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1
Fabiánek, P., V. Henžlík, and K. Vančura. "Development of forest stands condition and its monitoring in the Czech Republic." Journal of Forest Science 50, No. 11 (January 11, 2012): 514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4649-jfs.
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In 1986, the UN ECE established the International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (hereinafter ICP Forests) to respond on the growing concern about forest damage caused since the beginning of eighties by air pollution load. Pan-European grid of the (ICP Forests) monitoring plots represents one of the most important systems of forest ecosystems assessing and checking. The Czech Republic is unfortunately well known due to this problem and so the country joined ICP Forest Programme since the very beginning. The paper presents general information on Czech forest stand condition that gained through various methods in the past as well as in the frame of ICP Forests. The participation in the International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests) represents a contribution of the EU candidate country to the fulfillment of the Reg. (EEC) No. 3528/86. However it seems that effects and importance of air pollution are decreasing, a lot of new stress situations exists and there is a need for continuing the programme.
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Lorenz, Martin, and Volker Mues. "Forest Health Status in Europe." Scientific World JOURNAL 7 (2007): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2007.17.
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Forest health status in Europe is assessed by the International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests). Established by the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) under the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), the ICP Forests has been monitoring forest condition in close cooperation with the European Commission (EC) for 20 years. The present paper describes the latest results of the deposition measurements on permanent monitoring plots and of the extensive defoliation sample survey. The findings reveal marked spatial patterns in bulk and throughfall depositions of nitrate (N-NO3-), ammonium (N-NH4+), and sulfate (S-SO42-), as well as an obvious decrease in bulk and throughfall deposition of sulfate. Latest analyses of defoliation data confirm previous results, indicating a high correlation with weather extremes.
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Gagić-Serdar, Renata, Miroslava Marković, Goran Češljar, Ilija Đorđević, Tomislav Stefanović, Natalija Momirović, and Suzana Mitrović. "Most common species of defoliating insects of broadleaved forests: ICP level I monitoring in 2021." Sustainable Forestry: Collection, no. 83-84 (2021): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sustfor2183079g.
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In order to make conclusions related to the selection of the most appropriate improvement measures, it is necessary to define the condition of forests through monitoring their health state. ICP for Forests Monitoring deals with human factors (mainly air pollution) and biotic factors that impair vitality and hinder the development of forest ecosystems in Europe and Serbia. Since broadleaved forests experience stronger attacks of plant diseases and pests, they have more severe defoliation. Beech is the most common broadleaved species at the ICP sample plots in Serbia. It is followed by oak species - sessile oak, Turkey oak and Hungarian oak. The largest number of insect species develop on the assimilation organs of forest trees. The paper presents the most common species of defoliators detected at SP in Serbia in 2021.
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Farhadi, Akram, Joshua Chern, Daniel Hirsh, Tod Davis, Mingyoung Jo, Frederick Maier, and Khaled Rasheed. "Intracranial Pressure Forecasting in Children Using Dynamic Averaging of Time Series Data." Forecasting 1, no. 1 (August 6, 2018): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forecast1010004.
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Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) is a serious and often life-threatening condition. If the increased pressure pushes on critical brain structures and blood vessels, it can lead to serious permanent problems or even death. In this study, we propose a novel regression model to forecast ICP episodes in children, 30 min in advance, by using the dynamic characteristics of continuous intracranial pressure, vitals and medications during the last two hours. The correlation between physiological parameters, including blood pressure, respiratory rate, heart rate and the ICP, is analyzed. Linear regression, Lasso regression, support vector machine and random forest algorithms are used to forecast the next 30 min of the recorded ICP. Finally, dynamic features are created based on vitals, medications and the ICP. The weak correlation between blood pressure and the ICP (0.2) is reported. The Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) of the random forest model decreased from 1.6 to 0.89% by using the given medication variables in the last two hours. The random forest regression gave an accurate model for the ICP forecast with 0.99 correlation between the forecast and experimental values.
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Mitrović, Suzana, Milorad Veselinović, Nevena Čule, Goran Češljar, Ljiljana Brašanac-Bosanac, Saša Eremija, and Uroš Petrović. "Determination of leaf area index (LAI) at Level II Sample plots according ICP manual." Sustainable Forestry: Collection, no. 83-84 (2021): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sustfor2183065m.
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The paper describes the methodology for determining LAI according to the ICP forest methodology, where hemispherical photographs were taken on a network of fixed points placed on the surfaces of three Sample plots Level II. Hemispherical photographs were processed by the Hemisfer software package. The data obtained by image processing were entered into the ICP Forests database. The obtained LAI values represent the response to the state of vegetation under the influence of different ecological conditions as well as anthropogenic influences, and will be the part of future annual monitoring at Sample plots of the Level II points.
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Gagić-Serdar, Renata, Tomislav Stefanović, Ilija Đorđević, Goran Češljar, and Natalija Momirović. "Forest vitality (ICP level I and sample plot level II - Crni vrh and Mokra Gora) with a special emphasis on abiotic agents in the Republic of Serbia in 2019." Sustainable Forestry: Collection, no. 79-80 (2019): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sustfor1979103g.
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The vitality of forests depends on environmental conditions and a great number of abiotic factors, such as climatic characteristics, atmospheric deposition, forest fires, direct atmospheric impacts. Nevertheless, abiotic agents are group of the most important factor threatening the trees sampled and monitored for more than a decade and a half in continuity. Therefore, further analysis can provide different trends of their direct effects and degrees of their out-turn. International program for further and more detailed monitoring of the forest condition in the Republic of Serbia (ICP Forests), which is carried out on both Level I and Level II(Mokra Gora and Crni Vrh) sample plots, will enable scientists to determine the vitality of forests both at the local and at the regional level. Results are vitality and health state of the forest ecosistems with emphasis on abiotic factors.
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Stefanović, Tomislav, Renata Gagić-Serdar, Ilija Đorđević, Goran Češljar, Natalija Momirović, Ivana Živanović, and Radovan Nevenić. "Studies of defoliation on ICP sample plots level I in Republic of Serbia." Sustainable Forestry: Collection, no. 75-76 (2017): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sustfor1775041s.
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Project of forests condition monitoring (ICP Forests) operates as an international European project in which, on grid of ICP sample plots (bioindication points) condition of forests has been monitored annually in continuity, including recording data on defoliation with evidencing any damage to the trees. The main goal of the program is monitoring of condition of forests on a permanent, representative surfaces, arranged in a systematic grid distributed on the territory of of Europe. This paper analyzes the data on defoliation as part of the results of the forest conditions monitoring on ICP sample plots on the territory of the Republic of Serbia, in the period 2012-2016. The assessment of defoliation is performed on the experimental fields regardless of the cause of loss of leaves, because the results are not aimed to determinate the cause-and-effect relationships, but only to represent the state of defoliation on this study sample plots in the researched period. Assessment and analysis of the degree of crown defoliation has been presented for most common tree species as the most noticeable crown health indicators. Linking these results with other indicators of environmental conditions will provide more concrete informations, and draw conclusions about the vitality of the plants depending on ambient conditions.
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Krupová, Danica, and Pavel Pavlenda. "Monitoring lesných ekosystémov na území Európy a Slovenska." Forestry Journal 59, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/forj-2014-0034.
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Abstract This review paper summarises the development of forest monitoring in Europe and in Slovakia. Since 1986 Forest Research Institute has been performing monitoring activities at the systematic grid of 16×16 km on permanent monitoring plots of Level I (extensive monitoring) and since 1995 on 9 plots of II. Level (intensive monitoring), which is closely connected with programme ICP Forests and PMS Forests. However, during 1991-1992 monitoring on 1189 plots in the grid of 4×4 km in Slovakia was done by Lesoprojekt Zvolen, which was repeated during the last 10 years as a part of LHP (every year 1/10 territory). This paper describes briefly also surveys and monitoring activities of different monitoring systems, parameters, methods and the perspectives of monitoring of the forest condition
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CERRETTI, PIERFILIPPO, FRANCO MASON, ALESSANDRO MINELLI, GIANLUCA NARDI, and DANIEL WHITMORE. "Foreword." Zootaxa 2318, no. 1 (December 22, 2009): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2318.1.3.
