Books on the topic 'ICT intervention'
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1
Mishra, Harekrishna. Understanding ICT enabled development interventions with MDG perspectives in Indian context: A study in Panchmahal district. Anand: Institute of Rural Management, Anand, 2012.
2
Schmidt, Matthias C. Griff nach dem Ich?: Ethische Kriterien für die medizinische Intervention in das menschliche Gehirn. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2008.
3
Pisklakov, Sergey, Haitham Ibrahim, and Ingrid A. Fitz-James Antoine. Elevated ICP. Edited by David E. Traul and Irene P. Osborn. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190850036.003.0023.
Abstract:
Perioperative management of a patient with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is of paramount importance in neuroanesthesiology. Should this clinical emergency remain unaddressed, disability and death will ensue. Suboptimal care of a patient with elevated ICP is associated with avoidable morbidity and predictable mortality unless timely medical interventions, a focused history, targeted physical findings and a high degree of clinical suspicion confirmed by selective imaging result in medical stabilization and more definitive neurosurgical intervention. This may require interinstitutional transport. Understanding the physiologic and pathologic concepts that underlie elevated ICP permit anticipatory interventions to avert inexorable deterioration. The etiology of elevated intracranial pressure is often multifactorial. The deleterious effects of rising ICP demand a clear understanding of the relationship between ICP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), and cerebral autoregulation. Maintaining optimal CPP to prevent cerebral ischemia is the neuroanesthesiologist’s ultimate goal while managing a patient with an elevated ICP.
4
Williams, Oneeka. Dr. Dee Dee Dynamo: Ice Worm Intervention. Mascot Books, 2018.
5
Croft, John. Intervention. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199355914.003.0017.
Abstract:
The virtues of collaboration have been much trumpeted, but on what basis is it seen to have advantages for composition, and is the enthusiasm for it warranted? In this Intervention, composer John Croft exposes some of the underlying reasons for the focus on collaboration, among them spurious business models, misconceived notions of research, a culture of accountability and the confusion of innovation with originality. He concludes by highlighting the virtues of solitariness, the resistance to influence and single-mindedness in composition.
6
McGuire, Michael, and Alfonso Troisi. Intervention Strategies. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195116731.003.0015.
Abstract:
This chapter explores intervention strategies and reviews their efficacy. It discusses prevailing-model interventions (psychoanalytic, psychotherapeutic, behavioral, and sociocultural), biomedical interventions, and uses an evolutionary context to present intervention principles, and case histories.
7
Wippman, David. Pro-Democratic Intervention. Edited by Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0037.
Abstract:
This chapter examines the debates concerning pro-democratic intervention and its implications for the use of force in international relations. It begins by looking at the disagreement over the nature of governmental legitimacy before turning to the legal bases of pro-democratic intervention such as UN Security Council-authorized interventions and interventions by contemporaneous invitation of sitting or recently ousted officials. Interventions by regional organizations and interventions combining two or more of these forms are also discussed. In addition, the chapter considers consent, either by an ousted government or through the use of treaties by regional and sub-regional organizations to authorize military intervention in advance under specified circumstances. Finally, it analyses post-Charter treaties of guarantee and pro-democratic intervention pacts in Africa.
8
Brandt, Sebastian, and Hartmut Gehring. Anaesthesia for medical imaging and bronchoscopic procedures. Edited by Peter F. Mahoney and Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0077.
Abstract:
Anaesthesia in ‘remote areas’ is required for medical imaging (CT, MRI, PET-CT), angiography, endoscopy, and interventions (stenting, thrombectomy, coiling, laser therapy, biopsies, radiotherapy) in a number of medical disciplines (paediatrics, radiology, cardiology, pulmonology, gastroenterology, surgery, cardiac surgery, emergency medicine). The spectrum of anaesthetic techniques is broad. It reaches from standby (monitored anaesthesia care), through analgesia and sedation (with spontaneous breathing), to general anaesthesia and mechanical ventilation. Regional anaesthesia techniques are also required under certain circumstances. In the last few years there has been a move away from open procedures to interventional techniques. The complexity of these interventions has increased (i.e. interventional cardiac valve replacements) and the patients tend to be older and suffer from a multitude of co-morbidities. Many of these interventions are performed in the ‘hostile environment’ of the intervention suite. Intervention suites are typically not designed to offer anaesthetists an ideal working area. The space may be limited and medical equipment impedes access to the patient. The infrastructure may be suboptimal (e.g. no central medical gases supply). Protection for staff and equipment against radiation and high magnetic fields must be considered. Loud noise from machinery and shielded walls, doors, and windows may hinder communication and hearing acoustic alarms. The distance to the operating theatre may be considerable and thus support from senior anaesthetists and supply of additional equipment may take some time to arrive. Anaesthesia outside the operating theatre is sometimes underestimated as trivial. Performing a ‘quick’ interventional case can evolve within seconds into a challenge even for the experienced anaesthesiologist if a surgical or anaesthesiological complication occurs. Non-operating-theatre anaesthesia has a higher severity of injuries and more substandard care than operating theatre anaesthesia. This is not acceptable and anaesthetists must ensure the same high standard of anaesthesia care and patient safety both inside and outside the operating theatre.
