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1
Trainor, Laurel J., Caren M. Austin, and Renée N. Desjardins. "Is Infant-Directed Speech Prosody a Result of the Vocal Expression of Emotion?" Psychological Science 11, no. 3 (May 2000): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00240.
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Many studies have found that infant-directed (ID) speech has higher pitch, has more exaggerated pitch contours, has a larger pitch range, has a slower tempo, and is more rhythmic than typical adult-directed (AD) speech. We show that the ID speech style reflects free vocal expression of emotion to infants, in comparison with more inhibited expression of emotion in typical AD speech. When AD speech does express emotion, the same acoustic features are used as in ID speech. We recorded ID and AD samples of speech expressing love-comfort, fear, and surprise. The emotions were equally discriminable in the ID and AD samples. Acoustic analyses showed few differences between the ID and AD samples, but robust differences across the emotions. We conclude that ID prosody itself is not special. What is special is the widespread expression of emotion to infants in comparison with the more inhibited expression of emotion in typical adult interactions.
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Bryant, Gregory A., and H. Clark Barrett. "Recognizing Intentions in Infant-Directed Speech." Psychological Science 18, no. 8 (August 2007): 746–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01970.x.
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In all languages studied to date, distinct prosodic contours characterize different intention categories of infant-directed (ID) speech. This vocal behavior likely exists universally as a species-typical trait, but little research has examined whether listeners can accurately recognize intentions in ID speech using only vocal cues, without access to semantic information. We recorded native-English-speaking mothers producing four intention categories of utterances (prohibition, approval, comfort, and attention) as both ID and adult-directed (AD) speech, and we then presented the utterances to Shuar adults (South American hunter-horticulturalists). Shuar subjects were able to reliably distinguish ID from AD speech and were able to reliably recognize the intention categories in both types of speech, although performance was significantly better with ID speech. This is the first demonstration that adult listeners in an indigenous, nonindustrialized, and nonliterate culture can accurately infer intentions from both ID speech and AD speech in a language they do not speak.
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Hayashi, Akiko, Yuji Tamekawa, and Shigeru Kiritani. "Developmental Change in Auditory Preferences for Speech Stimuli in Japanese Infants." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 44, no. 6 (December 2001): 1189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2001/092).
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The developmental change in auditory preferences for speech stimuli was investigated for Japanese infants aged 4–14 months old. We conducted three experiments using two speech pairs in the head-turn preference procedure. Infant-directed (ID) speech and adult-directed (AD) speech stimuli were used in a longitudinal study (Experiment 1) and a cross-sectional study (Experiment 2). Native (Japanese) and non-native (English) speech stimuli were used in a cross-sectional study (Experiment 3). In all experiments, infants demonstrated a developmental change in their listening preference. For the ID/AD speech pair used in Experiments 1 and 2, infants show a U-shaped developmental shift with three developmental stages: Stage 1, in which very young infants tend to prefer ID speech over AD speech; Stage 2, in which the preference for ID speech decreases temporarily; and Stage 3, in which older infants again show a consistent preference for ID speech. For the native/non-native speech pair, there is a tendency for an increased preference for native speech over non-native speech, although infants did not demonstrate a U-shaped pattern. The difference in developmental pattern between the two types of speech pairs was discussed.
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Golinkoff, Roberta Michnick, and Anthony Alioto. "Infant-directed speech facilitates lexical learning in adults hearing Chinese: implications for language acquisition." Journal of Child Language 22, no. 3 (October 1995): 703–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900010011.
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ABSTRACTExperiments 1 and 2 examined the effects of infant-directed (ID) speech on adults' ability to learn an individual target word in sentences in an unfamiliar, non-Western language (Chinese). English-speaking adults heard pairs of sentences read by a female, native Chinese speaker in either ID or adult-directed (AD) speech. The pairs of sentences described slides of 10 common objects. The Chinese name for the object (the target word) was placed in an utterance-final position in experiment? (n= 61) and in a medial position in experiment 2 (n= 79). At test, each Chinese target word was presented in isolation in AD speech in a recognition task. Only subjects who heard ID speech with the target word in utterance-final position demonstrated learning of the target words. The results support assertions that ID speech, which tends to put target words in sentence-final position, may assist infants in segmenting and remembering portions of the linguistic stream. In experiment 3 (n= 23), subjects judged whether each of the ID and AD speech samples prepared for experiments ? and 2 were directed to an adult or to an infant. Judgements were above chance for two types of sentence: ID speech with the target word in the final position and AD speech with the target word in a medial position. In addition to indirectly confirming the results of experiments 1 and 2, these findings suggest that at least some of the prosodic features which comprise ID speech in Chinese and English must overlap.
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Kaplan, Peter S., Jo-Anne Bachorowski, Moria J. Smoski, and William J. Hudenko. "Infants of Depressed Mothers, Although Competent Learners, Fail to Learn in Response to Their Own Mothers' Infant-Directed Speech." Psychological Science 13, no. 3 (May 2002): 268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00449.
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Depressed mothers use less of the exaggerated prosody that is typical of infant-directed (ID) speech than do nondepressed mothers. We investigated the consequences of this reduced perceptual salience in ID speech for infant learning. Infants of nondepressed mothers readily learned that their mothers' speech signaled a face, whereas infants of depressed mothers failed to learn that their mothers' speech signaled the face. Infants of depressed mothers did, however, show strong learning in response to speech produced by an unfamiliar nondepressed mother. These outcomes indicate that the reduced perceptual salience of depressed mothers' ID speech could lead to deficient learning in otherwise competent learners.
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Smith, Nicholas A., and Heather L. Strader. "Infant-directed visual prosody." Interaction Studies 15, no. 1 (June 10, 2014): 38–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.15.1.02smi.
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Acoustical changes in the prosody of mothers’ speech to infants are distinct and near universal. However, less is known about the visible properties of mothers’ infant-directed (ID) speech, and their relation to speech acoustics. Mothers’ head movements were tracked as they interacted with their infants using ID speech, and compared to movements accompanying their adult-directed (AD) speech. Movement measures along three dimensions of head translation, and three axes of head rotation were calculated. Overall, more head movement was found for ID than AD speech, suggesting that mothers exaggerate their visual prosody in a manner analogous to the acoustical exaggerations in their speech. Regression analyses examined the relation between changing head position and changing acoustical pitch (F0) over time. Head movements and voice pitch were more strongly related in ID speech than in AD speech. When these relations were examined across time windows of different durations, stronger relations were observed for shorter time windows (< 5 sec). However, the particular form of these more local relations did not extend or generalize to longer time windows. This suggests that the multimodal correspondences in speech prosody are variable in form, and occur within limited time spans.
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Pavlikova, Maria I., Olga V. Frolova, and Elena E. Lyakso. "Intonation Characteristics of Speech in Children with Intellectual Disabilities." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 462 (2021): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/462/4.
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In the literature, data on the formation of intonation in Russian-speaking children with mild intellectual disabilities (mental retardation) without genetic syndromes and serious neurological disorders (for example, cerebral palsy) based on the instrumental analysis of children’s speech are absent. The aim of this study was to compare the intonation characteristics of speech in children, aged 5 to 7, with typical development and with mild intellectual disabilities. The participants of the study were 20 children aged 5 to 7: 10 children (5 girls and 5 boys) with typical development (TD group) and 10 children (6 boys and 4 girls) with mild intellectual disabilities (ID group, ICD-10-CM Code F70). Intellectual disabilities were not associated with genetic or severe neurological disorders (non-specific ID). Child speech was taken from the AD-CHILD.RU speech database. Audio and video recordings of speech and behavior of TD group children (in a kindergarten) and ID group children (in an orphanage) were made in the model situation of a “dialogue with an adult”. Two studies were conducted: a perceptual experiment (n=10 listeners – native speakers, researchers in the field of child speech development) and an instrumental spectrographic analysis of child speech. The instrumental analysis of speech was made in the Praat program. The duration of utterances and stressed vowels, pitch values (average, maximum and minimum), pitch range values of utterances, and pitch range values of vowels were analyzed. The perceptual experiment showed that the utterances of ID group children classified as less clear and more emotional than the utterances of TD group children. The task of phrase stress (words highlighted by voice) revealing was more difficult for adults when they were listening to the speech of ID group children vs. TD group children. In ID group children, the values of utterance duration are lower and the values of vowel duration are higher than in TD group children. The average, maximum, and minimum pitch values, the pitch range values of ID group children’s utterances are higher vs. the corresponding parameters of TD group children’s speech. The duration and pitch range values of stressed vowels from ID group children’s words highlighted by intonation are higher than these features of TD group children’s stressed vowels. The pitch contours of stressed vowels from TD group children’s words highlighted by intonation were presented in most cases by the rise of the pitch contour; the pitch contours of stressed vowels from ID group children’s words highlighted by intonation were presented by the fall of the pitch. The dome-shaped vowel pitch contour and U-shaped contour are more frequent in the speech of ID group children vs. TD group children. In the future, the intonation characteristics of speech of children with different diagnoses could be considered as additional diagnostic criteria of developmental disorders.
