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Jones, J. M. "Iconicity and spoken language." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1559788/.
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Contrary to longstanding assumptions about the arbitrariness of language, recent work has highlighted how much iconicity – i.e. non-arbitrariness – exists in language, in the form of not only onomatopoeia (bang, splash, meow), but also sound-symbolism, signed vocabulary, and (in a paralinguistic channel) mimetic gesture. But is this iconicity ornamental, or does it represent a systematic feature of language important in language acquisition, processing, and evolution? Scholars have begun to address this question, and this thesis adds to that effort, focusing on spoken language (including gesture). After introducing iconicity and reviewing the literature in the introduction, Chapter 2 reviews sound-shape iconicity (the “kiki-bouba” effect), and presents a norming study that verifies the phonetic parameters of the effect, suggesting that it likely involves multiple mechanisms. Chapter 3 shows that sound-shape iconicity helps participants learn in a model of vocabulary acquisition (cross-situational learning) by disambiguating reference. Variations on this experiment show that the round association may be marginally stronger than the spiky, but only barely, suggesting that representations of lip shape may be partly but not entirely responsible for the effect. Chapter 4 models language change using the iterated learning paradigm. It shows that iconicity (both sound-shape and motion) emerges from an arbitrary initial language over ten ‘generations’ of speakers. I argue this shows that psychological biases introduce systematic pressure towards iconicity over language change, and that moreover spoken iconicity can help bootstrap a system of communication. Chapter 5 shifts to children and gesture, attempting to answer whether children can take meaning from iconic action gestures. Results here were null, but definitive conclusions must await new experiments with higher statistical power. The conclusion sums up my findings and their significance, and points towards crucial research for the future.
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Chapot, Yannick. "Equipo Cronica, de l'intériconicité à la métaiconicité : Etude d'un processus créatif dans l'Espagne du tardo franquisme et la primo démocratie (1964-1977)." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSES053/document.
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Cette thèse convoque dans un premier temps la notion d’intericonicité afin de pouvoir, ensuite, analyser avec précision les créations de l’Équipe et l’évolution du recours à différentes opérations au fil des années. Il s’agit de définir des concepts tels que la “parodie”, le “travestissement”, “l’allusion”, la “citation”, la « mise en abyme », entre autres, à partir de leur acception littéraire, afin d’en proposer une adaptation au domaine pictural. Ces considérations sont complétées par une réflexion sur les différents degrés de métaiconicité. Cette thèse s’attache ensuite à mettre en avant les points communs et les différences des deux peintres avec d’autres courants artistiques tels que le Pop Art ou la Figuration narrative. Ces analyses ouvrent alors une étude sur les questions de « chronique » et de « narration » à travers les six premières séries créées par l’Équipe, qui sont mises en perspective avec leur contexte de création. Enfin, à travers l´étude des neuf séries suivantes (créés jusqu’en 1977), ces recherches s’attachent à mettre en évidence la présence des concepts de Mémoire, d’Histoire et d’histoire de l’art à travers des créations qui s’inscrivent dans une époque politiquement intense pour l’Espagne. Il s’agit, finalement, de démontrer que les peintres valenciens s’inscrivent non seulement dans l’histoire de l’art, qu’ils l’utilisent comme matériau, mais qu’ils deviennent des historiens de l’art à travers les réflexions métaiconiques proposées dans leur peinture. La conclusion revient largement sur le concept de métaiconicité, puis évoque les séries créées entre 1977 et 1981 afin de mettre en avant leur particularité face au corpus de cette thèseThis thesis first tackles the notion of "inter-iconicity" so as to then scrutinize the creations made by Equipo Crónica and the way their use of technique evolved throughout the years. The aim is to try and define concepts such as "parody", "transvestement", "allusion", "quotation" and "mise en abyme" - among others -, and, starting from their literary meaning, to suggest an adaptation of such terms to the pictorial domain. Such considerations are further detailed through the exploration of the various stages of meta-iconicity. This dissertation considers the points of convergence and divergence between the two painters at stake and the other artistic trends such as Pop Art or narrative Figuration. These analyses pave the way to a study of the concepts of "chronicle" and "narration" through the first six series created by the Equipe, that are then put into the context of their creation. Finally, through the study of the nine following series (created up to 1977), this research tries to shed light on the presence of the concepts of "Memory", "History" and the history of art through works of art that were created in a politically-charged context for Spain. Eventually, the aim is to show how Valencian painters inscribed themselves in the history of art which they used as a material, and at the same time how they turn into historians of art themselves, through meta-iconic reflections suggested in their paintings. The conclusion dwells on the concept of meta-iconicity and alludes to the series of paintings created between 1977 and 1981 so as to emphasize their particularities when compared with the rest of the corpus
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Peng, Xinjia. "The Iconicity of Consonants in Action Words." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/13284.
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Saurssure argues that the relationship between form and meaning in language is arbitrary, but sound symbolism theory argues that there are forms in language that can develop non-arbitrary association with meanings. This thesis proposes that there is a sound symbolic association between consonants and action words. To be more specific, a stop sound is likely to be associated with the action of percussion and a continuant sound with continuing movements. Evidence for such an association was found through three empirical studies. The findings of two experiments revealed that such an association is motivated by the gestures when pronouncing the consonants and by their phonetic features. A study of the verbs in Teochew dialect also revealed a similar sound symbolic association existing in the colloquial language. This thesis was conducted to direct attention to the use of empirical methods to investigate sound symbolism in real language.2015-10-03
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Moyle, Julian. "Iconicity in the visions of the avant-garde." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446395.
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Hiraga, Masako K. "The interplay of metaphor and iconicity : a cognitive approach." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407378.
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Li, Kin-ling Michelle, and 李健靈. "On Cantonese causative constructions: iconicity, grammaticalization and semantic structures." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42576519.
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Li, Kin-ling Michelle. "On Cantonese causative constructions : iconicity, grammaticalization and semantic structures /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42576519.
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Ross, Karina. "Iconicity as a creative force in the language of literature." The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1069868095.
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Kunyosying, Kom. "The Interrelation of Ethnicity, Iconicity, and Form in American Comics." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12088.
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xv, 186 p. : ill. (some col.)This dissertation analyzes issues of race, ethnicity, and identity in American comics and visual culture, and identifies important areas for alternative means to cultural authority located at the intersections of verbal and visual representation. The symbolic qualities that communicate ethnicity and give ethnicity meaning in American culture are illuminated in new ways when studied within the context of the highly symbolic medium of comics. Creators of comics are able to utilize iconic qualities, among other unique formal qualities of the medium, to construct new visual narratives around ethnicity and identity, which require new and multidisciplinary perspectives for comprehending their communicative complexity. This dissertation synthesizes cultural and critical analysis in combination with formal analysis in an effort to further advance the understanding of comics and their social implications in regard to race and ethnic identity. Much like film scholars in the 1960s, comics scholars in the United States currently are in the process of establishing a core of methodological and theoretical approaches, including Lacanian theories of the image, the comic mapping of symbolic order, the recognition of self in undetailed faces, comics closure, and the implications of the comics gutter. Drawing upon these ideas and additional perspectives offered by scholars of film and literary studies, such as the relationship between ethnicity and the symbolic, the scopophilic gaze, and filmic suture, I analyze the following visual texts: Henry Kiyama's The Four Immigrants Manga, Gene Yang's American Born Chinese, and Anna Deavere Smith's Twilight: Los Angeles. The dissertation also performs a multimedia analysis of the current ascendency of geek culture, its relationship to the comics medium, and the geek protagonist as an expression of simulated ethnicity. Ultimately, the unique insights offered by the study of comics concerning principles of ethnic iconicity and identity have far reaching implications for scholars of visual and verbal culture in other mediums as well.
Committee in charge: Daniel Wojcik, Chairperson; Dr. Priscilla P. Ovalle, Member; Dr. Benjamin D. Saunders, Member; Dr. Doug Blandy, Outside Member
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Voronova, Ekaterina. "Du symbolisme phonétique (les années 1960 - 1990) à l'iconicité linguistique." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOL018.
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Cette thèse recueille un grand nombre de recherches effectuées entre les années 1960-1990 en Europe et en Amérique dans le domaine du symbolisme phonétique consistant « en l’attribution d’une signification à un phonème ou un trait distinctif » (Monneret, 2003 : 98). Un enjeu pertinent est représenté par l’instauration de l’état des lieux des recherches phono-symboliques en Union Soviétique. L’approche comparativo-descriptive est accompagnée de l’application de la typologie relative au symbolisme phonétique née lors de la période mentionnée (le symbolisme subjectif versus le symbolisme objectif). Le présent travail scientifique relève les éventuelles causes du blocage des recherches avant 1960 ainsi que celles de l’essor des analyses pendant la période 1960-1990, en se focalisant sur la problématique théorique et la praxis accumulée autour des manifestations phono-symboliques. N’étant plus considéré comme un phénomène marginal, le symbolisme phonétique présenté comme le fait qui prend ses sources du concept de l’iconicité linguistique traitant des relations motivées entre la forme et le contenu et dont l’intérêt croissant se manifestera dans les années quatre-vingt, peut être analysé aujourd’hui à l’aide du concept d’analogie considérée dans les recherches récentes de Monneret (2014)This thesis collects a relevant number of researches made between years 1960-1990 in Europe and in America in the field of the phonetic symbolism consisting “of the attribution of the meaning in a phoneme or a distinctive feature” (Monneret, 2003: 98; our translation). The important stake is represented by the institution of the current situation of the phono-symbolic researches in Soviet Union. The comparativo-descriptive approach is accompanied with the application of the typology relative to the phonetic symbolism been born during period mentioned (the subjective symbolism versus the objective symbolism). The present scientific work raises the possible causes of the blockage of the researches before 1960 as well as those of the development of analyses during the period 1960-1990, by focusing on the theoretical problem and the praxis accumulated around the phono-symbolic manifestations. No more considered as a marginal phenomenon, the phonetic symbolism presented as the fact that rises in the concept of the linguistic iconicity handling relations motivated between the form and the contents the increasing interest of which will show itself in the eighties, can be analyzed by means of the concept of analogy today considered in the recent researches (Monneret, 2014) as the emergent cognitive phenomenon involving similarity
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Aryani, Arash [Verfasser]. "Affective Iconicity in Language and Poetry - A Neurocognitive Approach / Arash Aryani." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1170876897/34.
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Teranishi, Takahiro. "Concept formation through iconicity: basic shapes and their metaphorical extensions in English and Japanese." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/598.
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Abstract One of the ways for a speaker to make sense of an object or event in the real world is to make use of iconicity between two things. Through iconic metaphorical extensions, the speaker connects the object or event to something else. In this study, I consider how speakers form concepts through iconic metaphorical extensions, examining how they metaphorically extend one concept to another. I suggest that all speakers use the same ways of forming metaphorical extensions and control metaphorical extensions according to their intentions and contexts. Using basic and simple shapes (e.g. 0) and their related metaphorical expressions (e.g. `a circular argument'), I discuss the role of iconicity in metaphorical understanding, the relationship between concept and language, and metaphorical extensions as tools of concept formation. I conduct descriptive investigations using dictionaries and compare related senses for particular basic shapes between English and Japanese, looking at their polysemous networks and historical changes. Using questionnaires, interviews and tasks with native speakers of English and Japanese, I conduct experimental investigations to examine the speakers' associations in relation to basic shapes and the degree of iconicity in metaphorical extensions. This study suggests that concepts, although probably stored in the mental space, are recreated every time they occur. Concept formation through iconic metaphorical extensions must be dynamic because it is based on 'extensions' of existing concepts, and must be universal to all speakers because metaphorical extensions are among the most basic mental activities of human beings. I propose dynamic and universal models which represent the way in which a speaker forms concepts, connecting a linguistic form and a mental picture and controlling iconic metaphorical extensions. These models contribute to understanding both similarities and differences in use of metaphorical extensions between English and Japanese.
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Teranishi, Takahiro. "Concept formation through iconicity basic shapes and their related metaphorical extensions in English and Japanese /." University of Sydney. Linguistics, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/598.