9
Kennish, Steven. Intervention. Edited by Christopher G. Winearls. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0012_update_001.
Abstract:
Imaging technology allows complex yet minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in the genitourinary tract. It provides precise targeting for tissue biopsy to allow accurate diagnosis. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is invaluable in the treatment of complex stone disease and percutaneous nephrostomy insertion preserves normal renal tissue in the patient with malignant or benign urinary tract obstruction. (Percutaneous nephrolithotomy and percutaneous nephrostomy are very different.) Antegrade ureteric procedures allow strictures, stones, and tumours to be dealt with, often with much greater ease than the retrograde approach. Collections and leaks can be drained and urine can be diverted to facilitate healing. Minimally invasive endovascular techniques can arrest iatrogenic or trauma-related haemorrhage from the renal tract. Although interventional radiological procedures are generally safe, they do come with risks of specific complications that the nephrologist needs to be aware of. Nephrologists need to be familiar with interventional uroradiological techniques to allow appropriate counseling and care of patients who require these procedures.
10
Kim, Sungmoon. Humanitarian Intervention. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190671235.003.0007.
Abstract:
This chapter argues that for the classical Confucian account of punitive expedition to be relevant to the modern international world and to be the theory of humanitarian intervention, focused on the suffering of the people rather than the moral qualification of the intervening ruler, it must undergo a democratic reconstruction with full attention to the circumstances of modern politics on both national and international levels. It argues that applying Confucian virtue politics, as it is, to the modern pluralist world as a form of political meritocracy is difficult to justify due to both internal and external obstacles posed by value pluralism, domestically as well as internationally. It stipulates that intervention be morally justified, first to the people of the intervening state, second to those who are intervened, and third to the international community, which has a moral duty to protect the well-being of the people in the world.
11
Rodley, Nigel S. ‘Humanitarian Intervention’. Edited by Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0036.
Abstract:
This chapter examines whether so-called humanitarian intervention is a lawful exception to the international law prohibiting use of force when rescuing populations from widespread grave human rights violations, without UN Security Council authorization under Chapter VII. It considers what type or level of human rights violation or abuse justifies ‘humanitarian intervention’ if it were permitted, with reference to the R2P categories of genocide, ethnic cleansing, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. It discusses the UN Charter provisions and state practice on the prohibition on use of force, and criteria used to determine the legality of action deemed humanitarian intervention. The chapter describes tests that an intervention would have to pass and would be applicable to mitigate culpability, including gravity of the situation, political neutrality, the circumstances of the Security Council’s inability to act, and principles of necessity and proportionality. It argues that there is no humanitarian exception to the prohibition of the use of force in international law.
12
Smith, Justin D. Changing Parental Perspectives of Coercion Dynamics. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.23.
Abstract:
This chapter considers video feedback as an intervention strategy for managing parent-child coercion dynamics and associated child behavior problems during the early childhood period. It begins with a discussion of parent-child interactions and the coercive interpersonal dynamic between children and their parents. It then reviews the evidence base for the effectiveness of various interventions in early childhood, together with the theoretical and empirical rationale for videotaped feedback interventions. It also examines caregivers’ relational schemas in the context of parent-child interactions before concluding with an explanation of how to deliver video feedback interventions effectively. The Family Check-Up program is used to illustrate the way in which a brief video feedback intervention can be integrated within existing family-focused intervention protocols.
13
Rafanelli, Lucia M. Promoting Justice Across Borders. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197568842.001.0001.
Abstract:
This book develops a theory of the ethics of “reform intervention,” a category that includes any attempt to promote justice in a society other than one’s own. It identifies several dimensions along which reform interventions can vary (the degree of control interveners exercise over recipients, the urgency of interveners’ objectives, the costs an intervention poses to recipients, and how interveners interact with recipients’ existing political institutions) and examines how these variations affect the moral permissibility of reform intervention. The book argues that, once one acknowledges the variety of forms reform intervention can take, it becomes clear that not all of them are vulnerable to the objections usually leveled against intervention. In particular, not all reform interventions treat recipients with intolerance, disrespect recipients’ legitimate institutions, or undermine recipients’ collective self-determination. Combining philosophical analysis and discussion of several real-world cases, the book investigates which kinds of reform intervention are or are not vulnerable to these objections. In so doing, it also develops new understandings of the roles toleration, legitimacy, and collective self-determination should play in global politics. After developing principles to specify when different kinds of reform interventions are morally permissible, the book investigates how these principles could be applied in the real world. Ultimately, it argues that some reform interventions are, all things considered, morally permissible and that sometimes reform intervention is morally required. It argues we should reconceive the ordinary boundaries of political activity and begin to see the pursuit of justice via political contestation as humanity’s collective project.
