yi shu xin mao = Form, idea, essence, rhythm: New aspects of contemporary East Asian ink painting. Taibei Shi: Taibei Shi li mei shu guan, 2009.
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Dzhioeva, Alesya. Theoretical course of the English language. Grammar. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/935896.
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The purpose of the textbook is to give students an idea of the theoretical grammar of the English language and the issues that it solves. The basics of the general grammatical theory and theoretical grammar of the modern English language are described. The sections of grammar — morphology and syntax, their correlation in different languages are considered. The most important grammatical concepts are analyzed: a word, a phrase, a sentence. The idea of the theory of parts of speech, as well as parts of speech in the English language is given.
The textbook includes eight chapters, a bibliographic list and appendices containing additional material. Each chapter is devoted to a specific question of theoretical grammar. At the end of each chapter, conclusions are given — a summary of its essence, a list of references, questions and tasks that help to assimilate the material are given.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is recommended for students of philological faculties of universities studying the theory of grammar and theoretical grammar of the English language.
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Karabuschenko, Pavel. Political hermeneutics. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/995431.
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The monograph is devoted to the problem of formation and development of this branch of the division of hermeneutics as a political hermeneutics. Considered as the very origins of this hermeneutic stemming directly from the history of classical hermeneutics (Chapter 1) and its methodological principles (Chapter 2) and application characteristics (Chapter 3). It is from this triad (history — theory — practice) by the author and displayed the Foundation of political hermeneutics, which seems to them as the "deep method" study of the essence of the political elites and elitism and is characterized as a methodological division of lithologie to uncover the political "backstage" as the main sphere of professional activity of non-public elites.
In the formation of hermeneutical understanding, it is important to clarify the internal relationship of this triad as a "language — word — text". The author consistently reveals the idea that language is expressed in the word exactly the same as the word in the text, which in turn is designed for disclosure in another language and in another word
(in the "I — don't-Ya").
Designed for students and professionals; anyone interested in the problems of political consciousness and thinking of the elites.
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Volodina, Larisa. Family harmony, or the values of family education in Russia. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1817281.
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The leading idea of the monograph is the idea of the unity of national priorities in the field of values of family education on the territory of the Russian Federation and the place of the region in its formation. Russian Russian peasant family values formation process in the second half of the XIX — early XX century is presented: in its historical and cultural context in the aspect of correlation with the stages of development of the Russian state; in its historical and pedagogical context in the aspect of correlation with the value priorities
of education in the Russian peasant family, which determined the essence and content of the family way.
The grounds for the representation of the North-Western region of Russia as significant in the formation of values of family education are revealed. The social conditionality of the process of development of traditional values of upbringing in the Russian peasant family is shown, provided by the coordinated actions of social institutions significant in a certain historical period: the state, pedagogical science, the socio-pedagogical movement, religion, the peasant community. The mechanisms
of their translation of the values of upbringing in the Russian peasant family are revealed.
It is addressed to a wide range of readers interested in the history of their region. It can be used in the implementation of basic educational programs of primary, basic, secondary general (vocational) education as the basis of educational work within the framework of educational, extracurricular activities of students; studying courses on the theory of education in the system of professional development of teaching staff; development of legislative and regulatory acts regulating issues of marriage and family relations.
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Sapogova, Elena. Developmental psychology and age psychology. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/997107.
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The textbook contains systematized information about psychological, socio-cultural, historical-ethnographic, psychobiological and other aspects of the development of a person changing over time. The first section is devoted to general theoretical problems of developmental psychology, the second to the analysis of different ages.
The comprehensive nature of the manual makes it possible to solve the problems of formation in the professional consciousness of a stable complex of scientific categories and concepts, with the help of which the factual diversity of manifestations of the mental life of a developing person is described in psychology; familiarization with classical and modern interpretations of human development, with different variants of psychological interpretation of its essence, nature, mechanisms, driving forces and contradictions; disclosure of dialectics and phenomenology of the formation of a person as a cultural and historical subject; formation of ideas about the complexity and ambiguity of the evolution of a child as a human being; understanding the basic laws of the formation of personality and individuality of a person at each stage of its development.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is intended for the study of the discipline "Developmental psychology, age psychology" during the professional training of psychologists in universities and is aimed at students of bachelor's and master's degrees in psychology faculties of classical and pedagogical universities, humanities and medical universities, as well as graduate students, psychology teachers and practical psychologists who are improving their qualifications in the field of age psychology.
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Clarke, William Newton. The Ideal Of Jesus. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007.
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Clarke, William Newton. The Ideal Of Jesus. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007.