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Abstract One of the ways for a speaker to make sense of an object or event in the real world is to make use of iconicity between two things. Through iconic metaphorical extensions, the speaker connects the object or event to something else. In this study, I consider how speakers form concepts through iconic metaphorical extensions, examining how they metaphorically extend one concept to another. I suggest that all speakers use the same ways of forming metaphorical extensions and control metaphorical extensions according to their intentions and contexts. Using basic and simple shapes (e.g. 0) and their related metaphorical expressions (e.g. `a circular argument'), I discuss the role of iconicity in metaphorical understanding, the relationship between concept and language, and metaphorical extensions as tools of concept formation. I conduct descriptive investigations using dictionaries and compare related senses for particular basic shapes between English and Japanese, looking at their polysemous networks and historical changes. Using questionnaires, interviews and tasks with native speakers of English and Japanese, I conduct experimental investigations to examine the speakers' associations in relation to basic shapes and the degree of iconicity in metaphorical extensions. This study suggests that concepts, although probably stored in the mental space, are recreated every time they occur. Concept formation through iconic metaphorical extensions must be dynamic because it is based on 'extensions' of existing concepts, and must be universal to all speakers because metaphorical extensions are among the most basic mental activities of human beings. I propose dynamic and universal models which represent the way in which a speaker forms concepts, connecting a linguistic form and a mental picture and controlling iconic metaphorical extensions. These models contribute to understanding both similarities and differences in use of metaphorical extensions between English and Japanese.
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Dofs, Elin. "Onomatopoeia and iconicity : A comparative study of English and Swedish animal sound." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Education, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-1746.
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The aim of this essay is to examine whether language is iconic or arbitrary in the issue of onomatopoeia, i.e. whether animal sounds are represented in the same way in different languages. In addition, I will also look at onomatopoeical words which have been conventionalised, when the meaning broadened and they finally became part of ordinary language.
It can be stated that arbitrary signs have slowly taken over as different languages have developed, but the reason why is a topic for discussion – is there a scientific cause, based on the theory of evolution, or an explanation found in religious myths? Whatever the reason is, it is not likely that iconicity will vanish totally. It is connected to human neurophysiology and an ancient part of language, a natural resemblance between an object and a sign which can exist in different forms. Onomatopoeia is one example of iconic signs, an object named after the sound it produces, and according to one theory conventionalised imitations is actually the origin of language. Nevertheless, there are two main categories – language being either iconic or arbitrary. Regarding onomatopoeia, my results suggest that language is only iconic to a limited extent. English and Swedish have some common representations of animal sounds, but the languages also differ in many ways. Conventionalising seems common in both languages and many of the words in my survey have been incorporated in dictionaries, representing more than only the sound of a certain animal.
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Das, Sudipta. "Rethinking brand management : a cultural perspective on brand iconicity and identity politics." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2016. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27527.
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Brown, Diana L. "Augmentative and alternative communication effects of speech output and iconicity on symbol acquisition /." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1144112971.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of Speech Pathology and Audiology, 2006.Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [1], v, 45 p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references (p. 35-37).
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Schelhaas, Johanna. "Sound symbolism in Swedish child-directed speech : A longitudinal study of lexical iconicity." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-157243.
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In this thesis, the usage of iconic expressions, or sound symbolic expressions, is investigated in Swedish child-directed speech during the first two years of life. Furthermore, it is explored whether there is an effect of the usage of sound symbolism on productive vocabulary at 2;0 years. Ten monolingual Swedish and typically-developing children and their parents were selected at the ages of 0;3, 0;6, 0;9, 1;0, 1;3, 1;6, 1;9 and 2;0 years. The sound symbolic expressions were extracted, classified and analysed. One finding is that sound symbolic expressions are used by all parents in varying degrees from sparsely to abundantly. On average 0,9 sound symbolic expressions were used per minute by all parents. There was no significant effect of the usage of sound symbolism on productive vocabulary. Nevertheless, this work shows that iconicity is used in early childhood and might be a part of the register child-directed speech. Further studies should investigate more thoroughly the effect of iconicity on language acquisition.I denna studie undersöktes ikoniska, eller ljudsymboliska, uttryck i svenskt barnrikat tal under barnets första två levnadsår. Utöver detta testades det om det fanns någon effekt av användning av ljudsymbolik på barnets produktiva ordförråd vid 2;0 år. Tio enspråkiga svenska och typiskt-utvecklade barn och deras föräldrar valdes ut vid 0;3, 0;6, 0;9, 1;0, 1;3, 1;6, 1;9 och 2;0 år och de ljudsymboliska uttrycken extraherades, klassificerades och analyserades. Ett resultat var att alla föräldrar använde sig av ljudsymboliska uttryck; varierande från lite till mycket. I genomsnitt användes det 0,9 ljudsymboliska uttryck per minut av alla föräldrarna. Ingen signifikant effekt på det produktiva ordförrådet kunde hittas. Trots detta så visar detta arbete att ikonicitet används under den tidiga barndomen och att ikonicitet kanske är en del av talstilen ‘barnriktat tal’. Framtida forskning kan undersöka ikonicitetens påverkan på språkinlärning mer ingående.
Modelling infant language acquisition from parent-child interaction (MINT)
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Brown, Diana Lynn. "Augmentative and Alternative Communication: Effects of Speech Output and Iconicity on Symbol Acquisition." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1144112971.
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Shapiro, Bruce G. "Iconicity : the presence of imagery in the principles and practice of dramatic performance." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1997.
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This thesis is devoted to an explanation of iconicity, a process for acting and staging dramatic performances. The premise of the thesis is that dramatic performance is generated out of the same innate neural architecture human beings use in their daily lives to execute events. At the core of this neural architecture is the human brain's capacity for internally generating, reduplicating, storing and triggering imagery. The process of iconicity uses this mental capacity to rehearse and perform dramas. The process of iconicity is based upon the actor's innate cycle of
performance, which the thesis explains. This process is also neopragmatic and hermeneutic, using rehearsal to cultivate strands of iconicity persisting and, therefore, conversing in the drama. In dramatic performance, contrived imagery is triggered in the actor, informing a performance consciousness that activates the actor's contrived cycle of
dramatic performance. The research was carried out in rehearsals for around twenty-five productions over a period of sixteen years, during which time the iconicity process was developed in practice. Therefore, this thesis is the record of a journey through artistic practice toward the iconicity process. In order to understand the discoveries made during rehearsals, a variety of critical theories came into play and these are discussed in this thesis. But the context for all theoretical discourse is the artistic practice of dramatic performance. With respect to the presentation of the thesis itself, my aim is to emulate the iconicity process by a linear discourse which, once read,
may be reread in its entirety or according to an individually ordered selection of the sub-headed sections.
The linear discourse itself is divided into two parts preceded by the Introduction. This introduction briefly establishes some foundational perspectives that are meant to orient the reader to the content of the thesis. Part One is devoted to the principles of iconicity. It begins with a Prologue presenting the theory of innate performance, from which I believe dramatic performance derives. Chapter One is devoted to ideology; Chapter Two answers the question, What is Acting?; and Chapter Three introduces the affect theory of the emotions. Although at times the initial presentation of perspectives and principles refers to practice, essentially, the Introduction and Part One
comprise a mosaic of ideas that make up a lateral foundation for the more linear practice of iconicity, which is presented in Part Two. Part Two is much more practically oriented than Part One. However, in order to fully understand this latter part of the thesis, the foundation of ideas set out in Part One must be kept in mind.
The four chapters of Part Two present the strands of iconicity. Chapters Four and Five deal with the strand of events and the rules of dramatic structure, respectively. Chapter Six details what I refer to as the intermediate strands of dialogue and interactions. Chapter Seven
discusses the strand of performance. An Epilogue addresses a few remaining issues about acting and iconicity.
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Hsieh, Ann-Lee. "Sound iconicity and grammar of poetry in Du Fu's "The Journey to the North" and "Singing My Heart Out in Five Hundred Characters on the Way from the Capital to Fongxian County"." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2501.
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This paper is about the sound iconicity of the Late Middle Chinese entering tone in two of Du Fu's long narrative poems, "The Journey to the North" and "Singing my Heart out in Five Hundred Characters on the Way from the Capital to Fongxian County", as well as Du Fu's grammar of poetry in these two poems.
In poetry, rhyme is an arbitrary and 'visible' figure reiterated with regulation which forms an axis of sequence, and this axis will work jointly with all the other poetic elements—semantics, images, and grammar to form the whole of a poem. In these two poems, all the rhyme characters carry a voiceless —t ending, which is classified with —k and —p endings as the entering tone in Late Middle Chinese reconstructed by Edwin Pulleyblank. These voiceless stops are short, tense, and uncomfortable to utter; when they are repeated fifty and seventy times at the end of each couplet, it naturally brings about a strong, rough, and uncomfortable feeling which correlates with the feeling of suffering in both poems. It is sound iconicity, because an icon resembles the object it stands for in an immediate and concrete manner, and the —t ending rhyme characters do have the characteristics to make the reader grasp the feeling of suffering when she reads the poems.
In terms of Du Fu's grammar of poetry, I used Jakobsonian methodology and found how Du Fu's poeticity was created with lexical meaning and grammar. Although Classical Chinese does not have a huge grammatical repertoire (e.g., person, case, gender, finite, non-finite . . .) which can figure in a poem, this language still has its own obligatory categories that will provide for the 'grammar of poetry'. Classical Chinese is already known for its grammatical parallelism in poetry, because this language is extremely isolating and analytical. However, grammatical parallelism is little in these two poems, but there are different kinds of grammatical tropes. They are mainly anti-syntactic inversions interacting with semantics. I found Du Fu a fascinating artist of grammar; he may be anti-grammatical but never agrammatical.
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Kwan, Wing-man. "On the word order of locative prepositional phrases in Cantonese : processing, iconicity and grammar." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31450143.
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Ambrosio, Chiara. "Iconicity and network thinking in Picasso's Guernica : a study of creativity across the boundaries." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.479377.
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Lenninger, Sara M. "When similarity qualifies as a sign : a study in picture understanding and semiotic development in young children." Doctoral thesis, Lunds universitet, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-15199.
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The general goal of this thesis is to elucidate children’s early understandings of pictorial meanings, and how one can know anything about them. My central aim is to explore how picture comprehension develops during children’s first 3 years of life, through semiotic-theory-derived analyses of meaning relations. In so doing, I hope to contribute to the study of both semiotic theory’s psychological basis and the role of semiotic processes in cognitive development: specifically, in children’s experiences of pictorial meanings. In an experimental object retrieval test, including pictures, I show the importance of studying concrete instances of children’s experiences. Among its key results is that, for a group of children who are close to the threshold of being able to use the picture to solve the retrieval task, indexical cuing assists their understanding. One central claims is that the picture sign reflects a dual semiotic process: on the one hand, picture understanding relies on recognition of perceptual similarities; on the other, it draws on communicative processes that are intrinsic to all sign constructions. This duality is particularly interesting when it comes to looking at children’s development of picture understanding. Through similarity relations, children perceive accurate – but initially private, and semiotically premature – understanding of pictures. At the same time though, children are alert to communicative meanings from the start.Språk, gester och bilder i ett semiotiskt utvecklingsperspektiv
Centrum för kognitiv semiotik
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Basson, Hester Magdalena. "The iconicity and learnability of selected picture communication symbols a study on Afrikaans-speaking children /." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10042005-155306.
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Huguet, Alice Audrey. "The iconicity of picture communication symbols for children with English additional language and intellectual disabilities." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26328.
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Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) provides many individuals who have little or no functional speech with a means to enter the world of communication. Aided and/or unaided symbols are used as a means of reception and expression to create shared meaning. The selection of an appropriate symbol set/system is vital and iconicity plays a central role in this process. The Western-based symbol set, Picture Communication Symbols (PCS) (Johnson, 1981), is readily available and widely used in South Africa, despite little information existing on its iconicity to South African populations with disabilities. This study aimed to determine the iconicity of Picture Communication Symbols (PCS) for children with English Additional Language (EAL) and intellectual disability. A quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive design was used. Thirty participants between the ages of 12;00 and 15;11 (years; months) with EAL and intellectual disability were required to identify 16 PCS presented thematically on a ‘bed-making’ communication overlay in response to a gloss read out by the researcher. The results indicated that, overall, the 16 PCS were relatively iconic to the participants. The results also indicated that the iconicity of PCS can be manipulated and enhanced and that it can be influenced by other PCS that are used simultaneously on the communication overlay. The reasons for these findings are described. The clinical and theoretical implications of this study’s results are discussed, followed by a critical evaluation of this study and, finally, recommendations for future research are suggested.Dissertation (Master of Arts)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (CAAC)
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Cornejo, Happel Claudia A. "Decadent Wealth, Degenerate Morality, Dominance, and Devotion: The Discordant Iconicity of the Rich Mountain of Potosi." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1404653562.
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Miller, Rachel Marie. "THE EMOTIONAL WEIGHT OF POETIC SOUND: AN EXPLORATION OF PHONEMIC ICONICITY IN THE HAIKU OF BASHŌ." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1447.
