Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'ICT audit'

The aim of this thesis is to define the audit issues regarding IS/ICT sector, creating a summary of standards, frameworks and best practices in IS/ICT - usable for IS auditing and mutual mapping of selected standards to the chosen reference framwork of ICT and following related goal is to make a procedure for the mapping of IT processes on standards in the field of IS/ICT. The aim of this thesis is description and mapping of the most important methodologies, standards and best practices related to the management and audit of IS/ICT and following related goal is building a procedure that allows the company to assess readiness for the certification of any of the selected standards, implement an alternative methodology for IT management or audit IS/ICT. First, the notion of audit is defined and discussed, followed by the discussion of the issue of IT audit, together with the financial audit. This is followed by a description of the different methodologies and approaches, which I used in my work. The chapter continues the description of methodology section that describes the mapping results. The actual mapping is in a separate Excel file and is part of this thesis. In the next chapter there is a procedure for mapping of business processes to different methodologies and standards used for management and audit of IS / ICT, which was created by myself.

The thesis is focused on the implementation of a software tool to increase the effectiveness of cyber security management. The tool is implemented in a company preparing to be classified as a part of critical information infrastructure. Based on the customer's requirements, a suitable cyber security management tool is selected. Subsequently, I propose a methodology for implementing the tool, which I immediately apply. The output of the work is an implemented tool, risk analysis and security documentation required by law.

Samhället idag är beroende av energi för att fungera och att eftersträva utveckling av förnybar energi bör ha högsta prioritet. År 2013 produceras 81,6% av världens totala energi av fossila bränslen. Bostads- och servicesektorn står idag för 38 % av Sveriges totala energianvändning. På grund av att bostäder och lokaler står för så stor del av energianvändningen är det väldigt viktigt att ha noggrann koll på energiprestandan av byggnader och lokaler samt vilka energieffektiviseringar som kan utföras. Sörbyskolan är belägen i södra delen av Gävle och fastigheten ägs och förvaltas av Gavlefastigheter. År 2015 planerar Gavlefastigheter en renovering av Sörbyskolan och vill ta fram energieffektiviseringsförslag. Skolan är uppdelad på sex byggnader som inkluderar en matsal, en gymnastiksal, en förskola och tre andra skolbyggnader. I denna rapport har förskolan med tillhörande passage undersökts. Förskolan och passagen är ett envåningshus med en area på 883 m2. Speciellt för passagen är att den är uppvärmd med direktverkande elenergi. Undersökningen har skett i simuleringsprogrammet IDA Indoor Climate and Energy. Boverket har satt upp riktlinjer och krav för hur mycket energi nybyggda lokaler och bostäder får använda beroende på vilken klimatzon byggnaden befinner sig i. Gävleborg befinner sig i klimatzon II och lokaler i denna klimatzon får max använda 100 kWh/m2, år. En basmodell av hur bygganden ser ut idag skapades för att identifiera vart de största energiförlusterna sker. Sedan jämfördes olika energieffektiviseringar med basmodellen för att se hur mycket energi som potentiellt skulle kunna sparas. Basmodellen skapades genom att få fram information om byggnaden och mata in i IDA ICE. Informationen skaffades bl.a. genom en fysisk undersökning, intervjuer, jämförelse med andra byggnader på Sörbyskolan m.m. Arbetet visar fördelningen av till- och bortförd energi i byggnaden och vilka energieffektiviseringsåtgärder som är mest lämpliga för att minska energianvändningen. Resultatet pekar på att byta till nya energieffektiva fönster ger den största energibesparingen och totalt sparas 19,8 kWh/m2,år. Om alla energieffektiviseringsåtgärder utförs ger det en energibesparing på 37,8 kWh/m2,år. Det har gjorts mycket antaganden och uppskattningar för att skapa basmodellen vilket gör att den skiljer sig en del ifrån verkligheten. För att få en mer korrekt modell skulle fler fysiska undersökningar och mätningar behöva utföras på byggnaden.
Today’s society is very dependent on energy to function and to pursue development of renewable energy should have the highest priority. In 2013 81.6 % of the total produced energy in the world came from fossil fuels. The residential and service sector stands for 38 % of Sweden’s total energy use. Due to that fact it’s very important to have careful track of the energy performance of buildings and premises and what energy efficiencies can be applied. The school is located in south of Gävle and the property is owned and managed by Gavlefastigheter. In 2015 Gavlefastigheter is planning a renovation of the school and wants to develop energy efficiency proposals. The school is divided into six buildings which includes a dining hall, a gymnasium, a preschool and three other school buildings. In this rapport the preschool with appurtenant passage have been examined. The preschool and the passage is a one story building with an area of 883 m2. Particularly for the passage is that it’s heated with direct electricity. The survey have been conducted in a simulation program called IDA Indoor Climate and Energy. Boverket has set up guidelines and requirements for how much energy the newly built premises and residences may use depending on which climate zone the building is located. Gävleborg is located in climate zone II and premises in this climate zone may use a maximum of 100 kWh/m2 per year. A base model of the buildings current state were created to identify where the biggest energy losses occur. Afterwards the different energy efficiency proposals were compared with the base model to see how much energy could be saved. The base model were created by collecting data to IDA ICE. The data was collected by a physical inspection, interviews, comparison with another building on the school of Sörby etc. This work shows the distribution of supplied and xx energy in the building and what energy efficiency action that is most suitable to reduce the energy use. The result points to switching to new energy efficient windows gives the biggest savings in energy and a total of 19.8 kWh/m2, year can be saved. If all proposals is performed that will give a total saving of 37.8 kWh/m2, year. There have been a lot of assumptions and estimates to create the base model which makes it somewhat different from reality. To get a more correct model more physical examinations and measurements would be needed.