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It was the late summer of 2003 when we first travelled to Sardinia to set up traps in the forest of Marganai, an area owned by the regional administration, in the south-western part of the island. Our Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale in Verona—a research institute of the Italian State Forestry Service—had been entrusted with the assessment of arthropod diversity in permanent monitoring sites of the ICP Forests network, a European body for long-term research in forest ecosystems (Mason et al. 2006). The project included a total of twelve forests in Italy, and we were setting up a standard sampling design at each site.
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Kadovic, Ratko, Olivera Kosanin, Snezana Belanovic, and Milan Knezevic. "Heavy metals in the organic soil layer of beech forests in Serbia." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 92 (2005): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0592055k.
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During the last decades, forest ecosystems have been strongly exposed to the effect of different harmful pollutants, especially from the atmosphere. Harmful substances from the air, in addition to the direct effect on forest trees, also deposit in the soil, and have an adverse effect on soil chemistry and pedogenetic processes. The results of previous studies in Serbia (Kadovic, Knezevic, 2002, 2004) show some specificities regarding the accumulation and migration of heavy metals in the soil. The highest concentrations were found in the layers of forest litter and in the surface organo-mineral horizons. This paper presents the results of the study of heavy metal contents (Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe, Cd, Pb, Ni and Cr) in the organic horizon (forest litter) of beech forests in Serbia. The study of the heavy metal content in the organic horizon (forest litter) is very significant primarily in the aim of monitoring the trend of their migration through the soil profile and the effect on the soil properties and genesis. The soil quality in beech forests in Serbia was assessed within the Project ICP Forest, Level I, by the methodology UN/ECE-EC, 2000.
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Bertini, G., T. Amoriello, G. Fabbio, and M. Piovosi. "Forest growth and climate change: evidences from the ICP-Forests intensive monitoring in Italy." iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 4, no. 6 (December 13, 2011): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/ifor0596-004.
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Lukina, N. V., M. A. Orlova, A. V. Gornov, A. M. Kryshen’, P. V. Kuznetsov, S. V. Knyazeva, V. E. Smirnov, et al. "Assessment of sustainable forest management criteria using indicators of the international programme ICP forests." Contemporary Problems of Ecology 6, no. 7 (December 2013): 734–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1995425513070081.
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Stefanović, Tomislav, Svetlana Bilibajkić, Radovan Nevenić, Ilija Đorđević, Zoran Poduška, Goran Češljar, and Renata Gagić-Serdar. "The results of the study of defoliation at bioindication points in the Republic of Serbia in 2014." Sustainable Forestry: Collection, no. 71-72 (2015): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sustfor1571085s.
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The Forest Condition Monitoring Project (ICP Forests) operates as an international European project where annual monitoring of forest condition, along with recording of data on defoliation, changes in colour and presence of other forms of tree damage, are performed on a network of bioindication points. The main aim of the programme is monitoring of forest condition in permanent, representative areas, distributed in a systematic European network. The paper analyses data on defoliation, as a part of the results of work on monitoring of forest condition at bioindication points in the Republic of Serbia in 2014. The assessment of defoliation at the points is performed regardless of the cause of leaf loss, thus the obtained results do not aim at determining causal connection, but only at representing the state of defoliation at the bioindication points in 2014.
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Gagić-Serdar, Renata, Tomislav Stefanović, Ilija Đorđević, Goran Češljar, and Miroslava Marković. "E forest vitality (ICP level I sample plots) with a special emphasis on biotic agents in the Republic of Serbia in 2018." Sustainable Forestry: Collection, no. 77-78 (2018): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sustfor1877055g.
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Dieback or degradation of forests is manifested as impaired tree vitality and it is the result of adverse effects of a set of abiotic and biotic factors on trees as living organisms and complex natural processes within forest biocoenoses. The agents classified into one of these two groups can act simultaneously or successively. The group whose share presents a great risk to the health of forests includes destructive insects or pathogenic fungi. Some insects occur together with fungi and their occurrence brings about a chain reaction that leads to a disease of the most common species on Level 1 sample plots - beech. Identification of the processes ongoing in forest ecosystems requires detailed research into environmental factors that lead to the occurrence of harmful insects. They often include changes in the climate. The next steps are to assess the condition of crown which is affected by this state, to determine the species of these organisms and their biology in general and to recognize other important agents that must be kept under control all with the aim of getting a deeper insight into all aspects of their effects on the health state of forest communities. One way to get a better insight into the state of forests and determine necessary improvement measures is to monitor the health state of forests. ICP Forests monitors the effects of harmful anthropogenic (mainly air pollution) and biotic factors on the state and development of forest ecosystems in Europe. Under the coordination of NFC - National Focal Center of Serbia for monitoring at the Institute of Forestry in Belgrade, the forest monitoring system has been integrated into the state forestry environment with a number of institutions and their associates taking part in the programme.
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Bilibajkić, Svetlana, Tomislav Stefanović, Radovan Nevenić, Zoran Poduška, Renata Gagić-Serdar, Ilija Đorđević, Goran Češljar, and Zoran Miletić. "Intensive monitoring at Level II test plot Kopaonik in 2012." Sustainable Forestry: Collection, no. 65-66 (2012): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sustfor1265051b.
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Level II intensive monitoring of forest vitality represents a multipurpose research system. Forest ecosystems are highly complex entities characterized by numerous different parameters subject to continuous variation due to constant and mutually inseparable effects of both biotic and abiotic factors. Evaluation criteria applied in intensive monitoring are compatible and defined in such a manner that, subsequent to their recording and statistical processing, data obtained on the condition of forests are easy to compare both analytically and logically, thus providing the basis for a variety of comparative studies. Dedicated test plot for intensive monitoring of trans-boundary air pollution impact on forest ecosystems in Serbia, a Level II test plot, was established in Kopaonik in 2010, with ten panels - from 10 separate forestry research areas, grouped according to the research subjects, which methodology is prescribed by ICP Forests Manual. This paper presents the results of intensive monitoring of parameters under review at Level II test plot Kopaonik in 2012.
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Westling, O., H. Fagerli, S. Hellsten, J. C. Knulst, and D. Simpson. "Comparison of modelled and monitored deposition fluxes of sulphur and nitrogen to ICP-forest sites in Europe." Biogeosciences Discussions 2, no. 4 (August 9, 2005): 933–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-2-933-2005.
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Abstract. The EMEP MSC-W Eulerian chemical transport model, and its predictions of deposition of acidifying and eutrophying pollutants over Europe, play a key role in the development of emission control strategies for the UNECE and EU. It is important that this model is tested against observational data. Such model evaluation is usually conducted using observations from the EMEP monitoring network, which includes around 70 sites with wet deposition measurements in a variety of landscapes. Here we compare the results of the EMEP model with a completely independent data-set, that of the EU/ICP Forest (Level II) monitoring network. Modelled data from 1997 and 2000 were compared with observed deposition data from 160 ICP-Forest plots. In general, similarities between modelled and observed deposition in this study were reasonably good (r2 values between 0.5-0.8 for most components and years, with mean values across all sites being within 30%), despite the uncertainty in comparing measured plot data with modelled grid data. EMEP tends to give somewhat lower values for the average, median and percentile SO2-4, NO-3 and NH+4, wet deposition in the whole deposition gradient compared to ICP, but differences in mean values were within 20% in 1997 and 30% in 2000. Modelled and observed concentrations of SO2-4, NO -3 and NH4+ in precipitation are very similar as average (differences of 0-14%), median and percentiles, and the correlation between modelled and observed data is rather high r2=0.50-0.78). Many of the sites showing large discrepancies between EMEP and ICP data were found to have unusually high inter-annual variability in the precipitation amounts registered by ICP, suggesting that some differences may be due to sampling procedures or complex topographic effects. A simple precipitation variability index (PVI) was devised to flag sites with large variability, and many outliers in the chemical comparison were shown to be such sites. The largest discrepancies were seen between EMEP and ICP precipitation amounts and for this component the correlation was very poor (r2=0.04-0.23 with all data, and 0.23-0.27 with PVI-filtered data). Although more work is needed to understand these discrepancies, the overall conclusion is that the EMEP model performs rather well in reproducing patterns of S and N deposition to European forests.