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This paper proposes that SOUND SYMBOLISM, and more specifically PHONEMIC ICONICITY, plays a role in conveying emotional weight in the context of poetry. Previous research has indicated that the ratio of plosives to nasals in poetry predicts overall perception of emotional affect, with plosives designating activity and pleasantness, and nasals designating inactivity and unpleasantness (Auracher, Albers, Zhai, Gareeva, & Stavniychuk 2010); however, this research has ignored the influence of such potentially mitigating factors as orthography and lexical meaning. The current study involves naive English L1 speakers listening to recordings of selected haiku from Matsuo Basho's Oku No Hosomichi (`Narrow Road to the Deep North') in the original Japanese, and as such, the potential of orthography and lexical meaning to influence perception of emotion is eliminated. After listening to each haiku twice, subjects were asked to rate the appropriateness of eight emotion words that ranged from active and positive to inactive and positive, and from active and negative to inactive and negative, on a five-point Likert scale. Emotion words were chosen on the basis of their respective positions on the Circumplex Model of Affect, in which each emotion is conceptualized in terms of its location along two intersecting axes measuring valence (negative - positive) and arousal (inactive - active) (Russell 1980). The selected words occupied regularly spaced positions along this two-dimensional circular model. Results indicate that plosive to nasal ratio may indeed play a role in the perception of emotion in poetry, particularly in the case of poems with high plosive to nasal ratios, which were perceived as markedly more active and positive than other poems. Wider implications of the discernible patterns of perception of emotional affect based on plosive to nasal ratio include the possibility that phonemic iconicity plays a role in general language processing. As this research involves Japanese L2 phonemic perception by naÃ&hibar;ve English L1 listeners, current L2 phonological perceptual theory is discussed, and taken into account in the analysis of the results. Specific consideration is given to the potential of English L1 speakers to perceive the Japanese rhotic /r/, which does not appear in English, as the plosives /t/ or /d/, and the Japanese affricate /ts/, which commonly appears syllable-initially in Japanese, but is much rarer in this position in English, as /s/ (Nozawa 2008). Future research on English L1 speakers' underlying perceptual categorizations of targeted sounds in Japanese is also proposed.
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Sarro, Ed Marcos. "Estruturas icônicas nas cartilhas de treinamentos quadrinizadas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16134/tde-12032010-162550/.
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O trabalho em questão investiga o conceito de estrutura enquanto representação icônica de idéias simples e complexas (na forma dos elementos das histórias em quadrinhos) e sua ocorrência em cartilhas de treinamento vertidas nessa linguagem gráfica. A pesquisa busca elucidar se haveria na linguagem dos quadrinhos um conjunto de unidades visuais mínimas de significação cujo caráter universal permitiria uma decifração intuitiva dos seus códigos, tornando a comunicação das cartilhas de treinamento mais eficaz. O referencial teórico se baseia nas perspectivas das ciências da linguagem (lingüística, Semiótica e Semiologia visual), das teorias da comunicação, da teoria do design e das ciências humanas aplicadas. O objeto deste estudo é uma cartilha de treinamento sobre coleta seletiva e consciência ambiental, elaborada no formato de histórias em quadrinhos e destinada principalmente a trabalhadores operacionais, mas também às suas famílias e sociedade em geral. O estudo concluiu que apesar da existência de um conjunto de signos icônicos elementares e universais, às vezes a operação desses signos depende da sua articulação com outros signos mais complexos e do auxílio do texto verbal para maior precisão, além da posse de certo repertório prévio.The present work refers to the study of the concept of structure while the iconic representation of ideas, simple and complex, (by the visual elements of comics) and their presence in training manuals turned into this graphic language. The research seeks to confirm if there is such kind of thing as a set of minimal units of signification in comics which universal features would allow intuitive interpretation of its codes, making communication via manuals more efficacious. The theorical reference is based upon the perspectives of sciences of language (linguistics, semiotics and visual semiology), the theories of communication, design theory and on applied human sciences. The object of this study is a training manual about environmental education and recycling published as a comic book and planned for the use of operational employees but also for their families and community. The study has concluded that, although the existence of a collection of elementary and universal iconic signs, sometimes handling this signs depends on the articulation with more complex signs and on the help of verbal text for means of higher precision, besides the possession of a certain previous background.
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De, carolis Léa. "Étude expérimentale du symbolisme sonore et réflexions évolutionnaires." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2039.
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Un mot et une signification peuvent entretenir une relation naturelle, motivée, plutôt qu’arbitraire, via la composition segmentale dudit mot. Ce phénomène est souvent appelé symbolisme sonore, même si nous préfèrerons employer le terme de motivation par la suite. Dans la littérature, des éléments en faveur d’une relation motivée apparaissent à la fois dans des analyses translinguistiques et des expérimentations psycholinguistiques. Par exemple, une voyelle fermée telle que [i] est davantage associée à la petitesse qu’une voyelle ouverte telle que [a], davantage associée à une taille importante. Ce schéma apparait à la fois dans les lexiques de différentes langues (Ohala, 1997) et dans les résultats de tâches d’associations (Sapir, 1929), avec des participants parlant différentes langues et à différents âges. Du fait de ces éléments communs (Iwasaki et al., 2007) et de leur précocité (Ozturk et al., 2013), il est possible de formuler l’hypothèse que la motivation a pu être un élément clé dans l’émergence du langage (Imai et al., 2015), en facilitant les interactions et l’accord entre les individus.Cette thèse offre plusieurs contributions méthodologiques à l’étude des associations motivées entre formes phonétiques et significations. La première étude a pour objectif de déterminer si des caractéristiques associées à des animaux (e.g. la dangerosité) ou à leurs catégories biologiques (oiseaux vs. poissons, sur la base de l’étude conduite par Berlin en 1994)peuvent représenter des concepts pertinents dans la mise en évidence d’associations motivées, en se basant sur l’hypothèse que les animaux étaient des sujets récurrents et importants des premières interactions langagières (en tant que potentielles sources de nourriture ou de menace). Cette étude a soulevé des questions méthodologiques, qui ont conduit à une seconde étude, dont le but était de comparer différents protocoles de tâches d’association que l’on peut trouver dans les études sur la motivation. En effet, les protocoles et les populations étudiées varient d’une étude à l’autre, et il est ainsi difficile de déterminer quel est le contraste le plus déterminant pour la mise en valeur expérimentale d’associations motivées : le contraste phonétique, ou le contraste conceptuel. Cette deuxième étude a ainsi permis d’apprécier l’influence de différents protocoles en contrôlant d’autres sources de variations à travers les différentes tâches. Elle a aussi permis de mettre en évidence la nécessité d’étudier davantage les processus cognitifs impliqués dans les associations. Ainsi, nous avons poursuivi notre investigation en noustournant vers l’influence de la forme des lettres, un facteur potentiellement déterminant dans les tâches ‘bouba-kiki’, comme l’ont proposé Cuskley et al. (2015). Bouba-kiki est un paradigme très répandu dans l’étude des associations motivées et consiste à associer des pseudomots avec des formes pointues ou arrondies. Cuskley et al. ont proposé qu’une forme pointuefaciliterait le traitement d’un pseudo-mot contenant une lettre anguleuse, telle que ‘k’. Dans notre troisième étude, nous avons adopté une version implicite de la tâche bouba-kiki, plus précisément une tâche de décision lexicale, en nous basant sur une étude antérieure de Westbury (2005). Dans cette expérience précédente, des cadres pointus et arrondis, dans lesquels apparaissaient les stimuli linguistiques, facilitaient le traitement de pseudo-mots en fonction de leurs compositions segmentales (e.g. les formes pointues accéléraient le traitement d’occlusives non-voisées telle que [k]). Nous avons manipulé les formes des lettres via deux polices de caractères différentes, une anguleuse et une curviligne, et avons ainsi essayé de démêler lesimpacts respectifs des formes des cadres et des polices sur les temps de réponse des participants. Les résultats ont mis en lumière l’importance de prendre en considération des processus visuels de bas-niveau dans l’étude des associations motivéesSound symbolism, or motivation as we will later refer to it, corresponds to the assumption that some words have a natural relation with their significations, instead of an arbitrary one, through their segmental composition. Some evidence stands out from the literature, from cross-linguistic investigations to psycholinguistic experimentations. For example, a closed vowel [i] is more associated to smallness, while an open vowel like [a] is more associated to largeness. This pattern appears in the lexicon of different languages (e.g. Ohala, 1997), as well as in results of associative tasks (Sapir, 1929) with participants speakingdifferent languages and at different life stages. These commonalities (e.g. Iwasaki, Vinson, & Vigliocco, 2007) and their earliness (e.g. Ozturk, Krehm, & Vouloumanos, 2013) enable to formulate the hypothesis that motivation may have represented a key-driver in the emergence of language (Imai et al., 2015), by facilitating interactions and agreement between individuals.This thesis offers several methodological contributions to the study of motivated associations. The first study of this thesis aimed at assessing whether animal features (e.g. dangerousness) or biological classes (birds vs. fish, based on Berlin, 1994) would be relevant concepts for highlighting motivated associations, based on the assumption that animals would have represented suitable candidates for the content of early interactions (as potential sources of food and threats). It raised issues regarding methodological settings which led to the second study consisting in comparing different protocols of association tasks that are found across experimentations. Indeed, in the literature, the settings and population vary from one study to another, and it is therefore not possible to determine which one of the two types of contrasts implied in association tasks is determinant for making associations: either the phonetic one or the conceptual one. This second study permitted to appraise the influence of different protocols by controlling for other sources of variation across the tasks. It also highlighted the need to better analyze the cognitive processes involved in motivated associations. This led us to complement our investigation of phonetic and conceptual contrast with a study on the influence of the graphemic shapes of letters, following Cuskley, Simmer and Kirby (2015)’s proposal of an impact of the shapes of letters in the bouba-kiki task. This task is a well-known paradigm in the study of motivated associations, based on associating pseudo-words with round or spiky shapes. Cuskley et al. suggested that a spiky shape would facilitate the processing of a pseudoword that contains an angular letter such as ‘k’. On our third study, we considered an implicit version of the ‘bouba-kiki’ task, namely a lexical decision task, building on a previous experiment by Westbury (2005). In this experiment, spiky and round frames, in which the linguistic stimuli appeared, seemed to facilitate the processing of pseudo-words according to their segmental composition (e.g. spiky frames would facilitate the processing of voiceless plosives like [k]). We manipulated the shapes of letters with two different fonts for displaying linguistic stimuli – one angular and one curvy – and tried to disentangle the respective impacts of frames and of these fonts on the participants’ response times. The results highlighted the importance of taking into account low-level visual processes in the study of motivated associations
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Cuskley, Christine F. "Shared cross-modal associations and the emergence of the lexicon." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7702.
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This thesis centres around a sensory theory of protolanguage emergence, or STP. The STP proposes that shared biases to make associations between sensory modalities provided the basis for the emergence of a shared protolinguistic lexicon. Crucially, this lexicon would have been grounded in our perceptual systems, and thus fundamentally non-arbitrary. The foundation of such a lexicon lies in shared cross-modal associations: biases shared among language users to map properties in one modality (e.g., visual size) onto another (e.g., vowel sounds). While there is broad evidence that we make associations between a variety of modalities (Spence, 2011), this thesis focuses specifically on associations involving linguistic sound, arguing that these associations would have been most important in language emergence. Early linguistic utterances, by virtue of their grounding in shared cross-modal associations, could be formed and understood with high mutual intelligibility. The first chapter of the thesis will outline this theory in detail, addressing the nature of the proposed protolanguage system, arguing for the utility of non-arbitrariness at the point of language emergence, and proposing evidence for the likely transition form a non-arbitrary protolanguage to the predominantly arbitrary language systems we observe today. The remainder of the thesis will focus on providing empirical evidence to support this theory in two ways: (i) presenting experimental data showing evidence of shared associations between linguistic sound and other modalities, and (ii) providing evidence that such associations are evident cross-linguistically, despite the predominantly arbitrary nature of modern languages. Chapter two will examine well-documented associations between vowel quality and physical size (e.g., /i/ is small, and /a/ is large; Sapir, 1929). This chapter presents a new experimental approach which fails to find robust associations between vowel quality and size absent the use of a forced choice paradigm. Chapter three turns to associations between linguistic sound and shape angularity, taking a critical perspective on the classic takete/maluma experiment (Kohler, 1929). New empirical evidence shows that the acquisition of visual word forms plays a highly influential role in mediating associations between linguistic sound and angularity, but that associations between linguistic sound and visual form also play a minor role in auditory tasks. Chapter four will examine a relatively unexplored modality: taste. A simple survey which asks participants to choose non-words to match representative tastes shows that certain linguistic sounds are preferred for certain food items. In a more detailed study, we use a more direct perceptual matching task with actual tastants and synthesises speech sounds, further showing that people make robust shared associations between linguistic sound and taste. Chapter five returns to the visual modality, considering previously unexmained associations between linguistic sound and motion, specifically the feature of speed. This study demonstrates that people do make robust associations between the two modalities, particularly for vowel quality. Chapter six will aim to take a different empirical approach, considering non-arbitrariness in natural language. Motivated by the experimental data from the previous chapters, we turn to corpus analyses to assess the presence of non-arbitrariness in natural language which concurs with behavioural data showing linguistic cross-modal associations. First, a corpus analysis of taste synonyms in English shows small but significant correlations between form and meaning. With the goal of addressing the universality of specific sound-meaning associations, we examine cross-linguistic corpora of taste and motion terms, showing that particular phonological features tend to connect to certain tastes and types of motion across genetically and geographically distinct languages. Lastly, the thesis will conclude by considering the STP in light of the empirical evidence presented, and suggesting possible future empirical directions to explore the theory more broadly.