The global share from buildings towards energy usage in residential and commercial buildings have been increasing constantly reaching between 20% to 40% in developed countries and has overtook the other major sectors: industrial and transportation. Energy demand reduction in the building sector is important for Sweden to achieve national energy aims for reduced energy use in the future.  For this reason, energy efficiency measures in buildings today is one of the main objective for energy policy towards 2020 goals.   This project moves on the same path to find energy efficiency potential in Fridhemsskolan buildings in Gävle, Sweden by performing energy audit using IDA-ICE software to simulate energy performance for the buildings under study. In addition, measurements have been made on three of the school buildings named Hus 1, Hus 2 and Hus 3.   The results include different energy efficiency retrofits on each building and economic analysis of these retrofits for each building individually and for the whole buildings together. The presented measures are reducing working hours of the ventilation system in Hus 2, change of CAV system with VAV system in (Hus 1 and Hus 2) and lights changing to LED, s efficient lights and building envelope improvement which includes walls and roof extra insulation and windows replacement.   Replacement of the CAV system in Hus 1 and Hus 2 were not economically beneficial when considering their high cost compared to energy reduction that can be achieved by applying them. On the other hand, energy retrofits analysis showed that combination of the following energy efficiency measures is the most effective and profitable: extra insulation (walls and roof), windows replacement and lights change to LED in the three buildings. In addition to these measure is reducing running hours of the ventilation system in Hus 2.   Implementation of the recommended energy efficiency measures will save 120, 737 kWh/ year of the district heating and 21, 962 kWh/year electricity consumption with capital investment of 417, 396 SEK and 98, 957 SEK/ year cost saving with payback period of 4.2 years. These figures represent 40.3% and 18.1% reduction in district heating and electricity energy use respectively.   Since reducing working hours of ventilation system measure has no capital investment and have the highest figure of energy reduction it reduces payback period significantly. In case the amount of money saved by this measure doesn’t consider; payback period for the other measures which require capital investment will be 13.5 years and the energy saving in terms of cost will be 30, 874 SEK/ year.

Koldioxidnivåerna ökar i takt med en allt högre världslig energianvändning. Detta har lett till reglering och bestämmelser av utsläppsrätter samt energianvändning. För att stoppa den globala uppvärmningen och minska energianvändningen har EU enats om fyra gemensamma mål att uppnå till år 2020, även benämnda 20-20-20 målen. Lika så har Sverige satt upp egna miljömål att sträva efter till år 2020. De omfattar en ökning av andel förnyelsebar energi med minst 50 procent, effektivisera energianvändningen med minst 20 procent samt öka andelen förnyelsebar energi i transportsektorn med minst 10 procent.  Tack vare lagar gällande krav på skärpt energianvändning och utsläpp strävar företag mot användandet av energieffektivare teknik och ett mer energimedvetet beteende. Energikartläggning är ett viktigt samt effektivt verktyg vid kartläggning och illustrering av ett företags energianvändning för underlättande och tydliggörande av framtida åtgärd samt förbättring.  Examensarbetet syftar till att åskådliggöra Kv. Fredens energianvändning samt ta fram ekonomiskt genomförbara energibesparande åtgärder för att sänka energianvändningen både för denna och liknande byggnader. Till hjälp för utförande har sex frågeställningar använts vilka berör och syftar till att ta reda på energifördelningen i byggnaden, brister i drift och uppehållande av inomhusklimat samt ta fram kostnadseffektiva lösningar för val av åtgärd.För tillvägagång av arbetet har fem metoder valts för besvarande av frågeställningar. En litteraturstudie utfördes med hjälp av nyckelord som ”Energy saving”, ”Energy audit” samt ”Behaviour” i online-databaser för vetenskapliga artiklar. Därefter utfördes en empirisk analys av tillhandahållen data för byggnaden, vilket möjliggjorde modellering och simulering av byggnaden i programmet IDA ICE 4.6.1. För styrkande av antaganden samt undersökning av energimedvetet beteende utfördes termografering och en kvalitativ enkätundersökning.  Efter utförande av arbetet med hjälp av nämnda metoder, konstateras bristfällig ventilation. Vid simulerad installation av FTX i byggnaden uppnås en maximal energibesparing på dryga 17 procent, vilket motsvarar en slutlig energianvändning på 97 kWh/m2. Simulerade åtgärder, exklusive FTX, vilka visar sig vara mest lönsamma för byggnaden är tätning av dörrar och fönster för minskad infiltration. Dessa två simulerade åtgärder är de mest kostnadseffektiva simulerade lösningarna för Kv. Freden samt liknande byggnader.   Den simulerade energianvändningen för byggnaden representeras av 29 procent elanvändning samt 71 procent fjärrvärmeanvändning, vilka förhåller sig till en tillförlitlighet motsvarande 97,5 procent respektive 96 procent jämfört med energidata tillhandahållen av Gävle Energi. Simuleringsprogrammet IDA ICE visade sig vara ett effektivt hjälpmedel vid simulering av en byggnads energianvändning samt applicering av möjliga åtgärder.
Carbon dioxide levels are increasing as a consequence of larger energy use worldwide. This has led to regulations and rules of emission and energy consumption. In order to stop global warming and reduce energy consumption, EU has agreed on four common goals to achieve by the year 2020, also known as the 20-20-20 goals. Sweden has also come up with its own environmental goals to achieve by the year 2020. They include increasing the share of renewable energy by at least 50 percent, improve the use of energy by at least 20 percent and increase the share of renewable energy in the transportation sector by at least 10 percent.   Due to the laws and requirements related to stricter energy consumption and carbon emissions companies strive to use more energy efficient technology and more energyconscious behavior. Energy audit is an effective and an important tool in identifying and illustrating a company's energy usage for the clarification of future measures and improvement.  The thesis aims to illustrate Kv. Freden's use of energy and come up with both economically and energy saving measures to reduce its and other similar building's energy consumption. Six questions have been used to determine the energy distribution in the building and find defects in the management and maintenance of the indoor climate and develop cost-effective solutions for the choice of measures.   Five methods were chosen for approaching and answering the questions. A literature review was performed using keywords such as "Energy Saving", "Energy Audit" and "Behaviour" in online databases containing scientific articles. Thereafter an empirical analysis of the data supplied for the building was performed, which enabled modeling and simulation of the building in the program IDA ICE 4.6.1. A thermography and a qualitative survey regarding energy conscious behavior were performed as proof of assumptions.  The ventilation in this thesis is found inadequate after applied methods.  With simulated FTX-systems installed in the building, a maximum energy saving potential about 17 percent is achieved, which corresponds to a energy use of 97 kWh/m2. Excluding FTX, the simulated measures which prove to be the most profitable for the building is the sealing of doors and windows in order to reduce infiltration. These two measures are the most cost effective energy saving solutions regarding Kv. Freden and similar buildings.  The building's simulated energy use is represented by 29 percent electricity and 71 percent of district heating usage, which compared with the energy data provided by Gävle Energi relates to a reliability equivalent to 97.5 percent and 96 percent. The simulation program IDA ICE proved to be an efficient tool for the simulation of a building's energy use and application of possible measures.