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Simpson, D., H. Fagerli, S. Hellsten, J. C. Knulst, and O. Westling. "Comparison of modelled and monitored deposition fluxes of sulphur and nitrogen to ICP-forest sites in Europe." Biogeosciences 3, no. 3 (July 21, 2006): 337–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-337-2006.
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Abstract. The EMEP MSC-W Eulerian chemical transport model, and its predictions of deposition of acidifying and eutrophying pollutants over Europe, play a key role in the development of emission control strategies for Europe. It is important that this model is tested against observational data. Here we compare the results of the EMEP model with measured data from 160 sites of the European Union/ICP Forest (Level II) monitoring network, for the years 1997 and 2000. This comparison comprises: (a) Precipitation amount, (b) Total deposition of SO2−4 to coniferous and deciduous forests, (c) Wet deposition of SO2−4, NO3− and NH4+ in open field sites, and (d) Concentrations of SO2−4, NO3− and NH4+ in precipitation. Concerning precipitation, the EMEP model and ICP network showed very similar overall levels (within 4% for 1997 and 11% for 2000). The correlation was, however, poor (r2=0.15–0.23). This can be attributed largely to the influence of a few outliers, combined with a small range of rainfall amounts for most points. Correlations between modelled and observed deposition values in this study were rather high (r2 values between 0.4–0.8 for most components and years), with mean values across all sites being within 30%. The EMEP model tends to give somewhat lower values for SO2−4, NO3− and NH4+ wet deposition to ICP, but differences in mean values were within 20% in 1997 and 30% in 2000. Modelled and observed concentrations of SO2−4, NO3− and NH4+ in precipitation are very similar on average (differences of 0–14%), with good correlation between modelled and observed data (r2=0.50–0.78). Differences between the EMEP model and ICP measurements are thought to arise from a mixture of problems with both the observations and model. However, the overall conclusion is that the EMEP model performs rather well in reproducing patterns of S and N deposition to European forests.
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Ziche, Daniel, and Walter Seidling. "Homogenisation of climate time series from ICP Forests Level II monitoring sites in Germany based on interpolated climate data." Annals of Forest Science 67, no. 8 (January 2010): 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/forest/2010051.
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Gagić-Serdar, Renata, Tomislav Stefanović, Ilija Đorđević, Goran Češljar, Miroslava Marković, and Natalija Momirović. "Forest ecosystems vitality monitoring (ICP forests, Level I) with special emphasis to the affected part of the sample trees in the Republic of Serbia." Sustainable Forestry: Collection, no. 81-82 (2020): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sustfor2081081g.
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Trees condition on the sample plots of the ICP forests, Level I, is especially considered and monitored by the typically damaged and affected part of the tree on which it occurs. Due to the need to enter unique data for the measured parameters (visible damages), their codes are assigned for each damage. These are the results from Sample plots, Level I, based on the ICP methodology. The results are entered into a single database for all participating countries. Infested assimilation organs - leaves or needles are direct indicators of the condition of the trees. The most common damage to leaves is caused by miners, gnats, beetles, and insects that totally bite the leaves so parts of the leaves are completely missing (Lymantria dispar L.). The leaves are mined by Stigmellidae, Gracillariidae, Cynipidae forming galls; there are also damages from the early oak defoliators Geometridae and Tortricidae. Apart from defoliators, the most common are xylophagous insects (for example, bark beetles) as well as root pests. The fungi that most commonly occur on the leaves are oak powdery mildew (Erysiphe alphitoides) and Rhytisma acerinum (which attacks species of the genus Acer). Other damages that occur are verticillium wilt (diseases of the conducting vessels), beech bark disease, then rot of the appendix, trunk, and branches. The paper presents the observed damage and diseases on the experimental plots of the ICP forests, Level I, in Serbia, according to the parts of the tree where they were discovered.
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Fabiánek, P., K. Hellebrandová, and M. Čapek. " Monitoring of defoliation in forest stands of the Czech Republic and its comparison with results of defoliation monitoring in other European countries." Journal of Forest Science 58, No. 5 (May 21, 2012): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/84/2011-jfs.
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As a part of International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effect on Forests (ICP Forests), defoliation of forest stands has been assessed in the Czech Republic since 1986. Defoliation is one of the principal parameters reflecting the health of forest stands that is assessed on monitoring plots within this programme. Monitoring plots are distributed evenly according to woodiness of the area in a regular schematic network all over the Czech Republic. Even though there has been a long-term reduction of air pollution in most European countries, forest ecosystems reflect these changes with some delay. In the Czech Republic the trend of total defoliation of coniferous and deciduous forest stands has been increasing very moderately in the last 10 years. This trend appears to be partially analogous with some neighbouring countries. Compared to the whole of Europe the trend of defoliation of broadleaves is very similar, but differences have occurred in conifers in the last 10 years. There are significant differences in defoliation levels among the particular countries; in this comparison the Czech Republic is classified as one of the worst. Differences in these levels are very evident especially among the neighbouring countries. To partly eliminate these differences, regular international calibration courses are organized.
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Čermák, Petr, P. Plašil, and R. Petlach. "Evaluation of the response of Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) Karst. on synergetic effects of abiotic and anthropogenic stress factors in two localities of the Drahany highland." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 53, no. 1 (2005): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200553010059.
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The paper deals with the evaluation of the response of spruce stands on the effect of climatic and anthropogenic factors in two localities predominantly of the 4th forest vegetation zone (fvz) of the Drahany Highland – Forest Range (FR) Proklest, Training Forest Enterprise (TFE) “Masaryk Forest” Křtiny and Forest Range Senetářov, Forests of the CR, Forest District (FD) Tišnov. The evaluation was carried out on the basis of monitoring according to the ICP Forests Programme completed by the determination of the crown structure transformation (CUDLÍN et al., 2001a). This methodology makes possible to estimate retrospective responses of a stand on the actual combination of stress factors as well as its present adaptation potential. In total, 35 circular research plots were monitored (13 FR Proklest, 22 FR Senetářov) with 700 trees in stands dominated by spruce at an age of 79–122 years. Total defoliation ranged between 29.5 and 37% (as an average of the research plots), defoliation of a primary structure in a broad range of 49–85.5%. The average degree of crown structure transformation was 1.57 and 1.6 in FR Proklest and FR Senetářov, respectively. In stands under monitoring, environmental factors manifest themselves differently. Part of the stands (particularly FR Proklest) was affected mainly by unfavour- able climatic conditions in the course of several recent years. As for other stands, it is possible to notice further impacts of synergetic effects of stress factors.
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Kutnar, Nagel, and Kermavnar. "Effects of Disturbance on Understory Vegetation across Slovenian Forest Ecosystems." Forests 10, no. 11 (November 19, 2019): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10111048.
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The herbaceous understory represents a key component of forest biodiversity across temperate forests of Europe. Here, we quantified changes in the diversity and composition of the forest understory layer in representative Slovenian forest ecosystems between 2004/05 and 2014/15. In total, 60 plots were placed across 10 different managed forest types, ranging from lowland deciduous and mid-altitude mesic mixed forests to mountain conifer forests. This network is part of an international network of sites launched within the ICP Forests Programme aimed to assess the condition of forests in Europe. To examine how disturbance influenced understory dynamics, we estimated the disturbance impacts considering both natural and/or anthropogenic disturbances that cause significant damage to trees and to ground-surface layers, including ground-vegetation layers and upper-soil layers. Species richness across 10 sites (gamma diversity) significantly decreased from 272 to 243 species during the study period, while mean species richness per site did not significantly change. The mean value of site level Shannon diversity indices and evenness significantly increased. The cover of most common plant species increased during the monitoring period. The mean value of disturbance estimates per site increased from 0.8% in 2004/05 (ranging from 0% to 2.5%) to 16.3% in 2014/15 (ranging from 5.0% to 38.8%), which corresponded to a reduction in total vegetation cover, including tree-layer cover. More disturbed sites showed larger temporal changes in species composition compared to less disturbed sites, suggesting that forest disturbances caused understory compositional shifts during the study period. Rather than observing an increase in plant diversity due to disturbance, our results suggest a short-term decrease in species number, likely driven by replacement of more specialized species with common species.