14
Caplan, Richard. Humanitarian Intervention. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851163.003.0008.
Abstract:
States – Western ones, at least – have given increased weight to human rights and humanitarian norms as matters of international concern, with the authorization of legally binding enforcement measures to tackle humanitarian crises under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. These concerns were also developed outside the UN Security Council framework, following Tony Blair’s Chicago speech and the contemporaneous NATO action over Kosovo. This gave rise to international commissions and resulted, among other things, in the emergence of the ‘Responsibility to Protect’ (R2P) doctrine. The adoption of this doctrine coincided with a period in which there appeared to be a general decline in mass atrocities. Yet R2P had little real effect – it cannot be shown to have caused the fall in mass atrocities, only to have echoed it. Thus, the promise of R2P and an age of humanitarianism failed to emerge, even if the way was paved for future development.
15
Tesón, Fernando R. Three Structural Problems. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190202903.003.0013.
Abstract:
This chapter explains in greater detail why accepting the success condition means accepting the presumption against intervention. It identifies three structural problems that interventions must in general deal with: the problem of conflicting aims of intervention, the problem of severe lack of information, and the problem of perverse (democratic) incentives. These problems help explain the empirical finding that success rates for interventions have historically been extremely low.
16
Bellamy, Alex J. Military Intervention. Edited by Donald Bloxham and A. Dirk Moses. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232116.013.0030.
Abstract:
This article examines the role that military intervention can play in ending genocide and the political, moral, and legal debates that surround it. The first section briefly examines how genocides have ended since the beginning of the twentieth century, and explores the place of military intervention by external powers. The second section examines whether there is a moral and/or legal duty to intervene to end genocide. The third section considers the reasons why states intervene only infrequently to put an end to genocide despite their rhetorical commitments. Historically, once started, genocides tend to end with either the military defeat of the perpetrators or the suppression of the victim groups. Only military force can directly prevent genocidal killing, stand between perpetrators and their intended victims, and protect the delivery of lifesaving aid. But its use entails risks for all parties and does not necessarily resolve the underlying conflict.
17
Ducrocq, Gregory, Franck Thuny, Bernard Iung, and Alec Vahanian. Acute valve disease and endocarditis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0059.
Abstract:
The management of patients with acute valve disease is now a rare, but challenging, event, as valvular patients are often elderly with severe comorbidities. Furthermore, a proportion of previously operated patients present with acute valve dysfunction. The aim, in this situation, is to establish a rapid diagnosis, based on clinical examination and echocardiography, followed by early intervention. The primary treatment remains surgical valve replacement. However, a more conservative surgical approach is under development, and, more recently, percutaneous interventional techniques have been introduced. In the future, every effort should be made to avoid performing interventions in an acute situation, as it is always at high risk.
18
Ducrocq, Gregory, Franck Thuny, Bernard Iung, and Alec Vahanian. Acute valve disease and endocarditis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0059_update_001.
Abstract:
The management of patients with acute valve disease is now a rare, but challenging, event, as valvular patients are often elderly with severe comorbidities. Furthermore, a proportion of previously operated patients present with acute valve dysfunction. The aim, in this situation, is to establish a rapid diagnosis, based on clinical examination and echocardiography, followed by early intervention. The primary treatment remains surgical valve replacement. However, a more conservative surgical approach is under development, and, more recently, percutaneous interventional techniques have been introduced. In the future, every effort should be made to avoid performing interventions in an acute situation, as it is always at high risk.
19
Kennish, Steven. Interventional radiology. Edited by Michael Weston. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0135.
Abstract:
Advances in imaging technology allow ever more complex yet minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic interventions to take place in the genitourinary tract. Imaging provides precise targeting for tissue biopsy to facilitate rapid and accurate diagnosis—the basis of all subsequent treatment regimes. Percutaneous renal intervention is invaluable in the treatment of complex stone disease and for renal preservation in the patient with malignant or benign urinary tract obstruction. Antegrade ureteric procedures allow strictures, stones, and tumours to be tackled, often with much greater ease than an alternative retrograde approach. Although interventional radiological procedures are generally safe, they do come with risks such as bleeding and sepsis, as well as the longer-term complications related to indwelling drains, catheters, and stents. It is important for the urological surgeon to be familiar with interventional uroradiological techniques so as to appropriately counsel and care for patients who require these procedures.
20
Fox, Gregory H. Intervention by Invitation. Edited by Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0038.
