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Books on the topic 'ICT diffusion'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 21 February 2023

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1

Lechman, Ewa. ICT Diffusion in Developing Countries. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18254-4.

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2

Hur, Jai-Joon. ICT diffusion and skill upgrading in Korean industries. Helsinki: United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economic Research, 2002.

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3

Chéron, Arnaud. The "dynamic" of job competition during the ICT revolution. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2007.

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4

Kam, Wong Poh. ICT production and diffusion in Asia: Digital dividends or digital divide? Helsinki: United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research, 2001.

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5

Baliamoune-Lutz, Mina. The new economy and developing countries: Assessing the role of ICT diffusion. Helsinki: United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research, 2002.

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6

Addison, Tony. The new global determinants of FDI flows to developing countries: The importance of ICT and democratization. Helsinki: United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research, 2003.

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7

Koski, Heli. ICT clusters in Europe: The great central banana and the small nordic potato. Helsinki: United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research, 2001.

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8

Vinne, G. Van Der. Travel time and longitudinal dispersion characteristics on the ice-covered Wapiti and Smoky Rivers. Edmonton, Alta: Environmental Research and Engineering Dept., Alberta Research Council, 1990.

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9

Varra, Lucia, ed. Dal dato diffuso alla conoscenza condivisa. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-177-5.

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At the present time, the tourist destination offers a stimulating laboratory for the experimentation of theoretical models and good practices on the subjects of governance, knowledge management and sustainable competition. Growing interest in the study of this territorial context gains impetus from the new approaches and tools that local administrations are starting to introduce in the phases of implementation and control of local strategies. In this respect, the Tourist Destination Observatory (OTD) represents an important innovation, offering a nerve centre for the aggregation and networking of heterogeneous data scattered over the territory as well as a model for the implementation of permanent approaches to social dialogue as prerequisites for the creation of knowledge and for an aware, shared, competitive and responsible development of the destination. The OTD can act as an efficient agent of local change, facilitating the processes of governance, and as a tool of knowledge management for the valorisation of intellectual capital. It is consequently a crucial support for the strategic repositioning of mountain resorts, which can represent valid responses to the emerging new modes of interpreting the holiday.
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10

Vinne, G. Van Der. Winter tracer dye studies on the North Saskatchewan River, Edmonton to Saskatchewan border. Edmonton, Alta: Environmental Research and Engineering Dept., Alberta Research Council, 1991.

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11

Mathias, Dionei. Neue alte Welt und altes neues Ich: Diffusion migrationsbedingter Identitätsentwürfe in veränderten kulturgrafischen Zusammenhängen : eine Analyse zu Romanen von Andrea Levy, Meera Syal, Diran Adebayo und Hanif Kureishi. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, 2011.

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12

Mathias, Dionei. Neue alte Welt und altes neues Ich: Diffusion migrationsbedingter Identitätsentwürfe in veränderten kulturgrafischen Zusammenhängen : eine Analyse zu Romanen von Andrea Levy, Meera Syal, Diran Adebayo und Hanif Kureishi. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, 2011.

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13

Cwiertka, Katarzyna J., and Ewa Machotka, eds. Consuming Life in Post-Bubble Japan. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462980631.

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This multidisciplinary book analyses the contradictory coexistence of consumerism and environmentalism in contemporary Japan. It focuses on the dilemma that the diffusion of the concepts of sustainability and recycling has posed for everyday consumption practices, and on how these concepts have affected, and were affected by, the production and consumption of art. Special attention is paid to the changes in consumption practices and environmental consciousness among the Japanese public that have occurred since the 1990s and in the aftermath of the earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear disasters of March 2011.
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14

Blanuca, Viktor, Leonid Bezrukov, Egor Sherin, and Anatoliy Yakobson. Public geography: Digital priorities of the XXI century. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1863096.

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Social geography, aimed at understanding the territorial organization of society, has a number of digital priorities that have not been analyzed before. They are related to the objects and methods of research, as well as to the methods of visualization and the areas of application of the results obtained. The monograph analyzes the world experience of socio-geographical study of platform economy, telecommunication networks and "smart cities", the use of data mining, models of spatial diffusion of innovations and zoning, visualization through cartographic image, dendrogram and tag cloud, the implementation of research results in geographical expertise, regional policy and administrative-territorial division. It is intended for specialists, students and postgraduates.
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15

Xu, Hefan. Fragmented Society: The Diffusion of ICT and China's Modernization. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2019.