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20
Hagiuara, Yoshihide. Green Barley Essence: The Ideal Fast Food. Keats Pub, 1985.
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21
Kirichenko, Alexander. Greek Literature and the Ideal. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192866707.001.0001.
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Abstract The contention of this book is that the development of Greek literature was motivated by the need to endow political geography with a sense of purposeful structure. It views Greek literature as a crucial factor in the cultural production of space and Greek geography as a crucial factor in the production of literary meaning. Its focus is on the idealizing images that Greek literature created of three spatial patterns of power distribution—a decentralized network of aristocratically governed communities (archaic Greece), a democratic city controlling an empire (classical Athens), and a microcosm of Greek culture located on foreign soil, ruled by quasi-divine royals, and populated by immigrants (Ptolemaic Alexandria). The book draws connections between the formation of these idealizing images and the emergence of such literary modes of meaning-making as the authoritative communication of the truth, the dialogic encouragement to search for the truth on one’s own, and the abandonment of transcendental goals for the sake of cultural memory and/or aesthetic pleasure. Its readings of such canonical Greek authors as Homer, Hesiod, the tragedians, Thucydides, Plato, Callimachus, and Theocritus show that the pragmatics of Greek literature (the sum total of the ideological, cognitive, and emotional effects that it seeks to produce) is, in essence, always a pragmatics of space—i.e. that there is a strong correlation between the historically conditioned patterns of political geography and the changing mechanisms whereby Greek literature enabled its recipients to make sense of their world.
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Essence Animal Letter Tracing Workbook: Personalized Letter Tracing Workbook. Ideal for Pre-K Ages 3-5. This Number and Letter Tracing Workbook Has Animals on Cover with Personalized Child's Name. Independently Published, 2021.
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23
Krishek, Sharon. Lovers in Essence. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197500903.001.0001.
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Romantic love is a defining phenomenon in human existence, and an object of heightened interest for literature, art, popular culture, and psychology. But what is romantic love and why is it typically experienced as so significant to our existence? Using central ideas from the philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard and engaging with contemporary discussions in the philosophy of love, this book explores the nature of romantic love and philosophically substantiates its meaningfulness to an individual’s life. It does so by developing a connection between love and selfhood, here explained in terms of one’s distinct individuality. To be a self, it is claimed, is to possess a “name,” that is, an individual essence. Further, the book argues, it is when we love that we regard people by their names; we respond to who they (truly) are. Accordingly, the idea anchoring the book is that love is a correspondence between essences: if Jane loves Edward, she responds to him being “who he is,” by virtue of her being “who she is.” The conception of being thus correspondent has important implications for the moral and spiritual value of romantic love. Relying on Kierkegaard’s analysis of the self, of faith, and of love—even if sometimes in a way that departs from Kierkegaard’s explicit position—the book explores these implications. By doing this, it construes romantic love as a desirable phenomenon, emotionally, morally, and spiritually.
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Essence of Science - 7 Eye Opening Ideas. Lulu Press, Inc., 2012.
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Tiberius, Valerie. What is Value Fulfillment? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809494.003.0003.
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We have a rough understanding of what it means for a value to be fulfilled—we attain a goal, cultivate a relationship, inhabit a way of being, uphold an ideal, and so on. This chapter explains how this rough idea of fulfillment should be filled out and how we can use it to think about improving overall value fulfillment. Values bring with them various standards of success and living up to these standards is the essence of value fulfillment. Revising our standards (or sometimes our values themselves) can help us do better at fulfilling multiple values through changing circumstances. This chapter also considers the relationship between value fulfillment and virtue, and the problem of adaptive values (values that have adapted to serve others’ interests).
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Tyler, Tom R. Justice and Human Essence. Edited by Martijn van Zomeren and John F. Dovidio. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190247577.013.6.
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This chapter argues that the human essence involves not only the desire to achieve justice but also the capacity to develop a consensus about what is just. It shows how justice provides the building blocks for cooperation and enhances people’s capacity to cooperate successfully. The chapter examines the role of justice in facilitating conflict management; in legitimating authorities as conflict managers, focusing on how a neutral authority can define the meaning of a fair outcome; and in helping social institutions to function as organizers of human activity. It also considers social identity, rule breaking, the notion of fairness, and the idea that people’s motivation to protect the group is part of core “human essence.” Finally, it explores the argument that justice is useful when it enables authorities to make and gain acceptance for agreements that resolve conflicts and enable cooperative relationships.
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Garrett, Don. Spinoza on the Essence of the Human Body and the Part of the Mind That Is Eternal. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195307771.003.0013.