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Stoeva, Lora, and Lora Kirova. "Assessing the carbon stock changes in forest soils in Bulgaria." Silva Balcanica 22, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/silvabalcanica.22.e76252.
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Forest soils are a key element of the forest ecosystems which could contribute to carbon storage and climate change mitigation. The carbon sequestration and storage potential of the forest soils, however, depends to a great extent on the forestry operations and forest management activities carried out in the forest. There is a widely accepted assumption that under a set of climate and management conditions the carbon content in the forest soils is at equilibrium. However, different factors like management activities, productivity, decay rates and/or natural disturbances could alter the carbon dynamics of forest soils. The aim of the current study was to assess the carbon stock and the carbon stock changes in mineral forest soils in Bulgaria based on the forest soil monitoring information gathered under the ICP Forest Programme. For that purpose, a dataset from the programme on mineral forest soils from 1998 was processed and analysed. The carbon stock for each sample plot was estimated for the 0-30 cm layer. The carbon stock change was calculated for all the sample plots with repeated measurements over the study period. The results were further analysed with parametric and non-parametric statistical tests to assess whether the carbon stock changes are significant. However, the lack of other relevant observations within the monitoring implementation such as litter decomposition, turnover rates, climatic conditions, etc., hinder the application of dynamic soil carbon models in assessing and predicting the current and the future rate of the soil carbon in forests in Bulgaria.
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Türkmen, Mustafa, Aysun Türkmen, and Ayhan Kara. "Assessment of Metal Levels in Biotic and Abiotic Materials from Giresun Forests." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, no. 11 (November 28, 2020): 2468–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i11.2468-2471.3838.
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The study investigated the metal levels in biotic and abiotic materials from Giresun forests. While soil and water samples were selected as abiotic materials, leaves and moss were selected as biotic materials in forest. These selected materials were sampled from six stations. All samples were analyzed three times for arsenic, iron, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc by ICP-OES. A logarithmic transformation was done on the data to improve normality. One way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests were performed to test the differences among metal levels of stations. The differences among metal levels in stations were statistically significant (p
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Bilibajkić, Svetlana, Radovan Nevenić, Miroslava Marković, Goran Češljar, Tomislav Stefanović, Zoran Poduška, Ilija Đorđević, and Renata Gagić-Serdar. "Intensive monitoring on the level II sample plots Kopaonik, Crn Vrh i Mokra Gora in 2014." Sustainable Forestry: Collection, no. 69-70 (2014): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sustfor1469095b.
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Monitoring and assessment of the impact of air pollution and its effects on forest ecosystems on the territory of the Republic of Serbia, Level II, began with the establishment of Level II sample plots on Fruska Gora in 2009, on Kopaonik in 2010, in Odzaci in 2011 and on Crni Vrh and Mokra Gora in 2013. Level II Monitoring Programme includes ten working panels from ten different professional fields of forestry grouped according to the research area. All Level II sample plot activities are carried out in accordance with the ICP Forests Manual on methods and criteria for harmonized sampling, assessment, monitoring and analysis of the effects of air pollution on forests. The paper presents the results of monitoring crown condition on Level II sample plots on Kopaonik, Crni Vrh and Mokra Gora in 2014.
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Алексеев, А. С., И. М. Чернов, И. В. Никифорчин, and Е. А. Иванова. "Tree stands of Scots pine and Norway spruce state assessment using hemispherical photography by Fish-eye lens and subsequent analysis of the digital images." Известия СПбЛТА, no. 233 (December 29, 2020): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.21266/2079-4304.2020.233.95-110.
Full textAbstract:
На примере чистых и смешанных древостоев хвойных пород с преобладанием сосны обыкновенной и ели европейской было проведено поисковое исследование возможностей определения состояния древостоев на основе цифровой полусферической съемки полога леса снизу вверх объективом типа «Рыбий глаз» и последующей обработки полученных изображений. Исследования были проведены на 25 пробных площадях, заложенных по европейской методике мониторинга состояния лесов ICP-Forest с регулярным их размещением по территории. На пробных площадях традиционным наземным методом были визуально определены такие показатели состояния древостоев как средние дефолиация верхней 1/3 части кроны деревьев, дефолиация всей кроны деревьев и класс повреждения древостоев. На этих же пробных площадях были получены снимки древесного полога объективом для полусферической съемки «Рыбий глаз», которые были обработаны с помощью программы открытого доступа Gap Light Analyzer. Методами регрессионного и дисперсионного анализа были установлены статистически достоверные связи между показателями состояния древостоев и их индексом листовой поверхности, полученным при обработке цифровых изображений. Показатели состояния древостоев и их индекс листовой поверхности связаны обратной зависимостью с коэффициентами детерминации от 79,8 до 87,4%. Полученные результаты позволяют в принципе разработать измерительную методику оценки состояния древостоев, обладающую свойствами объективности, технологичности, экономичности и точности. Основной целью такой методики является удаление из оценок состояния древостоев субъективного подхода, свойственного всем визуальным определениям. On the example of pure and mixed stands of coniferous species with a predominance of Scots pine and Norway spruce, a search study was conducted to determine the state of stands based on digital hemispherical shooting of the forest canopy from bottom to top with a Fish-eye lens and subsequent processing of the images obtained. The research was carried out on 25 test areas laid down according to the European method of monitoring the state of forests ICP-Forests. On the test areas land-based method to identify indicators of the status of the forest as the average defoliationof upper 1/3 part of the trees, defoliation of all trees and the class of damage of forest stands. At the same test areas, images of the tree canopy were obtained with a Fish-eye hemispherical lens, which were processed using the Gap Light Analyzer open access program. Using regression and variance analysis methods, statistically significant relationships were established between indicators of the state of stands and their leaf area index with determination coefficient from 79,8 to 87,4%. The results obtained allow us to develop a methodology for assessing the state of stands, which are usually determined visually with a high degree of subjectivity, by measuring.
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Алексеев, А. С., И. М. Чернов, И. В. Никифорчин, and Е. А. Иванова. "Tree stands of Scots pine and Norway spruce state assessment using hemispherical photography by Fish-eye lens and subsequent analysis of the digital images." Известия СПбЛТА, no. 233 (December 29, 2020): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.21266/2079-4304.2020.233.95-110.