Abstract:
This chapter examines the debate concerning a state’s intervention in internal armed conflicts based on invitation, either from the government or from a rebel group fighting against the government. It looks at the issues that arise from intervention by invitation, particularly those relating to the territorial integrity of the state, the status of the actors involved, the nature of the consent, and implications for international law in general and for politics and human rights in particular. The chapter first considers the traditional view of intervention by invitation and the recent challenges to that view. It then discusses the negative equality principle as it applies to intervention in civil wars, as well as the link between intervention by invitation and democratic legitimacy. It also analyses the position of the UN Security Council on intervention by invitation.
21
Tesón, Fernando R. Intervention and Revolution. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190202903.003.0004.
Abstract:
The chapter rejects the widely held belief that revolution to end tyranny is considerably more permissive than foreign intervention to end tyranny. It argues for the equivalence thesis: the just cause for both is exactly the same—ending tyranny. The reason why often revolution will be permissible while foreign intervention will not is that the latter is likely to be disproportionate. But by the same token, it is possible that intervention will be justified while revolution will not be. The chapter examines and rejects a central argument against the equivalence thesis: political self-determination. It concludes that the notion of self-determination has fatal conceptual and moral flaws, and thus cannot sustain the putative moral difference between intervention and revolution.
22
Shirodaria, Cheerag, and Sam Dawkins. Percutaneous coronary intervention. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0097.
Abstract:
Cardiac catheterization is a procedure by which information is obtained from the heart by passing fine plastic tubes (occasionally other instruments) either near to or within the heart, to introduce contrast to cardiac structures to understand their anatomy and function better, to measure pressures, and/or to measure oxygen saturations in different cardiac chambers. It is an extraordinarily useful diagnostic procedure. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the modern term for an intervention on a coronary artery that relieves narrowing. It includes balloon angioplasty and stent insertion. PCI is a therapeutic procedure.
23
Robinson, Daniel H., Joel R. Levin, Steve Graham, Gregory Schraw, Lynn Fuchs, and Sharon R. Vaughn. Improving the Credibility of Educational Intervention Research. Edited by Angela O'Donnell. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199841332.013.46.
Abstract:
This article discusses various forms of research that are contemporaneously being undertaken for either investigating or establishing the efficacy of educational interventions, along with their strengths and limitations. It first explains what “credible” educational intervention research means, taking into account the importance of causal inference in intervention research methodologies, before turning to single-case intervention designs and how they can be profitably applied in a number of educational and psychological intervention research contexts. It then describes randomization as a means to enhance the scientific credibility of single-case intervention research and how theory can make intervention research more credible. Finally, it offers recommendations for conducting, analyzing, and reporting educational intervention research, with an eye toward improving its quality and associated credibility.
24
Levin, Dov H. Meddling in the Ballot Box. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197519882.001.0001.
Abstract:
This book examines why partisan electoral interventions occur as well as their effects on the election results in countries in which the great powers intervened. A new dataset shows that the U.S. and the USSR/Russia have intervened in one out of every nine elections between 1946 and 2000 in other countries in order to help or hinder one of the candidates or parties; the Russian intervention in the 2016 U.S. elections is just the latest example. Nevertheless, electoral interventions receive scant scholarly attention. This book develops a new theoretical model to answer both questions. It argues that electoral interventions are usually “inside jobs,” occurring only if a significant domestic actor within the target wants it. Likewise, electoral interventions won’t happen unless the intervening country fears its interests are endangered by another significant party or candidate with very different and inflexible preferences. As for the effects it argues that such meddling usually gives a significant boost to the preferred side, with overt interventions being more effective than covert ones in this regard. However, unlike in later elections, electoral interventions in founding elections usually harm the aided side. A multi-method framework is used in order to study these questions, including in-depth archival research into six cases in which the U.S. seriously considered intervening, the statistical analysis of the aforementioned dataset (PEIG), and a micro-level analysis of election surveys from three intervention cases. It also includes a preliminary analysis of the Russian intervention in the 2016 U.S. elections and the cyber-future of such meddling in general.
25
Warren, Muriel Pr, and Martin Roberts. Handbook of Hypnotic Interventions: Treating Dsm-iv And Icd-10 Disorders. Crown House Publishing, 2006.
26
Gallagher, Shaun. Enactivist Interventions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794325.001.0001.