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Smith, Susan N. "Teaching Analysis to Professional Writing Students: Heuristics Based on Expert Theories." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194794.
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Professional writing students must analyze communications in multiple modalities, on page or screen. This project argues that student analysts benefit from using articulated heuristics, summaries of articles, books, or theories in chart form that remain in the visual field with the communication to be analyzed. Keeping the heuristic in view reduces students' cognitive load by narrowing the search for solution to the categories in the heuristic. These heuristics, often one page or one screen, contain key words, phrases, or questions that allow students to approach analysis from experts' points of view at more than one level of complexity. Students locate instantiations of the categories in the communication analyzed, incorporating the category/instantiation pairs into personal schemas for analysis. As students classify communications, relate parts together and to other communications, and perform operations on the content, they see how communication achieves its meaning and formulate appropriate responses. Rather than rely on one all-purpose heuristic, this dissertation presents a range of heuristics reflecting rhetorical, discourse, linguistic, usability, and visual strategies that enable students to critique both form and function in communication. The heuristics reflect a systematically ordered workplace context, articulate an appropriate and specific theory for the situation, interface with other heuristic systems for depth and efficacy, and instantiate the categories at some helpful secondary level of complexity. To theorize the visual nature of the heuristic chart displays, I employ the semiotic of Charles Sanders Peirce, working through the implications of chart construction as I diagram Peirce's theory of diagrammatic iconicity.
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Hatton, Sarah Ann. "The Onomatopoeic Ideophone-Gesture Relationship in Pastaza Quichua." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6123.
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The relationship between ideophones and gestures has only recently been studied and is not yet completely understood. The topic has been specifically addressed by Kita (1993), Klassen (1998), Dingemanse (2013), Mihas (2013), and Reiter (2013). Yet there has been little focus on onomatopoeic ideophones. Onomatopoeic ideophones have been set aside as different by many previous researchers (Klassen, 1998, pp. 28-31; Kilian-Hatz, 2001, pp. 161-163; Dingemanse, 2011, pp. 131, 165-167; Mihas, 2012, pp. 327-329; Reiter, 2013, pp. 9-10, 308). Being stigmatized as simple, they have been labeled as "sound mimicking words" (McGregor, 2002, p. 341), "non-linguistic sounds" (Güldemann, 2008, p. 283), or "imitative sounds" (Hinton et al., 1994, §2.1). This thesis specifically addresses the relationship between onomatopoeic ideophones and gestures in Pastaza Quichua (PQ). My data acquired from primary and secondary sources, consists of 69 interactions, comprising eight hours of video recordings collected in Tena, Ecuador. These recordings include traditional narratives, personal experience tellings, elicited descriptions of nature, short didactic explanations, and folksongs. My methodology consists of close examination, classification, and tagging of 435 ideophones in the PQ data for sensory class and gestural accompaniment, using McNeill's (1992) typology. This thesis demonstrates that onomatopoeic ideophones do not have the same relationship with gestures that synesthetic ideophones do. Synesthetic ideophones are consistently accompanied by gestures (94.4% of the time) while onomatopoeic ideophones are much less likely to be accompanied by gestures (27.0% of the time). The lack of gestures occurring with onomatopoeic ideophones is striking given that PQ speakers seem to be constantly gesturing during speech. The PQ data supports previous observations that most gestures accompanying ideophones are iconic (Kunene, 1965; Dingemanse, 2013; Reiter, 2013; Mihas, 2013; Kita, 1993). The data also supports McNeill's (2007, p. 11) statement that gestures are used to make an image more real and that repetition can lead to fading gestures. However, it challenges his prediction that a minimal departure from context is the cause of a conspicuous lack of gesture. Sensory type, that is whether an ideophone is onomatopoeic or not, seems to be the most important factor in predicting gestural behavior. This paper also contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between ideophones and gestures and, ultimately, between language and gesture.
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Ma, Yifan. "Iconicité dans la grammaire du chinois." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOL009/document.
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La notion d' iconicité¦ est devenue aujourd'hui un sujet fécond au sein de la linguistique cognitive occidentale. Nous avons choisi d'étudier le problème de l'iconicité dans le cadre de la grammaire du chinois. Comme toute langue " idéographique", le chinois mandarin relève évidemment d'une iconicité de haut degré par son écriture. Dans l'histoire de linguistique chinoise, beaucoup d'é¦tudes ont été faites sur la ressemblance entre la forme du caractère chinois et le sens qu'il représente. Or, c'est depuis une trentaine d'années que nous avons commencé à développer la notion d'iconicité dans les domaines phonétique et syntaxique, avec l'introduction de la linguistique cognitive en Chine. Dans cette thèse, nous allons développer la notion d'iconicité dans la grammaire du chinois à travers trois aspects : la phonétique, l'écriture chinoise et la syntaxe. D'abondants exemples serviront de fil organisateur à notre exposéThe notion of iconicity has become an interesting topic in the Western cognitive linguistics today. We chose to study the problem of iconicity in the context of Chinese grammar. Like any "ideographic" language, the Mandarin Chinese reveal a high degree of iconicity by his writing. In the history of Chinese linguistics, many studies have been done on the similarity between the form of the Chinese character and the sense which it represents. However, we only began to develop the notion of iconicity in the phonetic and syntactic domains with the introduction of cognitive linguistics in China thirty years ago. In this thesis, we will develop the notion of iconicity in the grammar of Chinese in three aspects by giving abundant exemples: phonetics, Chinese characters and syntax
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Aristodemo, Vita Maria Valentina. "Constructions gradables dans la Langue des Signes Italienne." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0147/document.
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Cette thèse étudie la sémantique des constructions gradables du point de vue de la langue des signes, en se basant sur les données de la Langue des Signes Italienne (LIS). Des travaux récents sur les langues des signes (Lillo-Martin and Klima (1990), Sandler & Lillo-Martin (2006) Schlenker (2011), entre autres) ont montré l’importance de les inclure dans le domaine empirique des recherches sémantiques. En effet, la modalité visuelle et l’iconicité permettent parfois de réaliser de façon explicite des éléments abstraits du système logique du langage qui restent implicites dans les langues parlées. Ainsi, la contribution unique des langues des signes dans les débats sémantiques ouvre de nouvelles perspectives pour mieux comprendre le fonctionnement du système logique des langues.La thèse contient trois études de cas. La première étude se concentre sur les adjectifs gradables et les constructions comparatives. Nous proposons des arguments en faveur de l’existence des variables de degrés (Kennedy 1999) : i) en LIS, une classe d’adjectifs gradables représente explicitement les degrés et les échelles dans l’espace des signes, (ii) grâce à un morphisme iconique, les échelles sont représentées comme un ensemble de points ordonnés dont chaque point représente un degré, (iii) les expressions qui se réfèrent aux degrés peuvent devenir des antécédents pour des pronoms de degré, comme dans le domaine nominal, temporel et modal. De plus, nous montrons que ces constructions sont des comparatives mixtes qui expriment une comparaison explicite et que les trois différents marqueurs comparatifs (MORE, iconic-more et ∃--icon-more) présentent différentes propriétés morpho- syntaxiques et sémantiques : le premier marqueur, MORE, n’est pas iconique et se comporte plus ou moins comme le comparatif anglais « more ». Par contre, on observe une différence intéressante entre les marqueurs iconiques ∃-icon-more et iconic-more. En effet, ils présentent différentes propriétés articulatoires. Le marqueur iconic-more a un mouvement qui se termine par une forte décélération alors que le mouvement du marqueur ∃-icon-more ne l’a pas. Nous montrons que la présence et l’absence de décélération sont associées à des interprétations sémantiques différentes. La présence du marqueur iconic-more donne lieu à une lecture exacte alors que ∃-icon-more donne lieu à une lecture existentielle. Pour expliquer ce contraste, nous soutenons que le lieu marqué par une forte décélération du mouvement correspond à un pronom déictique. En revanche, les marqueurs ∃-icon-more et MORE ont une interprétation existentielle comme dans les langues parlées. Dans la deuxième étude, nous étendons le domaine empirique des constructions gradables en incluant parmi celles-ci les constructions temporelles. Dans les constructions temporelles, les moments auxquels se passent les événements et les relations temporelles sont explicitement représentées dans l’espace de signation grâce à un morphisme iconique qui représente l’échelle temporelle comme une ligne horizontale. Ces constructions possèdent exactement les mêmes propriétés sémantiques que les constructions comparatives. Plus précisément, les marqueurs temporels ont des interprétations déictiques et existentielles parallèles à celles des constructions comparatives et des pronoms anaphoriques pouvant être utilisés pour se référer aux moments représentés explicitement dans espace de signation Enfin, la dernière est une étude comparative entre les composants iconiques des adjectifs absolus de la LIS et un geste co-verbal en italien ayant approximativement le sens de « complètement ». Nous montrons que la composante iconique et le geste co-verbal apportent tous les deux une contribution non assertive et que leur contribution peut ne pas être prise en compte (ne pas être copiée) dans la résolution de l’ellipse. Ces propriétés suggèrent que l’on peut analyser la composante iconique des adjectifs absolus de la LIS comme un élément gestuelThe aim of this dissertation is to investigate gradable constructions in Italian Sign Language (LIS). In the semantic literature, the debate about the existence of degrees as ontological elements has been very active. In this dissertation, we show that Italian Sign Language pro- vides evidence not only for the existence of degrees, but also for degree-denoting variables. First, degrees can be overtly represented as ordered points (i.e loci) in signing space by means of an iconic mapping. Second, degree expressions can be established on points in space (i.e loci), which can be anaphorically linked to later pointing pronouns, as in the nominal do- main, temporal and modal domains. Additionally, focusing on comparative constructions, we show that articulatory properties of comparative markers influence the interpretation of comparatives. Specifically, the presence/absence of sharp deceleration makes visible a specific degree which is then interpreted as a deictic element. Furthermore, we show that the visibility of degrees is not just limited to the adjectival domain but that it extends to the temporal domain, but it extends to the temporal domain. Specifically, in temporal constructions the temporal scale is iconically represented as a set of ordered points in the horizontal plane. Moreover, temporal markers, as comparatives markers, express a relation between the time arguments of the two clauses. To account for these properties, we propose an analysis of temporal clauses in terms of comparative clauses. Finally, we move to LIS absolute gradable adjectives and show that the iconic component of some of these adjectives can be analyzed as co-speech gestures. However, while co-speech gestures are optional, the iconic component of LIS absolute adjectives is an integral part of the adjectives and it cannot be omitted
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Rodes, Sanja. "After the Event: Architecture and the Image at the Turn of the 21st Century." Thesis, Griffith University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367359.
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The thesis is broadly positioned within the debates of ‘high and low’ in contemporary architectural thesis rather sees these relations as a part of a sphere (a mediasphere) of complex relationships.culture, and more specifically within the relationship between architecture (high) and media (low) around the turn of the 21st century. It acknowledges that the relationships between architecture and media are necessarily complex and more nuanced than is portrayed in contemporary architectural literature. It argues the need to reconsider these relationships— firstly, on new terms, outside the hierarchical divisions of ‘high and low’, and secondly, in an open-ended examination. This open-ended analysis is necessitated by the continuous involvement of contemporary ‘mediagenic’ architecture (Giovannini 2000), which is the focus of the analysis with media and image.