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Dilley, Laura, Matthew Lehet, Elizabeth A. Wieland, Meisam K. Arjmandi, Maria Kondaurova, Yuanyuan Wang, Jessa Reed, Mario Svirsky, Derek Houston, and Tonya Bergeson. "Individual Differences in Mothers' Spontaneous Infant-Directed Speech Predict Language Attainment in Children With Cochlear Implants." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 7 (July 17, 2020): 2453–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00229.
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Purpose Differences across language environments of prelingually deaf children who receive cochlear implants (CIs) may affect language acquisition; yet, whether mothers show individual differences in how they modify infant-directed (ID) compared with adult-directed (AD) speech has seldom been studied. This study assessed individual differences in how mothers realized speech modifications in ID register and whether these predicted differences in language outcomes for children with CIs. Method Participants were 36 dyads of mothers and their children aged 0;8–2;5 (years;months) at the time of CI implantation. Mothers' spontaneous speech was recorded in a lab setting in ID or AD conditions before ~15 months postimplantation. Mothers' speech samples were characterized for acoustic–phonetic and lexical properties established as canonical indices of ID speech to typically hearing infants, such as vowel space area differences, fundamental frequency variability, and speech rate. Children with CIs completed longitudinal administrations of one or more standardized language assessment instruments at variable intervals from 6 months to 9.5 years postimplantation. Standardized scores on assessments administered longitudinally were used to calculate linear regressions, which gave rise to predicted language scores for children at 2 years postimplantation and language growth over 2-year intervals. Results Mothers showed individual differences in how they modified speech in ID versus AD registers. Crucially, these individual differences significantly predicted differences in estimated language outcomes at 2 years postimplantation in children with CIs. Maternal speech variation in lexical quantity and vowel space area differences across ID and AD registers most frequently predicted estimates of language attainment in children with CIs, whereas prosodic differences played a minor role. Conclusion Results support that caregiver language behaviors play a substantial role in explaining variability in language attainment in children receiving CIs. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12560147
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Droucker, Danielle, Suzanne Curtin, and Athena Vouloumanos. "Linking Infant-Directed Speech and Face Preferences to Language Outcomes in Infants at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 56, no. 2 (April 2013): 567–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2012/11-0266).
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Purpose In this study, the authors aimed to examine whether biases for infant-directed (ID) speech and faces differ between infant siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (SIBS-A) and infant siblings of typically developing children (SIBS-TD), and whether speech and face biases predict language outcomes and risk group membership. Method Thirty-six infants were tested at ages 6, 8, 12, and 18 months. Infants heard 2 ID and 2 adult-directed (AD) speech passages paired with either a checkerboard or a face. The authors assessed expressive language at 12 and 18 months and general functioning at 12 months using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (Mullen, 1995). Results Both infant groups preferred ID to AD speech and preferred faces to checkerboards. SIBS-TD demonstrated higher expressive language at 18 months than did SIBS-A, a finding that correlated with preferences for ID speech at 12 months. Although both groups looked longer to face stimuli than to the checkerboard, the magnitude of the preference was smaller in SIBS-A and predicted expressive vocabulary at 18 months in this group. Infants' preference for faces contributed to risk-group membership in a logistic regression analysis. Conclusion Infants at heightened risk of ASD differ from typically developing infants in their preferences for ID speech and faces, which may underlie deficits in later language development and social communication.
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Suttora, Chiara, Nicoletta Salerni, Paola Zanchi, Laura Zampini, Maria Spinelli, and Mirco Fasolo. "Relationships between structural and acoustic properties of maternal talk and children’s early word recognition." First Language 37, no. 6 (June 21, 2017): 612–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142723717714946.
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This study aimed to investigate specific associations between structural and acoustic characteristics of infant-directed (ID) speech and word recognition. Thirty Italian-acquiring children and their mothers were tested when the children were 1;3. Children’s word recognition was measured with the looking-while-listening task. Maternal ID speech was recorded during a mother–child interaction session and analyzed in terms of amount of speech, lexical and syntactic complexity, positional salience of nouns and verbs, high pitch and variation, and temporal characteristics. The analyses revealed that final syllable length positively predicts children’s accuracy in word recognition whereas the use of verbs in the utterance-final position has an adverse effect on children’s performance. Several of the expected associations between ID speech features and children’s word recognition skills, however, were not significant. Taken together, these findings suggest that only specific structural and acoustic properties of ID speech can facilitate word recognition in children, thereby fostering their ability to extrapolate sound patterns from the stream and map them with their referents.
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Abraham, Jane L., Heather Theaux, and Robin Panneton Cooper. "Infant's preferences for their mothers' AD speech or unfamiliar female ID speech." Infant Behavior and Development 19 (April 1996): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-6383(96)90340-9.
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Berdibek, Tumyshev, Toxanbayeva Nurgul, Baibekova Madina, Sabirova Zhanylsyn, Karabayeva Nurgul, and Koishigulova Laila. "Case Study of Communication Issues Influence on Self-Esteem in Learners with ID." Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/2292-2598.2021.09.03.11.
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Nowadays, the lack of knowledge of bilingualism due to the changed volume ratio in the teaching of writing is becoming more and more obvious, especially to learners with intellectual disabilities. The emergence of complex processes marks this fact as interference and convergence of speech, which are better speaking and writing sources in bilingualism. The purpose of the study is to identify the specific difficulties of teaching writing to younger bilingual schoolchildren with ID and to develop a productive speech therapy system for the prevention and correction of violations of higher mental functions that they have. The object of research is the features of teaching children with speech deficiency and with ID to writing in bilingual conditions. The research subject is the process of preventing and overcoming problems in the bilingual conditions of teaching children with speech and ID function deficiency.
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Nepo, Kaori, Matt Tincani, Saul Axelrod, and Lois Meszaros. "iPod Touch® to Increase Functional Communication of Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Significant Intellectual Disability." Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 32, no. 3 (October 24, 2015): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088357615612752.
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Adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and significant intellectual disability (ID) often have limited speech communication abilities. Abundant research supports use of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) to enhance skills of children with ASD and ID, but less research has examined efficacy of AAC with non-speaking adults. In this study, three adults with ASD and significant ID were taught basic functional communication using the iPod Touch® with MyTalk Mobile® software within a single-case, multiple-probe across-subjects design. The iPod Touch® taught with most-to-least prompting increased participants’ independent manding, participants were able to discriminate between picture symbols, and participants’ manding generalized to a naturalistic setting with typically available preferred items. Implementation of AAC coincided with increases in speech for one participant. Results illustrate how an applied behavior analysis approach incorporating a speech generating device is effective in teaching communication to adults with ASD and significant ID.
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Lazenby-Paterson, Tracy, and Hannah Crawford. "Aging in Adults With Intellectual Disabilities." Perspectives on Gerontology 19, no. 1 (January 2014): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/gero19.1.36.
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The literature recognizes the important role of the Speech and Language Pathologist (SLP) in the treatment of communication and swallowing disorders in children with Intellectual Disabilities (ID). However there is also a need to emphasize the importance of specialist SLP input across the lifespan of people with ID, and to recognize the specific, ongoing and changing communication and swallowing needs of adults with ID as they get older.
