Journal articles: 'Iconicity'

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William Pinder, Daniel. "Typographical iconicity and the communication of impressions: A relevance-theoretic perspective." Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 18, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lpp-2022-0001.

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Abstract This article studies the cognitive and communicative effects of typographical iconicity in poetry from the perspective of relevance theory. It argues that the visual aspect pertaining to an instance of typographical iconicity conveys a sensory impression, which perceptually resembles elements of the semantic material represented via the typographical iconicity’s lexical aspect. It is suggested that the non-propositional information relating to this impression can trigger the derivation of a wide array of weak implicatures which can combine to form an impressionistic and indeterminate cognitive state described within relevance theory as a poetic effect. Furthermore, since the added effort, which the typographical iconicity requires to be perceived and processed, is offset by the derived implicatures, the use of typographical iconicity may be said to produce an optimally relevant level of processing.

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Fay, Nicolas, Mark Ellison, and Simon Garrod. "Iconicity." Diagrammatic Reasoning 22, no. 2 (December 31, 2014): 244–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.22.2.05fay.

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This paper explores the role of iconicity in spoken language and other human communication systems. First, we concentrate on graphical and gestural communication and show how semantically motivated iconic signs play an important role in creating such communication systems from scratch. We then consider how iconic signs tend to become simplified and symbolic as the communication system matures and argue that this process is driven by repeated interactive use of the signs. We then consider evidence for iconicity at the level of the system in graphical communication and finally draw comparisons between iconicity in graphical and gestural communication systems and in spoken language.

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Mannheim, Bruce. "Iconicity." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 9, no. 1-2 (June 1999): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jlin.1999.9.1-2.107.

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Боброва, Ангелина Сергеевна. "Iconicity of logic and iconicity in logic." Логико-философские штудии, no. 3 (November 30, 2022): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.52119/lphs.2022.69.40.001.

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Логические теории не могут быть построены без формального языка, основу которого задают символы. Однако это не говорит о том, что логика (в целом) может работать только на уровне языка. Через язык логика лишь выражается. Это уточнение позволяет пересмотреть природу логических знаков, то есть составных единиц языка. Будет показано, что основу логических языков должны задавать знаки-иконы. Для этого будут проанализированы различные виды икон, рассмотрена природа иконического и ее несводимость к визуальному, а также уточнена роль иконического для понимания предмета логики и ее возможностей. Logical theories cannot be built without formal languages whose basic units are seen as symbols or symbolic signs. However, it does not mean that logic (in general) cannot operate without language. Logic is articulated in language. This specification allows to review the nature of logical signs. In the paper, I will argue that the foundation of logical languages should be constructed with the assistance of iconic signs. The presentation demonstrates various types of icons (in logic), scrutinizes the essence of the iconic and the irreducibility of the latter to the visual. In addition, it specifies the contribution of iconic treatments to the debates on the subject of logic and its possibilities.

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Östman, Jan-Ola. "Testing Iconicity." Universals of Language 4 (January 1, 1989): 145–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.4.09ost.

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Levshina, Natalia. "Measuring iconicity." Functions of Language 24, no. 3 (December 31, 2017): 319–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.15013.lev.

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Abstract The idea of isomorphism of form and meaning has played an important role in functionalist theories of syntax and morphology. However, there have been few studies that test this hypothesis empirically on quantitative data. This study aims to fill this gap by testing the predictions made by iconicity theory with the help of statistical hypothesis-testing techniques. The paper focuses on a subtype of isomorphism, namely iconicity of cohesion. The analyses are based on a sample of lexical and analytic causatives from the British National Corpus. The study employs three different operationalisations of the degree of semantic cohesion of the causing and caused events, which are based on English and cross-linguistic data. The form-function correlation is interpreted from the point of view of three possible models of relationships between form, function and/or frequency.

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MOTAMEDI, YASAMIN, HANNAH LITTLE, ALAN NIELSEN, and JUSTIN SULIK. "The iconicity toolbox: empirical approaches to measuring iconicity." Language and Cognition 11, no. 02 (June 2019): 188–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2019.14.

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abstractGrowing evidence from across the cognitive sciences indicates that iconicity plays an important role in a number of fundamental language processes, spanning learning, comprehension, and online use. One benefit of this recent upsurge in empirical work is the diversification of methods available for measuring iconicity. In this paper, we provide an overview of methods in the form of a ‘toolbox’. We lay out empirical methods for measuring iconicity at a behavioural level, in the perception, production, and comprehension of iconic forms. We also discuss large-scale studies that look at iconicity on a system-wide level, based on objective measures of similarity between signals and meanings. We give a detailed overview of how different measures of iconicity can better address specific hypotheses, providing greater clarity when choosing testing methods.