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Spinoza’s central doctrines in Part 5 of the Ethics include the following: (1) there is in God an idea of the formal essence of each human body; (2) because this idea remains after the death of the body, a part of the human mind is eternal; and (3) the wiser and more knowing one is, the greater is this part of one’s mind that is eternal. Each doctrine seems to be inconsistent—indeed, each in two different ways—with the rest of Spinoza’s philosophy. Resolving these apparent inconsistencies requires an understanding of Spinoza’s theory of formal essences and its connection to his theories of intellect and consciousness. This chapter explains, for each doctrine, (i) why it must be attributed to Spinoza; (ii) why it seems difficult to reconcile with the rest of his philosophy; and (iii) how an understanding of his theory of formal essences can resolve the apparent inconsistencies.
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Pasnau, Robert. The Epistemic Ideal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801788.003.0001.
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This chapter describes the rise of a distinction between knowledge and science—a development that has its origins in the breakdown of scholastic Aristotelian metaphysics. This requires considering the framework in which epistemology was pursued for most of its history, which I call an idealized epistemology. Rather than take as its goal the analysis of our concept of knowledge, an idealized epistemology aspires, first, to describe the epistemic ideal that human beings might hope to achieve and then, second, to chart the various ways in which we commonly fall off from that ideal. The principal development considered is the turn from an expectation to grasp the deep essences of things toward a description of the phenomena that exhibits precision.
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Balz, Albert G. A. Idea and Essence in the Philosophies of Hobbes and Spinoza. Gorgias Press, LLC, 2009.
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Idea and Essence in the Philosophies of Hobbes and Spinoza. Franklin Classics Trade Press, 2018.
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Idea and Essence in the Philosophies of Hobbes and Spinoza. Franklin Classics, 2018.
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Balz, Albert George Adam. Idea and Essence in the Philosophies of Hobbes and Spinoza. Franklin Classics Trade Press, 2018.
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Book of Brilliant Ideas: The Essence of Fifteen Years of Life. Independently Published, 2022.
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Book of Brilliant Ideas: The Essence of Fifteen Years of Life. Independently Published, 2022.
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Adams, Glenn, Sara Estrada-Villalta, and Tuğçe Kurtiş. The Relational Essence of Cultural Psychology. Edited by Martijn van Zomeren and John F. Dovidio. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190247577.013.12.
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A cultural psychology perspective proposes an anti-essentialist view of mind and culture that takes the relationality between them as the “essence” of human being. Concerning mind, species-typical tendencies do not emerge “just naturally”, but instead require engagement with cultural affordances. Concerning culture, human ecologies are not “just” natural; instead, we inhabit intentional worlds that carry traces of human imagination and influence. After introducing these ideas, the chapter applies decolonial strategies of cultural psychology to reconsider hegemonic perspectives on love and relationality. The denaturalization strategy considers how standard accounts of relationality have their foundation in independent selfways that reflect and reproduce racial domination. The normalization strategy challenges prevailing accounts that portray other forms of relationality as pathological deviations from the hegemonic standard. In many cases, these forms are expressions of interdependent selfways, attuned to the relational essence of being, that are worthy of broader emulation.
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McKitrick, Jennifer. Against Necessitarianism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717805.003.0011.
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The laws of nature are at most physically necessary, and they are not metaphysically necessary. Dispositional Essentialists claim that if natural laws derive from powers, then the laws of nature are metaphysically necessary. But the idea that properties have dispositional essences does not entail necessitarianism for several reasons. There might be no laws of nature. The laws might have exceptions, or be probabilistic. There are non-dispositional properties that could figure in contingent laws. The world might have contained different properties. Finally, even if a property has a dispositional essence, it might have had a slightly different causal profile. Furthermore, the Necessitarian’s views are less revisionary than they initially seem.
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Nisenbaum, Karin. Why Is There a Realm of Experience at All? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680640.003.0006.
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This chapter shows that both Schelling’s Philosophical Investigations into the Essence of Human Freedom and his Ages of the World fragments are motivated by an attempt to explain the relation between subject and object that characterizes all states of human consciousness. Fichte’s notion of the self-positing subject issues in the view that there is a single fundamental entity (the “absolute I”), which is constituted by two forms of activity, real and ideal activity; and, on Fichte’s view, the relation between real and ideal activity is the relation between subject and object that characterizes all states of human consciousness. Yet, in the Jena period, Fichte does not provide an adequate explanation for the basic relational structure of human consciousness. Schelling hopes to explain the structure of human consciousness by developing the view that human experience is grounded in three irreducible elements—God, the natural world, and human beings—which relate to one another in three temporal dimensions: creation, revelation, and redemption.