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16

Xu, Hefan. Fragmented Society: The Diffusion of ICT and China's Modernization. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2019.

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17

Xu, Hefan. Fragmented Society: The Diffusion of ICT and China's Modernization. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2019.

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18

Xu, Hefan. Fragmented Society: The Diffusion of ICT and China's Modernization. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2019.

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19

Lechman, Ewa. ICT Diffusion in Developing Countries: Towards a New Concept of Technological Takeoff. Springer London, Limited, 2015.

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20

Lechman, Ewa. ICT Diffusion in Developing Countries: Towards a New Concept of Technological Takeoff. Springer, 2015.

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21

Lechman, Ewa. ICT Diffusion in Developing Countries: Towards a New Concept of Technological Takeoff. Springer, 2016.

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22

Estrategies For Technological Diffusion And Adoption National Ict Approaches For Socioeconomic Development. Information Science Reference, 2011.

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23

(Editor), Soumitra Dutta, Irene Mia (Editor), and Augusto Lopez-Claros (Editor), eds. The Global Information Technology Report 2005-2006: Leveraging ICT for Development (World Economic Forum Reports). 5th ed. Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.

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24

Dwivedi, Yogesh, Richard Boateng, Emmanuel Ayaburi, and John Effah. ICT Unbounded, Social Impact of Bright ICT Adoption: IFIP WG 8.6 International Conference on Transfer and Diffusion of IT, TDIT 2019, Accra, Ghana, ... and Communication Technology ). Springer, 2019.

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25

Dwivedi, Yogesh, Richard Boateng, Emmanuel Ayaburi, and John Effah. ICT Unbounded, Social Impact of Bright ICT Adoption: IFIP WG 8.6 International Conference on Transfer and Diffusion of IT, TDIT 2019, Accra, Ghana, ... and Communication Technology ). Springer, 2020.

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26

Bianconi, Ginestra. Diffusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753919.003.0014.

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This chapter addresses diffusion, random walks and congestion in multilayer networks. Here it is revealed that diffusion on a multilayer network can be significantly speed up with respect to diffusion taking place on its single layers taken in isolation, and that sometimes it is possible also to observe super-diffusion. Diffusion is here characterized on multilayer network structures by studying the spectral properties of the supra-Laplacian and the dependence on the diffusion constant among different layers. Random walks and its variations including the Lévy Walk are shown to reflect the improved navigability of multilayer networks with more layers. These results are here compared with the results of traffic on multilayer networks that, on the contrary, point out that increasing the number of layers could be detrimental and could lead to congestion.
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27

Epstein, Ben. The Technological Imperative. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698980.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 is the second chapter dedicated to the technological imperative stage of the political communication cycle (PCC). It focuses on the technological component of political communication revolutions (PCRs) and addresses how the cost, rate of diffusion, and perceived benefits of each new information and communication technology (ICT) affects its political utility. In other words, chapter 3 evaluates how new ICTs become politically viable. A politically viable ICT does not enter American politics without active choices made on the part of political actors who try to use these new tools in innovative ways. All widely diffused ICTs do not share wide-scale political utility. As a result, some ICTs—like mass-marketed newspapers, radio, television, and the internet—have had a major impact on communication practices broadly and political communication innovations specifically, while others like the telephone and telegraph have transformed social communication but not political communication.
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28

Wilde, Elisabeth A., Kareem W. Ayoub, and Asim F. Choudhri. Diffusion Tensor Imaging. Edited by Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764228.013.10.

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Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a method of specifying and visualizing the functional integrity of white matter tracts that contribute to the functional and structural connectivity among different brain regions through the examination of water diffusion through tissue. It has gained rapid popularity in the past two decades, particularly for elucidating the process of normal white matter development and the effects of aging on it, as well as providing some insights into the possible neuroanatomical correlates of numerous psychiatric and neurologic disorders. This chapter outlines the instrumentation and the procedures employed in deriving estimates of the functional integrity of anatomical connections in the brain, and issues regarding the reliability and validity of the different DTI procedures are systematically addressed.
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29

Fisher, David J. Defects And Diffusion In Halides And Ice: A 7-year Retrospective. Scitec Pubns, 2004.