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Schmidt-Naylor, Anna C., Kathryn J. Saunders, and Nancy C. Brady. "Developing the Alphabetic Principle to Aid Text-Based Augmentative and Alternative Communication Use by Adults With Low Speech Intelligibility and Intellectual Disabilities." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 26, no. 2 (May 17, 2017): 397–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2016_ajslp-15-0047.
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PurposeWe explored alphabet supplementation as an augmentative and alternative communication strategy for adults with minimal literacy. Study 1's goal was to teach onset-letter selection with spoken words and assess generalization to untaught words, demonstrating the alphabetic principle. Study 2 incorporated alphabet supplementation within a naming task and then assessed effects on speech intelligibility.MethodThree men with intellectual disabilities (ID) and low speech intelligibility participated. Study 1 used a multiple-probe design, across three 20-word sets, to show that our computer-based training improved onset-letter selection. We also probed generalization to untrained words. Study 2 taught onset-letter selection for 30 new words chosen for functionality. Five listeners transcribed speech samples of the 30 words in 2 conditions: speech only and speech with alphabet supplementation.ResultsAcross studies 1 and 2, participants demonstrated onset-letter selection for at least 90 words. Study 1 showed evidence of the alphabetic principle for some but not all word sets. In study 2, participants readily used alphabet supplementation, enabling listeners to understand twice as many words.ConclusionsThis is the first demonstration of alphabet supplementation in individuals with ID and minimal literacy. The large number of words learned holds promise both for improving communication and providing a foundation for improved literacy.
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Mamun, Nursadul, Ria Ghosh, and John H. L. Hansen. "Familiar and unfamiliar speaker recognition assessment and system emulation for cochlear implant users." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 2 (February 2023): 1293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0017216.
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In the area of speech processing, human speaker identification under naturalistic environments is a challenging task, especially for hearing-impaired individuals with cochlear implants (CIs) or hearing aids (HAs). Motivated by the fact that electrodograms reflect direct CI stimulation of input audio, this study proposes a speaker identification (ID) investigation using two-dimensional electrodograms constructed from the responses of a CI auditory system to emulate CI speaker ID capabilities. Features are extracted from electrodograms through an identity vector (i-vector) framework to train and generate identity models for each speaker using a Gaussian mixture model-universal background model followed by probabilistic linear discriminant analysis. To validate the proposed system, perceptual speaker ID for 20 normal hearing (NH) and seven CI listeners was evaluated with a total of 41 different speakers and compared with the scores from the proposed system. A one-way analysis of variance showed that the proposed system can reliably predict the speaker ID capability of CI ( F[1,10] = 0.18, p = 0.68) and NH ( F[1,20] = 0, p = 0.98) listeners in naturalistic environments. The impact of speaker familiarity is also addressed, and the results show a reduced performance for speaker recognition by CI subjects using their CI processor, highlighting limitations of current speech processing strategies used in CIs/HAs.
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Dan, Zhengjia, Yue Zhao, Xiaojun Bi, Licheng Wu, and Qiang Ji. "Multi-Task Transformer with Adaptive Cross-Entropy Loss for Multi-Dialect Speech Recognition." Entropy 24, no. 10 (October 8, 2022): 1429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24101429.
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At present, most multi-dialect speech recognition models are based on a hard-parameter-sharing multi-task structure, which makes it difficult to reveal how one task contributes to others. In addition, in order to balance multi-task learning, the weights of the multi-task objective function need to be manually adjusted. This makes multi-task learning very difficult and costly because it requires constantly trying various combinations of weights to determine the optimal task weights. In this paper, we propose a multi-dialect acoustic model that combines soft-parameter-sharing multi-task learning with Transformer, and introduce several auxiliary cross-attentions to enable the auxiliary task (dialect ID recognition) to provide dialect information for the multi-dialect speech recognition task. Furthermore, we use the adaptive cross-entropy loss function as the multi-task objective function, which automatically balances the learning of the multi-task model according to the loss proportion of each task during the training process. Therefore, the optimal weight combination can be found without any manual intervention. Finally, for the two tasks of multi-dialect (including low-resource dialect) speech recognition and dialect ID recognition, the experimental results show that, compared with single-dialect Transformer, single-task multi-dialect Transformer, and multi-task Transformer with hard parameter sharing, our method significantly reduces the average syllable error rate of Tibetan multi-dialect speech recognition and the character error rate of Chinese multi-dialect speech recognition.
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Budisteanu, Magdalena, Sorina Mihaela Papuc, Ioana Streata, Mihai Cucu, Andrei Pirvu, Simona Serban-Sosoi, Alina Erbescu, et al. "The Phenotypic Spectrum of 15q13.3 Region Duplications: Report of 5 Patients." Genes 12, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12071025.
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Chromosome 15q13.3 microduplications are associated with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from normal to different neuropsychiatric conditions, such as developmental delay (DD), intellectual disability (ID), epilepsy, hypotonia, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. The smallest region of overlap for 15q13.3 duplications encompasses the Cholinergic Receptor Nicotinic Alpha 7 Subunit (CHRNA7) gene, a strong candidate for the behavioral abnormalities. We report on a series of five patients with 15q13.3 duplications detected by chromosomal microarray. The size of the duplications ranged from 378 to 537 kb, and involved the CHRNA7 gene in all patients. The most common clinical features, present in all patients, were speech delay, autistic behavior, and muscle hypotonia; DD/ID was present in three patients. One patient presented epileptic seizures; EEG anomalies were observed in three patients. No consistent dysmorphic features were noted. Neuroimaging studies revealed anomalies in two patients: Dandy–Walker malformation and a right temporal cyst. 15q13.3 duplications are associated with various neuropsychiatric features, including speech delay, hypotonia, ASD, and ID, also present in our patient group. Our study brings detailed clinical and molecular data from five ASD patients with 15q13.3 microduplications involving the CHRNA7 gene, contributing to the existing knowledge about the association of 15q13.3 duplications with neuropsychiatric phenotypes.
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Al Tuwaijri, Abeer, and Majid Alfadhel. "MYT1L mutation in a patient causes intellectual disability and early onset of obesity: a case report and review of the literature." Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 32, no. 4 (April 24, 2019): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2018-0505.
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Abstract Background Obesity has become one of the greatest health risks worldwide. Recently, there was an explosion of information regarding the role of the central nervous system (CNS) in the development of monogenic and syndromic obesity. Case presentation Over the last decade, terminal and interstitial submicroscopic deletions of copy number variants (CNVs) in 2p25.3 and single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in myelin transcription factor 1 like (MYT1L) were detected by genome-wide array analysis and whole exome sequencing (WES) in patients with a nonspecific clinical phenotype that commonly includes intellectual disability (ID), early onset of obesity and speech delay. Here, we report the first Saudi female patient with mild to moderate ID, early onset of obesity and speech delay associated with a de novo pathogenic SNV in the MYT1L gene (c. 1585G>A [Gly529Arg]), which causes an amino acid change from Gly to Arg at position 529 that leads to mental retardation, autosomal dominant 39.
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Djordjevic, Mirjana, Nenad Glumbic, and Branislav Brojcin. "Irony, deception and theory of mind in people with intellectual disabilities and dual diagnoses." Vojnosanitetski pregled 77, no. 6 (2020): 620–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp180214142d.
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Background/Aim. The ability to comprehend and produce irony and deception is rarely explored in people with intellectual disability (ID) or dual diagnoses (DD). The ability to understand irony and deception appears to be related to many cognitive skills, but some authors point out that the theory of mind is one of the most important factors for this ability. This research was conducted to determine the linguistic aspects of production and comprehension of irony and deception in adults with ID and DD, as well as the relationship of these abilities with theory of mind. Methods. The sample consisted of 120 people with ID aged between 20 and 56. Half of the sample comprised people with DD. Four subscales from the Assessment Battery for Communication were used to assess the participants? abilities to produce and comprehend irony and deception. False-belief tasks from ?appearance-reality? category were used in theory of mind assessment. The level of intellectual functioning was measured by the Raven?s progressive matrices, while the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test was used to assess speech comprehension ability. Results. The results show that participants with DD and ID comprehend and produce false statements better than ironic ones. Participants with ID were more successful in production than in comprehension tasks of both false and ironic statements, while the same was true for participants with DD only for ironic statements. Participants with ID were significantly more successful than participants with DD in irony comprehension tasks. In participants with ID, first-order theory of mind significantly correlated only with the ability to produce irony, and second-order theory of mind significantly correlated with producing irony and deception. There were no significant correlations between theory of mind and producing and comprehending irony and deception in participants with DD. Conclusion. Although differences in some aspects of assessed abilities were found between the two groups of participants, the similarities in the profile of these abilities were dominant. Results of variability can be explained by differences in speech comprehension ability more than by differences in nonverbal intellectual functioning or theory of mind acquisition. Future studies should assess the influence of other cognitive factors.