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Caselli, Naomi K., and Jennie E. Pyers. "The Road to Language Learning Is Not Entirely Iconic: Iconicity, Neighborhood Density, and Frequency Facilitate Acquisition of Sign Language." Psychological Science 28, no. 7 (May 30, 2017): 979–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617700498.

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Iconic mappings between words and their meanings are far more prevalent than once estimated and seem to support children’s acquisition of new words, spoken or signed. We asked whether iconicity’s prevalence in sign language overshadows two other factors known to support the acquisition of spoken vocabulary: neighborhood density (the number of lexical items phonologically similar to the target) and lexical frequency. Using mixed-effects logistic regressions, we reanalyzed 58 parental reports of native-signing deaf children’s productive acquisition of 332 signs in American Sign Language (ASL; Anderson & Reilly, 2002) and found that iconicity, neighborhood density, and lexical frequency independently facilitated vocabulary acquisition. Despite differences in iconicity and phonological structure between signed and spoken language, signing children, like children learning a spoken language, track statistical information about lexical items and their phonological properties and leverage this information to expand their vocabulary.

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Krivochen, Diego Gabriel, and Ľudmila Lacková. "Iconicity in syntax and the architecture of linguistic theory." Studies in Language 44, no. 1 (May 6, 2020): 95–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.19017.lac.

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Abstract Linguistic iconicity has been studied since ancient times (e.g., Plato’s Cratylus, see Cooper & Hutchinson 1997). Within modern grammatical description, this notion was mostly developed by Jakobson and Benveniste; nowadays, iconicity in language is even being experimentally tested (e.g., Blasi et al. 2016; Diatka & Milička 2017). However, most studies on linguistic iconicity pertain to prosody, sound symbolism, or morphology; syntactic iconicity has been vastly underexplored. In this paper, we present two hypotheses concerning syntactic iconicity: (1) syntactic descriptions of natural language strings have an inherent structure which is isomorphic to that of representations in some other component of grammar or a non-grammatical system; or (2) linear order imposed on phrase structure is isomorphic to that in some other component of grammar or a non-grammatical system. We will argue in favour of the former, which constitutes a novel perspective on iconicity in grammar. We furthermore discuss the place that iconicity may have in the architecture of a generative system.

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Occhino, Corrine, Benjamin Anible, Erin Wilkinson, and Jill P. Morford. "Iconicity is in the eye of the beholder." Gesture 16, no. 1 (June 15, 2017): 100–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.16.1.04occ.

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Abstract A renewed interest in understanding the role of iconicity in the structure and processing of signed languages is hampered by the conflation of iconicity and transparency in the definition and operationalization of iconicity as a variable. We hypothesize that iconicity is fundamentally different than transparency since it arises from individuals’ experience with the world and their language, and is subjectively mediated by the signers’ construal of form and meaning. We test this hypothesis by asking American Sign Language (ASL) signers and German Sign Language (DGS) signers to rate iconicity of ASL and DGS signs. Native signers consistently rate signs in their own language as more iconic than foreign language signs. The results demonstrate that the perception of iconicity is intimately related to language-specific experience. Discovering the full ramifications of iconicity for the structure and processing of signed languages requires operationalizing this construct in a manner that is sensitive to language experience.

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Meir, Irit, Carol Padden, Mark Aronoff, and Wendy Sandler. "Competing iconicities in the structure of languages." Cognitive Linguistics 24, no. 2 (May 2, 2013): 309–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2013-0010.

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AbstractThe paper examines the role that iconicity plays in the structuring of grammars. Two main points are argued for: (a) Grammar does not necessarily suppress iconicity; rather, iconicity and grammar can enjoy a congenial relation in that iconicity can play an active role in the structuring of grammars. (b) Iconicity is not monolithic. There are different types of iconicity and languages take advantage of the possibilities afforded by them. We examine the interaction between iconicity and grammar by focusing on the ways in which sign languages employ the physical body of the signer as a rich iconic resource for encoding a variety of grammatical notions. We show that the body can play three different roles in iconic forms in sign languages: it can be used as a naming device where body parts represent body parts; it can represent the subject argument of verbal signs, and it can stand for first person. These strategies interact and sometimes compete in the languages under study. Each language resolves these competitions differently, which results in different grammars and grammatical structures. The investigation of the ways in which grammar and iconicity interact in these languages provides insight into the nature of both systems.

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Sonesson, Göran. "From mimicry to mime by way of mimesis: Reflections on a general theory of iconicity." Sign Systems Studies 38, no. 1/4 (December 1, 2010): 18–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2010.38.1-4.02.