The thesis examines mediagenic architecture against the dismissive approach often present in architectural literature, arguing that the analysis of common mediagenic architecture examples (such as the Guggenheim in Bilbao in Spain (1997), designed by Frank Gehry) cannot represent generalised criticism of mediagenic architecture. The thesis argues that the relationship this architecture maintains with contemporary media is necessarily heterogeneous and complex. It further acknowledges that mediagenic architecture occupies two inseparable spheres: the physical (with physical architecture) and the media (with images and texts across various media). It sees the necessity for additional examination of the mediasphere and the mutual relationships between these two spheres.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Xiao, Lin. "Iconicité de la séquence temporelle en chinois mandarin contemporain." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL071.
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Depuis les travaux de Haiman (1985), l’iconicité de la syntaxe est un sujet à la mode. Ce sujet s’impose particulièrement dans le cas des langues isolantes, à morphologie réduite, où l’ordre des mots est le marqueur principal des structures syntaxiques et se trouve, par là, au centre de la grammaire. L’ordre des mots dans une phrase mime-t-il l’ordre des événements dont on parle ou reflète-t-il l’ordre même du discours, ou est-il arbitraire ? Dans la lignée des travaux sur l’iconicité de Peirce (1930), Haiman (1980, 1985), Tai (1985) etc., nous appelons ‘iconicité temporelle’ le fait que la succession dans le temps, c’est-à-dire dans la chaîne parlée, des constituants d’un énoncé mime la succession des événements dans un monde de référence. Nous avons étendu le champ d’application de cette ‘iconicité temporelle’ des événements aux procès et, de là, aux phases qui les composent. L’objectif de cette thèse est de tenter de ‘faire marcher’ l’idée d’‘iconicité de la séquence 'jusqu’au bout, en partant d’une définition des CVS la plus large possible permettant d’englober toute suite de constituants verbaux ne présentant aucun connecteur. Cela permet d’étendre l’étude à toute séquence de procès décomposable en sous-procès dans le monde de référence ou en sous-événements dans le monde du discours (systèmes protase-apodose hypothétique et temporel). Si l’iconicité est partout, c’est que les marques séquentielles (l’ordre des constituants), avec les informations sur les prédicats (valence et Aktionsart) codées dans le lexique, sont essentielles au fonctionnement des langues isolantes du type du chinois, et que ces marques séquentielles obéissent le plus souvent, au moins dans le cas du chinois, à l’iconicitéSince Haiman (1985), the iconicity of syntax is a hot topic. This subject is particularly important in the case of isolating languages, with reduced morphology, in which the word order is the main marker of syntactic structures, and, is, therefore, at the centre of grammar. Does the word order in a sentence mimic the order of the events one is speaking of or does it reflect the very order of the discourse, or is it arbitrary? In the line of Peirce (1930), Haiman (1980, 1985), Tai (1985), etc., we call ‘temporal iconicity’ the fact that succession in the time, or in the spoken chain, of constituents of a statement mimics the succession of events in a world of reference. We have extended the scope of this ‘temporal iconicity’ from events to processes and hence to the phases that compose them. The objective of this thesis is to try to develop the idea of ‘iconicity of the temporal sequence’ to its very end, starting from a definition of SVC (serial verb construction) as wide as possible to encompass any sequence of verbal constituents without overt connector. In such a way, it becomes possible to extend the study to any sequence of decomposable processes in sub-tracks in the reference world or in sub-events in the discourse world (conditional and temporal protasis-apodosis systems). If the iconicity is everywhere, it is because that the sequential marks (the constituents order), with the informations about the predicates (valence and Aktionsart) encoded in the lexicon, are essential to the functioning of the isolating languages of the type of Chinese, and that these sequential marks obey most often, at least in the case of Chinese, to iconicity
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Krstic, Simona, and Elin Littorin. "The Iconicity and Learnability of Blissymbols : A Study of the Interpretations of Blissymbols by Kenyan Children with diverse Language Backgrounds." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-107544.
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There have been few studies conducted on how children from other than Western populations perceive and learn different graphic symbol sets or systems, especially on how children from poverty contexts learn graphic alternative and augmentative communication (AAC) symbols. Multicultural research is necessary in order to advance and to ensure the quality of the service of AAC for culturally and linguistically diverse AAC users. In the present study the authors strive to describe the learnability of the Blissymbol system in a non-western culture using a semiotic theoretical framework. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the iconicity and learnability of the Blissymbol system for Kenyan children with two different language backgrounds, Swahili and English. This was done in an attempt to investigate potential cultural and linguistic influences of the interpretation and learnability of the Blissymbol. The design and test material was adopted from a previous study (Jennische & Zetterlund, 2012). In the present study, 127 typically developed children in the age six to seven in class one or two in primary school, both from private and public schools, participated. The children had never before encountered Bliss. The children were asked to interpret single Bliss-words and compound Bliss-words, first spontaneously through giving free proposals and then after being given an instructive explanation. The test results were analyzed on a group level and compared between the different groups (age, class and language background). The results show that there was a significant improvement between the pretest and the posttest for all children in the different groups. This indicates that the Blissymbols used in this study had a generally low transparency but a generally high translucency. The results also indicate a generally high learnability and that the children were aided by the instructive explanation. Furthermore, there were significant differences between the different groups, where the children from class two performed better than children from class one and where the English-speaking children performed better than the Swahili-speaking children overall. Age was not significant. The results also indicate that there were differences in how the children interpreted the symbols, but that there were similarities within the specific groups. Further, this indicates that the symbols were interpreted in a similar way by children that belonged to the same age, language and socioeconomic background.
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Fraser, Benjamin Russell. "The Difference Space Makes: Bergsonian Methodology and Madrid's Cultural Imaginary through Literature, Film and Urban Space." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195820.
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In the present effort, the philosopher Henri Bergson’s (1859-1941) seminal philosophical work functions as a revitalizing force and even an implicit point of departure for the more urban-oriented critique of Henri Lefebvre’s (1901-1991) watershed text L’Producción de l’espace/The Production of Space (1974). Both Lefebvre and Bergson in fact share a common perception of space—it is neither a static ground, nor an apriori condition of experience as Kant argued, but is instead a process inseparable from time and implicated in thought itself. Grounded in this resulting novel understanding of space, time and difference, I use an interdisciplinary approach to analyze Madrid’s cultural imaginary through novels by Belén Gopegui (1992), Pío Baroja (1911) and Luis Martín-Santos (1961); films by Carlos Saura (1996), Alejandro Amenábar (1997), and American Jim Jarmusch (1992); and the urban space of Madrid’s Retiro Park. The purpose of this work is twofold. On the one hand it is an attempt to reconcile the spatial issues of concern to cultural or human geography with an approach to social life grounded in the humanities. On the other it is a call for a deeper understanding of methodology taken in its widest sense. The former seeks not only to introduce spatial questions to the analysis of literature and film but also to articulate the intimate relation of cultural products to the urban processes in which they are formed, interpreted and sold. The latter requires an investigation of the philosophical preconceptions that structure our spatial practice and interpretation, as well as an awareness of the consequences these preconceptions hold—not only for understanding our common world, but also for producing it and finally for the possibility of changing it through action. These twin purposes—bringing geographical concerns into the humanities and assessing the philosophical bases of our spatial production and interpretation—are not so far removed. Through a careful reading of the above key literary, filmic and urban texts from twentieth century Madrid, this work explores the important consequences of conceiving of space as simultaneously mental and physical. In the Bergsonian fashion, these explorations seek to dispense with the stagnant and irreconcilable philosophical tropes of both pure materialism and pure idealism in order to yield a more precise understanding of cultural forms as living processes.
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Alvarez-Pereyre, Michael. "Aspects de la construction du sens de l’impératif anglais." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040130.
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L’impératif anglais est ici étudié en supposant un lien motivé entre sa forme et ses sens, dans le cadre d’une sémantique textuelle et énonciative cottienne. Analysant un corpus de films américains contemporains, l’étude décrit la construction du sens de requêtes pour y chercher la contributionpropre de l’impératif. Les éléments sémiotisés et non-sémiotisés à ce mode figurant souvent par ailleurs dans le discours, l’impératif apparaît comme une posture énonciative choisie par le locuteur. Celle-ci consiste en un rapport d’immédiateté aux signes et à l’action. L’injonction apparaît ainsi comme d’abord mentale, ce qui explique les cas où l’impératif ne doit pas mener à agir dans le monde. La sous-sémiotisation des relations est aussi une forme de refus des processus d’entrée dans le linéaire de la parole, ce qui peut anticiper une sortie vers le monde des actes. Les hypothèses proposées espèrent ainsi contribuer à montrer comment la brièveté peut être exploitée à des fins directivesThis study analyzes the English imperative in the framework of Pierre Cotte’s textual-gramatical semantics. It hypothesizes that the grammar of imperatives is iconic, i.e. motivated to some degree. The study describes the construction of meaning of requests found in a corpus of contemporary North-American films and isolates the specific contribution of imperatives. The elements verbalized in an imperative clause and those not verbalizedin it are actually both often verbalized in other phases of a request. This suggests that the imperative is a linguistic-cognitive attitude adopted by the speaker: the structure manifests and imposes a relationship of immediacy with the signs and with the action. The imperative command is therefore cognitive first, which explains the cases where an imperativedoes not require the hearer to act. The hypo-semiotic verbalization of the action may also mimic a refusal of the processes that produce connected speech, thus anticipating an exit from talk to action.Keywords: English imperative, iconicity, requests, film corpus, enunciation, textual semantics, grammatical semantics, enunciative linguistics
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Häggström, Kristina. "The Photographs of Alan Kurdi : Exploitative or Just What the Syrian Refugees Needed?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Medier och kommunikation, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-364034.
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Abstract: This study explores how the photographs of Alan Kurdi were used by Swedish newspapers, how they may have been perceived by the readers of those newspapers, and whether there are any ethical considerations when using the photography of Alan Kurdi. It answers three research questions; “How were the photographs of Alan Kurdi used by Swedish newspapers?”, “What potential meanings of the photographs of Alan Kurdi were interpreted by the readers of the articles?” and “What are the ethical implications of using the photographs of Alan Kurdi in the newspapers?” In order to investigate this the top 5 Swedish newspapers were studied and all the articles containing the photographs were studied. Through Sensitising Concepts and Inductive Analysis several topics and categories were discovered. The most common topic used by the newspapers was the topic of Alan Kurdi himself. In order to analyse these results Stuart Hall’s Encoding/Decoding Model of Communication is applied. The model identifies three types of receivers. Those who use preferred reading, negotiated reading and oppositional reading. By applying this model the way the photographs of Alan Kurdi was perceived by the readers of the newspapers can be analysed through the three different perspectives. Through the analysis it was argued that the most common way to perceive the photographs was humanising. The photographs worked both as an icon for the refugee crisis and to describe Alan Kurdi or the situation he was fleeing from. These topics can be argued to have a humanising effect on the refugee crisis as a whole. This was evident when charitable donations increased and there was a change in policy for refugees in Sweden that was less strict than before. However, after only a few months the public opinion grew harsher towards refugees and immigrants. This leads to the question - was it worth it? The photographs were used without consent and they could be argued to be exploitative of Alan Kurdi as well as his family. They can also be argued to be unethical. This papers concludes that the photographs were used by Swedish newspapers extensively, it seems in the most part with the intention of humanising the refugee crisis, and when looking at the rise in charitable donations and change in policy it seems to have worked. For a while. In truth, the photographs made no lasting difference, and it can be argued that the use of the photographs was unethical and the results that came from their publication did not justify the exploitation of Alan Kurdi.
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Costa, Kátia Regina Rebello da. "O ser negro à vista: construção verbo-visual do negro na propaganda impressa." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2010. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2792.