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30

Fisher, David. Defects and Diffusion in Halides and Ice - a 7-Year Retrospective. Trans Tech Publications, Limited, 2004.

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31

Ruck, Rob. Baseball’s Global Diffusion. Edited by Robert Edelman and Wayne Wilson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199858910.013.7.

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Baseball spread beyond US borders, taking hold in the Caribbean and parts of the Pacific, but never attained the global influence that British sport achieved. A. G. Spalding’s efforts to export the game and, with it, “American” values, via his 1888–1889 circumnavigation of the world met with little success. Baseball could not dislodge British football, rugby, and cricket, which had already gained purchase abroad due to Britain’s larger global presence. In the Caribbean, where baseball became the dominant sport, Cuba, Mexico, the Dominican Republic, and other countries made the game into their own national pastimes. Baseball there, open to players of all races and nations, modeled the democratic version of sport that would not exist in US pro leagues until integration after World War II. Since then, Major League Baseball has attracted ever-greater numbers of players from abroad, first from the Caribbean and more recently from Japan and Asia.
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32

Parks, Lisa. Water, Energy, Access. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039362.003.0005.

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This chapter describes a particular rural configuration of Internet infrastructure in Zambia. It shows that access in this location is contingent on water resources, which not only generate hydroelectricity for the Zambian power grid but are also necessary for prospective Internet users' everyday survival in the community of Macha. Understanding the materialization of Internet infrastructure in rural Zambia works to destabilize dominant discourses that posit ICT (information and communication technology) diffusion and adoption in rural Africa as a straightforward path to “modernization,” “development,” and “global integration,” and instead points to local political, economic, and cultural challenges to the Internet's globalization. The chapter then foregrounds the struggles and contestations that are part of infrastructure development; the energy and biopower that infrastructures rely on; the relationality of water, transportation, and information systems; and the alternate ways that people imagine, use, or respond to infrastructure.
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33

Weinel, Jonathan. Shamanic Diffusions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190671181.003.0006.

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This chapter explores how electroacoustic music takes the listener on a journey through unreal, imaginary, or hallucinatory sound-worlds. The chapter commences with a general explanation of electroacoustic music, and how it may allow illusory representations of real and unreal sounds and spaces. Following this, various compositions of electroacoustic music are discussed, which are explicitly based on altered states of consciousness such as dreams, shamanic visions, and hallucinations. It is proposed that the typical listening experience of these compositions can be characterized as introspective or meditative in form. The analysis of these works is also used to inform a conceptual model, which defines possible approaches for sound design related to altered states of consciousness according to several dimensions. In particular, this model considers approaches through which sound may either ‘represent’ or ‘induce’ altered states of consciousness—functions that are considered as distinct, yet related.
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34

Epstein, Ben. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698980.003.0001.

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This introduction serves several important goals. It lays out both the research objective and theoretical framework placing this study on an interdisciplinary foundation that combines work from political science, American political development, mass communication, history, and diffusion studies. It introduces the core concepts of the book, concentrated around a recurring multistage process called the political communication cycle (PCC). The three stages of the PCC, detailed in the following chapters, include the information and communications technology (ICT)–focused technological imperative phase; the political choice phase, which emphasizes the behavioral process central to innovation; and stabilization through the establishment of new norms, regulations, and institutions. This process has repeated throughout history, where long periods of relative stability, known as political communication orders (PCOs), are disrupted by shorter periods of permanent change, identified as political communication revolutions (PCRs). The introduction concludes by introducing the three claims that are used throughout the book and outlining the chapters that follow.
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35

Lenz, Tobias. Interorganizational Diffusion in International Relations. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823827.001.0001.