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Practically all theories of iconicity are denunciations of its subject matter (for example, those of Goodman, Bierman and the early Eco). My own theory of iconicity was developed in order to save a particular kind of iconicity, pictoriality, from such criticism. In this interest, I distinguished pure iconicity, iconic ground, and iconic sign, on one hand, and primary and secondary iconic signs, on the other hand. Since then, however, several things have happened. The conceptual tools that I created to explain pictoriality have been shown by others to be relevant to linguistic iconicity. On the other hand, semioticians with points of departure different from mine have identified mimicry as it is commonly found in the animal world as a species of iconicity. In the evolutionary semiotics of Deacon, iconicity is referred to in such a general way that it seems to be emptied of all content, while in the variety invented by Donald the term mimesis is used for a particular phase in the evolution of iconic meaning. The aim of this article is to consider to what extent the extension of iconicity theory to new domains will necessitate the development of new models.

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Winter, Bodo, Marcus Perlman, Lynn K. Perry, and Gary Lupyan. "Which words are most iconic?" Interaction Studies 18, no. 3 (December 8, 2017): 443–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.18.3.07win.

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Some spoken words are iconic, exhibiting a resemblance between form and meaning. We used native speaker ratings to assess the iconicity of 3001 English words, analyzing their iconicity in relation to part-of-speech differences and differences between the sensory domain they relate to (sight, sound, touch, taste and smell). First, we replicated previous findings showing that onomatopoeia and interjections were highest in iconicity, followed by verbs and adjectives, and then nouns and grammatical words. We further show that words with meanings related to the senses are more iconic than words with abstract meanings. Moreover, iconicity is not distributed equally across sensory modalities: Auditory and tactile words tend to be more iconic than words denoting concepts related to taste, smell and sight. Last, we examined the relationship between iconicity (resemblance between form and meaning) and systematicity (statistical regularity between form and meaning). We find that iconicity in English words is more strongly related to sensory meanings than systematicity. Altogether, our results shed light on the extent and distribution of iconicity in modern English.

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Petrilli, Susan. "Iconicity in Translation." American Journal of Semiotics 24, no. 4 (2008): 237–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ajs200824425.

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Svensson, Jimmie. "Iconicity in Verse." American Journal of Semiotics 31, no. 3 (2015): 377–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ajs2016249.

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Justice, David, and John Haiman. "Iconicity in Syntax." Language 63, no. 3 (September 1987): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415011.

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Shapiro, Michael, and Raffaele Simone. "Iconicity in Language." Language 71, no. 4 (December 1995): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415750.

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Barnes, Jonathan. "Innocence and Iconicity." Dialectica 58, no. 2 (June 23, 2005): 248–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-8361.2004.tb00301.x.

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Hassemer, Julius, and Bodo Winter. "Decoding Gestural Iconicity." Cognitive Science 42, no. 8 (November 2018): 3034–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12680.

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Nänny, Max. "Iconicity in literature." Word & Image 2, no. 3 (July 1986): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666286.1986.10435344.

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Parker, Mike. "Monty Python’s Iconicity." International Journal of Heritage Studies 13, no. 6 (November 2007): 514–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13527250701570820.

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Kuteva, Tania. "Iconicity and auxiliation." Journal of Pragmatics 22, no. 1 (July 1994): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(94)90057-4.

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OCCHINO, CORRINE, BENJAMIN ANIBLE, and JILL P. MORFORD. "The role of iconicity, construal, and proficiency in the online processing of handshape." Language and Cognition 12, no. 1 (March 2020): 114–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2020.1.

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abstractIconicity has traditionally been considered an objective, fixed, unidimensional property of language forms, often operationalized as transparency for experimental purposes. Within a Cognitive Linguistics framework, iconicity is a mapping between an individual’s construal of form and construal of meaning, such that iconicity is subjective, dynamic, and multidimensional. We test the latter alternative by asking signers who differed in ASL proficiency to complete a handshape monitoring task in which we manipulated the number of form–meaning construals that target handshapes participated in. We estimated the interaction of iconicity, proficiency, and construal density using mixed-effects models for response time and accuracy with crossed random effects for participants and items.Results show a significant three-way interaction between iconicity, proficiency, and construal density such that less-proficient signers detected handshapes in more iconic signs faster than less iconic signs regardless of the handshape they were monitoring, but highly proficient signers’ performance was only improved by iconicity for handshapes that participate in many construals. Taken in conjunction with growing evidence of the subjectivity of iconicity, we interpret these results as support for the claim that construal is a core mechanism underlying iconicity, both for transparent and systematic language-internal form–meaning mappings.

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Brandt, Line. "Rhythm in verse." Cognitive Semiotics 15, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cogsem-2022-2011.