The industrial sector accounts for almost 40 % of the Swedish energy use and in order to meet the EU’s 2020 targets, an efficient production of high quality and great finish goods are more and more in demand. Moreover, it is important to develop the activities with the lowest environmental impact possible.  The energy audit process is an effective tool to achieve it. Thus, in this document the energy audit of an industrial company, Automat Industrier in Gävle, Sweden, was carried out. The energy balance of the building and the potential energy efficiency measures were analyzed with the IDA ICE simulation. The proposed energy retrofitting was apropos of the building envelope, the lighting system, the ventilation system and the installation of a PV system on the roof of the building. The survey indicated that the potential energy savings of the company accounted for 62.5 % of the current electricity use and 48.8 % of the current DH use if all the proposed ameliorations were performed. The main promoter of the electricity savings is the installation of the PV system, with 85 % of influence. Almost 90 % of the DH savings are due to the measures in the ventilation system. Financially, these savings can reach the amounts of 531 597 SEK/year for electricity and 174 201 SEK/year for DH. Nevertheless, the ameliorations regarding the building envelope have very long payback periods. Thus, it was recommended to not pursue them. Fortunately, the energy efficiency measures providing the greatest savings’ payback periods are between 3.47 years and 10.22 years long. As they are independent from each other, the owner has the freedom to decide whether to apply them or not and when if so.

This project explores the future of podcasting as a digital audio media format for stories. As podcasts continue to grow in popularity the medium becomes more and more influential amongst all age groups. Unfortunately, existing solutions do not give enough attention to all possible aspects of the medium. Podcasts carry an untapped potential as they are often treated similarly to music files. This project consists of a platform, Cast3, with two separate products directed to listeners and creators of audio stories. The platform gives users a possibility to connect with similar minded people around specific topics through clubs. Inspiration and Method To understand the needs of listeners and creators of the stories, I immersed myself with the storytelling world and conducted a thorough research with conversations with both users groups, opportunities evaluations and concepts testing. The insights gathered during the research brought the conclusion that both listeners and creators tend to want more involvement and have stronger community gathered around audio stories. That is why the project’s goal is to form an audio story community for listeners and creators, where they connect through similar interests and share inspiring content. Result The final outcome of the project consists of a platform Cast3 that has 2 separate products directed to listeners and creators of audio stories. The platform gives users a possibility to connect with similar minded people around specific topics through clubs. The clubs are the spaces where listeners can exchange information, discover new content through a word of mouth and bond with the creators through live shows. The creators’ needs are supported through specialised tools that help to record stories and help to learn more about the listeners. The users of the platform can interact with audio stories through a redefined media format called freecasting. The new format improves a listening experience and respond to presently existing needs of listeners as well as creators.

The main aim of the study is to investigate the flows of information and the impact and added value of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) on the integration of information flows. This concept is related to the optimal design of organisational (and other) systems that allow the right decision to be made by the right person at the right time in an appropriate location. Clearly, information that is often distributed needs to come together in an efficient way to allow the best use of resources to maximize the information value. The virtual organisation (VO) is a new style of working that allows completion of tasks across time and location. The use of ICTs is viewed as a facilitator of these tasks and their application provides good examples to extend their use. The most common types of VOs are home offices, teleworking centres, mobile offices and `hotelling'. Teleworkers still face several problems, such as managing their work, lack of appropriate communications to complete their work efficiently, and isolation. This study applied an information-driven approach to investigate the current problems in the teleworking environment, and solutions are proposed to improve the flow of information in the VOs. The data required were collected by questionnaire survey, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis. Members of the Telework Association (TCA) in the UK were invited to take part in this survey, and 153 out of 800 respondents came from this source. From subsequent analysis of the data collected, there is indeed an issue with the use and integration of information flows in VOs. An in depth study of six individual cases revealed a lack of information sharing, poor understanding of information needs, and low rates of access to online information. Soft solutions can be achieved through understanding information needs, developing information policy, and training. Hard solutions can be achieved through using online information, using workflow software, upgrading the speed of Internet connection, using information sharing systems, and arranging more open access to information. Some indicators of future research can be mentioned, particularly in conducting the second generation of information audit in teleworking practice, to study knowledge management (KM) practices in teleworking, to develop information policies to enhance teleworking practices, to focus on the information needs of teleworkers, to evaluate the impact of software applications (such as workflow software), to implement information sharing systems, and to study the impact of training on information retrieval and use.

The increasing attention towards energy efficiency issues has triggered an important process involving the renovation of existing buildings and, at the same time, the creation of recognized certifications assuring the quality of the projects. In line with this trend, the Sweco headquarters, an office building characterized by 24700 m2 of floor area and located in Stockholm, was totally retrofitted in 2012 and obtained the Gold rating after being assessed with the Miljöbyggnad certification procedure. The HVAC system was a key element of the retrofit project since one of the final aims was to combine high indoor environment standards with efficient system performances. However, even if the quality of the design is certified, it is possible that, under real operating conditions, complex systems behave differently from the expectations and adjustments are necessary to correct the emerged gap. To achieve this goal, it is essential to identify the points of weakness of the system by carrying out an energy performance analysis, which is the core of this project. In fact, after providing an overview of the building and the retrofit, this work focuses on the analysis of the cooling system installed in the Sweco building and proves the importance of adopting a step-by-step approach to the problem. Therefore, an increasing level of detail characterizes each step of the analysis, whose final aim is to highlight potential aspects to be improved and create a baseline to test possible solutions.
SIRen