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Esta tese destina-se a desenvolver estudo semiótico de propagandas impressas em que a pessoa negra é posta em presença. Investiga-se como a propaganda veiculada em revista, mediante seleção e combinação sígnicas, efetiva a construção da imagem verbo-visual do negro, tendo em vista o produto anunciado e os projetos comunicativos do enunciador e, assim, como finda por ratificar ou (re)elaborar significados sociais acerca desse sujeito. Pautando-se na Semiótica de Charles Sanders Peirce e tendo por suporte, fundamentalmente, a Teoria da Iconicidade Verbal de Simões (2009), a pesquisa aborda todos os signos verbais e não verbais em diálogo, como dotados de potencial icônico, não só revelador dos projetos de texto, como também ativador de interpretações/leituras e, ainda, delineador de sentidos, posteriormente cristalizados e convertidos em significados imanentes aos signos e aos objetos reportados. Por ter, como material constitutivo do corpus, textos elaborados em linguagem mista, a pesquisa propõe a aplicação da Teoria da Iconicidade Verbal ao universo dos signos lato sensu. O debate apresenta o texto de propaganda como excelente material, não só para implementar os estudos de História e Cultura Afro-brasileiras, como prevê a Lei 10.639/03, como também para subsidiar o ensino de língua portuguesa, com ênfase para os estudos sobre leitura e produção textual, para que se forme sujeito dotado de habilidades que lhe permitam reconhecer no verbal e no não verbal a revelação e a geração de sentidos sociaisThis thesis is destined to develop the semiotics study of the printed advertisement where the black person is placed in presence. It is investigated as the advertising propagated in magazine, by means of election and meaning combination of signs accomplishes the construction of verbal/visual blacks image, in the announced products view and the communicative annunciators projects; and, thus, how it terminates for ratifying or elaborating or (re) elaborate social meanings about that being. Basing on the Semiotics of Charles Sanders Peirce and having for support, basically, the Theory of the Verbal Iconicidade of Simões (2009), the research approaches all the verbal signs and the no verbal ones in dialogue, as endowed with iconic potential, not only discloser of the texts projects, as well as activator of interpretations/readings and, yet, delineator of feelings, subsequently crystallized and converted into intrinsic meanings to the signs and to the reported objects. For having, as material constituent of the corpus, texts elaborated in mixing language, the research proposes the application of the Iconicity Verbal to the universe of the signs lato sensu. The discussion presents the advertisement text as excellent material not only to implement the studies of History and Culture Afro-Brazilians, as she foresees Law 10,639/03, as well as to assist the study of the Portuguese language, expressively for the studies of reading and textual production, in order to mould a being endowed with abilities that allow him to recognize in the verbal and in the no verbal, the revelation and the generation of the social feelings
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Krause, Timothy Allen. "Sound Effects: Age, Gender, and Sound Symbolism in American English." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2304.
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This mixed-method study investigated the correlation of sound symbolic associations with age and gender by analyzing data from a national survey of 292 American English speakers. Subjects used 10 semantic differential scales to rate six artificial brand names that targeted five phonemes. Subjects also described the potential products they imagined these artificial brand names to represent. Quantitative analysis alone provided insufficient evidence to conclude that age or gender affect sound symbolism in American English. While 26 out of 60 scales showed a monotonic shift among the means of the three age groups, only three were statistically significant. The evidence of differences between genders was similarly weak; only five scales out of 60 showed a statistically significant difference when comparing genders. Analysis of the qualitative data, however, suggested both monotonic generational shifts as well as generational blips in sound-symbolic associations. Of particular interest is the possible influence of pop culture, fashions, and fads, and society's shifting focus from broadcast to narrowcast media. The implications of this research are relevant for both theory (empirical evidence for iconicity in language) and application (e.g., devising brand names that communicate particular attributes to specific demographics).
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Spaziani, Lidia. "A estigmatização em relação aos ciganos: as construções avaliativas por não ciganos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-25102016-135228/.
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Tratar de ciganos à luz do discurso de não-ciganos pede discussões sobre estigmatização e dos termos a ela associados. Esse caminho produzirá, como demonstramos na tese, a contribuição para a compreensão do (des)prestígio social de uma comunidade isolada. Historicamente, por séculos, a estigmatização negativa arraiga o preconceito que ecoa no imaginário social do não-cigano ao referir o cigano. Esse quadro ainda é constatado no século XXI, e ainda ocorre manifestando os mesmos traços peculiares observados em pesquisas das áreas de Antropologia, Sociologia e Educação as quais tomam como objeto de discussão esse povo, de cultura tão hermética. Esse isolamento dos ciganos, hipotetizamos, é observável no discurso do não-cigano por meio de informações localizadas em diversos pontos de uma sentença ou de um texto. Para lidar com esse fenômeno, recorremos às teorias givonianas (1990), em especial o princípio da iconicidade e seus subprincípios, quais sejam: de ordenação linear, de integração e de quantidade, os quais, ao se entrelaçarem, revelam a complexidade cognitiva. O reconhecimento desses ecos históricos por meios de vários tipos de documentos recolhidos de arquivos históricos e redes sociais. Ao final dessa análise, estabelecemos um contraponto com a opinião de paulistanos por meio de um questionário aleatoriamente distribuído a indivíduos de vários estratos sociais. A ideia era a de verificar se a estigmatização continuava ecoando nos discursos atuais. Concluída essa etapa da pesquisa, pudemos referendar que, a despeito do desenvolvimento humano (na concepção de Maturana e Varela, 2011), a estigmatização e o preconceito continuam andando de mãos quando o tópico é cigano.To treat Roma (gypsy) by the sense of the non-Roma (non-gypsy) speech prompts some discussions about stigmatization and terms associated with it. This way will produce, as demonstrated in the thesis, the contribution to the (un) social prestige understanding of an isolated community. Historically, for centuries, the negative stigma rooted prejudice that echoes the social imaginary of the non-gypsies when referring to the gypsy in their discourse. This picture is still found in the 21st. century, and it is still manifesting the same peculiar traits observed in researches in the Anthropology, Sociology and Educational areas which take as their subject of discussion these people, in its so hermetic culture. It is hypothesized that this isolation of the Roma (gypsy) is observable in the discourse of non-gypsy through information located in various parts of a sentence or of a text. To deal with this phenomenon, we use the givonian theories (1990), in particular the principle of iconicity and its subprinciples, namely: linear ordination, integration and quantity, which, when intertwined, reveal the cognitive complexity. The recognition of these historical echoes by means of various documents types collected from historical archives and social networks. At the end of this analysis, we established a counterpoint to the opinion of São Paulo inhabitants (paulistanos) through a questionnaire randomly distributed to individuals from various social strata. The idea is to verify if the stigma was still echoing in today\'s speeches. On this research stage completion, we could endorse that, in spite of human development (conception of Maturana and Varela, 2011), stigmatization and prejudice continue progressing when the theme is gypsy people.
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Yaiche, Sameh. "Figement et prédication en arabe et en français : études linguistiques et psycholinguistiques." Thesis, Paris 8, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA080050/document.
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Les unités phraséologiques représentent actuellement un objet d’étude commun à de nombreuses disciplines en science du langage. C’est dans ce cadre que s’inscrivent les travaux exposés dans la présente thèse. Adoptant une optique pluridisciplinaire alliant linguistique et psycholinguistique et impliquant l’approche comparative interlangue, nous étudions un phénomène linguistique complexe, le figement, en français et arabe dialectal tunisien. Nous proposons, en premier lieu, une description des expressions figées dans les deux langues mises en contraste, en repérant la typologie et le fonctionnement morphosyntaxique, lexical et sémantique de ces séquences. Notre attention se porte essentiellement sur les deux notions importantes dans l’étude du figement: la scalarité et l’iconicité. La méthodologie et les résultats d’une étude psycholinguistique et expérimentale réalisée auprès d’adultes francophones natifs et non natifs (des arabophones tunisiens apprenant le français L2) sont, en second lieu, exposés. L’intérêt est de déterminer si les facteurs linguistiques, degré de figement et iconicité, facilitent le traitement du langage figé au cours d’une tâche de mémorisation impliquant l’encodage et la reconnaissance des séquences figées du français. Une troisième expérience consiste en un test de familiarité qui examine l’effet des facteurs linguistiques, la scalarité et l’iconicité, ainsi que personnels, l’âge et le sexe, sur la connaissance des expressions figées du dialectal tunisien par des locuteurs arabophones natifs. Ces recherches psycholinguistiques, portant sur une population d’adultes, sont suivies d’une étude exploratoire sur l’émergence des expressions figées ou semi-figées chez les enfants. Ce travail suit la double problématique de l’émergence et de la comparaison interlangue. Nous comparons les productions de deux enfants: un enfant arabe tunisien et un enfant françaisThe phraseological units currently represent a common object of study in many disciplines in language science. It is in this context that we present our work in this thesis. Adopting a multidisciplinary approach combining linguistic and psycholinguistic involving comparative cross-language approach, our goal is to study a complex linguistic phenomenon, the fixation, in French and Tunisian Arabic dialect. We propose, first, to contrast the fixed expressions in both languages by identifying the type and the morphosyntactic, lexical and semantic operation of these sequences. Our interest will focus on two important concepts in the study of the fixed sequences: scalarity and iconicity. The methodology and results of a psycholinguistic and experimental study among native and non-native francophone adults (Tunisian Arabic speakers learning French as second language) will be then exposed. Our aim is to determine whether language factors, scalarity and iconicity, facilitate the processing of fixed expressions during a memorization task involving the encoding and recognition of French frozen sequences. A third experiment is a test of familiarity that examines the effect of linguistic factors, scalarity and iconicity as well as personal factors such as; age and sex, on the knowledge of Tunisian dialect frozen sequences by Arabic native speakers. This psycholinguistic work carried on an adult population is followed by an exploratory study on the emergence of fixed and semi-fixed expressions in children communication. This work follows the dual problem of emergence and cross-language comparison. We compare the productions of two children: a Tunisian Arab child and a French child
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Oliveira, Carlos Eduardo de. "Iconicidade toponímica na Chapada Diamantina: estudo de caso." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-31032009-171949/.
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O signo toponímico, cuja característica principal é a identificação de um determinado espaço, estabelecendo uma significação, em certos contextos, pode destacar traços do espaço referido, evidenciando uma iconicidade toponímica (DICK, 1990). Este estudo de caso examina, sob estes aspectos, topônimos da Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, por meio da aplicação dos modelos teóricos e metodológicos propostos por Dick no projeto Atlas Toponímico do Brasil (ATB). Considerando o contexto regional, foram selecionados 108 topônimos que designam sítios turísticos na área conhecida como Circuito do Diamante, onde estão situadas as principais cidades que, no final do século XIX, emergiram com a mineração e que, hoje, figuram como as cidades históricas de destaque no circuito turístico local: Andaraí, Lençóis, Mucugê e Palmeiras. Considerando o topônimo um traço cultural, a descrição dos ambientes físico e social é observada, com apresentação dos caracteres geográficos e dos ciclos históricos que se sucederam desde as fundações destes núcleos populacionais. A catalogação dos topônimos, em fichas lexicográfico-toponímicas (DICK, 2004), dispõe o tratamento lingüístico do corpus e acrescenta informações extralingüísticas que concorrem à compreensão dos mecanismos motivadores das nomeações. Os signos toponímicos são analisados em suas categorias semânticas e em suas propriedades icônicas.The toponymic sign, which main characteristic is the identification of a certain location that establishes meaning, in some contexts, may emphasize some referred location features, bringing to light a kind of toponymic iconicity (DICK, 1990). The present case study explores, on these aspects, toponyms from Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, on the theoretical and methodological models presented by Dick in Atlas Toponímico do Brasil (ATB). By taking the regional context into consideration, 108 toponyms designating tour sites have been chosen from the Diamond Circuit area, where the main late 19th Century cities of Andaraí, Lençóis, Mucugê, and Palmeiras, that emerged due to mining and nowadays are important historic cities in the regional touristic circuit, are located. Having toponym as a cultural trace, physical and social environments description is performed, presenting geographic and historical cycles information, since these people settlement. The toponyms cataloging using lexigraphictoponymic forms (DICK, 2004) defines the linguistic treatment of the corpus and adds extralinguistic data, which help the understanding of naming motivation mechanisms. Toponymic signs are analyzed by their semantic categories and iconic properties
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Araújo, Lúcia Deborah Ramos de. "Brasil brasileiro: o léxico e a identidade nacional." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2010. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2195.