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Abstract This paper on rhythm is an adaptation of the semiotic research on rhythm in versified language presented as one of the seven types of poetic iconicity in Chapter 5 of The Communicative Mind: A Linguistic Exploration of Conceptual Integration and Meaning Construction (L. Brandt 2013) entitled “Effects of poetic enunciation: Seven types of iconicity”. Defined by the linebreak, poetic language use engenders distinctive interpretive affordances, some of which manifest themselves as emphatically iconic sign relations contributing to the expressive whole of a text. In “Effects of poetic enunciation”, I explore syntactic, semantic, phonetic, rhythmic and rhetorical aspects of the phenomenon of semiotic iconicity, and its counterpart aniconicity, in language characterized by an intentionally (line)broken syntax and contribute a systematic account of the different types of semiotic iconicity relations, understood as figural or diagrammatic similarity relations – or, conversely, potent dissimilarity relations, i.e. aniconicity – between expressive means and semantic content. Rhythmic iconicity is the fifth type of iconicity in this typology.

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DINGEMANSE, MARK, MARCUS PERLMAN, and PAMELA PERNISS. "Construals of iconicity: experimental approaches to form–meaning resemblances in language." Language and Cognition 12, no. 1 (March 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2019.48.

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abstractWhile speculations on form–meaning resemblances in language go back millennia, the experimental study of iconicity is only about a century old. Here we take stock of experimental work on iconicity and present a double special issue with a diverse set of new contributions. We contextualise the work by introducing a typology of approaches to iconicity in language. Some approaches construe iconicity as a discrete property that is either present or absent; others treat it as involving semiotic relationships that come in kinds; and yet others see it as a gradient substance that comes in degrees. We show the benefits and limitations that come with each of these construals and stress the importance of developing accounts that can fluently switch between them. With operationalisations of iconicity that are well defined yet flexible enough to deal with differences in tasks, modalities, and levels of analysis, experimental research on iconicity is well equipped to contribute to a comprehensive science of language.

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Pyers, Jennie, and Ann Senghas. "Lexical iconicity is differentially favored under transmission in a new sign language." Special Issue in Memory of Irit Meir 23, no. 1-2 (October 30, 2020): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.00044.pye.

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Abstract Observations that iconicity diminishes over time in sign languages (Frishberg 1975) pose a puzzle: Why should something so evidently useful and functional decrease? Using an archival dataset of signs elicited over 15 years from 4 first-cohort and 4 third-cohort signers of an emerging sign language (Nicaraguan Sign Language), we investigated changes in pantomimic (body-to-body) and perceptual (body-to-object) iconicity. We make three key observations: (1) there is greater variability in the signs produced by the first cohort compared to the third; (2) while both types of iconicity are evident, pantomimic iconicity is more prevalent than perceptual iconicity for both groups; and (3) across cohorts, pantomimic elements are dropped to a greater proportion than perceptual elements. The higher rate of pantomimic iconicity in the first-cohort lexicon reflects the usefulness of body-as-body mapping in language creation. Yet, its greater vulnerability to change over transmission suggests that it is less favored by children’s language acquisition processes.

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Sicoli, Mark A. "Ideophones, rhemes, interpretants." Pragmatics and Society 5, no. 3 (November 14, 2014): 445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.5.3.08sic.

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This commentary considers the depictive quality of ideophones within the context of a general semiotic. I seek to expand the limited uptake of iconicity in linguistic theory from a resemblance between sign and object along Peirce’s second trichotomy (icon, index, symbol) to discuss iconicity from the often overlooked perspective of Peirce’s third trichotomy (rheme, dicent, argument). I examine ideophones as semiotic rhemes that affect iconic interpretants and suggest this shift in understanding iconicity unites lexical iconicity with depictive processes in interaction more generally, and beyond this with other rhematic linguistic signs. These parallels are illustrated by two examples of the expressive use of pitch, and throughout the discussion by reference to how the work of the authors of the present Special Issue help free a theory of iconicity from the bonds of it being considered a fixed, lexical relationship, to rather theorize iconicity as a poetic achievement designed for an interpreter’s active reception.

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Li, Tinghua. "Application of Iconicity to English Teaching." Higher Education Studies 10, no. 2 (March 8, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/hes.v10n2p13.

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The theory of iconicity is widely applied in different fields such as poetry, novel, advertising and English-Chinese comparison but scarcely is it utilized to the combination of English teaching and iconicity theory in cognitive linguistics. This paper discusses how iconicity theory can be used in English teaching by literature research method. Once teachers become familiar with iconicity theory and apply it to their teaching activity, English teaching and learning would be encouraged for they are a rewarding journey, promised with a host of knowledge.

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Lavitskaya, Yulia, Yulia Sedelkina, Elizaveta Korotaevskaya, Liubov Tkacheva, Maria Flaksman, and Andrey Nasledov. "Does De-Iconization Affect Visual Recognition of Russian and English Iconic Words?" Languages 7, no. 2 (April 15, 2022): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7020097.