Full textAbstract:
На примере чистых и смешанных древостоев хвойных пород с преобладанием сосны обыкновенной и ели европейской было проведено поисковое исследование возможностей определения состояния древостоев на основе цифровой полусферической съемки полога леса снизу вверх объективом типа «Рыбий глаз» и последующей обработки полученных изображений. Исследования были проведены на 25 пробных площадях, заложенных по европейской методике мониторинга состояния лесов ICP-Forest с регулярным их размещением по территории. На пробных площадях традиционным наземным методом были визуально определены такие показатели состояния древостоев как средние дефолиация верхней 1/3 части кроны деревьев, дефолиация всей кроны деревьев и класс повреждения древостоев. На этих же пробных площадях были получены снимки древесного полога объективом для полусферической съемки «Рыбий глаз», которые были обработаны с помощью программы открытого доступа Gap Light Analyzer. Методами регрессионного и дисперсионного анализа были установлены статистически достоверные связи между показателями состояния древостоев и их индексом листовой поверхности, полученным при обработке цифровых изображений. Показатели состояния древостоев и их индекс листовой поверхности связаны обратной зависимостью с коэффициентами детерминации от 79,8 до 87,4%. Полученные результаты позволяют в принципе разработать измерительную методику оценки состояния древостоев, обладающую свойствами объективности, технологичности, экономичности и точности. Основной целью такой методики является удаление из оценок состояния древостоев субъективного подхода, свойственного всем визуальным определениям. On the example of pure and mixed stands of coniferous species with a predominance of Scots pine and Norway spruce, a search study was conducted to determine the state of stands based on digital hemispherical shooting of the forest canopy from bottom to top with a Fish-eye lens and subsequent processing of the images obtained. The research was carried out on 25 test areas laid down according to the European method of monitoring the state of forests ICP-Forests. On the test areas land-based method to identify indicators of the status of the forest as the average defoliationof upper 1/3 part of the trees, defoliation of all trees and the class of damage of forest stands. At the same test areas, images of the tree canopy were obtained with a Fish-eye hemispherical lens, which were processed using the Gap Light Analyzer open access program. Using regression and variance analysis methods, statistically significant relationships were established between indicators of the state of stands and their leaf area index with determination coefficient from 79,8 to 87,4%. The results obtained allow us to develop a methodology for assessing the state of stands, which are usually determined visually with a high degree of subjectivity, by measuring.
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Ferrara, Carlotta, Maurizio Marchi, Gianfranco Fabbio, Silvano Fares, Giada Bertini, Maurizio Piovosi, and Luca Salvati. "Exploring Nonlinear Intra-Annual Growth Dynamics in Fagus sylvatica L. Trees at the Italian ICP-Forests Level II Network." Forests 10, no. 7 (July 13, 2019): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10070584.
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The European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is a widely distributed tree species across Europe, highly sensitive to climate change and global warming. This study illustrates results of a 5-year monitoring time period from eight sites of the ICP-Forests Level II (intensive monitoring network) along the Italian latitudinal gradient. The tree-level relationship between tree growth dynamics and environmental factors, including seasonal climate fluctuations were investigated by means of tree-level Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMMs). Model results revealed that climate was responsible for just a portion of the variability in beech growth dynamics. Even if climatic predictors were highly significant in almost all sites, the model explained nearly 30% of the total variance (with just a maximum value of 71.6%), leaving the remaining variance unexplained and likely connected with forest management trajectories applied to each site (e.g., aged coppice and fully grown high forest). Climate change scenarios were then applied to predict site-specific future responses. By applying climate change scenarios, it was predicted that central and northern Italy would face similar climatic conditions to those currently detected at southern latitudes. A special case study was represented by VEN1 plot (Veneto, Northern Italy) whose current and future climate regimes were grouped in a unique and separated cluster.
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Eichhorn, Johannes, Thomas Haussmann, Uwe Paar, Gert Jan Reinds, and Wim de Vries. "Assessments of Impacts of Nitrogen Deposition on Beech Forests: Results from the Pan-European Intensive Monitoring Programme." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.325.
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The article reviews effects of nitrogen (N) deposition on beech forest ecosystems in Europe. On the basis of beech plots of the Pan-European Monitoring Programme of ICP Forests and the EU, the deposition of N compounds as well as input-output budgets are listed and compared with studies in North America. The authors also discuss the critical threshold for N leaching. At present, N is leached in 10% of the plots evaluated. An in-depth evaluation of a beech plot in central Germany is presented. The high N leaching results in a considerable increase (four times higher N content in 2000 compared to 1965) in the export of nitrate from the beech forests from a nearby source. Finally, ecophysiological indicators (N content in beech leaves, fine root system, N content, root/shoot ratios) are discussed as a result of high N input.
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Bussotti, Filippo, Giancarlo Papitto, Domenico Di Martino, Cristiana Cocciufa, Claudia Cindolo, Enrico Cenni, Davide Bettini, Giovanni Iacopetti, and Martina Pollastrini. "Defoliation, Recovery and Increasing Mortality in Italian Forests: Levels, Patterns and Possible Consequences for Forest Multifunctionality." Forests 12, no. 11 (October 28, 2021): 1476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12111476.
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Forest health and multifunctionality are threatened by global challenges such as climate change. Forest health is currently assessed within the pan-European ICP Forests (International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests) programme through the evaluation of tree crown conditions (defoliation). This paper analyses the results of a 24-year assessment carried out in Italy on 253 permanent plots distributed across the whole forested area. The results evidenced a substantial stability of crown conditions at the national level, according to the usual defoliation thresholds Defoliation > 25% and Defoliation > 60%, albeit with species-specific patterns. Within this apparent temporal stability, an increased fraction of extremely defoliated and dead trees was observed. Extreme defoliation mostly occurred in years with severe summer drought, whereas mortality was higher in the years after the drought. The results for singular species evidenced critical conditions for Castanea sativa Mill. and Pinus species, whereas Quercus species showed a progressive decrease in defoliation. Deciduous species, such as Fagus sylvatica L., Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. and Quercus pubescens Willd. suffer the loss of leaves in dry years as a strategy to limit water loss by transpiration but recover their crown in the following years. The recurrence of extreme heat waves and drought from the beginning of the XXI century may increase the vulnerability of forests, and increased tree mortality can be expected in the future.
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Lukic, Dobrila, D. Karadzic, M. Radovanovic, M. Milenkovic, Mirjana Gajic, S. Milanovic, and Jelena Kovacevic-Majkic. "The influence of chemical characteristics of precipitation on tree health in Banjica Forest (Belgrade, Serbia)." Archives of Biological Sciences 64, no. 3 (2012): 1217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1203217l.
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The most represented tree species in the Banjica Forest are Acer negundo, Quercus robur, Acer pseudoplatanus, Populus nigra, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Fraxinus ornus and Robinia pseudoacacia. According to the ICP Forests combined assessment (degree of defoliation and decolorization), endangered species are Populus nigra (64.3% of heavily damaged trees), Quercus robur (45.5%), Fraxinus pennsylvanica (37.0%) and Acer negundo (26.6%), while the situation is much better for Acer pseudoplatanus and Fraxinus ornus. For Robinia pseudoacacia, 83% of trees are without decolorization, however, defoliation is established. In the period from April to October 2009, the average pH of rainwater was 5.46, and 5.18 in the period from November 2009 to March 2010. The concentration of SO42- in the period from April to October 2009 amounted to an average of 24.21 mg/l, and 28.87 mg/l in the period from November 2009 to March 2010. The concentration of SO42- and pH values is a possible explanation for the condition of the trees.
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Seidling, Walter, Richard Fischer, and Oliver Granke. "Relationships between forest floor vegetation on ICP Forests monitoring plots in Europe and basic variables in soil and nitrogen deposition." International Journal of Environmental Studies 65, no. 3 (June 2008): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207230701862538.
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Kermavnar, Janez, Lado Kutnar, and Aleksander Marinšek. "Disentangling the Ecological Determinants of Species and Functional Trait Diversity in Herb-Layer Plant Communities in European Temperate Forests." Forests 12, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050552.