År 2014 trädde lagen om energikartläggning i stora företag, även känd som EKL, i kraft och sedan dess har energikartläggningarna tagit god fart. Med lagen om energikartläggning i större företag har drömmen om en utsläppsneutral framtid kommit ett steg närmare relisering. Denna rapport är ett av många steg som krävs för att göra världen till en mer sund och framtidssäker plats att leva på. Energikartläggningar ämnar att skapa en uppfattning om fastigheters energianvändning och dess potential till förbättringar. Denna energikartläggning behandlar Gårda 19:12, en kontorsfastighet i Göteborg där kommunalt ägda förvaltningsbolaget Higab står som förvaltare. Energikartläggningen behandlar energin ämnad åt fastighetsdrift då det är detta som Higab råder över. Verksamhetsdrift behandlas  endast kort utan noggrannare analyser då det inte är av beställares intresse. Fokus ligger på stödprocesser som verksamheten i fastigheten inte råder över. Mätningar har genomförts vid upprepade besök och inventeringar i fastigheten och nödvändiga beräkningar har genomförts baserat på insamlad information och standardiserad brukarindata. Simuleringsprogrammet IDA ICE har använts för att simulera nyttan av åtgärdsförslag presenterade i slutet av kartläggningsrapporten. Energikartläggningen av fastighetens energianvändning baseras på faktiska mätningar och systemanalyser baserat på tillhandahållen information av fastighetsförvaltare. Analyserad fastighet är från 1987 och har sedan tidigare ett lågt energibehov och klarar redan idag under en mild vinter kraven för nybyggnation. Energibärare in till fastigheten är fjärrvärme och el. Inkommande energi kommer i rapporten redovisas under användningsområde. Med energikartläggningen har fastighetsdriften kartlagts till att stå för 77,6 % av totalt använd energi uppdelat på belysning, lokalvärme, lokalkyla, ventilation, tappvarmvatten och användning av hissar. Energianvändning uppdelat på dessa användningsområden kommer att presenteras i rapporten samt systemens uppbyggnad och användning inom fastigheten. Fokus i energikartläggningen ligger i att indentifiera och analysera energianvändarna i fastigheten och kommer att mynna ut i ett antal åtgärdsförslag av olika storlek i investering och energibesparing. Beräkningar och mätningar visar att den specifika energianvändningen för fastighetsdrift är 47,5 kWh/m2Atemp. Fastigheten är bra optimerad i många energianvändningsområden. Energikartläggningen gör det tydligt att belysning står för en betydande del av energianvändningen på knappt 19 % av total fastighetsenergi. Av denna anledning riktas tre av åtta åtgärdsförslag åt syftet att sänka byggnadens energianvändning inom belysning. Resterande åtgärdsförlag är inom områdena ventilation, installation av solceller och tappvarmvatten.
As a result of the EU energy efficency directive, in 2014 the government decided about the law of energy audit in big companies. Since then, the speed of which companies does energy audits have greatly increased. This is a major step towards an energy neutral society. In 2014, the law on energy audits for large companies came into force and since then, energy audits have taken a good pace. With EKL, the dream of a emission-neutral future has come one step closer to realization. This report is one of many steps required to make the world a more healthy and future-proof place to live in for the current and future generations. The work with energy audits aims to provide an idea of ​​the energy use of real estate and its potential for improvement. This energy audit deals with Gårda 19:12, an office property in Gothenburg, where municipal-owned company Higab stands as property manager. The energy audit deals with the energy intended for maintaining property functions, as this is what Higab can control. It does not cover business operations completely, but is covered briefly without more accurate analyzes as it is not of the client's interest. The focus is on support processes. The IDA ICE simulation program has been used to simulate the benefits of action proposals. The energy mapping of the property's energy use is based on actual measurements and system analyzes, measured or provided by property manager. The property was built in 1987 and has a low energy requirement as it is, and does during mild winters already meet the requirement for new constructions. Energy carriers to the property are district heating and electricity and will be divided into their application area in the report. With this energy audit, energy used for maintaining property functions has been surveyed to account for 77.6% of total energy usage, consumed by lighting, heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water and the use of lifts. The focus of the energy audit lies in identifying and analyzing energy users in the property and will result in several measures of varied sizes in investment and energy saving. Calculations and measurements show that the specific energy use for real estate operations is 47.5 kWh/m2 compared to 58.93 kWh/m2, which was the total energy use in 2016. The property is well optimized in many energy applications. After completion of the survey, lighting accounts for a significant part of energy use of more than 18 % of total property energy. For this reason, three of eight measures are aimed at reducing the building's energy use in lighting. Remaining measures covers ventilation, installation of solar panels (for electricity) and tap water.

Rönnbyskolan and Rönnby förskola is a school area situated in the city of Västerås, Sweden that consist of a total of five buildings. The main buildings are built in 1973 which makes their energy use of interest. Due to the individual goals for Sweden to lower its energy use by 2020, the city of Västerås has begun an energy efficiency process to reduce energy use in potential buildings. In this degree project, a survey of the buildings’ energy consumption has been reviewed and possible energy reduction methods have been presented. This was made by studying the surveys of the buildings ventilation systems, the heating systems, the envelope and the buildings application by taking measurements. The results from the measurements have been studied and confirmed with the literature study and suggestions of energy effective solutions are presented based on energy calculations. Based on the results, four different technological installations and four building engineering actions have been evaluated. The calculations were supplemented with a model built and simulated in the simulation tool IDA ICE. Economical aspects were taken into account, which shows the connection between energy savings and economic profit. Due to high investment costs, only a few actions were cost effective. The result of the study showed that the buildings can reduce their energy consumption by 17 % or 34 kWh/ m2, year using the measures that turned out profitable.

Energy efficiency in the building sector is crucial for many countries in succeeding with the completion of goals regarding energy efficiency. This study has investigated if there are any possible and reasonable solutions for Attefallshus in Sweden to meet the demands of the National Board of Housing regarding energy performance in houses. By building a model and calculating the annual energy usage for a specific Attefallshus, through simulations with the software IDA ICE and general input, an energy audit has been obtained. By comparing the specific energy usage for the studied case with the requirement the conclusion that it is possible for this small building to achieve a low enough energy usage to meet the demand. Solar cells are the key to accomplish the target of a low specific energy usage and by combining this with an effective system for heating it possible to get under the limit. The usage of domestic hot water is a very large part of the building specific energy usage and alone almost reaches the set bounds which is why it is of great importance to carefully design systems and to regain heat with effective ventilation. A large part of the energy usage in Attefallshus is related to the user why awareness and careful usage of energy is a significant factor in reaching a low specific energy usage.