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Rifa’i, Ahmad. "Implementasi Thariqah Al Intiqaiyyah ( Metode Eklektik ) Pada Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab Di MTSN Kediri 1." Realita : Jurnal Penelitian dan Kebudayaan Islam 13, no. 2 (May 21, 2022): 162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30762/realita.v13i2.60.
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The success of a learning process will not be separated from the method used, because the teaching method is one factor an very important role in the learning process. A method very big role in learning and concerned with students also who become the object of learning. The appropriateness of the teacher in choosing the method of learning is one of the factors success of a teacher. in Research Implementation Eclectic Method in Teaching Arabic in MTsN Kediri 1 result is Learning Maharah al qira’ah in MTsN Kediri 1 method is used; Speech Method, Drill method, Thariqah sam’iyyah syafahiyyah, Thoriqoh qawa’id wa al Tarjamah, question method, recitation method. Maharah Kalam is the method used; Drill method, Role Playing method, Thoriqoh al Mubasyarah etc. In learning Tarkib/qawa’id method used is; Speech method, Qiyasiyyah method, qowaid wa tarjamah method, recitation method. Learning Maharah Istima ‘method is used; Speech Method, Sam’iyyah syafahiyyah Method, Drill Method etc. While the obstacles encountered is the background student of heterogeneous input Arabic language skills and lack of time learning Arabic and the solution by holding Learning Book yellow (BKK), Read and Write Qur’an (BTQ) and add homework.
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Pouliot, Danielle M., Eve Müller, Nancy F. Frasché, Ann S. Kern, and Israelle H. Resti. "A Tool for Supporting Communication in the Workplace for Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities and/or Autism." Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals 40, no. 4 (December 20, 2016): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165143416683927.
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Speech and language impairments can pose significant challenges to the successful workplace inclusion of young adults with intellectual disabilities (IDs) and/or autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Breakdowns are most likely to occur when support staff, workplace supervisors, or co-workers are unsure how to support effective communication. “Communication Stories” offer an innovative means of helping young adults with ID/ASD advocate for themselves by teaching others about the expressive, receptive, and social/pragmatic communication strategies they use. This article provides guidelines for how to develop customized, electronic “Communication Stories” for young adults with ID/ASD to use in the workplace. Suggestions are also given for use in other contexts, and for low-tech options.
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Brittz, Marize, Barbara Heinze, Faheema Mahomed-Asmail, De Wet Swanepoel, and Anton Stoltz. "Monitoring Hearing in an Infectious Disease Clinic with mHealth Technologies." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 30, no. 06 (June 2019): 482–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.17120.
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AbstractDecentralized detection and monitoring of hearing loss can be supported by new mobile health technologies using automated testing that can be facilitated by minimally trained persons. These may prove particularly useful in an infectious disease (ID) clinic setting where the risk of hearing loss is high.To evaluate the clinical utility of mobile and automated audiometry hearing health technology in an ID clinic setting.Smartphone-automated pure-tone audiometry (PTA) (hearTest™) and speech-in-noise testing (SA English digits-in-noise [DIN] test) were compared with manual audiometry (2, 4, and 8 kHz). Smartphone-automated PTA and the DIN test were repeated to determine the test–retest reliability.Two hundred subjects (73% female and 27% male) were enrolled. Fifty participants were retested with the smartphone applications. Participants ranged from an age of 18 to 55 years with a mean age of 44.4 (8.7 standard deviation).Threshold comparisons were made between smartphone audiometry testing and manual audiometry. Smartphone-automated PTA, manual audiometry, and test–retest measures were compared (Wilcoxon signed ranked test). Spearman rank correlation test was used to determine the relationship between the smartphone applications and manual audiometry, as well as for test–retest reliability.Within all participants, 88.2% of thresholds corresponded within 10 dB or less between smartphone audiometry and manual audiometry. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the right ear at 4 and 8 kHz and in the left ear at 2 and 4 kHz between smartphone and manual audiometry, respectively. No significant difference was noted (p < 0.05) between test and retest measures of smartphone technology.Smartphone audiometry with calibrated headphones provides reliable results in an ID clinic setting and can be used as a baseline and monitoring tool at ID clinics.
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Poeta, Loredana, Michela Malacarne, Agnese Padula, Denise Drongitis, Lucia Verrillo, Maria Brigida Lioi, Andrea M. Chiariello, et al. "Further Delineation of Duplications of ARX Locus Detected in Male Patients with Varying Degrees of Intellectual Disability." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 6 (March 13, 2022): 3084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063084.
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The X-linked gene encoding aristaless-related homeobox (ARX) is a bi-functional transcription factor capable of activating or repressing gene transcription, whose mutations have been found in a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs); these include cortical malformations, paediatric epilepsy, intellectual disability (ID) and autism. In addition to point mutations, duplications of the ARX locus have been detected in male patients with ID. These rearrangements include telencephalon ultraconserved enhancers, whose structural alterations can interfere with the control of ARX expression in the developing brain. Here, we review the structural features of 15 gain copy-number variants (CNVs) of the ARX locus found in patients presenting wide-ranging phenotypic variations including ID, speech delay, hypotonia and psychiatric abnormalities. We also report on a further novel Xp21.3 duplication detected in a male patient with moderate ID and carrying a fully duplicated copy of the ARX locus and the ultraconserved enhancers. As consequences of this rearrangement, the patient-derived lymphoblastoid cell line shows abnormal activity of the ARX-KDM5C-SYN1 regulatory axis. Moreover, the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the Arx locus, both in mouse embryonic stem cells and cortical neurons, provides new insight for the functional consequences of ARX duplications. Finally, by comparing the clinical features of the 16 CNVs affecting the ARX locus, we conclude that—depending on the involvement of tissue-specific enhancers—the ARX duplications are ID-associated risk CNVs with variable expressivity and penetrance.
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Aryani, Diah, Dedy Iskandar, and Fitri Indriyani. "PERANCANGAN SMART DOOR LOCK MENGGUNAKAN VOICE RECOGNITION BERBASIS RAPBERRY PI 3." Journal CERITA 4, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 180–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33050/cerita.v4i2.641.
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The server door is the main access to enter the server room. Currently the door lock on the server room is still done manually using the physical key as a tool to open or lock the door. Physical keys are easily lost or left behind which results in the officer not being able to enter the server room. This resulted in the officer can not access the server. Based on these reasons, the server door is integrated with a computer system that can unlock the door using voice recognition to unlock the server door. Voice recognition is able to identify a person through his voice. Voice recognition is divided into 2 parts namely speech recognition and speeker recognition. Meanwhile, the authors use the speech recognition section to open thedoor server door lock. Where, speech recognition can identify what is spoken by someone. The design of this tool is made using Raspberry pi 3 as the processing center and ULN2803 as ic to increase the voltage so that it can move the solenoid that serves to move the doorlock. Then raspberry gives command to the servo motor to open the door. Only staff who have id and password are only able to open the door lock on the server room using voice recognition. While those who do not have id and password can not unlock the door in the server room. So with the design of smart door lock tool using voice recognition raspberry-based pi 3 provides a level of security and access more computerized.
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Martinez-Torres, Keysha A., and Stephen Camarata. "Disability Eligibility Patterns in Head Start Programs: A Comparison of Puerto Rico and the United States." Inclusion 10, no. 2 (May 20, 2022): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/2326-6988-10.2.134.
