Academic literature on the topic 'Ichthyoplankton'

The impacts of climate change on ichthyoplankton have barely been examined in the Pearl River estuary (PRE). Using the fish larvae and eggs caught in the estuary in the summer from 2003 to 2018 (except for the years 2004 and 2008), the spatial and temporal variations in ichthyoplankton’s abundance, species composition, and community structure were examined and linked to the variability of the climate system. A positive/negative correlation was found between the abundance and taxonomic diversity of the fish larvae and the monthly Oceanic Niño Index. However, the variation in larval fish’s species diversity was in phase with climate change, while the variation in larval fish’s abundance had a 3-month lag behind the climate variability. The different phases of the correlations reflect a progressive change in the ichthyoplankton dynamics under the influence of climate. Furthermore, during the period of the study, the regional climate underwent an obvious transition from a “cold” to a “warm” state in the early 2010s. Associated with that, it was found that both the abundance and species composition of the ichthyoplankton exhibit a significant change around that time, particularly for the fish larvae. A further examination of the ichthyoplankton’s horizontal distributions suggests that the assemblage of ichthyoplankton in the PRE is sensitive to the La Niña conditions. This leads to an overall reduction in ichthyoplankton’s abundance and less seaward spreading of the assemblage, implying the possible impact of climate change on river discharge and then the estuarine environment.

Information on ichthyoplankton is an important tool in determining reproduction periods that - if associated to environmental variables - allows for inferences about the factors that regulate their intensity, beginning, and ending. In this context, this study aims to establish (i) ichthyoplankton composition; (ii) temporal variations in the overall density of eggs and larvae and among the most important taxa; and (iii) the influence of some abiotic and biotic variables on these organisms' abundance. Ichthyoplankton sampling was undertaken during the period between April 2005 and March 2006 at the Ivinhema River, upper Paraná River basin (MS/Brazil). Differences in the ichthyoplankton's temporal variation were evaluated using unifactorial ANOVAs. Principal Component Analysis and Pearson's correlation were used for the relationships between eggs and larvae densities and environmental variables. A total of 3,341 eggs and 2,896 larvae were captured during the period studied, and most of them were medium-sized and large species that carried out some type of reproductive migration. The highest densities of eggs and larvae occurred during the months of spring and summer, except for those of Bryconamericus stramineus, which was most abundant during the winter. The density of ichthyoplankton was most positively correlated with the water's outflow and temperature. However, Plagioscion squamosissimus was positively related to the increase in pH and in zooplanktonic organisms, while B. stramineus was inversely correlated with water outflow and temperature. The study concludes that spawning is most intense in the spring and summer, especially between November and January, and is related to the greatest values of water temperature and outflow. Nevertheless, the response and reproductive intensity in relation to the environmental variables vary according to the species.

This study investigated the response of the ichthyoplankton community to environmental changes in the Yangtze Estuary using canonical correspondence analysis. Ichthyoplankton community and environmental data were recorded during the autumns of 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007 and 2009. Among the ichthyoplankton, the dominant larval and juvenile families were the Engraulidae, Gobiidae and Salangidae, and the most common eggs were fromTrichiurus lepturus. The ichthyoplankton was identified via canonical correspondence analysis to three assemblages: an estuary assemblage dominated byChaeturichthys stigmatias, a coastal assemblage dominated byEngraulis japonicusandStolephorus commersonii, and an offshore assemblage dominated byTrichiurus lepturus. Regarding environmental factors in the Yangtze Estuary, suspended matter and surface seawater salinity were the main factors influencing the distributions of the different assemblages, while sediment from the Yangtze River during the rainy season and chlorophyllawere the principle drivers of the annual variances in the distribution of ichthyoplankton assemblages. Our aims in this study were to provide detailed characterizations of the ichthyoplankton assemblage in the autumns of seven years, examine the long-term dynamics of autumn ichthyoplankton assemblages, and evaluate the influence of environmental factors on the spatial distribution and inter-annual variations of ichthyoplankton assemblages associated with the Yangtze Estuary.