Tången 2 is a building situated in Stockholm, Sweden. It´s built in the 1930s and contains both residences and businesses. The property owner, Diligentia AB, wants to lower the energy use in Tången 2. This report consists of an energy audit which clarifies the specific circumstances linked to Tången 2. Collected knowledge is then used, together with the results from the literature study, to decide energy measures to proceed with. Result from the energy audit suggests a high potential to lower the energy use. To calculate the potential energy saving of chosen measures, a model of the building was constructed in IDA ICE. Collected data from the energy audit was used as input in the model. Simulation results suggest that there are several possible measures to implement, both constructional and technical. Results from the economical calculations suggest that there´s a connection between energy saving and investment cost. Even though the energy saving potential of a single measure is significant, it´s not cost effective if it consists of a high investment cost. Results from the study are presented as a program of measures that will lower the energy use and save the owner money in the long run. This study shows that even for a building with big energy saving potential, it´s hard to lower the energy use significantly and maintain a profit. The program of measures suggested in this report has an energy saving potential of 11 % and an IRR of 7, 7 %.

Europeiska unionen som helhet är en av de största energianvändarna och har en av världens största utsläpp av växthusgaser. För att minska globala uppvärmningen har mål sats upp för att medeltemperaturen på jorden inte ska öka mer än 2 grader sen förindustrielltid. Närmare 40 % av Sveriges totala energianvändning kommer från bostads- och servicesektorn detta i samband med att 2020-målen närmar sig bidrar till att energieffektiviseringar i byggnader blir allt mer essentiellt. Energikartläggningar är ett verktyg för att bestämma vad som har stört energibesparingspotential innan effektiviseringsåtgärder sker. Examensarbetet inkluderar en energikartläggning av Trödje skola som förvaltas av Gavlefastigheter. Arbetet är utfört med simuleringsverktyget IDA Indoor Climate and Energy. IDA ICE användes för att modulera den befintliga byggnaden där all data för skolan inkluderades. Rapportens vision är att undersöka hur mycket energi som är möjlig att spara genom energibesparingsåtgärder samt vilken åtgärd som är effektivast. Energibesparingspotentialen i skolan är hög, skolan använder 42,6 kWh/m2år mer än genomsnittet för Gavlefastigheters skolor vilket motsvarar 21 %. Resultaten visar att skolans komplexitet samt att påbyggnationen även kallad paviljongen är en stor faktor till att energianvändningen är hög. Skolans energianvändning har en potential att minska med 17 % vilket inte motsvarade det uppsatta 25 % - målet med arbetet. Arbetet visar att störst besparingspotential finns via byte av fönster och värmeväxlare i ventilationssystemet men även att de åtgärder som antas ge störst besparing inte alltid är effektivast.
The European Union as a whole is one of the largest energy users and has one of the world's largest greenhouse gas emissions. To reduce global warming, targets have been set to ensure that the average temperature on the earth does not increase more than 2 degrees since the pre-industrial time. Nearly 40% of Sweden's total energy use comes from the building and services sector which in context with that the 2020 targets approaching contributes to the increased need of higher energy efficiency of buildings. Energy audits is a tool for determining what has the greatest potential for saving energy before efficiency measures occurs. The thesis includes an energy audit of Trödje primary and middle school, administered by Gavlefastigheter. The study was performed using IDA Indoor Climate and Energy simulation tool. IDA ICE was used to modulate the existing building where all data for the school was included. The vision of the thesis is to investigate how much energy which is possible to save through energy saving measures and which action that is most effective. The potential energy saving in the school is high, the school uses 42.6 kWh/m2year more than the average for Gavlefastigheter schools, which corresponds to 21 %. The results show that the complexity of the school and the reconstruction, also called the paviljong, are a major factor in the high energy consumption. The school's energy use has a potential to decrease by 17 %, which did not correspond to the 25 % target set for the work. The work shows that the greatest savings potential exists through the exchange of windows and heat exchangers in the ventilation system, but also that the measures that are assumed to give the greatest savings are not always the most effective.

Mestrado em Biomedicina Farmacêutica
This thesis aims to highlight the importance of a Product Quality & Compliance department in a Pharmaceutical Industry, on the good performance of company's activities and the achievement of their goals and mission. Despite the wide activities performed by this Department, the purpose of this work will be completed by describing only some of their reponsibilities. The tasks described are specifically the ones I have been performing throughout my professional experience at Bluepharma - Pharmaceutical Industry, SA, initiated in June 2012 in the Quality Assurance Department until today in the currently named Product Quality & Compliance department. This thesis is structured into 4 parts. The first chapter is an introduction to this thesis, and includes its context and objectives, followed by a brief overview of the state-of-the art in the pharmaceutical industry, including the market environment, the regulatory environment and quality requirements. A small presentation of the company and the department where were and still are developed my professional activity is also made in this chapter. In the following chapter are described the main tasks performed, the complementary activities and key skills acquired throughout this professional experience. A discussion and conclusion is presented at the end, including an analysis of the reported activities, main difficulties encountered its role and importance in the company performance as well as the skills acquired during this work experience.
A presente tese tem como principal objectivo realçar a importância do trabalho desenvolvido num departamento de Qualidade de Producto & Compliance numa Indústria Farmacêutica no bom desempenho das actividades da empresa e no cumprimento dos seus objetivos e missão. Apesar da actividade deste departamento ser muito vasta o objectivo deste trabalho será cumprido através da descrição de algumas das tarefas executadas no âmbito deste. As tarefas descritas são, mais concretamente, as desempenhadas ao longo da minha experiência profissional na Bluepharma - Indústria Farmacêutica, S.A., iniciada em Junho de 2012 no departamento de Garantia da Qualidade, tendo continuidade até aos dias de hoje no agora designado departamento de Qualidade do Produto e Compliance. Esta dissertação está estruturada em 4 partes. No primeiro capítulo é feita uma introdução ao presente trabalho, com a sua contextualização e objetivos, seguindo-se uma breve abordagem do estado-da-arte da indústria farmacêutica, nomeadamente do contexto de mercado, do ambiente regulamentar e dos requisitos de qualidade. Neste capítulo é ainda apresentada a empresa e o departamento onde tem vindo a ser desenvolvida a minha atividade profissional. No capítulo seguinte são descritas as tarefas e atividades principais desempenhadas, as atividades complementares e as principais competências adquiridas ao longo desta experiência profissional. No final é apresentada uma discussão e conclusão, incluindo uma análise das atividades desenvolvidas, principais dificuldades sentidas, do papel e relevância das tarefas desenvolvidas no contexto global da empresa bem como das competências adquiridas durante esta experiência profissional.