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Nolan, Lawrence. Descartes on Universal Essences and Divine Knowledge. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190608040.003.0005.
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This chapter develops a new defense of the conceptualist interpretation of Descartes’s theory of universals, according to which universal essences are merely innate, intellectual ideas in the minds of human beings. The source of this conceptualism is to be found in Descartes’s view that all substances are simple. Given this simplicity, universals can exist neither in created things as shared properties nor in the mind of God as ideas or exemplars for creation. Descartes rejects the Neoplatonic doctrine of exemplary causation on the grounds that it anthropomorphizes God. He also rejects the related doctrine of divine ideas that was intended by medieval philosophers to explain divine knowledge of creaturely essences in terms of God’s knowledge of himself. It is argued here that Descartes’s God knows these essences by knowing created substances directly. This chapter also responds to objections to the conceptualist interpretation and identifies the failings of rival Platonist readings.
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Halbesleben, Jonathon, and Tom Bellairs. What Are the Motives for Employees to Exhibit Citizenship Behavior?: A Review of Prosocial and Instrumental Predictors of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Edited by Philip M. Podsakoff, Scott B. Mackenzie, and Nathan P. Podsakoff. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219000.013.16.
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In this chapter, we review the literature concerning motives for engaging in organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and frame this review within the broader literature on the functional, goal-driven approach to behavior. We extend this approach by viewing OCB in a context of one’s future work self—aspirations based on one’s salient view of his or her future in a work context—and how individuals can accomplish many goals through a single behavior (i.e., multifinality) or substitute various means (i.e., equifinality) in order to best satisfy goal-driven approaches to connect individuals to their ideal future work selves. In essence, we argue that people are motivated to select behaviors that give them the best opportunity to achieve their future goals with respect to work, which often manifests as OCBs.
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Reicher, Stephen D. Biology as Destiny or as Freedom? On Reflexivity, Collectivity, and the Realization of Human PotentialStephen Reicher. Edited by Martijn van Zomeren and John F. Dovidio. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190247577.013.18.
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This chapter adopts a broad perspective on the issue of social identity and the human essence. It first considers the unique capacity of reflexivity not only as a likely element of the human essence but one that “creates rather than limits our possibilities.” It then examines how the concept of human essence can be used to perpetuate social inequality; the idea that biology is destiny versus the idea that biology is freedom; the ways in which group alignment feeds into collective self-realization; and how members of a social group with shared social identity become aligned at the level of cognition and co-action. It also explores agency, ideology, and relationships in relation to human essence. The chapter suggests that there are alternative and more liberatory notions of human essence, ones that focus on human potential rather than human limitations, and shows how this potential is realized in the collective.
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Fischer, Ronald. Human Essences and Cultural Embeddedness. Edited by Martijn van Zomeren and John F. Dovidio. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190247577.013.20.
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This chapter examines biology and culture as interactive influences in shaping the human essence, arguing that “culture is biological.” In particular, it considers the idea that cultural embeddedness might be a distinct human attribute from an evolutionary perspective. It then shows how biological processes shaped over millennia have culminated in a species that has the ability to read and write, play computer games, and fly airplanes. It also explores the genes-physiology-neuroscience side of human behavior and the social-cultural-economic environment in which the behavior takes place, along with the basic building blocks of values. Finally, it discusses some characteristics that make humans unique: their ability to build on previous innovations; their differentiation into social roles and the assignment of consensually agreed social status; and their belief in supernatural agents.
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Sarnacki, David. Essence of Being in Court: Big Ideas for Going to Court and Representing Yourself. Independently Published, 2020.
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Raskin, Donna. Amazing Essential Oils Make and Takes: 144 DIY Ideas for Hosting the Perfect Class. Ulysses Press, 2018.
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Raskin, Donna. Amazing Essential Oils Make and Takes: 144 DIY Ideas for Hosting the Perfect Class. Ulysses Press, 2018.
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Larroyo, Francisco, and José Gaos. Two Ideas of Philosophy (1940). Translated by Aurelia Valero Pie and Robert Eli Sanchez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190601294.003.0008.
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The question concerning the possibility of a Mexican or Spanish-American philosophy, an important issue for Gaos, sounds metaphilosophical, but in this debate, Larroyo dismisses the idea of metaphilosophy as an absurdity, which is either a contradiction in terms or leads to an infinite regress. For Larroyo, the task of defining philosophy is as old as philosophy itself and does not require the “new” discipline of metaphilosophy. This selection illustrates how questions about the definition and scope of philosophy were increasingly becoming a subject of public debate, thus contributing to the normalization of philosophy. Questions regarding whether philosophy is a science, as Larroyo thought, or a personal confession, as Gaos thought, or whether the essence of the psychology of the philosopher is arrogance or humility are relevant not only to the possibility of Mexican philosophy, but also to determinations of the value or relevance of philosophy in Mexican society at large.