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Iconic words constitute an integral part of the lexicon of a language, exhibiting form-meaning resemblance. Over the course of time, semantic and phonetic transformations “weaken” the degree of iconicity of a word. This iconicity loss is known as the process of de-iconization, which is divided into four stages, and, at each consecutive stage, the degree of a word’s iconicity is reduced. The current experimental study is the first to compare and contrast how English (N = 50) and Russian (N = 106) subjects recognize visually presented native iconic words (N = 32). Our aim is two-fold: first, to identify native speakers’ ability to perceive the fine-grained division of iconicity; and second, to control for the influence of participants’ native languages. This enables us to provide a more exhaustive analysis of the role of iconicity in word recognition and to combine empirical results with a theoretical perspective. The findings showed that the speakers of these languages are not equally sensitive to iconicity. As opposed to the English-speaking participants, who showed almost similar performance on each group of iconic words, the Russian participants tended to respond slower and less accurately to the words that were higher in iconicity. We discuss the major factors that may affect iconic word recognition in each language.

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SEVCIKOVA SEHYR, ZED, and KAREN EMMOREY. "The perceived mapping between form and meaning in American Sign Language depends on linguistic knowledge and task: evidence from iconicity and transparency judgments." Language and Cognition 11, no. 02 (June 2019): 208–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2019.18.

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abstractIconicity is often defined as the resemblance between a form and a given meaning, while transparency is defined as the ability to infer a given meaning based on the form. This study examined the influence of knowledge of American Sign Language (ASL) on the perceived iconicity of signs and the relationship between iconicity, transparency (correctly guessed signs), ‘perceived transparency’ (transparency ratings of the guesses), and ‘semantic potential’ (the diversity (H index) of guesses). Experiment 1 compared iconicity ratings by deaf ASL signers and hearing non-signers for 991 signs from the ASL-LEX database. Signers and non-signers’ ratings were highly correlated; however, the groups provided different iconicity ratings for subclasses of signs: nouns vs. verbs, handling vs. entity, and one- vs. two-handed signs. In Experiment 2, non-signers guessed the meaning of 430 signs and rated them for how transparent their guessed meaning would be for others. Only 10% of guesses were correct. Iconicity ratings correlated with transparency (correct guesses), perceived transparency ratings, and semantic potential (H index). Further, some iconic signs were perceived as non-transparent and vice versa. The study demonstrates that linguistic knowledge mediates perceived iconicity distinctly from gesture and highlights critical distinctions between iconicity, transparency (perceived and objective), and semantic potential.

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Melnikova, Irina. "Iconicity (of Reading). Lolita." Semiotika 16 (July 29, 2021): 24–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/semiotika.2021.8.

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The paper focuses on the issue of iconicity of (printed) literary narrative and proposes the idea of iconic reading (or iconicity of reading). It discusses Peircean notion of iconic sign, examines its use within the field of iconicity studies in language and literature (Olga Fischer, Christina Ljungberg, Winfried Nöth, etc.), and considers the differences of paradigms in iconicity research: (1) iconicity as a permanent property of a sign; imitation pattern – form mimes meaning; (2) iconicity as a variable quality of a sign, actualized by the speaker; imitation pattern – form miming form; (3) iconicity as the ground of human thought and a function of a sign, actualized by the reader / reading. Consideration of the differences within the field of iconicity research helps to reveal the underestimated textual aspects that actualize iconic dimension of literary narrative, and inspires to examine their role in the analysis of Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov, precisely, its “Foreword” (both original English and Russian versions). The analysis of the fictional “Foreword”, which establishes the pattern of iconization of the novel as a whole, and inevitably includes the references to its “main” part, shows how the novel iconizes writing. Withal, the analysis demonstrates how this iconization configures the particular model of reading, which becomes the representamen of the specific cognitive icon. The mental representamen of this icon “stands for” the specific object – the text as the tangible media product, marked by the structural and discursive traits of its own. Respectively, such (cognitive) icon represents the pattern of mimetic relationship between form and meaning, introduced by Lars Elleström (2010), – meaning mimes form, worthy of further consideration.

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DINGEMANSE, MARK, and BILL THOMPSON. "Playful iconicity: structural markedness underlies the relation between funniness and iconicity." Language and Cognition 12, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 203–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2019.49.