Information technology evidence consists of a mix of representations of various applications of digital electronic equipment, and can be brought to the fore in all contexts that result in legal decisions. The occurrence of such evidence in legal proceedings, and other legal decision-making, is a phenomenon previously not researched within legal science in Sweden. The thesis examines some of the consequences resulting from the occurrence of information technology evidence within Swedish practical legal and judicial decision-making. The thesis has three main focal points. The first consists of a broad identification of legal problems that information technology evidence entails. The second focal point examines the legal terminology associated with information technology evidence. The third focal point consists of identifying sources of error pertaining to information technology evidence from the adjudicator’s point of view. The examination utilizes a Swedish legal viewpoint from a perspective of the public trust in courts. Conclusions include a number of legal problems in several areas, primarily in regards to the knowledge of the adjudicator, the qualification of different means of evidence and the consequences of representational evidence upon its evaluation. In order to properly evaluate information technology evidence, judges are – to a greater extent than for other types of evidence – in need of (objective) knowledge supplementary to that provided by parties and their witnesses and experts. Furthermore, the current Swedish evidence terminology has been identified as a complex of problems in and of itself. The thesis includes suggestions on certain additions to this terminology. Several sources of error have been identified as being attributable to different procedures associated with the handling of information technology evidence, in particular in relation to computer forensic investigations. There is a general need for future research focused on matters regarding both standards of proof for and evaluation of information technology evidence. In addition, a need for deeper legal scientific studies aimed at evidence theory has been identified, inter alia regarding the extent to which frequency theories are applicable in respect to information technology evidence. The need for related further discussions on future emerging areas such as negative evidence and predictive evidence are foreseen.

Ce travail s’inscrit dans le champ de la didactique de l’oral et a pour objet l’étude des interactions verbales dans les classes de collèges tunisiens, pour les apprenants en difficulté, issus des milieux défavorisés.Malgré les efforts investis par les enseignants, et parce qu’ils sont individuels et conçus anarchiquement, ils sont vains et la démotivation est d’une telle ampleur qu’elle inhibe tout acte d’apprentissage aussi réduit qu’il soit. Les enseignants sont conscients de la nécessité de faire acquérir la compétence orale à ces apprenants, la considérant comme accessible mais ils oublient parfois que contrairement aux milieux favorisés, la majorité des apprenants issus des milieux défavorisés exercent un oral d’une langue étrangère qu’ils ne pratiquent jamais en dehors de l’école. Comment former les élèves aux compétences de compréhension et de production de l’oral, compte tenu du contexte particulier des classes de FLE dans les milieux défavorisés ?Quel projet de prise en charge propose-t-on pour éviter l’échec et amener les apprenants en difficulté à avoir des représentations objectives et positives, vis-à-vis d’eux-mêmes, d’une part, de l’école voire de l’apprentissage en général, et du français en particulier d’autre part.Nous cherchons ainsi à déterminer quel contexte peut favoriser l’émancipation des apprenants en difficulté par leurs prises de parole, afin de contribuer à la didactique de l’oral et proposer quelques pistes didactiques qui rendraient ces apprenants actifs en classe, leur donnant l’occasion de prouver leur existence par la participation d’une part, et l’engagement dans la construction du savoir qui leur est enseigné d’autre part
This research fits in the field of oral didactics and it aims to study the verbal interactions in the classes of Tunisian middle schools, for learners in difficulty, coming from underprivileged backgrounds.Despite of the efforts, invested by the teachers, and because they are individual and conceived anarchically, they are vain and the demotivation is of such a magnitude that it inhibits any act of learning however small it can be.Teachers are now aware of the need to develop the oral skill for these learners in difficulty, considering it as accessible but they sometimes forget that unlike the privileged areas, the majority of learners from underprivileged areas practice speaking a foreign language which they never use outside of school.What do the FFL methodologies tangibly offer, for teaching oral skills, taking into account students in difficulty?How to train students in oral comprehension and production skills, given the particular context of FFL classes in underprivileged areas?What support plan is proposed to prevent failure and to bring learners in difficulty to have objective and positive representations, vis-à-vis themselves, on one hand, the school alike learning in general, and French in particular on the other hand?In that way, we seek to determine which context can favor the emancipation of learners in difficulty by their speaking up in order to contribute to the oral didactics field and to propose some didactic paths that would make these learners active in the classroom, thus giving them the opportunity to prove their existence through participation, on one hand, and commitment to building the knowledge that is taught to them on the other hand