The aim of the work is assesment of the species composition and spatial distribution of spring ichthyoplankton in area off northern Kuril Islands.Material and methods. It is based on the data of ichthyoplankton sampling in 2011, 2015 and 2016 yrs, trawl surveys in 2011 and 2015, and hydrological surveys in 2015 and 2016 yrs. Maps of the fish distribution at various stages of ontogenesis were made. Cluster analysis was used to identify the structure of ichthyoplankton in the 2015 collections.Novelty. For the first time, data on ichthyoplankton collected by the SakhNIRO in the 2010s near the northern Kuril Islands are presented. The ichthyoplankton complexes of the spring 2015 are identified and their spatial location is shown.Results. Eggs and larvae of 26 fish species were identified in ichthyoplankton collection, 86 species of teleosts were noted in trawl catches. The dominant components of ichthyoplankton were the walleye pollock eggs Gadus chalcogrammus, the larvae of the Pacific sand lance Ammodytes hexapterus and the larvae of sculpins gen. Gymnocanthus. Most species abundant in ichthyoplankton were among the most significant in trawl catches. The maximum abundance of ichthyoplankton, more than 600 ind./m2, in the area of the Northern Kuril occurred at the beginning of May. The structure of ichthyoplankton in April-May of 2015–2016 was quite similar, at the level of 60–70%.Practical significance. Knowledge of the main spawning areas of commercial fish and the places of development of their early stages is an important component for making decisions on the rational use of biological resources.

High mortality of fish in the early stages of ontogenesis requires the detection of factors affecting it and is an extremely important problem. For this reason, we tried to consider the influence of some hydrometeorological factors on the intra-decadal dynamics and spatial distribution of ichthyoplankton abundance in Sevastopol Bay. To this end, we analyzed ichthyoplankton samples collected in 2012–2021 in Sevastopol Bay, and the four districts were identified. The ichthyoplankton distribution by areas was associated with the peculiarities of the pollution distribution. The maximum numbers in eggs (34.7 ± 7.5 ind. m−2) and larvae (10.0 ± 2.4 ind. m−2) were recorded in July–August. For the first time, a positive effect of temperature and repeatability of north and northeast winds on the ichthyoplankton number during the summer spawning in all identified areas of Sevastopol Bay using principal component analysis (PCA) was reported. In the southern region, positive influence of temperature and northerly winds on the ichthyoplankton abundance was confirmed by ANOVA (p = 0.02), and Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between these parameters on inter-annual scale (r > 0.5). In the eastern area, the discharge of rivers is an additional factor affecting the abundance of ichthyoplankton, while in the western and central areas, these factors were the wind characteristics caused by the orography peculiarities. The pollution spread in Sevastopol Bay is also largely due to the wind regime. The importance of comprehensive monitoring studies using intra-decadal data on ichthyoplankton is emphasized.

This study aims to determine the importance of different environments of the Ligeiro River (upper Uruguay River, Brazil) in fish reproduction. For this purpose, three environments (sampling sites) were selected: rapids, a pool, and the mouth of the Ligeiro River. Ichthyoplankton, zooplankton, and benthos were sampled six times per month from September, 2006 to March, 2007. Zooplankton and ichthyoplankton samples were collected early in the evening with plankton nets (64 µm and 500 µm, respectively). Benthos samples were also collected early in the evening with a Van Veen dredge. Local abiotic variables (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity, water speed, alkalinity, water hardness, and water transparency) were measured simultaneously with the biotic data sampling and were complemented by regional variables (water flow and precipitation). A total of 43,475 eggs and 2,269 larvae were captured. Of these larvae, 80.1% were in the pre-flexion and larval yolk stages. Digestive tract content showed that the greatest degree of repletion among the larvae in more advanced phases occurred in the pool environment. Water speed was the main characteristic used to differentiate the river's rapids and mouth from the pool. The abundance of zooplankton and benthos was not related to the distribution of densities among the different components of the ichthyoplankton. A greater abundance of eggs and larvae with yolk was found in the rapids and river mouth. Ordination analyses showed a connection between the advanced stage larvae and the pool environment. In conclusion, the rapids and river mouth of the Ligeiro River's are important locations for fish reproduction, particularly in regard to spawning and drifting of the ichthyoplankton's initial stages, whereas the pool represents a nursery place for larval growth.