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Schmaltz, Tad M. Platonism and Conceptualism among the Cartesians. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190608040.003.0006.
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This chapter considers how certain tensions in Descartes’s account of eternal truths and immutable essences are reflected in later debates among his followers. The dialectic involves three different accounts of such truths and essences. The first is a form of Platonism in Malebranche that saves the eternity and immutability of the essences and truths by grounding them in God’s uncreated ideas. The second Cartesian view is a form of conceptualism in Arnauld that grounds our knowledge of truths concerning essences in our own ideas. Arnauld embraced the consequence of this view that these truths lack the sort of eternality and immutability that truths possess in the divine intellect. The third is the view in Regis—which he took to be required by Descartes’s doctrine of the creation of eternal truths—that eternal truths concerning the created world are grounded in eternal and immutable features of that world.
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LeBuffe, Michael. Reason as an Idea. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190845803.003.0003.
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Spinoza’s characterization of ideas of reason in Ethics 2 makes reason distinctive both psychologically and epistemologically. Psychologically, ideas of reason are frequently present to mind and, as a result, powerful influences on human belief and action; a notable class of ideas of reason, the common notions, are always present to mind. Within such ideas we always regard certain properties to be present in the objects of our experience. Epistemologically, ideas of reason are a distinctively human kind of knowledge, where we cannot immediately know the essences of singular things, as on many views gods or angels might. Instead, in the first instance, rational knowledge is knowledge of properties of things in experience. From such knowledge, Spinoza argues, we can also come to further knowledge by means of processes, and it is these processes that closely resemble what many readers today will recognize as reasoning.
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Bolton, Martha Brandt. Locke’s Essay and Leibniz’s Nouveaux Essais. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190608040.003.0010.
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This chapter traces competing theories of universal natures found in Locke’s Essay and Leibniz’s Nouveaux Essais. Locke maintains that kinds must be defined more or less as we see fit, because nature does not exhibit a reasonably precise or fully determinate division of things and there are no eternal archetypes. His theory of kinds is homocentric. It cedes no authority or priority to general truths or ideas over particular ones. By contrast, Leibniz argues that similarity relations are objective eternal essences of kinds. Their reality consists in being possible entities known by God. Concepts are formed by human minds in virtue of innate tendencies to construct sensible representations of essences. He maintains that knowledge of general principles is prior to knowledge of their particular instances. Leibniz considers dimensions (space, time) to be sort of universals with reality like that of essences. For Locke, ideas of space and time are constructed from particular ideas of spatial and temporal qualities.
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Vandello, Joseph A., and Curtis Puryear. Does Aggression Make Us Human? Edited by Martijn van Zomeren and John F. Dovidio. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190247577.013.8.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter explores the conceptual and practical implications of the idea that aggression is a defining element of the human essence. To determine whether aggression is part of the human essence, the chapter considers historical philosophical perspectives on this issue, such as Sigmund Freud’s belief that humans have an instinct toward destruction and violence. We also review psychological research on the topic that takes into account biological, environmental, personality, and situational influences on human aggression and incorporates cross-cultural, ethological, and evolutionary perspectives. In particular, we examine the role of culture in aggression and aggression as a tool of intrasexual competition. Finally, we discuss aggression in animals from an ethological perspective as well as the possible biological pathways of aggression. Collectively, the evidence suggests great malleability and adaptability in response to human conflict; Aggression is one of many tools humans use to solve problems of social living. Rather than an essence, aggression may be best thought of as a strategy that is sometimes viable and sometimes counterproductive.
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Priarolo, Mariangela. Universals and Individuals in Malebranche’s Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190608040.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
In Malebranche’s work, universals are identified with God’s ideas, which are the same ideas by means of which human beings know the world. However, because Malebranche states, at least in his mature writings, that all ideas are universal, general, and infinite, the knowledge of particulars appears problematic. This chapter addresses this question by showing that a consideration of the medieval sources of Malebranche’s theory of knowledge—the vision in God—allows for not only a better understanding of the problem but also its solution. In fact, as with Aquinas’s God, whose definition of divine ideas is here recalled, Malebranche’s God gives rise to individual ideas by looking at His essence. In this sense, Malebranche seems to propose a theory of knowledge of individuals both for human beings—as Martial Gueroult has already suggested—and for God.