The study primarily described and analysed the attempts made through the former Technikon SA at the implementation of ICT centres in Southern Africa over a period of six years. Based on some contemporary theory, the study suggested an approach for the implementation of ICT centres in developing regions. In the introduction, the study deals with the problems of technology transfer to developing regions and refers to the impact of globalisation on third world economies. In particular, the study highlights the barriers to technology transfer with specific emphasis on the peculiarities that are unique to each region. The study further analysed the approach that was used by the former Technikon SA for the deployment of ICT centres especially as ICT centres were considered by many as an ideal manner for the transfer of technology. In order to contextualise the understand and findings of the research, the study relied on the fact that the research was based on a longitudinal study. The advantages of this longitudinal study meant it was possible to observe and record the life of an ICT centre over a significant period of time. Not only was it evident that there was little regard for the respective communities needs and the that there was no indication of these ICT centres being successful, but that the same mistakes were being repeated. At national level, an enormous amount of effort and money had been channelled into the roll out of ICT centres with little guarantee of success. International symposiums suggested that through technology, third world economies could make the quantum leap into the information age and that the deployment of ICT centres was one of the ways in which this could be achieved at the local level. There was little evidence to suggest that any significant success had been achieved through the many attempts at ICT centre deployment. Through the study, a research instrument was developed that was used to assess and measure the success of each of the centres. The approach for ICT deployment suggested in the study, was based on the research instrument as well as on models developed by certain theorists (Heeks, Van Ardenhoven and Snyman). The study in the end analysed the nature and impact of implementing ICT centres without considering the critical elements that were identified as critical success factors for ICT centre success. Critical success factors that include role players from government to the community, local, ownership, identification of local needs, local knowledge, an understanding of the local conditions, support structures and partnerships were shown to be key to the success of and ensuring sustainability of ICT centres. The study also provides a perspective on the conflict that arose between the implementer of ICT centres and the communities.
Thesis (PhD (Information Science))--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Information Science
unrestricted

There is global agreement that in today's business environment an integrated approach to communication is a necessity. Although there is a need to evaluate the application and quality of integrated communication, after almost 20 years of existence, it is still viewed as a difficult concept to implement. Definitions of integrated communication still vary, with no universal consensus. Although the literature on communications does propose various implementation models for evaluating integrated communication, these models are predominantly marketing-related, with parameters pertaining to the customer-experience. As such, these models have serious shortcomings when it comes to measuring the employee-experience. In this study, employee relationships are seen as the building blocks of the strategic management of communication between an organisation and its external publics. Recognising this significance of employee relationships two decades ago, Cutlip, Center, and Broom (1985) proposed that no organisational relationships are as important as those with employees. They advocated that the first step in promoting positive external relationships is achieving good internal communication. The central thrust is that employees who are truly customer-focused need to work within an employee-centric environment. Customarily, the traditional internal communication audit is used to evaluate the employee environment, employee perceptions of communication and employee attitudes. However, traditional audits have limitations when it comes to measuring integration. Traditional audits do not evaluate the role of the employee in building customer relationships, or the extent to which employees are integrated into an organisation. There is, therefore, a need to extend the traditional internal communication audit, so as to evaluate integrated internal communication and its application and quality. Duncan (2001) maintains that integrated communication must first exist internally if a company is to effectively communicate externally. Therefore, the primary research objective of this study was to develop a measuring instrument (using elements from existing audits and models) to evaluate integrated internal communication. This entailed a literature review to determine the theoretical status of the concept of integrated communication and internal communication. A measuring instrument was then developed to evaluate integrated internal communication. The second objective was to apply the developed instrument so as to measure employee perceptions of communication at the International Colleges Group (ICG). These perceptions were measured through a group administered perception survey and personal interviews. Research results where used to determine the extent of integrated internal communication at ICG in accordance with four identifiable stages. Findings signifyed some success in the first stage of integrated communication. However, there was no indication of integrated communication in the later stages. The final objective was to test the shortcomings of the proposed instrument.
Communication Science
M.A. (specialisation in Organisational Communication Research and Practice)

A research report submitted to the Faculty of health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in particular fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Masters in Medicine (MMed) Johannesburg,
MT2017

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
設計研究所
103
The auditory sense is the primary channel for the visually impaired to experience the world around them. Typically they use various recording devices, such as tape recorders and digital voice recorders, to record what they'd like to keep. In recent years, touch-screen technology with dynamic interface and portability has become an alternative for visually impaired users. However, very few recording applications are tailored for their use. In this study, we interviewed twelve visually impaired people to investigate their behaviors and needs. Based upon the data gained therefrom, we have concluded design considerations and present HearMe, a touch-based application to assist the visually impaired for recording sounds during everyday life.

碩士
國立成功大學
電機工程學系碩博士班
94
Different kinds of sound have different properties in our life environment, and we can make out surroundings by recognizing and understanding these properties of environmental sounds. For example, when we hear the fire alarm sound, we can judge there must be fire happening. It will be a great help to us for monitoring surrounding environment if we can classify and identify in accordance with the sound information, especially for the deaf person and security system. Besides, as mentioned in the former article, large amount of information is recorded in files format of audio. Making use of audio classification will be contributive to us for searching the audio segment we want. 　　In this thesis, we present a home environmental audio classifier based on support vector machine (SVM) and independent component analysis. We use independent component analysis to extract the audio feature. This technique can extract independent components based on statistical characteristics. The proposed audio features can be categorized as three sets. The first feature set is perceptual features which include total spectrum power, subband powers, brightness, bandwidth and pitch. The second feature set consists of MFCC and delta MFCC. The third feature set is the ICA-transformed MFCC feature. This is achieved by transforming the MFCC feature using ICA transform. The ICA transform is literately obtained based on all the training audio data. The audio classifier is designed using probabilistic SVMs. We collect an audio database contained 649 wav files of 15 classes. Experiments demonstrate the proposed sound classifier can achieve a 97.52% classification rate.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
資訊工程系研究所
98
The thesis studies the use of MPEG-7 audio descriptor as features for music retrieval system. Since the MPEG-7 audio descriptors representing a song contains a large number of data points, this thesis uses ICA (Independent Component Analysis) and FA(Factor Analysis) for dimension reduction to reduce the search time and to maintain a good recognition rate. In addition, we also test the indentification capabilities of the audio descriptors with speaker-mic recorded music and music with artifical noise. To be a retrieval system, we also propose a method to determine whether a piece of music is in the database or not.