Abstract:
Enactivist Interventions explores central issues in the contemporary debates about embodied cognition, addressing interdisciplinary questions about intentionality, representation, affordances, the role of affect, and the problems of perception and cognitive penetration, action and free will, higher-order cognition, and intersubjectivity. It argues for a rethinking of the concept of mind, drawing on pragmatism, phenomenology, and cognitive science. It interprets enactivism as a philosophy of nature that has significant methodological and theoretical implications for the scientific investigation of the mind. Enactivist Interventions argues that, like the basic phenomena of perception and action, sophisticated cognitive phenomena like reflection, imagining, and mathematical reasoning are best explained in terms of an affordance-based skilled coping. It thus argues for a continuity that runs between basic action, affectivity, and a rationality that in every case remains embodied. It also discusses recent predictive models of brain function and outlines an alternative, enactivist interpretation that emphasizes the close coupling of brain, body, and environment rather than a strong boundary that isolates the brain in its internal processes. The extensive relational dynamics that integrates the brain with the extra-neural body opens into an environment that is physical, social, and cultural and that recycles back into the enactive process. Cognitive processes are in the world, situated in affordance spaces defined across evolutionary, developmental, and individual histories, and are constrained by affective processes and normative dimensions of social and cultural practices.
27
Fancourt, Daisy. Implementing and evaluating interventions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792079.003.0006.
Abstract:
Following on from Chapter 5, this chapter outlines the final three stages in the process of designing and delivering arts in health interventions. It provides a step-by-step guide for how to turn an idea into action and implement and evaluate interventions. It shows how to undertake an effective pilot project, design an evaluation that captures its impact as well a supporting its future development, assess its likelihood of success on a larger scale, draw up a case for support for stakeholders and funders, finetune the intervention to make it more efficient and economical, develop an ongoing audit process, create a manual of the intervention to enable its replication elsewhere, scope opportunities for expansion, and plan for continuous innovation to ensure it stays current and appealing for participants. These steps will provide the springboard for a promising intervention to be launched and scaled in a sustainable way.
28
Douglas, Thomas. Neural and Environmental Modulation of Motivation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758617.003.0012.
Abstract:
Interventions that modify a person’s motivations through chemically or physically influencing the brain seem morally objectionable, at least when they are performed nonconsensually. This chapter raises a puzzle for attempts to explain their objectionability. It first seeks to show that the objectionability of such interventions must be explained at least in part by reference to the sort of mental interference that they involve. It then argues that it is difficult to furnish an explanation of this sort. The difficulty is that these interventions seem no more objectionable, in terms of the kind of mental interference that they involve, than certain forms of environmental influence that many would regard as morally innocuous. The argument proceeds by comparing a particular neurointervention with a comparable environmental intervention. The author argues, first, that the two dominant explanations for the objectionability of the neurointervention apply equally to the environmental intervention, and second, that the descriptive difference between the environmental intervention and the neurointervention that most plausibly grounds the putative moral difference in fact fails to do so. The author concludes by presenting a trilemma that falls out of the argument.
29
Mohamed S, Helal. Part 3 The Post 9/11-Era (2001–), 66 The ECOWAS Intervention in The Gambia—2016. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784357.003.0066.
Abstract:
This chapter discusses the legal justifications for the ECOWAS intervention in The Gambia, including: pro-democratic intervention, intervention by invitation, and Security Council authorization. It argues that the intervention is unjustifiable because pro-democratic intervention is not recognized as a legal basis for intervention, and because the Security Council did not authorize the intervention. The intervention is also not justifiable under the doctrine of intervention by invitation because President-Elect Adama Barrow did not exercise effective control when he invited ECOWAS to intervene to enforce the results of the 2016 Presidential Election. This chapter argues, however, when combined with earlier ECOWAS interventions, this intervention in The Gambia could signify a shift in the rules governing intervention by invitation, whereby a legitimate, but ineffective, government may enjoy the right to invite foreign intervention. Finally, this chapter argues that ECOWAS violated the prohibition on the threat of force by issuing an ultimatum to force the former Gambian President to relinquish power.
30
Zunes, Stephen. Complicating the Moral Case of Responsibility to Protect. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812852.003.0002.
Abstract:
This chapter examines the military interventions in Kosovo and Libya (often advanced as successful humanitarian interventions), and argues that they did more harm than good. They escalated the level of killings (by regime and rebels), fanning nationalism in the first and sectarian militias in the second. The general explanations underpinning this analysis are that intervening powers are rarely neutral or impartial, and that military intervention changes the strategies of the target regime and of the rebelling parties. The chapter argues for the efficacy of strategic non-violent action internally and preventive diplomacy externally, as alternatives to military intervention. It notes the successes of non-violent movements in both case studies, and critical moments at which they could have been supported by preventive diplomacy but were not. A second theme is sensitivity to broader ramifications of military intervention for international affairs.
31
Ballou, Mary. Psychological Interventions. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216187165.
Abstract:
This book examines a variety of psychological intervention strategies used in counseling and therapy to bring about change. It is a handbook of strategies which reviews major forms of interventions, reviews research evidence of effectiveness, and challenges existing theoretical boundaries. In contrast to existing handbooks, Ballou offers interventions identified by their goal of change, rather than by a particular theoretical orientation or the kind of difficulty the client is undergoing. Each chapter describes a strategy, presents clear instruction for its use, and considers appropriate and inappropriate uses for the strategy. Each chapter also addresses the research evidence underlying claims of effectiveness. Edited by an academic and practitioner of counseling psychology, the book seeks to address the needs of both professionals in the field and students and scholars in the academic community.