This literature review exploring the relationship between microplastics and ichthyoplankton was conducted in the main databases available online, considering the period from 2007 to 2021. Sixty articles were found reporting the presence of microplastics in estuarine environments (71.7%), and ingestion by ichthyoplankton in estuarine environments (16.6%) and under experimental conditions (11.7%). The most abundant microplastic found in natural environments was fiber (55%). Environments with densities between 17.5 and 4100 particles/m³ exhibited greater possibilities of ingestion of these particles by ichthyoplankton, the smaller the microplastic particle (63 μm-0.5 mm) the greater the probability (95%) of being ingested by ichthyoplankton (>2.56 mm). Danio rerio (zebrafish) was the species commonly used to assess the effects caused by the interaction between microplastics and ichthyoplankton under experimental conditions. The effects frequently reported were: increased heart rates (25%); growth inhibition (25%); interference in larvae’s swimming speed (53.4%); and inflammation in various organs (e.g., liver, intestine) (50%).

High-throughput DNA metabarcoding of mitochondrial 12S rRNA and Cyt b gene sequences was coupled with a morphology-based identification tool to assess ichthyoplankton community structure in Oujiang River Estuary, China. The performances of 12S and Cyt b barcoding markers were compared in terms of taxonomic resolution, detection and coverage, and their suitability was established for use as a quick and powerful ichthyoplankton assessment tool. A total of 30,138 ichthyoplankton (2462 eggs and 27,676 larvae) samples were collected from April to August 2015 and identified to 145 taxa belonging to 57 families and 105 genera. June and July were the main spawning months. Ichthyoplankton were more abundant around Lingkun and Qidu Islands and the upper parts of Oujiang River Estuary. The 12S gene marker presented higher species coverage and detection rate than Cyt b. DNA metabarcoding exhibited more representative species identification power than morphology. The findings reported in this study provided a key attempt towards the development of time-efficient and cost-effective ichthyoplankton identification and assessment tool.

Data about new conservant “Aldofix” to fix ichthyoplankton are demonstrated. Series of experiments on the conservation of ichthyoplankton and eggs of walleye pollock were carried out with the use of “Aldofix” and its modernized solutions. External view, including color of the eggs, as a result of fixing in different solutions was described, and difference in the egg diameter was noted in case of fixing in formalin and “Aldofix”. It is concluded, that “Aldofix” (example № 1) was the most convinient fixing solution to preserve ichthyoplankton.