The law on energy audits for large companies was adopted by the Swedish Parliament in 2014 and implies that companies that answer to the law are to present a representative picture of their energy consumption. In addition, suggestions for cost-effective measures are to be made, that will lead to reduced energy consumption and more efficient use of energy. This energy audit was made in accordance with directives and the Swedish Energy Agency’s recommendations. It was done for Umeå Energy’s office building at Dåvamyrans CHP, which is their largest CHP for district heating. The building was completed in 2007, and is connected to the powerplant Dåva 1 by a subsurface tunnel. Dåva 2 was completed in 2010 to meet the increased need for heating in Umeå, and to reduce the share of oil in Umeå Energy's fuel mix. It is a highly energy efficient and environmentally sound facility for the production of district heating.   As an energy simulation program IDA ICE performs very well when it comes to estimating a building's actual energy consumption, this program will be used for the energy audit of the office. The energy audit separates itself to estimate the energy consumption in the building for heating, cooling, building electricity and business electricity and exclude the external consumptions for lighting and transports.   Measurements were taken for a week for the buildings electricity consumption. The values were then used together with an inventory of the effects of lighting, electrical components and assumptions for electricity consumption for the office part, to appreciate the building's total needs of business electricity. Inventories of ventilation and temperature measurements were made to get the heating demand for the model. Personal Attendance was also estimated, to be able to simulate the cooling need for which measurements are not available. The model was corrected thoroughly to match the estimated electric consumption and the heat consumption that had been measured, and corrected on the basis of boundaries for the model.   The results showed that the building has a total annual energy requirement of 157,5 [kWh/m2], 97 [kWh/m2] for district heating, 55,2 [kWh/m2] for electricity consumption and 5,1 [kWh/m2] for district cooling . The corrected simulation according to measurements and estimates was used to make an energy balance for district heating, and to simulate different improvement actions that was later analyzed for individual and simultaneous influence on each other.   A conclusion was drawn that the measure which favors both district heating, district cooling and electricity consumption, is a combination of all limited measures including the replacement of LED lamps for certain areas, turning of the lights and shutting down computers after hours, as well as the reduction of the air handling units operating times and reducing the temperature with one degree for the entire building. These combined measures balance and affect each other positively, and can provide potential savings of between 27 000 and 37 000 [SEK] per year depending on varying energyprices district heating and electricity.    Other practical measures that should be done is conducting measurements for the hot water demand, cooling need and electricity consumption for the building, since they aren’t being conducted currently. An adjustment of the ventilation flows should also be made, this is because some diverging flows were detected during measurements. It should be examined how the activation of night cooling functions during the summer. If it would be activated during summer it would provide a reduced cooling requirement.    Keywords: Energy Audit, Energy Efficiency, District Heating, Electricity Consumption, IDA ICE, Umeå Energi
Lagen om energikartläggning för stora företag antogs av Sveriges Riksdag år 2014 och innebär att företagen som är inräknade ska redovisa en representativ bild av sin energiförbrukning. Dessutom ska det lämnas in föreslag för att göra kostnadseffektiva åtgärder, som ska leda till en minskad energiförbrukning och effektivare användning av energi. Denna energikartläggning har gjorts enligt lagens riktlinjer och Energimyndighetens rekommendationer för energikartläggningar. Kartläggningen gjordes för kontorsbyggnaden vid Dåvamyrans kraftvärmevärk, som är Umeå Energis stora produktionsanläggning för fjärrvärme. År 2007 färdigställdes kontoret och ligger i anslutning till Dåva 1 via en tunell under jorden. Dåva 2 färdigställdes 2010 för att möta det ökade behovet av fjärrvärme i Umeå och för att minska andelen olja i Umeå Energis bränslemix. Den är en väldigt energieffektiv och miljöanpassad anläggning för produktion av fjärrvärme.   Eftersom energisimuleringsprogrammet IDA ICE presterar mycket bra när det kommer till att uppskatta en byggnads verkliga energiförbrukning, kommer detta program att användas för energikartläggningen av byggnaden. Energikartläggningen avgränsar sig till att endast ta med energiförbrukningen inom byggnaden för uppvärmning, fjärrkyla, fastighetsel och verksamhetsel. Från kartläggningen exkluderas den yttre förbrukningen i form av belysning, motorvärmarstolpar och transporter som tillkommer i verksamheten.   Mätningar gjordes under en vecka för elförbrukningen. Dessa användes sedan tillsammans med inventerade effekter för belysning, elektriska komponenter och antaganden för elförbrukningen för kontorsdelen till att uppskatta byggnadens totala behov av verksamhetsel. Inventeringar av ventilation och mätningar för temperaturer gjordes för att få uppvärmningsbehovet för modellen. Personnärvaro uppskattades också för att kunna simulera ett fjärrkylabehov där mätningar inte finns att tillgå. Modellen korrigerades grundligt för att matcha den uppskattade elföbrukningen och fjärrvärmeförbrukningen som hade mätts, normalårskorrigerats och korrigerats utifrån avgränsningar.    Resultatet visade att byggnaden har ett totalt årligt energibehov på 157,5 [kWh/m2], varav 97 [kWh/m2] för fjärrvärme, 55,2 [kWh/m2] för elförbrukningen och 5,1 [kWh/m2] för fjärrkylan. Grundsimuleringen användes för att göra en energibalans för fjärrvärmen och simulera för olika förbättringsåtgärder som senare analyserades för enskild och sammanlagd påverkan på varandra.    Som slutsats drogs att den åtgärd som gynnar både fjärrvärme, elförbrukning och fjärrkylaförbrukning, är en kombination för alla begränsade åtgärder som innefattar byte av led lampor, släckning av belysning och avstängning av datorer efter arbetstid, reducering av ventilationssystemets drifttider och reducering av temperaturen i byggnaden med en grad. Dessa sammanlagda åtgärder balanserar och påverkar varandra positivt och kan ge en potentiell besparing på mellan 27 000 och 37 000 [kr] per år beroende på varierande energipris för el och fjärrvärme.    Andra praktiska åtgärder som framgår av metodavsnittet är att mätningar för tappvarmvatten, fjärrkyla och byggnadens elförbrukning borde införas eftersom sådana mätningar inte görs i nuläget. En injustering av ventilationsflöden borde också göras, detta eftersom avvikande flöden upptäcktes under mätningar. Sedan borde det undersökas hur aktiveringen av nattkyla fungerar under sommartid, att det ses till så att den är på, eftersom det skulle ge ett reducerat kylbehov för den varma perioden om den inte vore aktiverad.   Nyckelord: Energikartläggning, Energieffektivisering Fjärrvärme, Elförbrukning, IDA ICE, Umeå Energi, Umeå
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