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Esta pesquisa dedica-se a realizar um trabalho com base no diálogo entre teorias semióticas e a Linguística de Córpus, estudando, especificamente, marcas linguísticas que possam caracterizar o perfil do brasileiro e suas características socioculturais plurais. Interessam-nos, sobretudo, os substantivos e adjetivos em função nomeadora e/ou qualificadora dos termos Brasil e brasileiro. Com isso, pretende-se oferecer um panorama bastante próximo da realidade linguística do brasileiro e de sua identidade. Para que os resultados sejam significativos, contamos com o concurso da Linguística de Córpus, servindo-nos de base a obra Linguística de Corpus (SARDINHA, 2004). Com a Linguística de Córpus, adotando a pesquisa direcionada pelo córpus (corpus-driven research) como metodologia, se pôde levantar, quantificar e tabular os signos em uso, identificando-lhes a frequência e a organização em feixes lexicais para avaliá-los quanto à significância no trato comunicativo. No desenvolvimento da análise e leitura crítica dos dados coletados, amparou-nos a Semiótica de extração peirceana, mais especificamente da Teoria da Iconicidade Verbal (SIMÕES, 2007), que permitiu delinear o potencial icônico das palavras de busca e de seus colocados. Com relação ao conceito de identidade em suas faces filosófica, social e antropológica, fornecem-nos suporte os pensamentos de NIETZSCHE (1991) acerca da necessidade do esquecimento para a construção de uma identidade e de HALL (1998), quanto aos eixos temporais que presidem o processamento discursivo dos fatos históricos e, por conseguinte, da construção identitária. O contraponto entre estes últimos autores contribui para a definição dos gêneros textuais interessantes à pesquisa, basicamente os textos argumentativos, publicados em jornais de grande circulação, no eixo Rio-São Paulo. A respeito da identidade na sociedade em rede, característica da contemporaneidade, apoia-nos obra de CASTELLS (2006). Os estudos específicos sobre a identidade nacional amparam-se sobretudo em DAMATTA (1978 e 1989) e LEITE (2007). A pesquisa demonstrou que a iconicidade lexical vem a ser mais apropriadamente delineada a partir de um universo de dados amplo, ao qual se tem acesso a partir da Linguística de Córpus, sendo, portanto, correto afirmar que os traços componentes da identidade brasileira podem ser apreendidos em seu estágio atual com base na análise de um córpus construído a partir de textos publicados em jornais, representativos das vozes e do pensamento de um estrato social formador de opinião. No contexto de transformações sociais e políticas que ocorrem no Brasil entre os anos 2005 e 2010, a investigação da identidade nacional e a apuração do autoconceito do brasileiro pôde apontar que alguns paradigmas historicamente estabelecidos estão sendo alterados, enquanto outros ainda persistem. O perfil identitário apurado pela pesquisa favorece a construção, por parte do estudioso da linguagem e, mais especificamente, do docente de língua portuguesa, de uma visão atualizada da identidade nacional, no recorte analisado, permitindo um trabalho consciente com as habilidades e competências vinculadas ao desenvolvimento da identidade nacional, conforme orientam os Parâmetros Curriculares NacionaisThis research has the purpose to perform a survey based on the dialogue between semiotic theories and Corpus Linguistics, studying, specifically, the language marks that may characterize the profile of the various Brazilian socio-cultural characteristics. Our special interest is to focus on the nouns and adjectives that nominate and / or qualify the terms 'Brazil' and 'Brazilian'. Through this study, we intend to reach a panorama which is very close to the linguistic reality of the Brazilian people and their identity. We have worked with the Corpus Linguistics, based on the book Corpus Linguistics (SARDINHA, 2004). We chose the corpus-driven research as a method, which allows raising, quantifying and tabulating the signs in use, in order to identify their frequency and lexical organization in bundles, so that they could be evaluated as to their significance in the communicative scene. The theories and works that bolstered this thesis were the Semiotics by Charles Sanders PEIRCE (2000), the works on semiotics by ECO (2007) and SANTAELLA (1996, 2000 e 2001), and the Theory of Verbal Iconicity (SIMOES, 2007). This one aims to establish the iconic potential of the search words in their context. Regarding the philosophical, social and anthropological readings on identity, this work is supported by the thoughts of NIETZSCHE (1991) in an article on the need of forgetfulness in order to build an identity. Another work which supports our conclusions is HALLs paper (1998) on the timelines that govern the discourse processing of the historical facts, which shows how they interfere in the construction of the identity. The counterpoint between these latter authors contribute to the definition of the text genre relevant to this research there were used basically argumentative texts, published in major newspapers in Rio and Sao Paulo. Regarding the identity in the network society as a contemporary issue, the work of CASTELLS (2006) was of great help. The studies on the Brazilian identity by DAMATTA (1978 and 1989) and LEITE (2002) also give basis to the considerations of this thesis. The research showed that the lexical iconicity comes to be more appropriately viewed from a broad universe of data, which has been provided by a large corpus (8 million words approximately) dealt with in the Corpus Linguistics methodology. Its therefore correct to say that components of Brazilian identity may be seized in its current state based on the analysis of a corpus built from texts published in newspapers, representing the voices and thoughts of a social stratum and opinion formers. The investigation of national identity and the self-concept of the Brazilian in the context of social and political transformations that have occurred in Brazil between 2005 and 2010 pointed out that some historically established paradigms have been going through a process of change, while others have persisted. The National Curriculum Parameters in Brazil establish topics on national identity to be developed by native teachers of Portuguese language. The results of this work are meant to be helpful to the aforementioned teachers
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Tonnaux, Francis. "Langage et iconicite." Paris 8, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA080223.
Full textAbstract:
De par son titre: langage et iconicite, le projet indique la problematique soulevee par ces deux systemes - langagier et iconique - mis en relation dans une visee semiotique. Le corpus se compose de deux elements distincts: 1) un texte de philostrate (sophiste grec de la fin du 2e siecle apres j. -c. Et du debut du 3e siecle). Ce texte intitule "ariane" decrit une scene picturale depeignant l'abandon d'ariane par thesee. 2) un stamnos apulien du peintre d'ariane (vers 390 avant j. -c. ), representant: a) sur sa premiere face: l'abandon d'ariane par thesee, en presence d'athena et d'hypnos, b) sur sa seconde face: proetos, que suit sthenebee, remettant la lettre a bellerophon accompagne de pegase. Le travail consistera a analyser pour eux-memes ces deux systemes - langagier et iconique -, puis a en effectuer leur mise en rapport conjointe pour en degager les similitudes, oppositions et leurs specificites reciproques. Une synthese de l'ensemble conclut cette rechercheFrom its title, "language and iconicity", the project indicates the problematic raised by those two systemes - linguistic and iconical - put in relationship in a semiotic design. The corpus is made of two distinctive elements: 1) a texte of philostratus the elder (a greek sophist of the end of the 2nd a. D. And of the beginning of the 3nd century). This texte entitled "ariadne" (1,15) describes a pictural scene depicting the forsaking of ariadne by theseus. 2) an apulian stamnos of the "ariadne painter" (around 390 b. C. ) representing: a) on its first side: the forsaking of ariadne by theseus, in the presence of athena and of hypnos, b) on its second side: proitos, followed by stheneboia, handing the letter to bellerophon accompanied by pegasos. The task will consist in the analysus of those two systems - linguistic and iconic - for themselves, then in the establishment of the link between the two in order to bring out the similarities, the contrasts and their reciprocal specificities. A systhesis of the whole windsup this research
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DE, MAGALHAES LEMOS JOAO FERNANDO. "Do gesto à linguagem matricial. Estudo das alterações morfológicas do desenho da letra no espaço virtual." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/61480.
Full textAbstract:
[EN] From the gesture to the matrix language. Study of the handwriting morphological drawing changes in the virtual space.
Writing transformed in an indelible way the human history and changed the relations between the individual and the social memory. With writing the words are closed in a visual field and the knowledge acquisition does not occur through the memory but through the written text, which relativizes the role of the subject's memory.
Digital media call into question the concept of book and allowed the creation of new textual characteristics. The linear structure of textual information gives place to a fragmented structure, expressed in the visual/ verbal dynamism of the various interfaces that interact with the individual, bringing to the forefront the relationship between speech and writing. Digital technologies have transformed the communicative practices and redefined the visual relationships established between thought and space, particularly in the world of printing and textual visualization.
The use of hypertext and hypermedia for presentation of information, generated major changes in reading and writing and put the language - spoken, written and iconographic - in a context much richer and broader than in the printed text, enhancing the articulated significance (verbality), the pictorial sense (plasticity), the acoustic sense (sonority) and kinetic sense (movement) of the word. The new virtual media altered the writing morphology as well as the nature of the messages leading to a change in the written message nature and fostering the emergence of new typographic paradigms.
In the context of this investigation, is approached the typographical form and its relationship with the support and the instrument that records it, analysing hand movement which formalizes a letter. Secondly, it analyses the shape of the letter in two-dimensional space, its organization and distribution, responsible for assigning meaning to the messages and ideas, promoting the entire text of the interaction field and typographical form with space. In the third phase, it deals with the simulation letterpress movement evolving in space and time, considered as an idea that lends identity and character to a world that is not already the printed plan.
This sustained research in historical identification, formal and conceptual of typographic forms and analysis of cultural, social and technological factors that promoted morphological changes evidenced in typographic design, was based on theoretical reflections that helped analyse the resources and expressive strategies to limit the syntax and semantics of the typographic form in the digital context.
><[ES] Del gesto al lenguaje matricial. Estudio de las alteraciones morfológicas del diseño de la letra en el espacio virtual La escritura transformó de forma indeleble la historia humana, y con ella, cambiaron las relaciones entre el individuo y la memoria social. Con la escritura, las palabras se encierran en un campo visual y la adquisición del conocimiento no se produce tanto por la intermediación de la memoria, sino por el texto escrito que relativiza el papel de la memoria del individuo. Los medios de comunicación digitales han cuestionado el concepto de libro y han permitido la creación de nuevas características textuales. La estructuración lineal de la información textual da lugar a una estructuración fragmentada, expresada en el dinamismo visual/ verbal de las diversas interfaces que interactúan con el individuo, poniendo en primer plano la relación entre el habla y la escritura. Las tecnologías digitales han transformado las prácticas comunicativas y han redefinido las relaciones visuales que se establecen entre el pensamiento y el espacio, particularmente en el universo de la impresión y de la visualización textual. El uso del hipertexto y del hipermedia para la presentación de la información ha generado grandes cambios en la lectura y en la escritura y ha colocado la lengua - hablada, escrita e iconográfica - en un contexto mucho más rico y amplio que en el texto impreso, potenciando la significación articulada (verbalización), el sentido pictórico (plasticidad), el sentido acústico (sonoridad) y el sentido cinético (movimiento) de la palabra. Los nuevos medios virtuales han modificado la morfología de la escritura así como la naturaleza de los mensajes, dando origen a un cambio en la naturaleza del mensaje escrito y promoviendo el surgimiento de nuevos paradigmas tipográficos. En el contexto de esta investigación, se aborda la forma tipográfica y su relación con el soporte y con el instrumento que la registra, analizando el movimiento de la mano que formaliza una letra. En segundo lugar, se analiza la forma de la letra en el espacio bidimensional, su organización y distribución, responsable por dar sentido a los mensajes y a las ideas, promoviendo todo el campo de interacción del texto y de la forma tipográfica con el espacio. En tercer lugar, se trata la simulación del movimiento de la tipografía evolucionando en el espacio y en el tiempo, afrontada como idea que concede identidad y carácter a un mundo que ya no es, el del plano impreso. Esta investigación apoyada en la identificación histórica, formal y conceptual de las formas tipográficas y en el análisis de los factores culturales, sociales y tecnológicos a los que dieron lugar los cambios morfológicos evidenciados en el diseño tipográfico, se fundamentó en reflexiones teóricas que han permitido analizar los recursos y las estrategias expresivas para circunscribir la sintaxis y la semántica de la forma tipográfica en el contexto digital. ><
[CAT] Del gest al llenguatge matricial. Estudi de les alteracions morfològiques del disseny de la lletra en l'espai virtual. L'escriptura va transformar de forma indeleble la història humana, i amb ella, van canviar les relacions entre l'individu i la memòria social. Amb l'escriptura, les paraules es tanquen en un camp visual i l'adquisició del coneixement no es produeix tant per la intermediació de la memòria, sinó pel text escrit que relativitza el paper de la memòria de l'individu. Els mitjans de comunicació digitals han qüestionat el concepte de llibre i han permès la creació de noves característiques textuals. L'estructuració lineal de la informació textual dóna lloc a una estructuració fragmentada, expressada en el dinamisme visual/ verbal de les diverses interfícies que interactuen amb l'individu, posant en primer plànol la relació entre la parla i l'escriptura. Les tecnologies digitals han transformat les pràctiques comunicatives i han redefinit les relacions visuals que s'estableixen entre el pensament i l'espai, particularment en l'univers de la impressió i de la visualització textual. L'ús de l'hipertext i del 'hipermedia' per a la presentació de la informació ha generat grans canvis en la lectura i en l'escriptura i ha col·locat la llengua - parlada, escrita i iconogràfica - en un context molt més ric i ampli que en el text imprès, potenciant la significació articulada (verbalització), el sentit pictòric (plasticitat), el sentit acústic (sonoritat) i el sentit cinètic (moviment) de la paraula. Els nous mitjans virtuals han modificat la morfologia de l'escriptura així com la naturalesa dels missatges, donant origen a un canvi en la naturalesa del missatge escrit i promovent el sorgiment de nous paradigmes tipogràfics. En el context d'aquesta recerca, s'aborda la forma tipogràfica i la seua relació amb el suport i amb l'instrument que la registra, analitzant el moviment de la mà que formalitza una lletra. En segon lloc, s'analitza la forma de la lletra en l'espai bidimensional, la seua organització i distribució, responsable per donar sentit als missatges i a les idees, promovent tot el camp d'interacció del text i de la forma tipogràfica amb l'espai. En tercer lloc, es tracta la simulació del moviment de la tipografia evolucionant en l'espai i en el temps, afrontada com a idea que concedeix identitat i caràcter a un món que ja no és, el del plànol imprès. Aquesta recerca recolzada en la identificació històrica, formal i conceptual de les formes tipogràfiques i en l'anàlisi dels factors culturals, socials i tecnològics als quals van donar lloc els canvis morfològics evidenciats en el disseny tipogràfic, es va fonamentar en reflexions teòriques que han permès analitzar els recursos i les estratègies expressives per a circumscriure la sintaxi i la semàntica de la forma tipogràfica en el context digital. ><
De Magalhaes Lemos, JF. (2016). Do gesto à linguagem matricial. Estudo das alterações morfológicas do desenho da letra no espaço virtual [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61480
TESIS
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Andrade, Valdeciliana da Silva Ramos. "A construção da causalidade na vertente dos gêneros textuais: uma análise da argumentação jurídica." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2007. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=231.