32
Price, Huw. Causation, Intervention, and Agency. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746911.003.0005.
Abstract:
In his influential book Making Things Happen (2003) and elsewhere, James Woodward has noted some affinities between his own interventionist account of causation and the view defended by Peter Menzies and Huw Price in ‘Causation as a Secondary Quality’ (British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 1993), but argued that the latter view is implausibly ‘subjective’. This chapter discusses Woodward’s criticisms. It argues (i) that the Menzies and Price view is not as different from Woodward’s own account as he believes; (ii) that insofar as it is different, it has some advantages whose importance Woodward misses; and (iii) that the Menzies and Price view lacks some elements whose importance Woodward rightly stresses. It also argues that when properly characterized, the ‘subjectivity’ of the Menzies and Price view survives unscathed—and that Woodward’s interventionism is stronger for embracing it.
33
Tesón, Fernando R. Justice Ex Post or Ex Ante? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190202903.003.0012.
Abstract:
The success condition for intervention can be interpreted in several ways. Some interpret it as requiring that interventions actually be successful; such a condition can only be judged to be satisfied ex post. Others interpret it as requiring that interventions have a good enough chance of succeeding ex ante. Yet others accept a mix of the two. This chapter argues that the purely ex ante view is the only acceptable position. As a result, interventions are, quite simply, justifiable only when they have a good enough chance of success ex ante.
34
Fancourt, Daisy. Conceptualizing and planning interventions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792079.003.0005.
Abstract:
This chapter outlines the first four stages in the process of designing and delivering arts in health interventions. Using business models from industry, management, and health care, it provides a step-by-step guide to conceptualizing and planning effective arts in health interventions that meet a real need within health care. It shows how to scope national and local opportunities, identify specific challenges that the arts could address, select appropriate target groups, understand the needs of patients, public, and staff, undertake consultations, identify relevant research, develop initial ideas, plan for a pilot, and model the impact that the intervention could have. These steps will provide the foundation for a creative and novel intervention with the potential to have real impact and sustainability.
35
Doyle, Michael W. The Politics of Global Humanitarianism. Edited by Alex J. Bellamy and Tim Dunne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198753841.013.36.
Abstract:
The responsibility to protect (R2P) is both a license for and a leash against forcible intervention. It succeeded in widening the scope of legitimate armed intervention by licensing some (protective) interventions but only because it was seen as a leash against other (exploitative) interventions. This chapter traces the origins of the R2P doctrine in the Kosovo and ICISS reports, highlights the special features of the 2005 Outcome Document, notes how the doctrine was strengthened in practice by careful attention to non-coercive measures in Myanmar, Kenya, and Guinea, and then examines the landmark case of its use to sanction and then intervene against Gadhafi’s regime in Libya in 2011. The chapter concludes by drawing lessons for the revision and revival of this important contribution to human security.
36
Tesón, Fernando R. Proportionality in Humanitarian Intervention. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190202903.003.0005.
Abstract:
The chapter examines the traditional requirement that a humanitarian war must be proportionate to be justified. It distinguishes proportionality from necessity and, further, narrow from wide proportionality. The chapter discusses the concept of culpable threat, which is particularly important in humanitarian intervention, as there is no such thing as a non-culpable tyrant. It then introduces a distinction between collateral proportionality and supervening proportionality. The first one is the harm done to bystanders in the battle. The second one is the more remote harm done to bystanders after the war has ended. The distinction determines different degrees of blameworthiness for commanders who start a war that ends badly. Finally, the chapter analyzes the relationship between knowledge and permissibility of action.
37
Buchanan, Allen. Precommitment Regimes for Intervention. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878436.003.0009.
Abstract:
This chapter presents and justifies an alternative to a democratic coalition for authorizing humanitarian military intervention: a precommitment regime whereby a democratic, legitimate government at serious risk for being violently overthrown or that is vulnerable to a resurgence of ethno-national violence could enter into a contract with a state or coalition of states that would pre-authorize intervention under certain circumstances. Such a precommitment contract would be revocable at will by that government or any legitimate successor government. The details of the precommitment contract are spelled out and the case is made that such an arrangement is feasible and that it has the advantage of being an exercise of state sovereignty rather than a violation of it. This chapter is a modified version of a previously published paper co-authored with Robert O. Keohane.
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Thompson, Janna. Women and Humanitarian Intervention. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812852.003.0004.