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How and under what conditions does the European Union (EU) shape processes of institution building in other regional organizations? This book develops and tests a theory of interorganizational diffusion in international relations that explains how successful pioneer organizations shape institutional choices in other organizations by affecting the institutional preferences and bargaining strategies of national governments. The author argues that Europe’s foremost regional organization systematically affects institution building abroad, but that such influence varies across different types of organization. Mixing quantitative and qualitative methods, it shows how the EU institutionally strengthens regional organizations through active engagement and by building its own institutions at home. Yet the contractual nature of other regional organizations bounds this causal influence: EU influence makes an identifiable difference primarily in those organizations that, like the EU itself, rest on an open-ended contract. Evidence for these claims is drawn from the statistical analysis of a dataset on the institutionalization of 35 regional organizations in the period from 1950 to 2017, as well as from detailed single and comparative case studies on institutional creation and (non-)change in the Southern African Development Community, Mercosur, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and the North American Free Trade Agreement.
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36

Henriksen, Niels Engholm, and Flemming Yssing Hansen. Introduction to Condensed-Phase Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805014.003.0009.

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This chapter discusses chemical reactions in solution; first, how solvents modify the potential energy surface of the reacting molecules and second, the role of diffusion. As a first approximation, solvent effects are described by models where the solvent is represented by a dielectric continuum, focusing on the Onsager reaction-field model for solvation of polar molecules. The reactants of bimolecular reactions are brought into contact by diffusion, and the interplay between diffusion and chemical reaction that determines the overall reaction rate is described. The solution to Fick’s second law of diffusion, including a term describing bimolecular reaction, is discussed. The limits of diffusion control and activation control, respectively, are identified. It concludes with a stochastic description of diffusion and chemical reaction based on the Fokker–Planck equation, which includes the diffusion of particles interacting via a potential U(r).
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37

Levi-Faur, David. Jack L. Walker, “The Diffusion of Innovations among the American States”. Edited by Martin Lodge, Edward C. Page, and Steven J. Balla. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.013.6.

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This chapter focuses on Jack L. Walker’s 1969 paper “The Diffusion of Innovations among the American States,” which analyzes the phenomenon of diffusion as well as interdependent decision-making in a collective setting. The chapter summarizes Walker’s arguments and the reception of his work in, and its influence on, the field of political science. It then considers the research questions posed, such as why some states act as pioneers by adopting new programs more readily than others, and whether there are more or less stable patterns of diffusion of innovations. It also revisits Walker’s debate with Virginia Gray with regards to the latter’s seminal study “Innovation in the States: A Diffusion Study.” The chapter offers some suggestions on the future progress of diffusion scholarship and its potential to redefine our understanding of politics and policy.
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38

Oeuvre de la propagation de la foi., ed. Circulaire: J'ai l'honneur de vous transmettre un certain nombre d'exemplaires des nos 88, 89 ( le 90e n'est pas encore arrivé ici) et 91 des Annales de la propagation de la foi .. [S.l: s.n., 1986.

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39

Epstein, Charles L., and Rafe Mazzeo. Maximum Principles and Uniqueness Theorems. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157122.003.0003.

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This chapter proves maximum principles for two parabolic and elliptic equations from which the uniqueness results follow easily. It also considers the main consequences of the maximum principle, both for the model operators on an open orthant and for the general Kimura diffusion operators on a compact manifold with corners, as well as their elliptic analogues. Of particular note in this regard is a generalization of the Hopf boundary point maximum principle. The chapter first presents maximum principles for the model operators before discussing Kimura diffusion operators on manifolds with corners. It then describes maximum principles for the heat equation as well as the corresponding maximum principle and uniqueness result for Kimura diffusion equations.
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40

Guthrie-Shimizu, Sayuri. Diffusion and Transformation of Western Sports in North Asia. Edited by Robert Edelman and Wayne Wilson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199858910.013.24.

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This chapter tracks the diffusion of Western-style athletic culture in Japan and Korea since the late nineteenth century. It argues that modern teach sport was introduced to Japan and Korea by British and American educators and Christian missionaries. Many Western team sports were introduced to North Asia by the YMCA. Japan sought excellence in Olympic sports before World War II as evidence of its modernity. Sport served in Korea as a mechanism for expressing anticolonial nationalism. After World War II, economic growth enabled both nations to allocate more resources to excellence in elite sport. Hosting the Asian Games and the Olympics were considered by both Japan and Korea as a stepping-stone to achieving first-class nation status and international recognition.
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41

Epstein, Charles L., and Rafe Mazzeo. Degenerate Diffusion Operators Arising in Population Biology (AM-185). Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157122.001.0001.