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abstractWords like ‘waddle’, ‘flop’, and ‘zigzag’ combine playful connotations with iconic form–meaning resemblances. Here we propose that structural markedness may be a common factor underlying perceptions of playfulness and iconicity. Using collected and estimated lexical ratings covering a total of over 70,000 English words, we assess the robustness of this association. We identify cues of phonotactic complexity that covary with funniness and iconicity ratings and that, we propose, serve as metacommunicative signals to draw attention to words as playful and performative. To assess the generalisability of the findings we develop a method to estimate lexical ratings from distributional semantics and apply it to a dataset 20 times the size of the original set of human ratings. The method can be used more generally to extend coverage of lexical ratings. We find that it reliably reproduces correlations between funniness and iconicity as well as cues of structural markedness, though it also amplifies biases present in the human ratings. Our study shows that the playful and the poetic are part of the very texture of the lexicon.

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Perniss, Pamela, and Gabriella Vigliocco. "The bridge of iconicity: from a world of experience to the experience of language." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1651 (September 19, 2014): 20130300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0300.

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Iconicity, a resemblance between properties of linguistic form (both in spoken and signed languages) and meaning, has traditionally been considered to be a marginal, irrelevant phenomenon for our understanding of language processing, development and evolution. Rather, the arbitrary and symbolic nature of language has long been taken as a design feature of the human linguistic system. In this paper, we propose an alternative framework in which iconicity in face-to-face communication (spoken and signed) is a powerful vehicle for bridging between language and human sensori-motor experience, and, as such, iconicity provides a key to understanding language evolution, development and processing. In language evolution, iconicity might have played a key role in establishing displacement (the ability of language to refer beyond what is immediately present), which is core to what language does; in ontogenesis, iconicity might play a critical role in supporting referentiality (learning to map linguistic labels to objects, events, etc., in the world), which is core to vocabulary development. Finally, in language processing, iconicity could provide a mechanism to account for how language comes to be embodied (grounded in our sensory and motor systems), which is core to meaningful communication.

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E.O., Mariera, E. G.Mecha, and G. M.Anyona. "Diagrammatic Iconicity in EkeGusii: A relation between the structure of form and meaning." Macrolinguistics 9, no. 14 (June 30, 2021): 84–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.26478/ja2021.9.14.4.

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This paper mainly presents evidence for a relationship between language structure and meaning in EkeGusii, a Bantu language spoken in Kenya. The main argument is that the structure of language mirrors the structure of reality. A brief overview of other scholars demonstrates that diagrammatic iconicity shows universal tendencies. Five main ideas run down the discussion. Firstly, in EkeGusii, speakers sub-consciously cluster sounds around related meanings, evidencing gestalt and relative iconicity. Secondly, there is evidence of overlap of morphological and phonetic iconicity, an aspect of phonaesthesia. Thirdly, reduplication in certain infinitives demonstrates the reality of phono-iconicity in EkeGusii, augmented by unpleasant sound sequences. Fourthly, certain onomatopes in EkeGusii are actually diagrammatic, indicating that there is no one stop criterion for classifying overlapping types of icons. And finally, the paper posits that iconicity intersects with arbitrariness showing that language has both motivated and discrete symbols.

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Joseph, John E. "Iconicity in Saussure’s Linguistic Work." Historiographia Linguistica 42, no. 1 (May 26, 2015): 85–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.42.1.05jos.

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Summary Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913) is routinely criticized for denying the possibility of iconicity in language through his principle of the arbitrariness of linguistic signs. Yet two of his articles, one from the beginning (1877) and the other from the end (1912) of his career, propose analyses of the development of certain Latin verbs and adjectives in which iconicity plays a key role. Saussure did not dismiss iconicity, but limited its sphere of application to the relationship between signs and their referents, which falls outside linguistics as he defined it. Hence iconicity does not contradict arbitrariness, which applies to the relationship between signifier and signified within the linguistic sign.

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Burdaeva, T. V., and M. M. Khalikov. "Complex Sentence as Sign of Syntactic Complexity, Realized on Basis of Principle of Iconicity (Experience of Researching German Scientific Discourse)." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 9 (September 29, 2021): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-9-35-54.

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The question is considered of how, within a separate fragment of intellectual and communicative activity (using the example of modern German-language scientific and technical discourse), the mechanism for implementing the category of syntactic complexity of an utterance based on the principle of iconicity in the processes of linear-structural organization of the text is revealed. It is shown that iconicity is the property of a linguistic sign to correspond to the object it denotes or the real situation it denotes. Insufficient study of iconicity is noted both in terms of theoretical and epistemological, and in the aspect of the variety of conditions, goals and methods of implementing communicative practices. The research material is considered on the basis of a verified model of semiotic analysis in the field of syntax (O. A. Kostrova) in the aspect of discrete and combinatorial implementation of the structural-syntactic, semantic-syntactic and pragmatic-syntactic iconicity of complex sentences in scientific discourse. It has been established that this or that type of iconicity is determined by the stylistic context and the parameter of marking / unmarking. It is proved that in scientific discourse, one elementary complex sentence, characterized by unmarking, can simultaneously include signs of all three types of iconicity. At the same time, it is indicated that, reflecting the real situation, the signs of one or another type of iconicity, realized in a complex sentence, may be lost.