Understanding the early life stages of fishes and the processes influencing their survival has been at the heart of the fisheries oceanography since the beginning of the 20th century. By focusing on spatial and temporal patterns in the ichthyoplankton (those early stages whose horizontal location is largely determined by currents), it is possible to gain some understanding of interrelationships among environmental conditions, fish spawning phase and dispersal/survival dynamics of the planktonic stages of fish. The different physical and/or biological processes controlling Larval Fish Assemblages (LFAs) variability (abundances, composition and distribution) act at very different space and time scales. Sampling the sea at the appropriate frequency and at adequate time and space scales is required to evaluate those mechanisms. These studies are insufficiently developed in the Balearic Archipelago, a hotspot for biodiversity located in an extremely dynamic area of the Mediterranean. With this premise in mind, the main objective of the thesis was to deepen in the knowledge of LFA dynamics in the Balearic Sea (NW Mediterranean) at different spatio-temporal scales. Four different approaches were addressed. At a sub-seasonal temporal scale, the influence of coastal environmental conditions during the shift from winter-spring to summer on fish larvae assemblages in a temperate area was evaluated. Larval fish assemblages were sampled fortnightly at three stations located in coastal waters off southern Mallorca from March to August 2007, covering the main spawning period for the resident coastal fish in this region. The larval fish assemblage showed clear seasonality with higher specific abundance but lower diversity in the spring, probably linked to a spatial (at the vertical scale) shift in the energy flow, which may trigger the summer spawning of many bottom-dwelling species. At the submesoscale domain, the factors that may regulate the previously suggested high levels of larval self-recruitment were explored in Cabrera National Park (CNP), an insular Marine Protected Area (MPA) located off southern Mallorca. Our study attributes the regulation of larval arrival to the MPA to a combination of retention by topographically generated circulation patterns around the island and shelf break frontal dynamics. Also at scales smaller than the mesoscale, we examined fish larval distribution drivers in Palma Bay, a large (~20 Km) wind-driven microtidal bay in the southern coast of Mallorca. Distributions and abundances of fish larvae in the Bay were analyzed and interpreted in the context of the observed circulation patterns, adult habitat distribution and spawning traits. Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) observations showed the presence of retentive flow patterns in the middle of the Bay enhancing local larval accumulation and self-recruitment. A multivariate approach based on Redundancy Analysis (RDA) revealed differences between the larval fish assemblages in the Bay, constituted by small pelagic and benthopelagic families (Gobiidae, Chromis chromis and Serranus hepatus) and offshore larvae, mostly from meso and large pelagic fish. These larval fish assemblages were structured according to depth variations and zooplankton abundance, and remained relatively unmixed because of the circulation patterns in the mouth of the Bay that uncouple its dynamics from alongshelf circulation. At mesoscale level, we investigated the effect of two hydrographic scenarios, representing well-known contrasting examples of the early summer mesoscale dynamics in the archipelago, on the summer larval fish assemblages during two cruises in 2004 and 2005. While depth was the most important variable in explaining the assemblage structure and diversity observed under both scenarios, indicators of mesoscale activity (dynamic height, geostrophic velocity) contributed significantly to understanding the dynamics of the larval fish community. The larval assemblage dynamics are discussed in terms of species-specific and extrinsic factors, including future consequences of potential changes in these environmental scenarios. The main results of this thesis are put together in context in a general discussion section and shortcomings and future directions are explored.
Desde principios del siglo veinte, el estudio de los estadios tempranos de los peces y de los procesos que influyen en su supervivencia forma parte de la oceanografía pesquera. La investigación de los patrones temporales y espaciales del ictiopláncton hace posible entender las relaciones entre las condiciones del ambiente, la fase reproductiva de los adultos y la dinámica de supervivencia y retención de los estadios planctónicos de los peces. Los diferentes procesos físicos y/o biológicos que controlan la variabilidad (abundancia, composición y distribución) en las comunidades de larvas de peces (a partir de aquí LFA, del inglés Larval Fish Assemblage) actúan a escalas espaciales y temporales muy diferentes. Se hace necesario por tanto muestrear en el mar con la frecuencia apropiada y a la escala espacio-temporal adecuada para evaluar esos mecanismos. Este tipo de estudios son escasos en el archipiélago Balear, punto de interés de la biodiversidad y situado en un área del Mediterráneo extremadamente dinámica. Teniendo todo lo anterior en cuenta, el principal objetivo de la tesis fue profundizar en el conocimiento de la dinámica de las LFA en el Mar Balear, a diferentes escalas espacio-temporales. Se realizaron cuatro aproximaciones diferentes. A escala temporal, se evaluó la influencia de las condiciones ambientales costeras durante la transición primavera temprana-verano sobre las LFAs. Se realizaron muestreos quincenales entre marzo y agosto (cubriendo el pico de puesta de la mayoría de las especies de la zona) en tres estaciones de la zona costera del sur de Mallorca. Las LFAs reflejaron claramente la estacionalidad de la zona con una alta abundancia de especies pero bajas densidades de larvas en primavera, probablemente relacionada con la transición espacial (en el plano vertical) del flujo de energía que seguramente desencadena la puesta estival de muchas de las especies cercanas al fondo. A una escala menor que mesoescala, se estudiaron los factores que regulan los altos niveles de auto reclutamiento previamente sugeridos para el Parque Nacional de Cabrera. Nuestro estudio atribuye la regulación de la llegada de larvas al área a una combinación de retención por los patrones de circulación generados por la topografía alrededor de Mallorca y la dinámica asociada a un frente de plataforma. También a escala inferior a la mesoescala, examinamos los agentes responsables de la distribución de LFAs en la bahía de Palma en la costa sur de Mallorca. Se analizaron e interpretaron la abundancia y distribución horizontal de las larvas de peces en la bahía en el contexto de los patrones de circulación observados, el hábitat de los adultos y las estrategias de puesta. Mediante observaciones de un perfilador de corrientes mediante Doppler, se describió la presencia de patrones retentivos de circulación en el medio de la bahía que favorecen la acumulación de larvas locales y el auto reclutamiento. Una aproximación multivariante basada en el análisis de redundancia (RDA) reveló diferencias entre la comunidad de la bahía formada por familias bentopelágicas y de pequeños pelágicos y una LFA de especies más lejanas a la costa, principalmente mesopelágicos y grandes pelágicos. Esas comunidades estaban estructuradas según variaciones en profundidad de abundancia de zooplancton y permanecían relativamente separadas debido a que los patrones de circulación a la entrada de la bahía separan su dinámica interna de la circulación en la plataforma. A nivel de mesoescala investigamos mediante dos campañas en años consecutivos el efecto que ejercen dos escenarios hidrográficos (que representan ejemplos de escenarios muy contrastados entre sí característicos de la dinámica de mesosescala en verano en el archipiélago) sobre las LFAs estivales en la zona. Bajo ambos escenarios, la profundidad resultó ser la variable que mejor explicaba la estructura de la comunidad y su diversidad. Aun así, los indicadores de actividad mesoescalar (altura dinámica, velocidad geostrófica) contribuyeron de manera significativa a entender la dinámica de las LFAs. Los principales resultados de esta tesis se tratan como conjunto en una discusión general final donde también se comentan las limitaciones y se exploran las posibilidades de futuro.
Des de principis del segle vint, l’estudi dels estadis primerencs dels peixos i dels processos que influeixen en la seva supervivència forma part de l’oceanografia pesquera. La recerca dels patrons temporals i espacials del ictioplàncton fa possible entendre les relacions entre les condicions de l’ambient, la fase reproductiva dels adults i la dinàmica de supervivència i retenció dels estadis planctònics dels peixos. Els diferents processos físics i biològics que controlen la variabilitat (abundància, composició i distribució) en les comunitats de larves de peixos (d’aquí endavant LFA, de l’anglès larval Fish Assemblage) actuen a escales espacials i temporals molt diferents. Es fa necessari per tant mostrejar la mar amb la freqüència adient i a la escala espaitemporal adequada per avaluar aquests mecanismes. Aquest tipus d’estudi son escassos a les Illes Balears, punt d’interès de la biodiversitat i situades a un àrea de la Mediterrània extremadament dinàmica. Amb tot lo anterior en ment, l’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi va ser augmentar el coneixement de la dinàmica de les LFA a la Mar Balear, a diferents escales espai-temporals. Es varen realitzar quatre aproximacions diferents. A l’escala temporal, es va avaluar la influencia de les condicions ambientals costaneres durant la transició primavera-estiu sobre les LFAs. Es varen realitzar mostreigs quinzenals de març a agost (pic de posta de la majoria de les especies de la zona) a tres estacions costaneres del sud de Mallorca. Les LFAs varen reflectir clarament la estacionalitat de la zona amb una alta abundància d’espècies però amb baixes densitats de larves a la primavera amb molta probabilitat relacionada amb la transició espacial (dins del pla vertical) del flux d’energia que segurament desencadena la posta estival de moltes especies properes al fons. A una escala menor que la mesoescala, es varen estudiar els factors que regulen els alts nivells de auto reclutament prèviament suggerits per el Parc Nacional de Cabrera. El nostre estudi atribueix la regulació de l’arribada de larves al àrea a una combinació de retenció pels patrons de circulació generats per la topografia al voltant de Mallorca i la dinàmica associada a un front de plataforma. També a escala inferior a mesoescala, vàrem examinar els agents responsables de la distribució del LFA a la badia de Palma a la costa sud de Mallorca. Es varen analitzar i interpretar la abundància i distribució horitzontal de les larves de peixos a la badia en el context dels patrons de circulació observats, l’habitat dels adults i les estratègies de posta. Mitjançant observacions amb un perfilador de corrents Doppler es va descriure la presencia de patrons retentius de circulació al mig de la badia que afavoreixen la acumulació de larves locals i el auto reclutament. Una aproximació multivariant basada en l’anàlisi de redundàncies (RDA) va revelar diferencies entre la comunitat de la badia formada per famílies bentopelàgiques i de petits pelàgics i una LFA d’espècies mes allunyades de costa, principalment mesopelàgics i grans pelàgics. Aquestes comunitats estaven estructurades segons variacions en profunditat de abundància de zooplàncton i romanien relativament separades degut a que els patrons de circulació a l’entrada de la badia separen la seva dinàmica interna de la circulació a la plataforma. A nivell de mesoescala vàrem investigar mitjançant dues campanyes a anys consecutius l’efecte que exerceixen dos escenaris hidrogràfics (que representen exemples d’escenaris molt contrastats l’un de l’altre característics de la dinàmica de mesoscale a l’estiu a l’arxipèlag) sobre les LFAs estiuenques a la zona. Sota ambdós escenaris, la fondària va resultar ésser la variable que millor explicava l’estructura de la comunitat i la seva diversitat. Tot i això, els indicadors d’activitat mesoscalar (alçada dinàmica i velocitat geostrofica) varen contribuir se manera significativa a entendre la dinàmica de les LFAs. Els principals resultat d’aquesta tesi es tracten com a conjunt a una discussió general final on també es comenten les limitacions i s’exploren les possibilitats de futur.