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This book provides the mathematical foundations for the analysis of a class of degenerate elliptic operators defined on manifolds with corners, which arise in a variety of applications such as population genetics, mathematical finance, and economics. The results discussed in this book prove the uniqueness of the solution to the martingale problem and therefore the existence of the associated Markov process. The book uses an “integral kernel method” to develop mathematical foundations for the study of such degenerate elliptic operators and the stochastic processes they define. The precise nature of the degeneracies of the principal symbol for these operators leads to solutions of the parabolic and elliptic problems that display novel regularity properties. Dually, the adjoint operator allows for rather dramatic singularities, such as measures supported on high codimensional strata of the boundary. The book establishes the uniqueness, existence, and sharp regularity properties for solutions to the homogeneous and inhomogeneous heat equations, as well as a complete analysis of the resolvent operator acting on Hölder spaces. It shows that the semigroups defined by these operators have holomorphic extensions to the right half plane. The book also demonstrates precise asymptotic results for the long-time behavior of solutions to both the forward and backward Kolmogorov equations.
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42

McAnany, Emile G. Globalization, Discourse, and Development Communication. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036774.003.0003.

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This chapter examines the role of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in crafting the modernization-diffusion paradigm and making it a dominant theory in the field of communication for development (c4d). It first provides a background on how UNESCO got into the communication business before explaining how the modernization-diffusion paradigm reached a wider audience by relating it to the nature of the UN system as an early form of globalization. It then discusses how UNESCO helped to define and then implement the paradigm by focusing on one of its major media projects to illustrate how practice and theory are mutually reinforcing: the use of radio, as a mass communication medium, in combination with the power of group discussion in promoting change in rural India. This chapter shows that institutions—in this case, UNESCO—play an important role in the development of a paradigm and its diffusion.
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43

Epstein, Charles L., and Rafe Mazzeo. The Semi-group on. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157122.003.0012.

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This chapter deals with the semi-group on the space Β‎⁰(P). It first describes the boundary behavior of elements of the adjoint operator at points in the interiors of hypersurface boundary components before discussing the null-space of the adjoint under the hypothesis that a generalized Kimura diffusion operator, L, meets bP cleanly. It then examines long time asymptotics, along with a lemma in which P is a compact manifold with corners and L is a generalized Kimura diffusion on P. It also considers the existence of irregular solutions to the homogeneous equations Lu = f, for functions that do not belong to the range of the generator of a C⁰-semi-group on Β‎⁰(P).
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44

Dearing, James W., Kerk F. Kee, and Tai-Quan Peng. Historical Roots of Dissemination and Implementation Science. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683214.003.0003.

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This chapter describes the evolution of diffusion of innovations theory, and how concepts from that paradigm as well as knowledge utilization and technology transfer research have contributed to the evidence-based medicine and evidence-based public health emphases in dissemination and implementation. It covers methods of studying how new innovations are adopted. The authors suggest that dissemination and implementation researchers and practitioners will continue to find relevance and applicability in these former research traditions as they seek ways to study and apply new information and communication technologies to the challenges of dissemination activity by innovation proponents, diffusion responses by adopters, and then subsequent implementation and sustained use.
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45

Resnick, Danielle. Foreign Aid and Democratization in Developing Countries. Edited by Carol Lancaster and Nicolas van de Walle. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199845156.013.17.

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This article examines how donors influence democracy through foreign aid. Focusing on development aid and democracy assistance, it considers three mechanisms through which aid is disbursed: the diffusion of norms and knowledge, the provision of incentives, and the use of coercion. The article first looks at different types of foreign aid before providing a conceptualization of the democratization process. It then discusses the mechanisms linking different types of aid with elements of democratization and how well these mechanisms have worked in practice. It argues that coercion has been most conducive at influencing democratic transitions and addressing breakdown. Norms and knowledge diffusion as well as incentives are more directly influential, in both positive and negative ways, on issues of accountability and competitive party systems.
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46

Kreit, John W. Gas Exchange. Edited by John W. Kreit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190670085.003.0002.