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Abstract Population-based research can identify eligibility patterns across e disabilities and cultures, and the Head Start ECLKC gathers relatively controlled data of students in the United States (U.S.) and Puerto Rico, providing an opportunity to directly compare cultures. We compared preschool diagnostic eligibility categories in the U.S. and Puerto Rico for speech/language impairment (SI), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), developmental delay (DD), and intellectual disability (ID) across three years (2016–2018). We observed higher reporting of ASD & SI in Puerto Rico as compared to the U.S., suggesting increased awareness and education towards these diagnoses. While there was higher identification for SI and ASD, there was lower identification for DD and ID in Puerto Rico, suggesting that cultural differences impact how these disabilities are defined and assessed.
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Pratiwi, Sumawar, Sima Latta, Gabryela Aritonang, Rahmawati Rahmawati, and Irma Khoirot Daulay. "An Analysis of the Different Style between British and American Phonological System in the Sophomores' Speech Errors at Senior High School." IDEAS: Journal on English Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature 10, no. 2 (December 27, 2022): 1359–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24256/ideas.v10i2.3064.
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This research aims to discover and analyze the problems of speech process between British and American phonological system faced by the students. It particularly examines the impact of language phonotactics on speech errors. Data were collected from random sample of sophomores in SMAN 1 Labuhan Deli using descriptive quantitative method. Data collection in techniques started from recorded, rated, and analyzed. The researchers put the data analysis results grouped into two parts, the frist one is total production of speech errors, then the second id analysis of chosen words in British and American accent which systematically categorized based on IPA and other indicators. According to the results, students were fail to speech smoothly. The data of students’ speech errors showed that the highest and lowest percentage happened in correction (193 times (14%) and slip of tongue 110 times (8%), with the mode value 13%. While in phonological systems data samples, either British or American has ryhthm as the indicator with the lowest score. Based on the data, the researchers found the mode value is in score 4. It means that the speech errors indicator, correction, occured by the affect of different rhythm between British and American accent, but the mistake did not really disturb the meaning.
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Suciati, Suciati, and Yuniar Diyanti. "Suprasegmental Features of Indonesian Students’ English Pronunciation and the Pedagogical Implication." SAGA: Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics 2, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21460/saga.2020.21.62.
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This minor study aims at describing learners’ features of pronunciation in terms of their suprasegmental aspects found in their speech. Students were asked to read aloud a text entitled The Gorilla Joke from the © BBC British Council 2006. Students oral narrations were then analysed in terms of their intonation pattern and stress assignment in sentence level. A metrical analysis was also used to show how students produced their speech rhythm. The result of the analysis shows that given the same text to read students may produce various combination of intonation patterns. Students also misplaced stress within the syllables or assigned no stress at all. Based on the metrical phonology analysis, learners did not assign foot timely based on the timing units in connected speeches. The speech production is more like a broken speech. Students also neglected the morphophonemics rules in which they did not produce the appropriate allomorphs [t], [d], and [id] in the past participle words. These features bring about some pedagogical implication.
Keywords: student’ pronunciation features, suprasegmental aspects
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Et.al, Shanthakumar H. C. "Performance Evolution of Face and Speech Recognition system using DTCWT and MFCC Features." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (April 11, 2021): 3395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.1603.
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Every activity in day-to-day life is required the need of mechanized automation for ensuring the security. The biometrics security system provides the automatic recognition of human by overcoming the traditional recognition methods like Password, Personal Identification Number and ID cards etc. The face recognition is a wide research with many applications. In the proposed work face recognition is carried out using DTCWT (Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform) integrated with predominant QFT (Quick Fourier Transform) and speech recognition is carried out using MFCC (Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients) algorithm. The distance formula is used for matching the test features and database features of the face and speech images. Performance variables such as EER, FRR, FAR and TSR are evaluated for person recognition
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Hu, Jiacheng, Mingming Xu, Xiaobo Zhu, and Yu Zhang. "Two Novel Variants of WDR26 in Chinese Patients with Intellectual Disability." Genes 13, no. 5 (May 2, 2022): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13050813.
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Skraban-Deardorff syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disease caused by variants in the WDR26 gene. Here, we report two Chinese patients diagnosed with Skraban-Deardorff syndrome caused by novel de novo, heterozygous pathogenic WDR26 variants c.977delA (p. 12 N326Ifs*2) and c.1020-2A>G (p. R340Sfs*29). Their clinical features were characterized by intellectual disability (ID), developmental delay, abnormal facial features and the absence of early-onset seizure, which expands the phenotype spectrum associated with Skraban-Deardorff syndrome. By comparing our cases with current reported cases of WDR26-related intellectual disability, we suggest that developmental delay, particularly in speech, and facial features including rounded palpebral fissures, depressed nasal root, full nasal tip and abnormal gums, represent the prominent clinical phenotypes for diagnosis of Skraban-Deardorff syndrome. Together, WDR26 variants and 1q41q42 deletions should feature prominently on the differential diagnosis of ID with distinctive facial features.
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Tashreefa, Ramandeep Kaur,. "TENSE MARKERS AMONG HINDI SPEAKING TYPICALLY DEVELOPING CHILDREN." Journal of Applied and Advanced Research 2, no. 6 (December 29, 2017): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2017.v2i6.120.
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In grammar, tense is a category that expresses time reference with reference to the moment of speaking. Tenses are usually manifested by the use of specific forms of verbs, particularly in their conjugation patterns. Most of the previous research reveals that tenses develop with age and thus older children had more accurate speech and fewer error patterns in their speech. However, in Indian contexts, limited studies are noted in the area of language development in children with intellectual disability Hindi-speaking children. Thus, the present study aims to explore tense markers in Hindi speaking intellectually disabled children and its comparison across mental age (MA) matched typically developing children. The results revealed that syntax develops significantly with the age. Comparison across the two groups showed higher occurrences of tense forms among TD children when compared to the children with ID. Related studies are discussed clearly in the paper which reveals a number of studies supporting the finding. The present study has significant implications for the assessment of developmental speech disorders among Hindi-speaking group of Indian population.
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Alfadhel, Majid, Sandra Sirrs, Paula J. Waters, András Szeitz, Eduard Struys, Marion Coulter-Mackie, and Sylvia Stockler-Ipsiroglu. "Variability of Phenotype in Two Sisters with Pyridoxine Dependent Epilepsy." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 39, no. 4 (July 2012): 516–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100014050.
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Background:Pyridoxine dependent epilepsy (PDE) is characterized by neonatal epileptic encepahalopathy responsive to pharmacological doses of vitamin B6. Recently an autosomal recessive deficiency in Antiquitin (ALDH7A1), a gene involved in the catabolism of lysine has been identified as the underlying cause.Case report:In 21 and 23 year-old sisters, who had presented with neonatal / early infantile onset seizures, PDE was confirmed by elevated urinary alpha aminoadipic- 6- semialdehyde (α-AASA) excretion and compound heterozygosity for two known ALDH7A1 missense mutations. Although epilepsy was well controlled upon treatment with pyridoxine, thiamine, phenytoin and carbamazepine since early infancy, both had developmental delay with prominent speech delay as children. As adults, despite the same genetic background and early treatment with pyridoxine, their degree of intellectual disability (ID) differed widely. While the older sister's cognitive functions were in the moderate ID range and she was not able to live unattended, the younger sister had only mild ID and was able to live independently.Conclusion:Although seizures are a defining feature of PDE, other disease manifestations can vary widely even within the same family. Adult neurologists should be aware that the diagnosis of PDE can be delayed and PDE should be considered in the differential diagnosis of adults with seizure disorders dating from childhood.
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Verma, Archana, Shweta Singh Chauhan, Vaishali Pankaj, Neha Srivastva, and Prachi Srivastava. "Network Biology Approaches to Identify the Drug Lead Molecule for Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Human." Open Bioinformatics Journal 13, no. 1 (March 20, 2020): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875036202013010015.