Full textAbstract:
Este estudo aborda a construção da relação de causalidade dentro do discurso jurídico, partindo do pressuposto de que a argumentação é fundamental para o desenvolvimento do raciocínio jurídico cujo elemento estruturante é a causalidade. Para realizar este trabalho, utilizamos o método dialético, visando estudar a causalidade dentro do discurso jurídico, ciente de que a causalidade, conquanto tenha representação sintática em nível superficial, não está restrita à classificação de orações. Portanto, tal estudo tem como objetivo averiguar como se constrói a causalidade no discurso jurídico, considerando que há diversos gêneros textuais que perpassam este domínio discursivo. Para tanto, realizamos dois tipos de pesquisa: bibliográfica e documental. Em princípio, fizemos aquela para distinguir os gêneros textuais no discurso jurídico. Para tanto, utilizamos, como escopo teórico, o contrato de comunicação de Charaudeau, o princípio de subjetividade de Benveniste e a noção de dialogismo de Bakhtin. Deste modo, restringimo-nos a dois gêneros: gênero decisório (sentenças) e gênero processual (petições iniciais e contestações). Além disso, para se verificar a causalidade, algumas teorias de cunho pragmático foram vistas. Por isso, abordamos, basicamente, três vertentes teóricas das quais se utilizaram apenas os princípios que poderiam auxiliar no processo de análise do corpus. Neste sentido, vimos a noção de topos, dentro da Semântica Argumentativa de Ducrot e Anscombre; a Iconicidade, integrante da Semiótica de Peirce, e os Atos de Fala de Austin e Searle. Observamos também como a causalidade é percebida dentro da língua portuguesa. Já o discurso jurídico foi visto sob a óptica da argumentação, portanto aludimos à Nova Retórica de Perelman e à retórica de Aristóteles. A pesquisa documental, por sua vez, verificou como se materializa a causalidade em textos jurídicos. Para realizar isso, o corpus foi composto de 16 peças jurídicas, dentre as quais 4 são petições iniciais, 4 contestações, pertencentes ao mesmo processo, e 8 são sentenças de processos variados. A análise quantitativa visou à averiguação do aspecto icônico da causalidade, viu-se a incidência da construção (causal, consecutiva, condicional, final desenvolvida/reduzida), a manifestação do conectivo ou da expressão conectiva e a posição dos mesmos dentro da construção argumentativa que envolvia a causalidade. Além disso, empregamos a análise qualitativa para verificar a noção de tópica e o emprego de ato de fala indireto nas construções de causalidade. No caso da tópica, fizemos uma amostra de algumas ocorrências do corpus, para se vislumbrar que os argumentos construídos, dentro do princípio de causalidade, são validados por um topos. Na verdade, a estrutura de causalidade, no escopo da argumentação, assemelha-se a um silogismo, sem o necessário rigor da lógica. Quanto aos atos de fala indiretos, vimos que a causalidade se manifesta por meio de outras construções, além da causal, que permitem a visualização desta relação sob a lente de construções várias, inclusive justaposta e reduzida. Assim, a causalidade é uma estratégia eficaz no processo argumentativo jurídico, especialmente quando se atenta para as nuanças que envolvem a materialização desta relação.This study approaches the construction of the causality relationship inside of the juridical speech, from the presupposition that argumentation is indispensable for the development of the juridical reasoning whose organizing element is the causality. To accomplish this work, we used the dialectic method, in order to study the causality inside the juridical speech, knowing that the causality, although has syntactic representation in superficial level, is not restricted to conjunctive classification. Therefore, this study aims to search how the causality is built in the juridical speech, considering that there are several kinds of texts in this discursive domain. Thus, we purpose two kinds of research: bibliographical and documental researches. At first, we made one to distinguish the kinds of texts in the juridical speech. For this, we used, as theoretical mark, the Contract of Communication of Charaudeau, the Benvenistes principle of subjectivity and the dialogism concept of Bakhtin. Then, we delimitated it to two genres: decision genre (verdicts) and procedural genre (initial petitions and replies). Besides, to verify the causality, we saw some pragmatic theories. Therefore, we approach, basically, three theoretical sources of which had been used only the principles that could assist in the process of analysis of the corpus. Then, we saw the notion of topos, inside of the Argumentative Semantics of Ducrot and Anscombre; iconicity, inside of Peirce's Semiotics, and the Actions of Speech of Austin and Searle. We also observed as the causality is noticed inside of the Portuguese language. In turn, the juridical speech was seen under the optical of the argument, therefore we mentioned to the New Rhetoric of Perelman and Aristotle's rhetoric. The documentary research, in turn, verifies how the causality is materialized in juridical texts. To accomplish that, the corpus was composed of 16 procedural texts, among which 4 are initial petitions, 4 are replies, belonging to the same process, and 8 are sentences of varied processes. The quantitative analysis sought to the verification of the iconic aspect of the causality, it was seen incidence of the construction, the manifestation of the connective or the connective expression and the position of the same ones inside of the argumentative construction that involved the causality. Besides, we used the qualitative analysis to verify the notion of topical and the use of indirect speech action in the causality constructions. In the case of the topical, we made a sample of some occurrences of the corpus, to glimpse that the constructed arguments, inside of the causality principle, are validated by a topos. Actually, the causality structure, in the mark of the argument, resembles a syllogism, without the necessary rigidity of the logic. About the indirect speech actions, the causality shows through other constructions, beyond the causal, that they allow the visualization of this relation under the lens of several constructions, including juxtaposed and reduced. Therefore, the causality is an effective strategy in the juridical argumentative process, especially when it is looked at the nuances that involve the materialization of this relation.
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Carvalho, Cristina dos Santos. "Clausulas encaixadas em verbos causativos e perceptivos : uma analise funcionalista." [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/271022.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Maria Luiza BragaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T00:47:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_CristinadosSantos_D.pdf: 1949611 bytes, checksum: 878738ebe19c4154ae4c1b804878fae3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004
Resumo: Na presente tese, investigo as sentenças complexas portuguesas com verbos causativos e perceptivos em que se dá encaixamento de cláusulas completivas. Restrinjo minha análise, no primeiro grupo semântico, aos verbos mandar, deixar e fazer e, no segundo, a ver, ouvir e sentir, pelo fato de esses seis verbos terem sido mais freqüentes na amostra. Como referencial teórico, utilizo-me dos pressupostos do funcionalismo lingüístico, principalmente daqueles seguidos pela vertente americana (cf. Givón, 1990, 1995; Hopper e Traugott, 1993, dentre outros) e dos contidos em Lehmann (1988). Fundamento-me nas noções de iconicidade, integração sintática e gramaticalização para descrever e comparar o comportamento sintático e semântico das sentenças encaixadas em verbos causativos e perceptivos. Abordo, numa perspectiva pancrônica, os usos dessas cláusulas na língua portuguesa, com o intuito de verificar, nesses usos, a atuação do princípio de uniformitarismo (Labov, 1995). Para tanto, examino dados de diferentes fases do português, a arcaica e a contemporânea, com ênfase no estágio atual dessa língua. A amostra sincrônica consta de dados da modalidade falada do português brasileiro do século XX. A amostra diacrônica é composta de textos escritos do português do século XV: A Crônica de D. Pedro e A Carta de Pero Vaz de Caminha. Da perspectiva da metodologia adotada na pesquisa, utilizo os pressupostos metodológicos da Teoria da Variação Lingüística. Seguindo esses pressupostos, submeti os dados sincrônicos a um tratamento quantitativo através do programa de pacotes VARBRUL (mesmo sem estar operando com uma regra variável). Com base nas noções de iconicidade, integração sintática e gramaticalização, assumo como hipóteses principais desta tese as seguintes: (a) as cláusulas encaixadas em verbos causativos e perceptivos se distinguem não só por atributos semânticos mas também por atributos sintáticos e constituem diferentes níveis de integração sintática; (b) existem diferenças de níveis de integração sintática e gramaticalização entre os verbos de cada grupo semântico e entre as acepções de cada verbo. Visando à comprovação empírica dessas hipóteses, os graus de integração sintática e gramaticalização entre as completivas aqui analisadas e suas matrizes são medidos a partir de parâmetros sintáticos e semântico-pragmáticos. Neste trabalho, em relação a alguns desses parâmetros, os resultados quantitativos evidenciam que: (a) as sentenças encaixadas em verbos causativos e perceptivos exibem, no português brasileiro, um padrão distribucional divergente entre si e, portanto, remetem a distintos graus de integração sintática; (b) essas diferenças se explicam pela atuação do subprincípio da proximidade (Givón, 1990); (c) alguns usos dos verbos causativos e perceptivos representam diferentes estágios de gramaticalização; (d) nos grupos semânticos examinados, alguns verbos se destacam por possuírem mais usos integrados e/ou gramaticalizados
Abstract: In the present work I investigate Portuguese complex sentences which involve embedded clauses with causative and perception verbs. I examine causative verbs such as mandar ¿to order¿, deixar ¿to let¿ and fazer ¿to make¿ and perception verbs such as ver ¿to see¿, ouvir ¿to hear¿ and sentir ¿to feel¿, because they were the most frequent ones, of each semantic group, to appear in the sample. Some theoretical assumptions from the functionalist approach are used, mainly these ones adopted by Givón (1990, 1995), Hopper e Traugott (1993) and Lehmann (1988). The analysis is based on the notions of iconicity, syntactic integration and grammaticalization, since the aim is to confront the embedded clauses of causative and perception verbs as far as their syntactic and semantic properties are concerned. I also study the Portuguese usages of these clauses in a panchronic perspective to verify the action of the Uniformitarian Principle (Labov, 1995). Then, I examine data from two periods of Portuguese, the archaic and contemporary ones, emphasizing the latter. The synchronic sample consists of data of spoken Brazilian Portuguese from the XXth Century. The diachronic sample consists of written texts from the XVth Century: A Crônica de D. Pedro and A Carta de Pero Vaz de Caminha. Adopting the methodological principles from the Theory of Linguistic Variation, I make a quantitative analysis of the synchronic data through the VARBRUL, a package of statistical programs (although I am not studying a variable rule). Based on the claims about iconicity, syntactic integration and grammaticalization, it is assumed that: (a) the embedded clauses of causative verbs differ, semantically and syntactically, from the sentential complements of perception verbs because they exhibit different levels of syntactic integration; (b) there are distinct degrees of syntactic integration and grammaticalization among the verbs of each semantic group and among the meanings of each verb. In order to check these hypotheses, the degrees of syntactic integration and grammaticalization between the sentential complements and their matrixes are measured based on syntactic and semantic-pragmatic parameters. As far as these parameters are concerned, the results show that: (a) the embedded clauses of causative and perception verbs exhibit different distributional patterns and, therefore, they display different degrees of syntactic integration; (b) these differences are explained by the Proximity Subprinciple (Givón, 1990); (c) some usages of causative and perception verbs represent distinct stages of grammaticalization; (d) in the semantic groups examined, some verbs have more integrated and grammaticalized usages than others
Doutorado
Doutor em Linguística