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Gas Exchange explains how four processes—delivery of oxygen, excretion of carbon dioxide, matching of ventilation and perfusion, and diffusion—allow the respiratory system to maintain normal partial pressures of oxygen (PaO2) and carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in the arterial blood. Partial pressure is important because O2 and CO2 molecules diffuse between alveolar gas and pulmonary capillary blood and between systemic capillary blood and the tissues along their partial pressure gradients, and diffusion continues until the partial pressures are equal. Ventilation is an essential part of gas exchange because it delivers O2, eliminates CO2, and determines ventilation–perfusion ratios. This chapter also explains how and why abnormalities in each of these processes may reduce PaO2, increase PaCO2, or both.
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47

Ansermet, J. Ph. Spintronics with metallic nanowires. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533060.013.3.

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This article focuses on spintronics with metallic nanowires. It begins with a review of the highlights of spintronics research, paying attention to the very important developments accomplished with tunnel junctions. It then considers the effect of current on magnetization before discussing spin diffusion and especially spin-dependent conductivities, spin-diffusion lengths, and spin accumulation. It also examines models for spin-polarized currents acting on magnetization, current-induced magnetization switching, and current-driven magnetic excitations. It concludes with an overview of resonant-current excitations, with emphasis on spin-valves and tunnel junctions as well as resonant excitation of spin-waves, domain walls and vortices. In addition, the article reflects on the future of spintronics, citing in particular the potential of the spin Hall effect as the method of generating spin accumulation, free of charge accumulation.
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48

Epstein, Charles L., and Rafe Mazzeo. Introduction. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157122.003.0001.

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This book proves the existence, uniqueness and regularity results for a class of degenerate elliptic operators known as generalized Kimura diffusions, which act on functions defined on manifolds with corners. It presents a generalization of the Hopf boundary point maximum principle that demonstrates, in the general case, how regularity implies uniqueness. The book is divided in three parts. Part I deals with Wright–Fisher geometry and the maximum principle; Part II is devoted to an analysis of model problems, and includes degenerate Hölder spaces; and Part III discusses generalized Kimura diffusions. This introductory chapter provides an overview of generalized Kimura diffusions and their applications in probability theory, model problems, perturbation theory, main results, and alternate approaches to the study of similar degenerate elliptic and parabolic equations.
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49

Ince, Can, and Alexandre Lima. Monitoring the microcirculation in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0142.

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The microcirculation is the key physiological compartment of the cardiovascular system where oxygen is delivered by convection and diffusion to respiring parenchymal cells to support cellular, and thereby organ, function. The microcirculation consists of microvessels less than 100 µmin diameter consisting of arterioles, capillaries, and venules. The smallest vessels (<6 µm) are the capillaries where most oxygen leaves the circulation by passive diffusion to cells. The critical role of the microcirculation has long been recognized, although it has recently been possible to image its function at the bedside, thus making it a clinically important compartment to monitor. Prior to this type of monitoring, peripheral perfusion was used as a surrogate before more advanced optical techniques were developed to image microcirculatory function both non-invasively and at the bedside. This chapter provides a brief overview of microcirculatory assessment.
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50

Taylor, Matthew. The Global Spread of Football. Edited by Robert Edelman and Wayne Wilson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199858910.013.8.

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This chapter offers new ways of conceptualizing the spread of association football across the world from the late nineteenth century. It rejects “diffusion,” a term that implies a unidirectional and uncomplicated journey and disregards the bumps and barriers that football faced and the twisted routes it actually took. Drawing instead on notions of cultural transfer, exchange, and circulation and using examples from Europe, Latin America, Africa, Asia, and Australasia, it argues that the spread of the game was frequently the result of a range of cross-cultural influences. Critiquing the assumed primacy of the British in existing accounts, this chapter also stresses the role of mobile individuals and groups and members of migrant or transnational communities in spreading the game. It suggests that the numerous and contorted paths along which the game traveled complicates the linear explanations of diffusion that have dominated nation-based histories.
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