Abstract:
This chapter examines the prospects for the R2P framework in combating women’s oppression, with specific attention to Bosnia in the 1990s and in Afghanistan under the Taliban regime. It argues that while mass rape in Bosnia did constitute ‘just cause’ for humanitarian intervention, other desiderata, like proportionality and likelihood of success, present greater difficulty. The chapter notes two assumptions commonly present in the humanitarian intervention debate. One, humanitarian intervention is supposed to target repressive states or murderous militias, not the cultural traditions of the population. Two, the repressing regime is ethnically, racially, religiously, or ideologically distinct from the repressed. It is argued that these assumptions did not hold in Afghanistan, since the Taliban’s repressive laws regarding women had some prior cultural basis in parts of the society. The chapter is more optimistic about a focus on women’s oppression in aspects of R2P other than military intervention: namely in prevention and rebuilding.
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Coady, C. A. J., Ned Dobos, and Sagar Sanyal, eds. Challenges for Humanitarian Intervention. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812852.001.0001.
Abstract:
An enduring concern about armed humanitarian intervention, and the ‘Responsibility to Protect’ doctrine that advocates its use under certain circumstances, is that such interventions are liable to be employed as a foreign policy instrument by powerful states pursuing geopolitical interests. This collection of essays critically investigates the causes and consequences, as well as the uses and abuses, of armed humanitarian intervention. Some of the chapters interrogate how the presence of ulterior motives impact on the moral credentials of armed humanitarian intervention. Others shine a light on the potential adverse effects of such interventions, even where they are motivated primarily by humanitarian concern. While some of these unwanted consequences will be familiar to readers, others have been largely neglected in the scholarship. The volume also tracks the evolution of the R2P norm, and draws attention to how it has evolved, for better or for worse, since UN member states unanimously accepted it over a decade ago. In some respects, the norm has been distorted to yield prescriptions, and to impose constraint, fundamentally at odds with the spirit of the R2P idea. This gives us all the more reason to be cautious of unwarranted optimism about humanitarian intervention and the Responsibility to Protect.
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Vossen, Bas van der. A Presumption Against Intervention. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190202903.003.0008.
Abstract:
This introductory chapter offers an outline of the argument I develop in this part of the book. It identifies the morality of intervention as something that should strike a balance between two kinds of threats to people’s rights and safety: threats from within and threats from without a society. Striking this balance, I argue, means accepting a presumption against intervention. Finally, this presumption is contrasted with its main rival, the interventionist view defended by Tesón and others.
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O'Cathain, Alicia. Theories underpinning the intervention. Edited by Alicia O'Cathain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198802082.003.0006.
Abstract:
Researchers have theories about how the interventions they are evaluating achieve effectiveness (mechanisms of action) and how best to implement them in complex environments. It is recommended that these theories are made explicit, either by drawing on existing theories from organizational, psychological, improvement science, or sociological research, or displaying programme theories specific to the intervention that show the proposed causal pathways from content of intervention to long term outcomes. These theories can shape the research questions, sampling, data collection, analysis, interpretation and reporting of any qualitative research undertaken with RCTs. Some relevant theories are introduced, with examples of how researchers have used them with qualitative research and RCTs.
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Warren, Aiden, and Damian Grenfell, eds. Rethinking Humanitarian Intervention in the 21st Century. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474423816.001.0001.
Abstract:
Rethinking Humanitarian Interventions in the 21st Century examines the complex ethics and politics of humanitarian intervention since the end of the Cold War. These 12 essays focus on the challenges associated with interventions, conflict and attendant human rights violations, unmitigated and systematic violence, state re-building, and issues associated with human mobility and dislocation. In a context where layers to conflict are so complex and fluid, it is difficult to imagine one book could ‘rethink interventions’ to the extent that is required. Nevertheless, a contribution to debates can be made. In this collection, important choices were made in terms of how to bring a collection together that allows for the richness as well as maintaining coherence. The task of ‘rethinking’ has meant many of the chapters are underpinned by critical theory with structures of power and the ends that they are deployed to serve never far from discussion. Overall, the chapters in this book address three central themes pertaining to the evolution of 1) humanitarian interventions in a global era; 2) the limits of sovereignty and the ethics of interventions; and the 3) politics of post-intervention (re-)building and humanitarian engagement. As such, they provide a valuable contribution to academics, students, instructors and intellectual communities engaged in research pertaining to humanitarianism, conflict and interventions and different conceptions of security and international relations, and who agree that the present challenges require a basic rethinking of interventions.
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Christine, Gray. 3 Invitation and intervention. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808411.003.0003.
Abstract:
This chapter focuses on the law concerning the use of force and intervention in internal conflicts such as civil wars. The 1970 Declaration on Friendly Relations (General Assembly Resolution 2625) spelled out the content of the prohibition of the use of force in civil conflicts: every state has the duty not to foment, finance, incite, or tolerate subversive, terrorist, or armed activities directed towards the violent overthrow of the regime of another state and the duty not to interfere in civil strife in another state. The International Court of Justice in the Nicaragua case and in Armed Activities on the Territory of Congo confirmed that these provisions of the Declaration on Friendly Relations were declaratory of customary international law. The chapter shows that in most cases of forcible intervention in a civil war it is not the interpretation but the application of the law that leads to difficulty.