Ichthyoplankton dynamics in the permanently open Kowie Estuary, in the warm temperate region of South Africa was investigated. The composition, abundance, distribution and seasonality of larval fishes were studied over a two year period between 2004 and 2006. Additionally, tidal exchange of ichthyoplankton and the use of frontal zones in the mouth region of the estuary were also explored between 2008 and 2009. Temporal and spatial trends in occurrence of larval fishes within the estuary and associated marina were obtained from data collected seasonally using boat-based plankton netting at 14 sampling stations along the length of the estuary. A total of 11 128 larval fishes were collected, representing 23 families and 38 taxa. Clupeidae and Gobiidae were the dominant fish families, contributing 47.0 % and 24.7 % respectively to the total catch. Estuarine resident species dominated the overall catch (91 %). A notable absence of older stage larvae and early juveniles characterised the artificial channels of the marina and estuary mouth region. This was attributed to the absence of a shallow, marginal water habitat typical of successful estuarine nursery areas. Tidal exchange of larval fishes was investigated in the Kowie Estuary using a new technique. A set of drifting light traps were set repetitively on the ebb and flood tide every second night for two consecutive 14 day periods during the peak estuarine recruitment period. A total of 553 larval fishes were caught during the study, representing nine families and 26 species. Blenniidae and Clupeidae dominated the catches. Family and species occurrence changed with tide state. Species richness (d) and diversity (H’) varied with tide and was highest on flood tides. Estuary-dependent species, such as Omobranchus woodii were more dominant on flood tides, whilst larvae of marine-spawned species, such as Sardinops sagax, were dominant on the ebb tide. Light trap catches yielded a different composition in terms of development stage / size and species, when compared to towed net studies. Towed plankton nets were again used to study the shear fronts that characterise the mouth region of the canalised Kowie Estuary. It was hypothesised that the convergence zone of the front provides feeding opportunities for ichthyoplankton. Ichthyoplankton, zooplankton and phytoplankton was collected from within and immediately outside of the convergence zone during frontal conditions. Species specific distribution trends emerged from this study. Postflexion larvae and early juvenile stages of the estuary dependent Mugilidae were only present in the foam line of the convergence zones. Some known predators of ichthyoplankton were also present in slightly higher numbers in the convergence zone (isopods) while other predators such as mysid shrimps, chaetognaths and cnidarians were more abundant out of the convergence zone. It appears that these zones may provide access to temporary food patches in the lower estuary but will be accompanied by a trade-off with increased isopod predators. The Kowie Estuary is a heavily impacted system and lack of adequate freshwater supply; artificial channelling and pollution ultimately have a negative impact of the success of this system as a nursery area. Rehabilitation of marginal areas in the lower estuary and marina is suggested as remedial action to re-establish the integrity of the nursery function this system could offer.