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Aims: To identify most novel drug target and lead molecule for neurodevelopmental disorder Autism, Intellectual Disability (ID) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diseases through system biology approaches Background: Neurodevelopmental disorders (NNDs) are disabilities associated chiefly with the functioning of the neurological system and brain. Children with neurodevelopmental disorders have difficulties with speech, behaviour, learning and other neurological functions. Systems biology is a holistic approach to enciphering the complexity of biological systems and their interactions. It opens the way to a more successful discovery of novel therapeutics. Objective: To identify most novel drug target and lead molecule for neurodevelopmental disorder Autism, Intellectual Disability (ID) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diseases through system biology approaches. Methods: A list of genes was collected from NCBI database for Autism, Intellectual Disability (ID) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diseases. STRING database and Cytoscape software was used for construction and interpreting molecular interaction in the network. 3D structure of target protein, was build and validated.The phytochemicals were identified through various research articles and filtered out by virtual screening through Molinspiration. Molecular docking analyses of known phytochemical with target proteins were performed usingAutoDock tool. Result: AKT1 for Autism, SNAP25 for Intellectual Disability (ID) and DRD4 for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) were identified as most potential drug target through network study. further the modelled structure of obtained target were undergo molecular docking study with kown phytochemicals. Based on lowest binding energy, Huperzine A for Autism and ID, Valerenic acid for ADHD found to be the most potential therapeutic molecules. Conclusion: Huperzine A against Autism and ID, Valerenic acid against ADHD found to be the most potential therapeutic molecules and expected to be effective in the treatment of NNDs. Phytochemicals do not have side effects so extract of these can be taken in preventive form too as these disorders occur during developmental stages of the child. Further the obtained molecule if experimentally validated would play promising role for the treatment of NDDs in human.
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Anthony, Josephine. "Individual-Inclusive Ecosystem Model of Rehabilitation for Inclusion of Children with Disabilities in Childcare Institutions." Institutionalised Children Explorations and Beyond 9, no. 1 (January 11, 2022): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23493003211066975.
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In childcare institutions (CCIs) in India, children with mild or moderate levels of disability are often placed with non-disabled children for care and protection. Generally, children with intellectual disability (ID), learning disability, hearing and speech impairment and multiple disabilities with ID are found to be living in these CCIs. In this best practice article, the challenges faced by these children with disabilities and the potential for inclusion within the CCI are discussed based on the field action project intervention of the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), Mumbai, with selected government CCIs. The article suggests a multi-pronged intervention approach for the Children with disability (CWD) at the levels of the individual CWD, peer group, CCI and the juvenile justice (JJ) System, which are together recognised as the stakeholders of an ‘inclusive ecosystem’. The article arrives at the ‘Inclusive Ecosystem Model of Rehabilitation’ by drawing from the individual–environment interaction model of disability.
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Choi, Yong-Sik, Jin-Gu Kang, Jong Wha J. Joo, and Jin-Woo Jung. "Real-time Informatized caption enhancement based on speaker pronunciation time database." Multimedia Tools and Applications 79, no. 47-48 (September 5, 2020): 35667–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09590-2.
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AbstractIBM Watson is one of the representative tools for speech recognition system which can automatically generate not only speech-to-text information but also speaker ID and timing information, which is called as Informatized Caption. However, if there is some noise in the voice signal to the IBM Watson API, the recognition performance is significantly decreased. It can be easily found in movies with background music and special sound effects. This paper aims to improve the inaccuracy problem of current Informatized Captions in noisy environments. In this paper, a method of modifying incorrectly recognized words and a method of enhancing timing accuracy while updating database in real time are suggested based on the original caption and Informatized Caption information. Experimental results shows that the proposed method can give 81.09% timing accuracy for the case of 10 representative animation, horror and action movies.
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Granadillo, Jorge Luis, Alexander P.A. Stegmann, Hui Guo, Kun Xia, Brad Angle, Kelly Bontempo, Judith D. Ranells, et al. "Pathogenic variants in TNRC6B cause a genetic disorder characterised by developmental delay/intellectual disability and a spectrum of neurobehavioural phenotypes including autism and ADHD." Journal of Medical Genetics 57, no. 10 (March 9, 2020): 717–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106470.
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BackgroundRare variants in hundreds of genes have been implicated in developmental delay (DD), intellectual disability (ID) and neurobehavioural phenotypes. TNRC6B encodes a protein important for RNA silencing. Heterozygous truncating variants have been reported in three patients from large cohorts with autism, but no full phenotypic characterisation was described.MethodsClinical and molecular characterisation was performed on 17 patients with TNRC6B variants. Clinical data were obtained by retrospective chart review, parent interviews, direct patient interaction with providers and formal neuropsychological evaluation.ResultsClinical findings included DD/ID (17/17) (speech delay in 94% (16/17), fine motor delay in 82% (14/17) and gross motor delay in 71% (12/17) of subjects), autism or autistic traits (13/17), attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (11/17), other behavioural problems (7/17) and musculoskeletal findings (12/17). Other congenital malformations or clinical findings were occasionally documented. The majority of patients exhibited some dysmorphic features but no recognisable gestalt was identified. 17 heterozygous TNRC6B variants were identified in 12 male and five female unrelated subjects by exome sequencing (14), a targeted panel (2) and a chromosomal microarray (1). The variants were nonsense (7), frameshift (5), splice site (2), intragenic deletions (2) and missense (1).ConclusionsVariants in TNRC6B cause a novel genetic disorder characterised by recurrent neurocognitive and behavioural phenotypes featuring DD/ID, autism, ADHD and other behavioural abnormalities. Our data highly suggest that haploinsufficiency is the most likely pathogenic mechanism. TNRC6B should be added to the growing list of genes of the RNA-induced silencing complex associated with ID/DD, autism and ADHD.
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Porcaro, C., M. T. Medaglia, and A. Krott. "ID 104 – Speech artifacts removal from EEG recordings during overt picture naming: Comparison across different methodological approaches." Clinical Neurophysiology 127, no. 3 (March 2016): e124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2015.11.420.
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SILVA, Thatiana Caputo Domingues da, and Mônica Botelho ALVIM. "Gestalt-Terapia e Daniel Stern: Dialogando sobre a Relevância da Corporeidade e da Dimensão Afetiva na Psicoterapia." PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDIES - Revista da Abordagem Gestáltica 27, no. 3 (2021): 316–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18065/2021v27n3.6.
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This paper discusses the importance of the corporal and implicit dimension of the experience for the theory and practice of Gestalt-Therapy psychotherapy. We believe in a model of clinical practice that leans on this affective dimension. We start with a brief exploration of the notion of self as a process of contact, emphasizing the pre-contact and the id function of the self as the moment of the common dimension of the experience we share with the world and with the other. As we understand it, the id function is predominantly sensory, based on corporeality, being configured as a fundamental support for the experience of the difference and the novelty. From this, we propose a dialogue with Daniel Stern, exploring his concepts of vitality affect and affective attunement to affirm that our communication with the other is established not only by the way of speech, by formal thought, explicit and reflective, but also by an affective and vital dimension. From these notions, we discuss the concept of Gestalt-Therapy's awareness, differentiating it from the notion of reflective consciousness and considering it a kind of "bodily knowledge" and implicit experience, apprehended when relating to otherness. Finally, we conclude that psychotherapeutic work and dialogue constitute a relationship of coaffectation that generates deviations, "dis-centerment", and transformations. Palavras-chave : Gestalt-Therapy; Corporeity; Id Function; Awareness; Psychotherapy.
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MONTGOMERY, JAMES W. "Examining the nature of lexical processing in children with specific language impairment: Temporal processing or processing capacity deficit?" Applied Psycholinguistics 23, no. 3 (September 2002): 447–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716402003077.
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The real-time lexical processing of children with specific language impairment (SLI) was examined, and the focus was to determine whether a temporal processing deficit or a general processing capacity deficit disrupts these children's lexical processing. A group of SLI children (mean age 8;3), a group of age-matched children (CA, mean age 8;1), and a group of receptive syntax-matched children (RS; mean age 6;7) completed a sentence processing task in which they monitored sentences for a target word appearing at the beginning, middle, or end of sentences. Sentences systematically varied with respect to containing either a high proportion of stop consonants (stop-loaded sentences) or a high proportion of nonstop consonants (nonstop-loaded sentences). Children also completed the Identification (ID) Speech Perception Task. On the sentence processing task, SLI children yielded significantly slower word recognition reaction time (RT) overall than both CA and RS controls. Sentence type had no effect on any subject group's RT. No Group × Sentence Type interaction was found. On the ID task, SLI children performed significantly worse than CA controls but similarly to RS children. No correlation was found between temporal processing and lexical processing (for either sentence type or sentences combined) for any group. The findings are interpreted to suggest that a general processing capacity limitation was responsible for the poor ID task performance and slower lexical processing of SLI children.