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Forest herb-layer vegetation responds sensitively to environmental conditions. This paper compares drivers of both taxonomic, i.e., species richness, cover and evenness, and functional herb-layer diversity, i.e., the diversity of clonal, bud bank and leaf-height-seed plant traits. We investigated the dependence of herb-layer diversity on ecological determinants related to soil properties, climatic parameters, forest stand characteristics, and topographic and abiotic and biotic factors associated with forest floor structure. The study was conducted in different forest types in Slovenia, using vegetation and environmental data from 50 monitoring plots (400 m2 each) belonging to the ICP Forests Level I and II network. The main objective was to first identify significant ecological predictors and then quantify their relative importance. Species richness was strongly determined by forest stand characteristics, such as richness of the shrub layer, tree layer shade-casting ability as a proxy for light availability and tree species composition. It showed a clear positive relation to soil pH. Variation in herb-layer cover was also best explained by forest stand characteristics and, to a lesser extent, by structural factors such as moss cover. Species evenness was associated with tree species composition, shrub layer cover and soil pH. Various ecological determinants were decisive for the diversity of below-ground traits, i.e., clonal and bud bank traits. For these two trait groups we observed a substantial climatic signal that was completely absent for taxonomy-based measures of diversity. In contrast, above-ground leaf-height-seed (LHS) traits were driven exclusively by soil reaction and nitrogen availability. In synthesis, local stand characteristics and soil properties acted as the main controlling factors for both species and trait diversity in herb-layer communities across Slovenia, confirming many previous studies. Our findings suggest that the taxonomic and functional facets of herb-layer vegetation are mainly influenced by a similar set of ecological determinants. However, their relative importance varies among individual taxonomy- and functional trait-based diversity measures. Integrating multi-faceted approaches can provide complementary information on patterns of herb-layer diversity in European forest plant communities.
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Nickel, Stefan, and Winfried Schróder. "Metalleinträge in terrestrische Ökosysteme: Analyse von Daten aus Modellierung und Biomonitoring." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 168, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2017.0269.
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Metal deposition into terrestrial ecosystems: evaluating data from modelling and biomonitoring In Germany, atmospheric deposition of heavy metals derived by modelling and measurements using biological and technical samplers are used to spatially differentiate respective European data. However, a comparative analysis is still missing. Therefore, this article compares results from deposition modelling derived by LOTOS-EUROS and EMEP with data on heavy metals concentrations in leaves, needles and organic surface soil collected by intensive forest monitoring (ICP Forests Level II) and the Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB). The concentrations in leaves and needles collected during the years 2007–2011 for the specimen bank revealed clear correlations with the modelled values. They were specific for the matrices sampled and, in case of Cd concentrations in one year old spruce needles, for ecosystem types. Thereby, the correlations with LOTOS-EUROS were stronger than those with EMEP. Yet, these differences could not be proved to be significant. Most data retrieved from ICP Forests Level II monitoring showed stronger correlations with EMEP. They are lower than those calculated from specimen bank data. The advantage of IPC Forests Level II data is that it yields concentrations for different age groups of needles. Rather high correlations were found especially between LOTOS-EUROS results and Pb concentrations in two year old needles collected from pine and spruce. Additionally to leaves and needles, Forests Level II data were used to analyze heavy metal concentrations in organic soil layers. Significant correlations were computed for Cd between the modelled total deposition and respective concentrations in OH soil layers and for Pb between modelled total deposition and OL and OH soil layers. The different biomonitoring networks should be connected more tightly to enhance the spatial significance of their common data.
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George, Jan-Peter, Mathias Neumann, Jürgen Vogt, Carmelo Cammalleri, and Mait Lang. "Assessing effects of drought on tree mortality and productivity in European forests across two decades: a conceptual framework and preliminary results." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 932, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/932/1/012009.
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Abstract Forests are currently experiencing an unprecedented period of progressively drier growing conditions around the globe, which is threatening many forest ecosystem functions. Trees as long-living organisms are able to withstand drought periods. Our understanding on critical drought severity resulting in substantial decline in net primary productivity and/or eventually tree mortality is underdeveloped. A wide range of remote sensing products and ground observations, including information on productivity, tree vitality, climate, and soil moisture with high temporal and spatial resolution are now available. Linking these data sources could improve our understanding of the complex relationship between forest growth and drought. We introduce here a conceptual framework using satellite remotely sensed net primary productivity (MOD17A3 and MODIS EURO), ground observations of tree mortality (ICP level I survey data), soil moisture anomaly (Copernicus European Drought Observatory), and spatially-downscaled daily climate data for entire Europe. This unique analysis will enable us to test the influence of biotic and abiotic covariates such as tree age, stand history, and drought legacy using historic droughts for model development. This conceptual framework, as evident from the preliminary results shown here, can help anticipating the effects of future droughts and optimize global climate models considering drought effects.
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Samara, Fatin, Nadia Solovieva, Thouraya Ghalayini, Zaina Anwar Nasrallah, and Maria Saburova. "Assessment of the Environmental Status of the Mangrove Ecosystem in the United Arab Emirates." Water 12, no. 6 (June 6, 2020): 1623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061623.
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In the Arabian Gulf, mangroves play a particularly important role in maintaining biodiversity. Water and intertidal sediments were collected from eight sampling locations in April 2017 to assess the environmental status of the mangrove forest in the Khor al Beida, Umm Al Quwain, which is one of the largest natural mangrove forests in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Khor al Beida is also a breeding ground for the largest Gulf colony of a regionally endemic Socotra cormorant. Total metal concentrations of water and sediments were measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and ranged between 0.001–2.873 mg/L and 0.08–12683.02 mg/kg, respectively. Most metals were within permissible levels, except for copper, iron, aluminum, zinc, and nickel. Hazard Quotient calculations showed low risk to the ecosystem in relation to the presence of heavy metals, with the exception of zinc. Fifty-three diatom species of pennate benthic forms were identified in the intertidal sediments. For the first time in the UAE, diatom composition and diatom diversity values were quantitatively estimated in the surface sediments and a short sediment core. Overall, the assessment suggests that the mangrove forest is currently undisturbed and shows very little anthropogenic impact; yet, protection and conservation efforts are necessary in order to maintain its current status.
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Bogdanova, Yana Andreevna, Nataliya Vladimirovna Prokhorova, Konstantin Nikolaevich Vergel, and Marina Vladimirovna Frontasyeva. "The features of heavy metals and metalloids accumulation in the phytomass of the amphipodous moss <i>Pleurozium schreberi</i> (Brid.) Mitt. in the conditions of the Krasnosamarsky Forest area (Samara Region) and the National Park «Buzuluksky Bor» (Orenburg Region)." Samara Journal of Science 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.55355/snv2022111101.
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The paper analyzes ecological and geochemical features of the moss Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt., growing in artificial pine plantings of the National Park Buzuluksky Bor (Orenburg Region) and the Krasnosamarsky Forest (Samara Region). The research has been carried out within the framework of the International Program ICP Vegetation (https://icpvegetation.ceh.ac.uk), on the practical use of some bryophyte species in the environmental monitoring of multi-element air pollution in the countries of Western and Eastern Europe and a number of other countries. In the National Park Buzuluksky Bor and the Krasnosamarsky Forest, where species diversity and ecological characteristics of bryophytes have been studied for several years, the phytomass of the moss Pleurozium schreberi has been selected. This species is included in the species list proposed by the organizers of the research work under the UNECE ICP Vegetation Program. A multi-element analysis of Pleurozium schreberi phytomass has been carried out on the basis of the Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna using instrumental epithermal neutron activation analysis (ENAA). The biogeochemical similarity of the moss Pleurozium schreberi from the Krasnosamarsky Forest and Buzuluksky Bor, estimated by the concentration coefficients, has manifested itself in relation to a large group of heavy metals and metalloids, characterized by a relatively low ability to accumulate in its phytomass (Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Cd). Some differences have been revealed in relation to the elements with the maximum accumulation: Cu and Zn in the Krasnosamarsky Forest area, Mn and Ni - in the Buzuluksky Bor. A relatively low content of most of the analyzed heavy metals and metalloids in the soil of the studied territories as well as in the phytomass of the biomonitor moss Pleurozium schreberi allows us to consider them to be background for the steppe zone of the European part of the Russian Federation.
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Kim, Ki-Hong, Heejin Kim, Kyoung-Jun Song, Sang-Do Shin, Hee-Chan Kim, Hyouk-Jae Lim, Yoonjic Kim, Hyun-Jeong Kang, and Ki-Jeong Hong. "Prediction of Increased Intracranial Pressure in Traumatic Brain Injury Using Quantitative Electroencephalogram in a Porcine Experimental Model." Diagnostics 13, no. 3 (January 20, 2023): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13030386.