Many lotic fish species use natural patterns of variation in discharge and water temperature as spawning cues and these natural patterns are often altered by river regulation. The effects of spring discharge and water temperature variation on the spawning of shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus and other fishes in the upper Missouri River have not been well documented. In 2006, 2007, and 2008, I had the unique opportunity to study the effects of experimental discharge levels on ichthyoplankton density in the lower Marias River, a regulated tributary to the upper Missouri River. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of contrasting discharge treatments and water temperature variation on spatial and temporal variation in spawning of shovelnose sturgeon (and other species sampled as bycatch) as measured by embryonic and larval fish density in the lower Marias River. Ichthyoplankton was sampled about every four days in June and July of 2006, 2007, and 2008. Overall larval fish density was greater in 2006 than in 2007, and increased density was associated with increased discharge in 2006. In 2006, shovelnose sturgeon spawning occurred in the Marias River in conjunction with the ascending, peak (134 m 3/s), and descending portions of the spring hydrograph and water temperatures from 16 oC to 19 oC. No evidence of sturgeon spawning was documented in the lower Marias River in 2007 when peak discharge remained low (9 m 3/s to 14 m 3/s) despite the occurrence of water temperatures suitable for shovelnose sturgeon embryo development. In 2008, shovelnose sturgeon spawning occurred in conjunction with the peak (118 m 3/s) and descending portions of the spring hydrograph, and during a prolonged period of increased discharge (28 m 3/s to 39 m 3/s), coupled with water temperatures from 11 oC to 23 oC in the lower Marias River. These data suggest that discharge must reach a threshold level (28 m 3/s), and should be coupled with water temperatures suitable (12 oC to 24 oC) or optimal (16 oC to 20 oC) for shovelnose sturgeon embryo development, to provide a spawning cue to shovelnose sturgeon in the lower Marias River.