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Kuntso, Oksana. "LINGVO-POETIC ICONICITY IN LITERARY PROSE." Grail of Science, no. 14-15 (June 10, 2022): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.27.05.2022.070.

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The paper considers the role of lingvo-poetic iconicity in providing the imagery of literary prose, in particular the symbolic novels by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Given the nature of the phenomenon under study, the cognitive linguistics and poetics principles of analysis, including the existing classification of poetic iconicity, were chosen as the methodological background of the research. The primary iconicity, which consists in the mental association of words with a number of other words that contain a certain phone or phonological unit, is embodied in the text under analysis as the metonymic abbreviation of the initial letter "A". Iconic phonaesthesia, secondary associative iconicity, which is motivated by the links between forms, each expressing a certain meaning, consists in the co-sensation of a particular color that arises by the letter "A" perception. In the studied text lingvo-poetic iconicity, represented at the phonological and morphological levels, serves as one of the basic mechanisms for providing imagery.

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Mott, Megan, Katherine J. Midgley, Phillip J. Holcomb, and Karen Emmorey. "Cross-modal translation priming and iconicity effects in deaf signers and hearing learners of American Sign Language." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23, no. 5 (January 31, 2020): 1032–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728919000889.

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AbstractThis study used ERPs to a) assess the neural correlates of cross-linguistic, cross-modal translation priming in hearing beginning learners of American Sign Language (ASL) and deaf highly proficient signers and b) examine whether sign iconicity modulates these priming effects. Hearing learners exhibited translation priming for ASL signs preceded by English words (greater negativity for unrelated than translation primes) later in the ERP waveform than deaf signers and exhibited earlier and greater priming for iconic than non-iconic signs. Iconicity did not modulate translation priming effects either behaviorally or in the ERPs for deaf signers (except in a 800–1000 ms time window). Because deaf signers showed early translation priming effects (beginning at 400ms-600ms), we suggest that iconicity did not facilitate lexical access, but deaf signers may have recognized sign iconicity later in processing. Overall, the results indicate that iconicity speeds lexical access for L2 sign language learners, but not for proficient signers.

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Novogrodsky, Rama, and Natalia Meir. "Age, frequency, and iconicity in early sign language acquisition: Evidence from the Israeli Sign Language MacArthur–Bates Communicative Developmental Inventory." Applied Psycholinguistics 41, no. 4 (July 2020): 817–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716420000247.

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AbstractThe current study described the development of the MacArthur–Bates Communicative Developmental Inventory (CDI) for Israeli Sign Language (ISL) and investigated the effects of age, sign iconicity, and sign frequency on lexical acquisition of bimodal-bilingual toddlers acquiring ISL. Previous findings bring inconclusive evidence on the role of sign iconicity (the relationship between form and meaning) and sign frequency (how often a word/sign is used in the language) on the acquisition of signs. The ISL-CDI consisted of 563 video clips. Iconicity ratings from 41 sign-naïve Hebrew-speaking adults (Study 1A) and sign frequency ratings from 19 native ISL adult signers (Study 1B) were collected. ISL vocabulary was evaluated in 34 toddlers, native signers (Study 2). Results indicated significant effects of age, strong correlations between parental ISL ratings and ISL size even when age was controlled for, and strong correlations between naturalistic data and ISL-CDI scores, supporting the validity of the ISL-CDI. Moreover, the results revealed effects of iconicity, frequency, and interactions between age and the iconicity and frequency factors, suggesting that both iconicity and frequency are modulated by age. The findings contribute to the field of sign language acquisition and to our understanding of potential factors affecting human language acquisition beyond language modality.

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Van der Merwe, C., and N. J. Snyman. "Semiotiese fokus op die gedig as estetiese teken-objek." Literator 11, no. 2 (May 6, 1990): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v11i2.804.

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In this article the poem “Sitate per pos” by Lina Spies is decoded according to semiotic premises, inter aha Peirce’s triad of icon, symbol and index. The following relations are examined: the symbol-object relation according to findings of Van Zoest; the index-object relation where indexes respectively referring to external reality, intertextuality and the intratext itself are differentiated; the icon-object relation based on Peirce’s assertion that iconicity is founded on a likeness relation and Eco’s view that iconicity can also be based on observation and convention. The decoding process indicates that informative iconicity takes precedence. Iconicity lends semantic validity to sounds within the context of the poem. Siegel’s exposition of syntactic iconicity is applied on poetic syntactic patterns and ungrammaticality. Signs on a higher level of semantic signification are examined in terms of metaphoric iconicities. The investigation demonstrates that a metaphoric icon can also fulfil the function of a lexical interpretant due to the simultaneous generation of intra- and intertexts. The informative power of material icons and super icons within the structural coherence of the poem is highlighted.