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Risdianto, Faizal, Sumarlam Sumarlam, and Riyadi Santosa. "Representation of Power in the News Text of the Inclusion of Indigenous Faiths on ID Card (e-KTP)." NOBEL: Journal of Literature and Language Teaching 10, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/nobel.2019.10.2.131-148.
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This paper presents the results of news analysis of the Supreme Court decision that Indigenous Faiths on the ID card (E-KTP) with Norman Fairclough's critical discourse analysis approach as the central platform. The study covers descriptions (text analysis), interpretations (discourse practices), and explanations (social practices). The results are as follows. (1) The structure of the news text Indigenous Faiths allowed on the ID card is built by four units of discourse: headline, orientation, the sequence of events, closing. Modalities and affirmative sentences represent the positive ideology of the conflicting faction and the institutions (government, scientists, and community leaders). Meanwhile, prohibiting speech and negative sentences represent the negative ideology. (2) What events occur, who is involved, what is the relationship with the issue raised, and what role the language can be expressed through the interpretation of the practice of discourse. (3) The situation when the news text is produced, the influence of the institution on the produced text, and the condition of Indonesians related to economic, political, social, and cultural interests (socio-cultural context).
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Bae, Youkyung, David P. Kuehn, Charles A. Conway, and Bradley P. Sutton. "Real-Time Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Velopharyngeal Activities with Simultaneous Speech Recordings." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 48, no. 6 (November 2011): 695–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/09-158.
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Objective To examine the relationships between acoustic and physiologic aspects of the velopharyngeal mechanism during acoustically nasalized segments of speech in normal individuals by combining fast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with simultaneous speech recordings and subsequent acoustic analyses. Design Ten normal Caucasian adult individuals participated in the study. M id sagittal dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and simultaneous speech recordings were performed while participants were producing repetitions of two rate-controlled nonsense syllables including /zanaza/ and /zunuzu/. Acoustic features of nasalization represented as the peak amplitude and the bandwidth of the first resonant frequency (F1) were derived from speech at the rate of 30 sets per second. Physiologic information was based on velar and tongue positional changes measured from the dynamic MRI data, which were acquired at a rate of 21.4 images per second and resampled with a corresponding rate of 30 images per second. Each acoustic feature of nasalization was regressed on gender, vowel context, and velar and tongue positional variables. Results Acoustic features of nasalization represented by F1 peak amplitude and bandwidth changes were significantly influenced by the vowel context surrounding the nasal consonant, velar elevated position, and tongue height at the tip. Conclusions Fast MRI combined with acoustic analysis was successfully applied to the investigation of acoustic-physiologic relationships of the velopharyngeal mechanism with the type of speech samples employed in the present study. Future applications are feasible to examine how anatomic and physiologic deviations of the velopharyngeal mechanism would be acoustically manifested in individuals with velopharyngeal incompetence.
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Jakobsen, Yeliz, Lou-Ann Christensen Andersen, and Jesper Hvass Schmidt. "Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial evaluating the benefits from bimodal solution with cochlear implant and hearing aid versus bilateral hearing aids in patients with asymmetric speech identification scores." BMJ Open 12, no. 12 (December 2022): e070296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070296.
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IntroductionCochlear implant (CI) and hearing aid (HA) in a bimodal solution (CI+HA) is compared with bilateral HAs (HA+HA) to test if the bimodal solution results in better speech intelligibility and self-reported quality of life.Methods and analysisThis randomised controlled trial is conducted in Odense University Hospital, Denmark. Sixty adult bilateral HA users referred for CI surgery are enrolled if eligible and undergo: audiometry, speech perception in noise (HINT: Hearing in Noise Test), Speech Identification Scores and video head impulse test. All participants will receive new replacement HAs. After 1 month they will be randomly assigned (1:1) to the intervention group (CI+HA) or to the delayed intervention control group (HA+HA). The intervention group (CI+HA) will receive a CI on the ear with a poorer speech recognition score and continue using the HA on the other ear. The control group (HA+HA) will receive a CI after a total of 4 months of bilateral HA use.The primary outcome measures are speech intelligibility measured objectively with HINT (sentences in noise) and DANTALE I (words) and subjectively with the Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing scale questionnaire. Secondary outcomes are patient reported Health-Related Quality of Life scores assessed with the Nijmegen Cochlear Implant Questionnaire, the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory and Dizziness Handicap Inventory. Third outcome is listening effort assessed with pupil dilation during HINT.In conclusion, the purpose is to improve the clinical decision-making for CI candidacy and optimise bimodal solutions.Ethics and disseminationThis study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee Southern Denmark project ID S-20200074G. All participants are required to sign an informed consent form.This study will be published on completion in peer-reviewed publications and scientific conferences.Trial registration numberNCT04919928.
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Hana, Sayeeda, Deepak karthik, Jingxuan Shan, Stephany El Hayek, Lotfi Chouchane, and André Megarbane. "A Report on a Family with TMTC3-Related Syndrome and Review." Case Reports in Medicine 2020 (November 4, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7163038.
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Recessive mutations in the TMTC3 gene have been reported in thirteen patients to date exhibiting development delay, intellectual disability (ID), seizures, and muscular hypotonia, accompanied occasionally by neuronal migration defects expressed as either cobblestone lissencephaly or periventricular hypertopia. Here, we report a new case of a TMTC3-related syndrome in a Lebanese family with two affected siblings showing severe psychomotor retardation, intellectual disability, microcephaly, absence of speech, muscular hypotonia, and seizures. Whole exome sequencing revealed a homozygous pathogenic variant c.211 C > T (p.R71C) in the TMTC3 gene in both siblings. A review of the literature on TMTC3-related syndrome and its causal mutations is provided.
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Suwastini, Ni Komang Arie, Ni Wayan Desy Prema Asri, Luh Gede Eka Wahyuni, and Kadek Ayu Dewi Prastika. "THE CHARACTERISATIONS OF PISCINE MOLITOR PATEL IN YAN MARTELL’S THE LIFE OF PI." International Journal of Language and Literature 4, no. 2 (December 7, 2020): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/ijll.v4i2.30289.
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Literature like novels can contain many moral teachings, including how a human being develops into a better person because of certain events experienced during the plot development. The present study focuses on the character development of Piscine Molitor Patel in Yan Martell's The Life of Pi as he had to survive the Pacific Ocean for 227 days on a lifeboat with a hungry tiger. By employing close reading, it is revealed that Piscine Molitor Patel was revealed as a curious, smart, competitive, empathetic, obedient, loving, and humble character. These characterizations were revealed directly through the author's description and indirectly through thought, speech, and action. From these character revelations, it can be concluded that the development of Pi’s curious, smart, competitive, empathetic, obedient, loving, and humble character had help Pi survive the Pacific Ocean and continued living as a better person. By employing Freud’s psychoanalysis, Pi’s characterizations were then classified as reflections of his id, ego, and superego. The present study concludes that Pi’s characterizations reflect the development of the balance between his id, ego, and superego, which allowed him to survive the shipwreck and grow into a better person.
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D’Alessandro, Rossella, Neftj Ragusa, Martina Vacchetti, Enrica Rolle, Francesca Rossi, Chiara Brusa, Chiara Davico, Benedetto Vitiello, Tiziana Mongini, and Federica S. Ricci. "Assessing Cognitive Function in Neuromuscular Diseases: A Pilot Study in a Sample of Children and Adolescents." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 20 (October 18, 2021): 4777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10204777.