The objective of this dissertation was to examine sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) and blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) spawning in the Straits of Florida, with a specific focus on 1) the physical and biological characteristics of the spawning environment, and 2) the role of the region within the broader spawning patterns of these two species. In order to accomplish these objectives, two years of monthly ichthyoplankton collections and physical measurements across the Straits of Florida were combined with a finer-scale Lagrangian study. Additionally, a molecular species-identification methodology was developed that was both high-throughput and suitable for use with a broad taxonomic range of species. An initial analysis considered the diversity, assemblages and associated habitat of the larvae of large and medium size pelagic species. In total 36 species and 14,295 individuals were collected during this study, with the highest diversity occurring during the summer, and in the western frontal region of the Florida Current. Sailfish were included in an assemblage with Auxis rochei, A. thazard and Euthynnus alleterattus, all species found in highest abundance during the summer along the western edge of the Straits of Florida. Blue marlin grouped most closely with Thunnus atlanticus, Ruvettus pretiosus and Lampris guttatus, all summer spawners, whose larvae tended to occur further offshore. The primary environmental factors associated with these assemblages were SST (highest summer-early fall), day-length (highest early summer), thermocline depth (shallowest on the Florida side) and fluorescence (highest on the Florida side). A Lagrangian sampling effort was then used to more specifically evaluate the role of frontal zones in sailfish spawning. The results of this sampling indicated that the highest levels of sailfish spawning occurred in a frontal zone associated with the formation of a submesoscale frontal eddy. This spawning resulted in the first-feeding larvae occupying an area rich in prey items. Given the small spatial-scale of the front, and the distribution of the eggs of adult prey items, the results of this work would suggest that sailfish are actively targeting features for spawning that are favorable to the growth and survival of their larvae. Finally the relative importance of the Straits of Florida as a spawning ground was evaluated by calculating the annual egg production of both sailfish and blue marlin within this region. In total it was estimated that 2.1% of western Atlantic sailfish spawning and 1.6% of Atlantic wide blue marlin spawning occurs in the SF. Pop-up satellite tags deployed on sailfish at the start of the spawning season revealed their short residency times in the SF, suggesting that a large (≈10%) transient portion of the sailfish population is responsible for the SF egg production. These results indicate that the SF is a migratory bottleneck for sailfish. In conclusion the results of this study indicate that a hierarchy of physical and biological processes influence the distribution of billfish spawning in space and time. The results provide insights into the movement patterns and life history strategies of these species, and ultimately may aid in the development of the spatially explicit ecosystem based management approaches that are currently being advocated.

Biophysical dispersal models (BDMs) — a hydrodynamic model coupled with a biological model — lend themselves to inferring potential connectivity patterns, as experimental studies using current methods are inherently difficult over extended spatial and temporal scales. This thesis explored the biological processes that affect the connectivity patterns of ichthyoplankton using four related data chapters. The first data chapter, a meta-analysis of connectivity studies using BDMs, investigated both trends and consequences of modelling choices on derived connectivity patterns. The results of this meta-analysis provide a useful framework on parameter choice for future consideration of connectivity studies. The second data chapter is an experiment measuring the ontogenetic vertical migration of reef fish off the coast of south-eastern Australia. The ichthyoplankton sampled demonstrated deeper migration with both increasing ontogenetic stage and length. The third data chapter is a theoretical modelling chapter that investigated the effect of different swimming and migration behaviours and differences in the parameterisation and implementation of vertical migration in a BDM. The fourth data chapter synthesised the results from the previous three data chapters and explored the predicted connectivity patterns of an endemic and threatened Australian reef fish, the black cod (Epinephelus daemelii) using a BDM. E. daemelii larvae showed strong connections to both the natal and proximate regions. Within the context of the current marine protected area (MPA) network of NSW, strong settlement regions had only moderate or no no-take areas. The results of this thesis increase our understanding of the influence of behaviour on the dispersal patterns of marine larvae along the east Australian coast.