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SIDHU, DAVID M., GABRIELLA VIGLIOCCO, and PENNY M. PEXMAN. "Effects of iconicity in lexical decision." Language and Cognition 12, no. 1 (October 28, 2019): 164–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2019.36.

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abstractIn contrast to arbitrariness, a recent perspective is that words contain both arbitrary and iconic aspects. We investigated iconicity in word recognition, and the possibility that iconic words have special links between phonological and semantic features that may facilitate their processing. In Experiment 1, participants completed a lexical decision task (“Is this letter string a word?”) including words varying in their iconicity. Notably, we manipulated stimulus presentation conditions such that the items were visually degraded for half of the participants; this manipulation has been shown to increase reliance on phonology. Responses to words higher in iconicity were faster and more accurate, but this did not interact with condition. In Experiment 2 we explicitly directed participants’ attention to phonology by using a phonological lexical decision task (“Does this letter string sound like a word?”). Responses to words that were higher in iconicity were once again faster. These results demonstrate facilitatory effects of iconicity in lexical processing, thus showing that the benefits of iconic mappings extend beyond those reported for language learning and those argued for language evolution.

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THOMPSON, BILL, MARCUS PERLMAN, GARY LUPYAN, ZED SEVCIKOVA SEHYR, and KAREN EMMOREY. "A data-driven approach to the semantics of iconicity in American Sign Language and English." Language and Cognition 12, no. 1 (March 2020): 182–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2019.52.

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abstractA growing body of research shows that both signed and spoken languages display regular patterns of iconicity in their vocabularies. We compared iconicity in the lexicons of American Sign Language (ASL) and English by combining previously collected ratings of ASL signs (Caselli, Sevcikova Sehyr, Cohen-Goldberg, & Emmorey, 2017) and English words (Winter, Perlman, Perry, & Lupyan, 2017) with the use of data-driven semantic vectors derived from English. Our analyses show that models of spoken language lexical semantics drawn from large text corpora can be useful for predicting the iconicity of signs as well as words. Compared to English, ASL has a greater number of regions of semantic space with concentrations of highly iconic vocabulary. There was an overall negative relationship between semantic density and the iconicity of both English words and ASL signs. This negative relationship disappeared for highly iconic signs, suggesting that iconic forms may be more easily discriminable in ASL than in English. Our findings contribute to an increasingly detailed picture of how iconicity is distributed across different languages.

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Tarasova, Elizaveta, and José A. Sánchez Fajardo. "Iconicity and word-formation." Belgian Journal of Linguistics, Volume 34 (2020) 34 (December 31, 2020): 332–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.00057.tar.

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Abstract This article aims to encourage a discussion of how evaluative morphemes conform to the principles of iconicity and Construction Grammar through the examination of English Adj+ie/y nominalisations (e.g. brownie, softie). Our analysis of the Adj+ie/y paradigm investigates conceptual processes that employ these evaluative morphological forms. We propose a Bidirectional Conceptualisation Model (BCM) to demonstrate a templatic correlation between iconic morphological components and evaluative connotations, by means of which the suffix -ie/y is employed to instantiate a specific iconic value of the [[x-]A ie/y]N construction. The BCM incorporates the Diminution: Pejoration ↔ Endearment scale, which accounts for the semantic duality of appreciative and depreciative values realised by the morphological concept of diminution. The results of the study support the idea that superficially different functions realised by one and the same morphological form are related through interaction of Idealised Cognitive Models.

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Hartenstein, Friedhelm. "Iconicity of the Psalms." Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel 5, no. 4 (2016): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/219222717x14991542936077.

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Kyu-Hong Hwang. "Iconicity in English Coordination." New Korean Journal of English Lnaguage & Literature 50, no. 2 (May 2008): 267–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.25151/nkje.2008.50.2.013.

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Hookway, Chrsitopher. "Iconicity and Logical Form." Histoire Épistémologie Langage 16, no. 1 (1994): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/hel.1994.2385.

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조경환. "Ba-Construction and Iconicity." Journal of Chinese Language and Literature ll, no. 37 (June 2008): 17–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26586/chls.2008..37.002.

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Healy-Clancy. "History, Iconicity, and Love." Transition, no. 116 (2014): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/transition.116.148.

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Kozlova, Tetiana. "Iconicity in consonantal languages." Nova fìlologìâ, no. 75 (2019): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26661/2414-1135/2019-75-07.

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Yurn, Gyu-dong. "Script Iconicity and Hunminjeoneum." HAN-GEUL 80, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 37–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22557/hg.2019.3.80.1.37.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Iconicity'

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