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Continuous and non-invasive measurement of intracranial pressure (ICP) in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is important to recognize increased ICP (IICP), which can reduce treatment delays. The purpose of this study was to develop an electroencephalogram (EEG)-based prediction model for IICP in a porcine TBI model. Thirty swine were anaesthetized and underwent IICP by inflating a Foley catheter in the intracranial space. Single-channel EEG data were collected every 6 min in 10 mmHg increments in the ICP from baseline to 50 mmHg. We developed EEG-based models to predict the IICP (equal or over 25 mmHg) using four algorithms: logistic regression (LR), naive Bayes (NB), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF). We assessed the performance of each model based on the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and AUC values. The accuracy of each prediction model for IICP was 0.773 for SVM, 0.749 for NB, 0.746 for RF, and 0.706 for LR. The AUC of each model was 0.860 for SVM, 0.824 for NB, 0.802 for RF, and 0.748 for LR. We developed a machine learning prediction model for IICP using single-channel EEG signals in a swine TBI experimental model. The SVM model showed good predictive power with the highest AUC value.
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Minďaš, Jozef, Miriam Hanzelová, Jana Škvareninová, Jaroslav Škvarenina, Ján Ďurský, and Slávka Tóthová. "Long-Term Temporal Changes of Precipitation Quality in Slovak Mountain Forests." Water 12, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 2920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102920.
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The paper is focused on the evaluation of long-term changes in the chemical composition of precipitation in the mountain forests of Slovakia. Two stations with long-term measurements of precipitation quality were selected, namely the station of the EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) network Chopok (2008 m a.s.l.) and the station of the ICP Forests (International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests) network Poľana-Hukavský grúň (850 m a.s.l.). All basic chemical components were analyzed, namely sulfur (S-SO4), nitrogen (N-NH4, N-NO3), and base cations (Ca, Mg, and K) contained in precipitation. The time changes of the individual components were statistically evaluated by the Mann–Kendall test and Kruskal–Wallis test. The results showed significant declining trends for almost all components, which can significantly affect element cycles in mountain forest ecosystems. The evaluated forty one-year period (1987 to 2018) is characterized by significant changes in the precipitation regime in Slovakia and the obtained results indicate possible directions in which the quantity and quality of precipitation in the mountainous areas of Slovakia will develop with ongoing climate change.
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Češljar, Goran, Filip Jovanović, Ljiljana Brašanac-Bosanac, Ilija Đorđević, Suzana Mitrović, Saša Eremija, Tatjana Ćirković-Mitrović, and Aleksandar Lučić. "Impact of an Extremely Dry Period on Tree Defoliation and Tree Mortality in Serbia." Plants 11, no. 10 (May 11, 2022): 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11101286.
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This paper presents research results on forest decline in Serbia. The results were obtained through monitoring defoliation of 34 tree species at 130 sample plots during the period from 2004 to 2018. This research aimed to determine whether the occurrence of defoliation and tree mortality were caused by drought. Defoliation was assessed in 5% steps according to the International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests) methodology. All the trees recorded as dead were singled out, and annual mortality rates were calculated. To determine changes in air temperature and precipitation regimes during the study period, we processed and analysed climatic data related to air temperature and precipitation throughout the year and in the growing season at 28 main weather stations in Serbia. Tree mortality patterns were established by classifying trees into three groups. The first group of trees exhibited a gradual increase in defoliation during the last few years of monitoring, with dying as the final outcome. The second group was characterised by sudden death of trees. The third group of trees reached a higher degree of defoliation immediately after the first monitoring year, and the trees died after several years. Tree mortality rates were compared between years using the Standardised Precipitation Evaporation Index (SPI) and the Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), the most common methods used to monitor drought. The most intensive forest decline was recorded during the period from 2013 to 2016, when the largest percentage of the total number of all trees died. According to the annual mortality rates calculated for the three observation periods (2004–2008, 2009–2013, and 2014–2018) the highest forest decline rate was recorded in the period from 2014 to 2018, with no statistically significant difference between broadleaved and coniferous tree species. As the sample of coniferous species was small, the number of sample plots should be increased in order to achieve better systematic forest condition monitoring in Serbia. The analysis of the relationship between defoliation and climatic parameters proved the correlation between them. It was noted that the forest decline in Serbia was preceded by an extremely dry period with high temperatures from 2011 to 2013, supporting the hypothesis that it was caused by drought. We therefore conclude that these unfavourable climatic conditions had serious and long-term consequences on forest ecosystems in Serbia.
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Galluzzi, Marta, Duccio Rocchini, Roberto Canullo, Ronald E. McRoberts, and Gherardo Chirici. "Mapping uncertainty of ICP-Forest biodiversity data: From standard treatment of diffusion to density-equalizing cartograms." Ecological Informatics 48 (November 2018): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2018.06.005.
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Rönnholm, P., X. Liang, A. Kukko, A. Jaakkola, and J. Hyyppä. "QUALITY ANALYSIS AND CORRECTION OF MOBILE BACKPACK LASER SCANNING DATA." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-1 (June 1, 2016): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-iii-1-41-2016.
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Backpack laser scanning systems have emerged recently enabling fast data collection and flexibility to make measurements also in areas that cannot be reached with, for example, vehicle-based laser scanners. Backpack laser scanning systems have been developed both for indoor and outdoor use. We have developed a quality analysis process in which the quality of backpack laser scanning data is evaluated in the forest environment. The reference data was collected with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) laser scanning system. The workflow included noise filtering, division of data into smaller patches, ground point extraction, ground data decimation, and ICP registration. As a result, we managed to observe the misalignments of backpack laser scanning data for 97 patches each including data from circa 10 seconds period of time. This evaluation revealed initial average misalignments of 0.227 m, 0.073 and -0.083 in the easting, northing and elevation directions, respectively. Furthermore, backpack data was corrected according to the ICP registration results. Our correction algorithm utilized the time-based linear transformation of backpack laser scanning point clouds. After the correction of data, the ICP registration was run again. This revealed remaining misalignments between the corrected backpack laser scanning data and the original UAV data. We found average misalignments of 0.084, 0.020 and -0.005 meters in the easting, northing and elevation directions, respectively.
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Rönnholm, P., X. Liang, A. Kukko, A. Jaakkola, and J. Hyyppä. "QUALITY ANALYSIS AND CORRECTION OF MOBILE BACKPACK LASER SCANNING DATA." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-1 (June 1, 2016): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iii-1-41-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Backpack laser scanning systems have emerged recently enabling fast data collection and flexibility to make measurements also in areas that cannot be reached with, for example, vehicle-based laser scanners. Backpack laser scanning systems have been developed both for indoor and outdoor use. We have developed a quality analysis process in which the quality of backpack laser scanning data is evaluated in the forest environment. The reference data was collected with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) laser scanning system. The workflow included noise filtering, division of data into smaller patches, ground point extraction, ground data decimation, and ICP registration. As a result, we managed to observe the misalignments of backpack laser scanning data for 97 patches each including data from circa 10 seconds period of time. This evaluation revealed initial average misalignments of 0.227 m, 0.073 and -0.083 in the easting, northing and elevation directions, respectively. Furthermore, backpack data was corrected according to the ICP registration results. Our correction algorithm utilized the time-based linear transformation of backpack laser scanning point clouds. After the correction of data, the ICP registration was run again. This revealed remaining misalignments between the corrected backpack laser scanning data and the original UAV data. We found average misalignments of 0.084, 0.020 and -0.005 meters in the easting, northing and elevation directions, respectively.
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Broome, Alice, and Elizabeth Poulsom. "Validation of Forest Condition Monitoring Programme (ICP-Forests, level 1) cone index scores by measuring cone density using a field-of-view method." Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 79, no. 2 (December 19, 2005): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpi065.
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Balbekova, Anna, Hans Lohninger, Geralda A. F. van Tilborg, Rick M. Dijkhuizen, Maximilian Bonta, Andreas Limbeck, Bernhard Lendl, et al. "Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) Imaging of Cerebral Ischemia: Combined Analysis of Rat Brain Thin Cuts Toward Improved Tissue Classification." Applied Spectroscopy 72, no. 2 (October 25, 2017): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702817734618.