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Zielske, David. Dr. Z's Medical Coding Series-ICD-10 Companion to Interventional Radiology. Zhealth Publishing, LLC, 2022.
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Alexandra, Hofer. Part 1 The Cold War Era (1945–89), 4 The Suez Crisis—1956. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784357.003.0004.
Abstract:
This chapter examines the intervention led by France, the United Kingdom and Israel against Egypt in 1956. After recalling the facts of the Suez Canal Crisis, it examines the legal positions of the main protagonists (Israel, France, the United Kingdom and Egypt) and the reactions of United Nations member states. The intervention’s legality is then assessed against the international legal framework governing the use of force as it stood in 1956. The final section analyses the intervention’s precedential value and its impact on the jus ad bellum. It is argued that if the intervention initially undermined the United Nations, the forceful reaction of UN member states affirmed the importance of the UN Organization and its principles.
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Agatha, Verdebout. Part 3 The Post 9/11-Era (2001–), 59 The Intervention of the Gulf Cooperation Council in Bahrain—2011. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784357.003.0059.
Abstract:
This contribution examines the Gulf Cooperation Council’s (GCC) Saudi led intervention in Barhrain. Following a brief overview of the events that shook the island in 2011, it analyses the legal arguments brought forth by the main protagonists (Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and GCC) to justify the intervention, and the reactions these triggered in the international community. It then discusses the intervention’s legality in light of the different doctrines of ‘intervention by invitation’ in situations of domestic unrest. As a conclusion, it argues that the general lack of attention that this intervention has received on the part of the media and of third states makes its precedential value hard to assess.
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Schmidt, Matthias C. Griff nach dem Ich?: Ethische Kriterien für die medizinische Intervention in das menschliche Gehirn. De Gruyter, Inc., 2008.
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Weisz, Erika, and Jamil Zaki. Empathy-Building Interventions. Edited by Emma M. Seppälä, Emiliana Simon-Thomas, Stephanie L. Brown, Monica C. Worline, C. Daryl Cameron, and James R. Doty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464684.013.16.
Abstract:
A major question in the study of empathy—the capacity to share and understand others’ internal states—is whether it can be increased. Scientists have designed a number of effective interventions through which to build empathy, especially in cases where it typically wanes. Here we review these efforts, which often focus on either enhancing individuals’ skills in experiencing empathy or expressing empathy to others. We then propose a novel approach to intervention based on a motivated account of empathy: not only teaching people how to empathize, but also encouraging them to want to empathize. Research traditions from social psychology offer several ways of increasing empathic motivation, which can complement existing work and broaden the palette of applied scientists seeking to help people develop their capacities to care for and understand others.
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Oliver, Dörr. Part 1 The Cold War Era (1945–89), 17 Turkey’s Intervention in Cyprus—1974. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784357.003.0017.
Abstract:
This contribution discusses the 1974 intervention by Turkey in Cyprus. It sets out the facts and context of the crisis, the legal positions of the main protagonists (Turkey and Greece), and the international community’s reactions. Concerning the intervention’s legality, it examines, above all, the right to intervene under the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee and the right to self-defence. The final section analyses the intervention’s precedential value and its impact on the jus ad bellum. It is argued that the role of the territorial state’s consent to the intervention was critical in the Cyprus case, and that the case clearly demonstrates that states may effectively limit their consent by agreeing on substantial restrictions or procedural prerequisites to the use of armed force on their territory.
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Lucyshyn, Joseph, Brenda Fossett, Christy Cheremshynski, Lynn Miller, Sharon Lohrmann, Lauren Binnendyk, Sophia Khan, Stephen Chinn, Samantha Kwon, and Larry Irvin. Transforming Coercive into Constructive Processes with Families of Children with Developmental Disabilities and Severe Problem Behavior. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.25.
Abstract:
This chapter describes an ecological approach to behavioral intervention with families of children with developmental disabilities and severe problem behavior that is designed to promote survivable interventions in family contexts. The approach, ecological family centered positive behavior support, is based on an ecological unit of analysis, coercive processes in family routines. The unit of analysis represents a synthesis of behavioral theory, coercion theory, and ecocultural theory. The approach aims to transform coercive into constructive processes in family routines. The chapter discusses the challenges faced by families raising a child with a developmental disability. It describes the components of the ecological unit of analysis and their contributions to tertiary level behavioral intervention with families. Results of a longitudinal intervention study that investigated the efficacy of the approach are presented. Implications are offered for assessment and intervention with families of children with developmental disabilities who may need tertiary level behavioral intervention services.