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Central nervous system (CNS) involvement has been variously studied in pediatric neuromuscular disorders (NMDs). The primary goal of this study was to assess cognitive functioning in NMDs, and secondary aims were to investigate possible associations of cognitive impairment with motor impairment, neurodevelopmental delay, and genotype. This was a cross-sectional study of 43 pediatric patients, affected by six NMDs. Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and glycogen storage disease type 2 (GSD2) patients had a delay on the Bayley-III scales. On Wechsler scales, DMD and DM1 patients showed lower FSIQ scores, with an intellectual disability (ID) in 27% and 50%, respectively. FSIQ was normal in Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), GSD2, and hereditary motor sensory neuropathy (HMSN) patients, while higher individual scores were found in the spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) group. In the DM1 cohort, lower FSIQ correlated with worse motor performance (ρ = 0.84, p < 0.05), and delayed speech acquisition was associated with ID (p = 0.048), with worse cognitive impairment in the congenital than in the infantile form (p = 0.04). This study provides further evidence of CNS in some NMDs and reinforces the need to include cognitive assessment in protocols of care of selected pediatric NMDs.
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García, Juan Carlos, Emiliano Díez, Dominika Z. Wojcik, and Mónica Santamaría. "Communication Support Needs in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities and Its Relation to Quality of Life." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20 (October 9, 2020): 7370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207370.
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Research suggests that individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) experience difficulties in communication, ranging from intelligibility issues to more severe problems in the use and comprehension of spoken, written or sign language. Despite the negative effects that the inability to communicate have on quality of life (QoL), not much research has explored the relationship between communicative competence and QoL in the adult population with ID. The aim of this study was to describe the global communication profile of a sample of 281 adults with ID recruited from Grupo AMÁS Social Foundation, who differed in their level of communication support needs (CSN). The relationships between communicative competence and CSN with QoL were further examined. The results showed lower QoL indices for those participants characterized by their limited use of discourse and inability to exhibit certain communicative purposes, with the largest differences in the dimensions of self-determination, social inclusion, interpersonal relationships, emotional wellbeing and personal development. Overall, low levels of QoL were found for all participants, with even lower scores for the group identified as having CSN. A multiple regression model revealed that having speech/discourse competence is a powerful predictor of QoL, along with the level of disability and having the communicative competences to express likes and preferences or to establish new relationships. This clear relationship between communication and QoL is an important argument for disability support services when it comes to setting communication supports as a priority and as an important preventive step towards the protection of those at risk of exclusion.
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Allach El Khattabi, Laïla, Solveig Heide, Jean-Hubert Caberg, Joris Andrieux, Martine Doco Fenzy, Caroline Vincent-Delorme, Patrick Callier, et al. "16p13.11 microduplication in 45 new patients: refined clinical significance and genotype–phenotype correlations." Journal of Medical Genetics 57, no. 5 (October 4, 2018): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105389.
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BackgroundThe clinical significance of 16p13.11 duplications remains controversial while frequently detected in patients with developmental delay (DD), intellectual deficiency (ID) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Previously reported patients were not or poorly characterised. The absence of consensual recommendations leads to interpretation discrepancy and makes genetic counselling challenging. This study aims to decipher the genotype–phenotype correlations to improve genetic counselling and patients’ medical care.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed data from 16 013 patients referred to 12 genetic centers for DD, ID or ASD, and who had a chromosomal microarray analysis. The referring geneticists of patients for whom a 16p13.11 duplication was detected were asked to complete a questionnaire for detailed clinical and genetic data for the patients and their parents.ResultsClinical features are mainly speech delay and learning disabilities followed by ASD. A significant risk of cardiovascular disease was noted. About 90% of the patients inherited the duplication from a parent. At least one out of four parents carrying the duplication displayed a similar phenotype to the propositus. Genotype–phenotype correlations show no impact of the size of the duplicated segment on the severity of the phenotype. However, NDE1 and miR-484 seem to have an essential role in the neurocognitive phenotype.ConclusionOur study shows that 16p13.11 microduplications are likely pathogenic when detected in the context of DD/ID/ASD and supports an essential role of NDE1 and miR-484 in the neurocognitive phenotype. Moreover, it suggests the need for cardiac evaluation and follow-up and a large study to evaluate the aortic disease risk.
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Medlin, L., L. Bello-Espinosa, N. Desire, and W. MacAllister. "C-70 Neuropsychological Profiles of Patients With SCN8A-Related Epilepsy." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 6 (July 25, 2019): 1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz034.232.
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Abstract Objective Two cases of SCN8A-related epilepsy (a sodium-channelopathy) are presented. SCN8A-related epilepsy with encephalopathy (SCN8A-REE), the most common form, is typically characterized by refractory seizures, developmental delays, and intellectual disability (ID) but recently discovered variants have shown broadly normal cognition. Current cases highlight the heterogeneity seen with differing de-novo pathogenic variants. Method Case 1, a 6-year-old right-handed girl, presented with SCN8A-REE and a missense pathogenic variant (c.802A>C), not previously documented. History includes speech and motor delay, with focal motor seizures starting at 4-months. Early EEG showed bilateral centroparietal epileptiform discharges. Case 2, an 8-year-old right-handed girl, presented with SCN8A-related epilepsy with c.5630A>G pathogenic variant with seizure onset at 5-months. Initial EEG showed right occipital spikes. Results Case 1 currently shows motor and language delays and prominent motor tics. Testing documented ID with fairly global neuropsychological deficits (i.e., academics, attention/executive functions, memory, visual-spatial skills, fine motor, language). In contrast, Case 2 shows low average intellect and average academics, but evaluation documented attention deficits, fine motor delays, and behavioral issues in addition to tics; she was diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and Tourette’s. Conclusion These cases expand limited knowledge regarding neuropsychological functioning of children with SCN8A-related epilepsy with unique de-novo pathogenic variants. While SCN8A-REE is clearly associated with ID, other pathogenic variants may show better preserved intellect, despite other neuropsychological and behavioral concerns.
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Meuris, Kristien, Bea Maes, Anne-Marie De Meyer, and Inge Zink. "Manual Signing in Adults With Intellectual Disability: Influence of Sign Characteristics on Functional Sign Vocabulary." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 57, no. 3 (June 2014): 990–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2014_jslhr-l-12-0402.
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of sign characteristics in a key word signing (KWS) system on the functional use of those signs by adults with intellectual disability (ID). Method All 507 signs from a Flemish KWS system were characterized in terms of phonological, iconic, and referential characteristics. Phonological and referential characteristics were assigned to the signs by speech-language pathologists. The iconicity (i.e., transparency, guessing the meaning of the sign; and translucency, rating on a 6-point scale) of the signs were tested in 467 students. Sign functionality was studied in 119 adults with ID (mean mental age of 50.54 months) by means of a questionnaire, filled out by a support worker. Results A generalized linear model with a negative binomial distribution (with log-link) showed that semantic category was the factor with the strongest influence on sign functionality, with grammatical class, referential concreteness, and translucency also playing a part. No sign phonological characteristics were found to be of significant influence on sign use. Conclusion The meaning of a sign is the most important factor regarding its functionality (i.e., whether a sign is used in everyday communication). Phonological characteristics seem only of minor importance.
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Merrick, Joav, Carmit Cahana, Meir Lotan, Isack Kandel, and Eli Carmeli. "Snoezelen or Controlled Multisensory Stimulation. Treatment Aspects from Israel." Scientific World JOURNAL 4 (2004): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2004.30.
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In Israel today, with a total population of over 6 million persons, the Division for Mental Retardation (DMR) provides services to 23,000 persons with intellectual disability (ID). Of the 23,000, residential services are provided to more than 6,000 in close to 60 residential centers, another 2,000 are provided residential care in hostels or group homes in the community in about 50 locations, while the rest are served with day-care kindergarten, day-treatment centers, sheltered workshops, or integrated care in the community. The first Snoezelen room (controlled multisensory stimulation) in the DMR was established at the Bnei Zion residential care center in 1995. The Snoezelen method is now used in Israel in more than 30 residential care centers and 3 community settings. Since the year 2000, a physiotherapist has been employed in order to supervise the treatment and development of the method nationally. Professional staff meetings take place every 4 months. A certification course has been established on a national basis for individuals from different professions (occupational therapists, physiotherapists, teachers, music therapists, nurses, speech therapists, or caregivers). Snoezelen has proved to be an important instrument and a powerful therapeutic tool among the various treatment modules employed in Israel for persons with ID. This paper presents the concept illustrated with two case stories.