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Microspectroscopic techniques are widely used to complement histological studies. Due to recent developments in the field of chemical imaging, combined chemical analysis has become attractive. This technique facilitates a deepened analysis compared to single techniques or side-by-side analysis. In this study, rat brains harvested one week after induction of photothrombotic stroke were investigated. Adjacent thin cuts from rats’ brains were imaged using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The LA-ICP-MS data were normalized using an internal standard (a thin gold layer). The acquired hyperspectral data cubes were fused and subjected to multivariate analysis. Brain regions affected by stroke as well as unaffected gray and white matter were identified and classified using a model based on either partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) or random decision forest (RDF) algorithms. The RDF algorithm demonstrated the best results for classification. Improved classification was observed in the case of fused data in comparison to individual data sets (either FT-IR or LA-ICP-MS). Variable importance analysis demonstrated that both molecular and elemental content contribute to the improved RDF classification. Univariate spectral analysis identified biochemical properties of the assigned tissue types. Classification of multisensor hyperspectral data sets using an RDF algorithm allows access to a novel and in-depth understanding of biochemical processes and solid chemical allocation of different brain regions.
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Skibniewska, Ewa M., Michał Skibniewski, Tadeusz Kośla, and Marta Kołnierzak. "Concentrations of zinc, cadmium and lead in the hoof horn of the European bison (Bison bonasus bonasus) / Zawartość cynku, kadmu i ołowiu w ścianie rogowej racicy żubra Europejskiego (Bison bonasus bonasus)." Ochrona Srodowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/oszn-2015-0012.
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Abstract The aim of the study was the assessment of zinc, cadmium and lead concentrations in the hoof horn of the European bison free ranging in Białowieża Primeval Forest. The investigation material comprised hoof samples collected from animals eliminated during annual selection. Animals were divided depending on gender (males and females). Metals content was determined using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method (ICP-MS). Mean metals concentrations in hoof were: 114.1, 0.15 and 0.45 mg·kg-1 dry matter for zinc, cadmium and lead, respectively. A significantly correlated dependence at p ≤ 0.05 was observed between the zinc and lead content in the material studied. No statistically significant differences in the metals content were observed depending on gender. It can be stated, that zinc, cadmium and lead concentrations in the hoof wall of the European bison from Białowieża primeval forest are in the reference values determined for the hair coat of other ungulates species
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Hu, Meng, Yuan Yang, Mingyang Fan, Kexin Huang, Lu Wang, Ting Lv, Xiangui Yi, Lin Chen, and Yanming Fang. "Inter- and Intra-Population Variation of Foliage Calcium and Magnesium in Two Chinese Pine Species." Plants 12, no. 3 (January 26, 2023): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12030562.
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Calcium and magnesium are major nutrient elements of plants, and both play an important role in plant growth and development. Pinus massoniana and P. hwangshanensis are important afforestation tree species in barren mountains in China. However, observation and research on calcium and magnesium nutrition of dominant forest species in China are still limited. This study determined the concentration of calcium and magnesium in needles for two species from five sites in East China by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). We then explored the inter- and intra-population variation pattern of calcium and magnesium and their relationship with environmental factors. There were significant differences in traits among populations. The strongest factors, which impacted the variation of calcium and magnesium concentration, were elevation and individual differences, respectively. Element concentration was correlated to environmental factors such as longitude, latitude, elevation, and mean annual temperature. The results of this study can be helpful for a better understanding of tree growth, population survival, and forest succession.
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Buriánek, V., R. Novotný, K. Hellebrandová, and V. Šrámek. "Ground vegetation as an important factor in the biodiversity of forest ecosystems and its evaluation in regard to nitrogen deposition." Journal of Forest Science 59, No. 6 (July 11, 2013): 238–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/16/2013-jfs.
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: We documented the current typological and phytosociological characterisation of the ground vegetation as an essential component of biodiversity in 154 Czech forest monitoring plots and to describe its changes during the past 15 years in regard to the deposition and concentration of nitrogen in the soil. Plots were classified as vegetation units in accordance with the UNECE and FAO nomenclature and on the basis of their potential natural vegetation and compared in terms of the occurrence and coverage of the indicative selected nitrophilous species. In all the soil horizons tested statistically significant differences in the C/N ratio were observed between areas with and without the presence of certain selected nitrophilous species (Geranium robertianum, Impatiens parviflora, Sambucus nigra, Urtica dioica). In the areas with the presence of the Geranium robertianum and Urtica dioica species, statistically significantly higher concentrations of nitrogen were recorded in some soil horizons than in those areas with the absence of these species. The findings concerning the influence of nitrogen on nitrophilous herbaceous indicators were compared with the European results obtained in the framework of the ICP Forests international programme and with those of other foreign studies.
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Čerňava, Juraj, Martin Mokroš, Ján Tuček, Michal Antal, and Zuzana Slatkovská. "Processing Chain for Estimation of Tree Diameter from GNSS-IMU-Based Mobile Laser Scanning Data." Remote Sensing 11, no. 6 (March 13, 2019): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11060615.
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Mobile laser scanning (MLS) is a progressive technology that has already demonstrated its ability to provide highly accurate measurements of road networks. Mobile innovation of the laser scanning has also found its use in forest mapping over the last decade. In most cases, existing methods for forest data acquisition using MLS result in misaligned scenes of the forest, scanned from different views appearing in one point cloud. These difficulties are caused mainly by forest canopy blocking the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signal and limited access to the forest. In this study, we propose an approach to the processing of MLS data of forest scanned from different views with two mobile laser scanners under heavy canopy. Data from two scanners, as part of the mobile mapping system (MMS) Riegl VMX-250, were acquired by scanning from five parallel skid trails that are connected to the forest road. Misaligned scenes of the forest acquired from different views were successfully extracted from the raw MLS point cloud using GNSS time based clustering. At first, point clouds with correctly aligned sets of ground points were generated using this method. The loss of points after the clustering amounted to 33.48%. Extracted point clouds were then reduced to 1.15 m thick horizontal slices, and tree stems were detected. Point clusters from individual stems were grouped based on the diameter and mean GNSS time of the cluster acquisition. Horizontal overlap was calculated for the clusters from individual stems, and sufficiently overlapping clusters were aligned using the OPALS ICP module. An average misalignment of 7.2 mm was observed for the aligned point clusters. A 5-cm thick horizontal slice of the aligned point cloud was used for estimation of the stem diameter at breast height (DBH). DBH was estimated using a simple circle-fitting method with a root-mean-square error of 3.06 cm. The methods presented in this study have the potential to process MLS data acquired under heavy forest canopy with any commercial MMS.
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Ayma, V. A., R. S. Ferreira, P. Happ, D. Oliveira, R. Feitosa, G. Costa, A. Plaza, and P. Gamba. "CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHMS FOR BIG DATA ANALYSIS, A MAP REDUCE APPROACH." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-3/W2 (March 10, 2015): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-3-w2-17-2015.
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Since many years ago, the scientific community is concerned about how to increase the accuracy of different classification methods, and major achievements have been made so far. Besides this issue, the increasing amount of data that is being generated every day by remote sensors raises more challenges to be overcome. In this work, a tool within the scope of <i>InterIMAGE Cloud Platform (ICP)</i>, which is an open-source, distributed framework for automatic image interpretation, is presented. The tool, named <i>ICP: Data Mining Package</i>, is able to perform supervised classification procedures on huge amounts of data, usually referred as <i>big data</i>, on a distributed infrastructure using Hadoop MapReduce. The tool has four classification algorithms implemented, taken from WEKA’s machine learning library, namely: Decision Trees, Naïve Bayes, Random Forest and Support Vector Machines (SVM). The results of an experimental analysis using a SVM classifier on data sets of different sizes for different cluster configurations demonstrates the potential of the tool, as well as aspects that affect its performance.